Thermodynamics Related To The Civil Engineering: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics related to the Civil Engineering
What is the importance or application of the thermodynamics to the civil

engineering? In some manner there are applications of Thermodynamics in civil
engineering in different areas of civil engineering works.
Considering Flow Rate is one of the areas needed in civil engineering
especially if you are taking up civil engineering. Dam works considers the flow rate
of the water passing through. The Flow rate going through the pipes to prevent
malfunction due to high pressure. There are more some examples that may
consider the Flow Rate.
Heat Transfer one of the aspects that the Civil Engineers should consider. The
temperature in the environment concerning the expansion of the materials used
when exposed to heat. Therefore, The studies of the thermodynamics may be used
in classifying what materials to use that may lessen the probability to expand
resulting to possibilities of failure.
Zeroth Law
The zeroth law of thermodynamics may be stated in the following form:
If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third then they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
The law is intended to allow the existence of an empirical parameter, the
temperature, as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium
with each other have the same temperature. The law as stated here is compatible
with the use of a particular physical body, for example a mass of gas, to match
temperatures of other bodies, but does not justify regarding temperature as a
quantity that can be measured on a scale of real numbers.
Though this version of the law is one of the more commonly stated, it is only
one of a diversity of statements that are labeled as "the zeroth law" by competent
writers. Some statements go further so as to supply the important physical fact that
temperature is one-dimensional, that one can conceptually arrange bodies in real
number sequence from colder to hotter. Perhaps there exists no unique "best
possible statement" of the "zeroth law", because there is in the literature a range of
formulations of the principles of thermodynamics, each of which call for their

respectively appropriate versions of the law.
Although these concepts of temperature and of thermal equilibrium are
fundamental to thermodynamics and were clearly stated in the nineteenth century,
the desire to explicitly number the above law was not widely felt until Fowler and
Guggenheim did so in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third law were
already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was numbered the zeroth law.
The importance of the law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it allows the
definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy,
its conjugate variable. Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'
First Law
The first law of thermodynamics may be stated in several ways :
The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat
supplied to the system minus work done by it.
For a thermodynamic cycle of a closed system, which returns to its original

state, the heat Qin supplied to a closed system in one stage of the cycle, minus
that Qout removed from it in another stage of the cycle, equals the net work done by
the system.
, and, consequently
The increase in internal energy of an adiabatically isolated system can only
be the result of the net work performed by the system, because Q = 0.
Second Law
The second law of thermodynamics indicates the irreversibility of natural
processes, and, in many cases, the tendency of natural processes to lead towards
spatial homogeneity of matter and energy, and especially of temperature.
It implies the existence of a quantity called the entropy of a thermodynamic

system. In terms of this quantity it implies that
When two initially isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space,
each in thermodynamic equilibrium with itself but not necessarily with each other,
are then allowed to interact, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic
equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initially isolated systems is less than or
equal to the total entropy of the final combination. Equality occurs just when the
two original systems have all their respective intensive variables (temperature,
pressure) equal; then the final system also has the same values.
This statement of the law recognizes that in classical thermodynamics, the
entropy of a system is defined only when it has reached its own internal
thermodynamic equilibrium.
The second law refers to a wide variety of processes, reversible and irreversible. All
natural processes are irreversible. Reversible processes are a convenient theoretical
fiction and do not occur in nature.
Third Law
The third law of thermodynamics is sometimes stated as follows:
The entropy of a perfect crystal of any pure substance approaches
zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
At zero temperature the system must be in a state with the minimum thermal
energy. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with
minimum energy. Entropy is related to the number of possible microstates
according to:
Where S is the entropy of the system, kB Boltzmann's constant, and the

number of microstates (e.g. possible configurations of atoms). At absolute zero
there is only 1 microstate possible (=1 as all the atoms are identical for a pure
substance and as a result all orders are identical as there is only one combination)
and ln(1) = 0.
A more general form of the third law that applies to a systems such as
a glass that may have more than one minimum microscopically distinct energy
state, or may have a microscopically distinct state that is "frozen in" though not a
strictly minimum energy state and not strictly speaking a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium, at absolute zero temperature:
The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature

approaches zero.
The constant value (not necessarily zero) is called the residual entropy of the
system.
New Era University

College of Engineering and Technology
Thermodynamics
Research
Submitted to: Professor Hector C. Lee

Submitted by: Ceejay Abne

Thermodynamics Related To The Civil Engineering: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics Related To The Civil Engineering: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics Related To The Civil Engineering: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics related to the Civil Engineering

What is the importance or application of the thermodynamics to the civil

formulations of the principles of thermodynamics, each of which call for their

For a thermodynamic cycle of a closed system, which returns to its original

It implies the existence of a quantity called the entropy of a thermodynamic

Where S is the entropy of the system, kB Boltzmann's constant, and the

The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature

New Era University

Submitted to: Professor Hector C. Lee

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.