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ATOMS

REVIEWER FOR ATOMS

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4 views

ATOMS

REVIEWER FOR ATOMS

Uploaded by

jechulichaenginyourarea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS

THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER; THE DISCOVERY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE (SECTION 2.1 AND 2.2)

ATOMS are the basic building blocks of matter. They are the smallest units of an element that can
combine with other elements.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES- Atoms are composed of even smaller particles.

- Some are charged and follow the usual behavior of charged particles:
- Particles with the same charge repel one another, whereas particles with opposite charges are
attracted to one another.

EXPERIENTS THAT LED TO THE DISCOVERY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

1. Thomson’s experiments on the behavior of cathode rays in magnetic and electric fields
2. Millikan’s oil-drop experiment
3. Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity
4. Rutherford’s (NUCLEAR MODEL)

THE MODERN VIEW OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE (SECTION 2.3)

Atoms have nucleus

- Protons & neutrons


- electrons move in the space around the nucleus. (magnitude charged: 1.602 * 10-19 C, is called
the electronic charge)

Charged particles representation

Proton: 1+

Electron: 1-

Massed of atoms are expressed in terms of atomic mass units (1 u = 1.66054 * 10-24 g).

ATOMIC NUMBER- elements can be classified by this (the number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom)

Elements: atom=atomic number

MASS NUMBER- sum of numbers of protons & neutrons

ISOTOPES- Atoms of the same element that differ in mass number.

ATOMIC WEIGHTS (SECTION 2.4)

Atomic mass scale: mass= 12 u to a 12C atom

Atomic weight (average atomic mass)

- of an element can be calculated from the relative abundances and masses of that element’s
isotopes.

Mass spectrometer

- provides the most direct and accurate means of experimentally measuring atomic (and
molecular) weights.

THE PERIODIC TABLE (SECTION 2.5)

PERIODIC TABLE is an arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number.

GROUP- COLUMN

VERTICAL COLUMNS-elements with similar properties


HORIZONTAL ROW- PERIOD

METALLIC ELEMENTS (metals)- left side and middle of the table (majority of the elements)

NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS (nonmetals)- upper right side

METALLOIDS- lie along the line (separates metals from nonmetals)

MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (SECTION 2.6)

Molecules- combination of atoms

Molecular compounds (compounds composed of molecules)- usually contain only nonmetallic


elements

Diatomic molecule- two atoms molecule

Chemical Formula- composition of a substance is given by

Empirical Formula- molecular substance can be represented by

- which gives the relative numbers of atoms of each kind


- but is usually represented by its molecular formula, which gives the actual numbers of each type
of atom in a molecule.

Structural formulas- show the order in which the atoms in a molecule are connected.

Ball-and-stick models and space-filling models convey additional information about the shapes of
molecules

IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS (SECTION 2.7)

IONS- Atoms can either gain or lose electrons, forming charged particles

CATIONS- Metals tend to lose electrons, becoming positively charged ions

ANIONS- Nonmetals tend to gain electrons, forming negatively charged ions

IONIC COMPOUNDS- electrically neutral (containing both cations and anions, they usually contain both
metallic and nonmetallic elements)

POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDS- Atoms that are joined together, as in a molecule, but carry a net charge.

EMPIRICAL FORMULAS- chemical formulas used for ionic compounds (which can be written readily if the
charges of the ions are known)

The total positive charge of the cations in an ionic compound must equal the total negative charge of the
anions.

NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SECTION 2.8)

CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE- set of rules for naming chemical compounds

SYTEMATIC RULES FOR NAMING THREE CLASSES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

IONIC COMPOUND- the cation is named first and then the anion.

Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal. If the metal can form cations of
differing charges, the charge is given using Roman numerals.

Monatomic anions: -ide

Polyatomic anions (oxygen & another element oxyanions): -ate/-ite


Binary molecular compound: Greek prefixes are used to denote the number of each element in the
molecular formula, and the element farthest to the left in the periodic table (closest to metallic
elements) is generally written first.

SOME SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SECTION 2.9)

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon.

HYDROCARBONS- simplest class of organic molecules.

ALKANES- Hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom is attached to four other atoms. Ends with -ane such
as methane and ethane.

ALCOHOL, for example, is a compound in which an H atom of a hydrocarbon is replaced by an OH


functional group. Alcohols have names that end in -ol, such as methanol and ethanol.

ISOMERS- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements of their
constituent atoms

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