Chapter Two

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

 Atomic Structure

• Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, each of which

help to make up the chemical and physical properties of individual
elements.
What are protons?
• Protons are positively charged particles found inside the nucleus of an
atom.
• They help to identify the atom - different elements will have a different
number of protons in the nucleus. The number of protons in an atom is
signified by the atomic number on the periodic table.
What are neutrons?
• Neutrons are also found in the nucleus of the atom.
• They have no charge and contribute to the atomic mass.
 Atomic Structure
What are electrons?
• Electrons are negatively charged particles that circle the nucleus of the atom.
• Their mass is so small, it is deemed insignificant. As such, they do not contribute
to the mass of an atom.
• There are the same number of electrons as there are protons in the nucleus, so
the number of electrons in an atom can also be found by reading the atomic
number on a periodic table.
What is the nucleus?
• The nucleus is the middle of the atom, and is made up of protons and neutrons.
• This is the bundle of particles that the electrons circle.
 Atomic Number and Mass
Number

• The atomic number (Z) at the bottom of each element tells us how many
protons are in the nucleus. Because atoms have the same number of
electrons as protons, the atomic number can also tell us how many electrons
an atom has.
• The atomic mass (mass number A) is the number at the top of each element.
• Subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass will give you the
number of neutrons that are found in the nucleus.
 Atomic Number and Mass
Number
• Example: For Sodium(Na ) atom , Calculate the number of electrons ,
protons and neutrons

• Solution:
• No. of electrons = no. of protons = atomic no. = 11
• No. of neutrons = Mass no. – atomic no.
• = 23-11=12 neutrons
 Atomic Number and Mass
Number
• Example: Write the symbol for fluorine(F) atom that has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19.
How many electrons and how many neutrons does this atom have?
• Solution:

• The atomic number 9 means the atom has 9 protons and 9 electrons
• The mass number gives the total number of protons and neutrons, which means that this atom has 10
neutrons.
neutrons no. = mass number – atomic no.
= 19-9=10
 Isotopes

• Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons.
• Example:
 Isotopes

• Example : isotopes of oxygen(O)

 Molecules and Ions
• An atom has the ability to combine with other atoms to form
compounds.

• The forces that hold atoms together in compounds are called

chemical bonds.

• One way that atoms can form bonds is by sharing electrons. These
bonds are called covalent bonds, and the resulting collection of
atoms is called a molecule.

• Examples of molecules that contain covalent bonds are hydrogen (H2),

water (H2O), oxygen (O2), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4).
 Molecules and Ions
• A second type of chemical bond results from attractions among ions.
• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative
charge.
• A positive ion is called a cation.
• Cation is an ion that is formed by the removal of one or more electrons from
its valence shell.
• a negative ion is called an anion.
• an anion is a negatively charged species formed by the addition of one
or more electrons in its valence shell
• Because anions and cations have opposite charges, they attract each
other.
• This force of attraction between oppositely charged ions is called
ionic bonding
 Molecules and Ions
• The best-known ionic compound is common table salt, or sodium chloride

• Na++Cl-NaCl
 An Introduction to the Periodic
Table
• Periodic table is a chart that shows all the known elements and gives a good deal of information about each.
• The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods.
• vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups
• The periodic table is arranged so that elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
• For example, all of the alkali metals, members of Group 1A—lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),
rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)—are very active elements that readily form ions with a 1+
charge when they react with nonmetals.
• The members of Group 2A—beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba),
and radium (Ra)—are called the alkaline earth metals. They all form ions with a 2+ charge when they react
with nonmetals.
• The halogens, the members of Group 7A—fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine
(At)—all form diatomic molecules. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine all react with metals to form salts
containing ions with a 1- charge (F-, Cl-, Br-, and I-). The members of Group 8A—helium (He), neon (Ne),
argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn)—are known as the noble gases. They all exist under
normal conditions as monatomic (single-atom) gases and have little chemical reactivity.
An Introduction to the Periodic
Table
Naming Simple Compounds
• There is a system for naming compounds in which the name tells
something about the composition of the compound.
• After learning the system, a chemist given a formula should be able to
name the compound or, given a name, should be able to construct the
compound’s formula.
• We will begin with the systems for naming inorganic binary
compounds— compounds composed of two elements—which we
classify into various types for easier recognition.
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type
I)

• Binary ionic compounds contain a positive ion (cation) always

written first in the formula and a negative ion (anion). In naming
these compounds, the following rules apply:
• 1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.
• 2. A monatomic (meaning “one-atom”) cation takes its name from
the name of the element. For example, Na+ is called sodium in the
names of compounds containing this ion.
• 3. A monatomic anion is named by taking the root of the element
name and adding -ide. Thus the Cl- ion is called chloride.
Binary Ionic Compounds
(Type I)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type
I)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

• There are many metals that form more than one

type of positive ion and thus form more than one
type of ionic compound with a given anion.
• In a case such as this, the charge on the metal ion must be specified. where the Roman numeral
indicates the charge of the cation.
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Types I
and II)
Binary Ionic Compounds (Types I
and II)
Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic
Ions
 Ionic Compounds with
Polyatomic Ions
• Polyatomic ions are assigned special names that must be memorized to
name the compounds containing them.
• Note in Table 2.5 that several series of anions contain an atom of a
given element and different numbers of oxygen atoms. These anions
are called oxyanions.
• When there are two members in such a series, the name of the one
with the smaller number of oxygen atoms ends in -ite and the name of
the one with the larger number ends in -ate—for example, sulfite (SO3-
2
) and sulfate (SO4-2).
• When more than two oxyanions make up a series, hypo- (less than) and
per- (more than) are used as pre- fixes to name the members of the
series with the fewest and the most oxygen atoms, respectively. The
best example involves the oxyanions containing chlorine
Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
Naming Compounds Containing
Polyatomic Ions
 Naming Compounds
Containing Polyatomic Ions
Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)

• Binary covalent compounds are formed between two nonmetals.

• Although these compounds do not contain ions, they are named very similarly to binary ionic
compounds.
• In the naming of binary covalent compounds, the following rules apply:
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present. These prefixes are given in Table 2.6.
4. The prefix mono-is never used for naming the first element.
For example, CO is called carbon monoxide, not monocarbon monoxide.
Binary Covalent Compounds (Type
III)
 Binary Covalent Compounds (Type
III)
• To see how these rules apply, we will now consider the names of the several covalent compounds formed by
nitrogen and oxygen:
Naming Type (III) Binary
Compounds
 FIGURE 2.23
A flowchart for naming binary compounds.
Naming Various Types of Compounds
Naming Various Types of
Compounds
Overall strategy for naming chemical
compounds
 Acids

• When dissolved in water, certain molecules produce a solution containing free H􏰁 ions (protons). These
substances, acids
• An acid can be viewed as a molecule with one or more H+ ions attached to an anion.
• The rules for naming acids depend on whether the anion contains oxygen.
• If the anion does not contain oxygen, the acid is named with the prefix hydro- and the suffix -ic.
For example, when gaseous HCl is dissolved in water, it forms hydrochloric acid.
Similarly, HCN and H2S dissolved in water are called hydrocyanic and hydrosulfuric acids, respectively.
 Acids

• When the anion contains oxygen, the acidic name is formed from the root name of the anion with a
suffix of -ic or -ous, depending on the name of the anion.
1. If the anion name ends in -ate, the suffix -ic is added to the root name.
For example, H2SO4 contains the sulfate anion (SO42-) and is called sulfuric acid; H3PO4 contains the
phosphate anion (PO4-3) and is called phosphoric acid; and HC2H3O2 contains the acetate ion (C2H3O2
-
) and is called acetic acid.
2.If the anion has an -ite ending, the -ite is replaced by -ous. For example, H2SO3, which contains
sulfite (SO3-2), is named sulfurous acid; and HNO2, which contains nitrite (NO2-), is named nitrous
acid.
Acids
Acids