Sunday, June 26, 2011

CHAPTER 7
The circuit in Fig. (a) is equivalent to the one shown in Fig. (b).

P.P.7.1

io
+

+
12

vo

1/3 F

vx

+
R eq

vc

(a)

(b)

R eq 8 12 || 6 12
R eq C (12)(1 / 3) 4 s
vc vc (0) e -t 60 e -t 4 60e0.25t V

vx

4
v 20e0.25t V
48 c

v x vo vc

io

P.P.7.2

vo v x vc -40 e -0.25t V

vo
5e0.25t A.
8

When t < 0, the switch is closed as shown in Fig. (a).

6
+
24 V

v c (0)

12

(a)

R eq 4 || 12 3

v c (0)

3
(24) 8 V
3 6

1/3 F

When t > 0, the switch is open as shown in Fig. (b).

6

24 V

t=0

1/6 F

(b)
R eq C (3)(1 / 6) 1 / 2 s
v( t ) v c (0) e - t 8 e-2t V

w c (0)

1 2
1 1
Cv c (0) 64 5.333J
2
2 6

P.P.7.3

This can be solved in two ways.

Method 1:

Find R th at the inductor terminals by inserting a voltage source.

1

io
+

vo = 1 V

vx

i1

i2
+

2v x

Applying mesh analysis gives

Loop 1:
1 3i1 2i 2 2 v x 0 ,
5i1 2i 2 1
Loop 2:

8i 2 2i1 2 v x 0 = 8i 2 2i 1 2i 1
1
i 2 i1
2

From (1) and (2), 5i 1 1i 1 = 1 or

i o i1 = (1/4) A

where v x 1i1
(1)

(2)

R th

vo
4 ,
io

L 2 1
s
R 4 2

i(t ) 12e-2t A
Method 2:

We can obtain i using mesh analysis.

1
i
2H

vx

i1

i2
+

2v x

Applying KVL to the loops, we obtain

di
Loop 1:
2 1 3i1 2i 2 2 v x 0
dt
di
2 1 5i1 2i 2 0
dt
Loop 2:

8i 2 2i1 2 v x 0
1
i 2 i1
2

Substituting (4) into (3) yields

di
2 1 5i1 1i1 0
dt
di1
or
2 i1 0
dt
i1 Ae-2 t

i - i1 Be-2 t
i (0) 12 B
i(t ) 12e-2t A
Therefore,
i( t ) 12e2t A
and
v x ( t ) -1i(t) 12e2t V for all t > 0.

where v x 1i1
(3)

(4)

For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

P.P.7.4

12

i(t)
24

12

15A

8
2H

(a)

(b)

i(0) 15[1 /{(1 / 24) (1 / 12) (1 / 8)}] / 12 (15 x 24 / 6) / 12 5 A

For t > 0, the current source and 24-ohm is cut off and the RL circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
L
2

0.5
R eq (12 8) || 5 20 || 5 4 ,
R eq 4
2t
2t
i(t) = i(0)e = 5e amps, for all t > 0.
P.P.7.5
For t < 0, the switch is closed. The inductor acts like a short so the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
3
i
i

io

1H

io
4

24 A

(a)

4
(24) 16 A ,
42

2
(b)

i o 24 16 8 A ,

v o 2i 32 V

For t > 0, the current source is cut off so that the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
The Thevenin equivalent resistance at the inductor terminals is
L
1
R th (4 2) || 3 2 ,

R th 2
3 (-i) - 1
io
i 5.333e -2t A
and
v o -2i o 10.667 e -2t V
63 3
Thus,

t0
16 A
- 2t
16 e A t 0

8A
t0

io
- 2t
5.333e A t 0

t0
32 V
vo
2t
10.667e V t 0

0
t0

i( t ) 10 0 t 2
- 10 2 t 4

P.P.7.6

i(t ) 10 u(t ) u(t 2) 10 u(t 2) u(t 4)

i( t ) 10 u(t ) 2 u(t 2) u(t 4) A

Let I

For t < 0,

i dt .

I 0.

For 0 < t < 2, I 0 10 dt 10t

t

For 2 < t < 4, I 010 dt 10 2 dt 20 10 t

2

For t > 4,

I 20 10 t

4
2

t
2

40 10 t

Thus,
0
t0
10t
0t2
I
40 10t 2 t 4
0
t4
or
I 10 r(t ) 2r(t 2) r(t 4) A
which is sketched below
i dt
20

P.P.7.7

2 2t 0 t 2

i( t ) - 6 2t 2 t 3
0
otherwise

i( t ) ( 2 2 t ) u ( t ) u ( t 2) (-6 2t) u(t - 2) - u(t - 3)

i( t ) 2 u ( t ) 2 t u ( t ) 4( t 2) u ( t 2) 2( t 3) u ( t 3)
i( t ) [2 u( t ) 2 r ( t ) 4 r ( t 2) 2 r ( t 3)] A
Remember the singularity function, r(t), is a ramp function equal to t for all values of t >
0 and equal to zero for all values of t < 0.

P.P.7.8

h(t) = 4[u(t) u(t2)] + (3t8)[u(t2) u(t6)]

h(t) = 4u(t) + 4u(t2) +3tu(t2) 8u(t2) 3tu(t6) + 8u(t6)
h(t) = 4u(t) + (48+6)u(t2) +3(t2)u(t2) 3(t6)u(t6)
+ (18+8)u(t6)
h(t) = 4u(t) + 2u(t2) + 3(t2)u(t2) 3(t6)u(t6) 10u(t6)
h(t) = 4u(t) +2u(t2) + 3r(t2) 10u(t6) 3r(t6).

P.P.7.9

(a)

(b)

10

5t 2 10 ( t 3) dt t 3 5t 2 10 t -3

-27 45 10 28
( t ) cos(3t ) dt cos(3) 1

P.P.7.10
For t < 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

v(0 ) v(0 ) v(0) 15

For t > 0,

[(v()15)/2] + [(v()(7.5))/6] = 0 or (4/6)v() = 7.51.25 = 6.25 or

v() = 9.375 V

R th 2 || 6

3
,
2

R th C

3 1 1

2 3 2

v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t = 9.375 + (159.375)e2t

v(t) = (9.375 + 5.625e2t) V for all t > 0
At t = 0.5,

v(0.5) = 6.25 + 3.75e1 = 6.25 + 1.3795 = 7.63 V

P.P.7.11
For t < 0, only the left portion of the circuit is operational at steady state.

v(0 ) v(0 ) v(0) 20 ,

i(0) 0
For t > 0, 20u (-t) 0 so that the voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.

Transforming the current source leads to the circuit below.

10

10

i
+

0.2 F

30 V

5
(30) 10
15
10
R th 5 || 10
,
3
v()

R th C

10
2
0.2
3
3

v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t

v(t ) 10 (20 10) e -3t 2
v(t ) 10 1 e -1.5t
i( t )

- v( t )
-2 1 e -1.5 t
5

0
i( t )
- 2 1 e -1.5t A

20 V
v( t )
10 1 e - 1.5t V

P.P.7.12

t0
t0
t0
t0

Applying source transformation, the circuit is equivalent to the one below.

1.5 H

t=0

10

60 V

At t < 0, the switch is closed so that the 5 ohm resistor is short circuited.
60
i(0 ) i(0)
6A
10
For t > 0, the switch is open.

R th 10 5 15 ,
i()

L
1 .5

0 .1
R th 15

60
4A
10 5

i(t ) i() i(0) i() e - t

i(t ) 4 (6 4) e-10t
i(t) = (4 + 2e10t) A for all t > 0

P.P.7.13

For 0 < t < 2, the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below.

10

20
i(t)

6A

15

5H

Since switch S1 is open at t 0 , i(0 ) 0 . Also, since i cannot jump, i(0) i(0 ) 0 .
90
i()
2A
15 10 20
L
5 1
R th 45 ,

R th 45 9

i(t ) i() i(0) i() e - t

i(t ) 2 (0 2) e -9t
i(t ) 2 (1 e -9t ) A

When switch S 2 is closed, the 20 ohm resistor is short-circuited.

i(2 ) i(2 ) 2 (1 e -18 ) 2

This will be the initial current
90
i()
3.6 A
15 10
5 1
R th 25 ,

25 5
i(t ) i() i(2 ) i() e -(t 2)

i(t ) 3.6 (2 3.6) e -5(t 2)

i(t ) 3.6 1.6 e -5(t 2)


0
t0

Thus, i( t ) 2 (1 e -9 t ) A
0t2
3.6 1.6 e -5( t 2 ) A
t2

At t 3 ,

i(1) 2 (1 e -9 ) 1.9997 A
i(3) 3.6 1.6 e -5 3.589 A

P.P.7.14

The op amp circuit is shown below.

At t 1 ,

C
+

Rf
1
2

R1

+
vo

Since nodes 1 and 2 must be at the same potential, there is no potential difference across
R 1 . Hence, no current flows through R 1 . Applying KCL at node 1,
dv
dv
v
v
C
0

0
Rf
dt
dt CR f
which is similar to Eq. (7.4).
Hence,
v( t ) v o e - t , R f C

v(0) v o 4 ,

(50 103 )(10 10-6 ) 0.5

v(t ) 4 e -2t V, t 0
Alternatively, since no current flows through R 1 , the feedback loop forms a first order
RC circuit with v(0) 4 and R f C 0.5 . Hence,

v(t ) 4 e -2t V, t 0
To get to v o from v, we notice that v is the potential difference between node 1 and the
output terminal, i.e.
0 vo v
v o - v or v o ( t ) - 4 e -2t V, t 0

P.P.7.15

Let v1 be the potential at the inverting terminal.

v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t

where RC 100 10 3 10 -6 0.1 ,

v(0) 0

v1 0 for all t

v1 v o v

(1)

For t > 0, the switch is closed and the op amp circuit is an inverting amplifier with
- 100
v o ()
(4 mV) -40 mV
10
From (1),
v() 0 v o () 40 mV
v( t ) 40(1 e10t)u(t) mV

Thus,

v o v1 v -v
v o 40(e10t 1)u(t) mV
This is a noninverting amplifier so that the output of the op amp is
R
v a 1 f v i
R1

P.P.7.16

R
40
v th v a 1 f v i 1 4.5 u ( t ) 13.5 u ( t )
20
R1

To get R th , consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a), where R o is the output resistance of
the op amp. For an ideal op amp, R o 0 so that

R th R 3 10 k
R3

Ro

R th
R th

R2
(a)

R th C 10 10 3 2 10 -6

V th

C
(b)

1
50

The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b), which is a first order circuit.
Hence,

v o ( t ) 13.5 1 e - t u ( t )

v o (t ) 13.5(1 e50t)u(t) V
P.P.7.17
The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). Construct and save the schematic.
Select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final Time to 5 s. Set the Print Step
slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is simulated by selecting Analysis/
Simulate. In the Probe menu, select Trace/Add and display V(R2:2) as shown in Fig. (b).

(a)

(b)

P.P.7.18
The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). While constructing the circuit, rotate
L1 counterclockwise through 270 so that current i(t) enters pin 1 of L1 and set IC = 10
for L1. After saving the schematic, select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final
Time to 1 s. Set the Print Step slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is
simulated by selecting Analysis/ Simulate. After simulating the circuit, select Trace/Add
in the Probe menu and display I(L1) as shown in Fig. (b).

(a)

(b)

P.P.7.19

v(0) 0 . When the switch is closed, we have the circuit shown below.

10 k

+
80 F

9V

b
We find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b.
10 (R 4)
R th (R 4) || 10
R 14

v th v()

R4
(9)
R 14

v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t ,

v(t ) v() 1 e

-t

R th C

Since v(0) 0 ,
v( t )
9
1 e -t mA
i( t )

R4 R4
Assuming R is in k,

9
1 e -t 0 10 -3
R 14
R 14
(0.12)
1 e -t 0
9
0.12R 1.68 7.32 0.12R

e -t 0 1
9
9

120 10 -6

or

t 0 ln
7.32 0.12R
10 (R 4)

t0
80 10 -6 ln
7.32 0.12R
R 14

When R = 0,
9
40 80 10 -6
0.04723 s
t0
ln
7.32
14

4 k

When R = 6 k,
100
9
t0
80 10 - 6 ln
0.124 s
20
6 .6
The time delay is between 47.23 ms and 124 ms.

P.P.7.20

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

q = CV = (2x103)(80) = 160 mC.

1
1
W CV 2 (2 10 -3 )(6400) 6.4 J
2
2
q
0.16
I

200 A
t 0.8 10 -3
w
6 .4
p

8 kW
0.8 10 -3
t
q
0.16
t

32 s
I 5 10 -3

L 500 10 -3
P.P.7.21

2.5 ms
R
200
110
i()
550 mA
i(0) 0 ,
200
i(t ) 550 1 e - t mA
350 mA i( t 0 ) 550 1 e - t 0 mA
35
20
1 e -t 0
e -t 0
55
55

e t0

55
20

55
55
t 0 ln 2.5 ln ms
20
20
t 0 2.529 ms

P.P.7.22

(a)
(b)
(c)

5L 5 20 10 -3

20 ms
R
5
2
12
1 2 1
-3

W LI 20 10 57.6 mJ
5
2
2
12 5
di
24 kV
V L 20 10 -3
2 10 -6
dt
t 5