Rehan Madari-XIB7

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 8

INDEX

Introduction:
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Th Third Law of Thermodynamics
Applications of Thermodynamics in Real Life
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction:
The zeroth law of thermodynamics
The first and second laws were formally stated in works by German
physicist Rudolf Clausius and Scottish physicist William Thomson about
1860. The third law was developed by German chemist Walther
Nernst from 1906 to 1912. However, scientists realized that one additional
law was needed to fully describe energy changes in systems. This “law”
was a basic understanding that was always considered to be true but
needed to be formally stated. Because the other three laws were already
numbered and the additional law is the foundation for the other three, it was
dubbed the zeroth law of thermodynamics by Ralph Fowler in the 1930s.

-The law states that if two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with a third
body, they must also be in equilibrium with each other. This means that if two
objects are at the same temperature and they are in thermal equilibrium with
another object, then this third object is also at the same temperature as the other
two objects. This property makes it meaningful to use thermometers as the “third
body” and to define a temperature scale.

The First Law of Thermodynamics


Within an isolated system, the total energy of the system is constant, even
if energy has been converted from one form to another. (This is another
way of stating the law of conservation of energy: that energy cannot be
created or destroyed but merely converted from one form to another.) If the
system is not isolated, the change in a system’s internal energy ΔU is equal
to the difference between the heat Q added to the system from its
surroundings and the work W done by the system on its surroundings; that
is, ΔU = Q − W.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics


Heat does not flow spontaneously from a colder region to a hotter region;
or, equivalently, heat at a given temperature cannot be converted entirely
into work. Consequently, the entropy (measure of the disorder of the
material) of a closed system, or heat energy per unit temperature,
increases over time toward some maximum value. Thus, all closed systems
tend toward an equilibrium state in which entropy is at a maximum and no
energy is available to do useful work.
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of an isolated system approaches a constant value as the
temperature of the system approaches absolute zero (−273.15 °C, or
−459.67 °F). In practical terms, this theorem implies the impossibility of
attaining absolute zero, since as a system approaches absolute zero, the
further extraction of energy from that system becomes more and more
difficult.
Applications of Thermodynamics
In
Real Life
1. While sweating also, the law of thermodynamics is
applicable. The body transfers its heat to the sweat and
starts cooling down. The sweat then evaporates from the
body and adds heat into the room. Here both first and
second laws are applied. In this process, the heat does not
get lost; rather it transfers maintaining equilibrium with
entropy.
2. All types of compressors work on various laws of
thermodynamics.
3. All types of vehicles like cars and airplanes work as per the
second law of thermodynamics and the Carnot cycle.
4. Another example where the first and second law is applied is
the melting of an ice cube. It makes the drink cooler by
absorbing the heat from it, after some time it absorbs heat
from the room and attains room temperature.
Conclusion
We have seen that thermodynamics, the study of the
transformations of energy, is a subject of great breadth and
underlies and elucidates many of the most common concepts of
the everyday world, such as temperature, heat, and energy. We
have seen that it emerged from reflections on measurements of
the properties of bulk samples, but that the molecular
interpretation of its concepts enriches our understanding of them.
The first three laws each introduce a property on which the edifice
of thermodynamics is based. The zeroth law introduced the
concept of temperature, the first law introduced internal energy,
and the second law introduced entropy. The first law
circumscribed the feasible changes in the universe: those that
conserve energy. The second law identified from among those
feasible changes the ones that are spontaneous—which tend to
occur without us having to do work to drive them. The third law
brought the molecular and empirical formulations of
thermodynamics into coincidence, uniting the two rivers.
Bibliography

Websites:
www.britanicca.com
www.collegedunia.com
www.academicoup.com

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy