IPhO2002

I. Ground-Penetrating Radar
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is used to detect and locate underground objects near the
surface by means of transmitting electromagnetic waves into the ground and receiving the
waves reflected from those objects. The antenna and the detector are directly on the
ground and they are located at the same point.
A linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave of angular frequency propagating in
the z direction is represented by the following expression for its field:

E = E0 e z cos(t z ) ,

(1)

where Eo is constant, is the attenuation coefficient and is the wave number expressed
respectively as follows

=
2

2
1 + 2 2

1/ 2

1/2

1/2

1/ 2


2
, = 1 + 2 2 + 1

2

(2)

with ,, and denoting the magnetic permeability, the electrical permittivity, and the
electrical conductivity respectively.
The signal becomes undetected when the amplitude of the radar signal arriving at the
object drops below 1/e ( 37%) of its initial value. An electromagnetic wave of variable
frequency (10 MHz 1000 MHz) is usually used to allow adjustment of range and
resolution of detection.
The performance of GPR depends on its resolution. The resolution is given by the
minimum separation between the two adjacent reflectors to be detected. The minimum
separation should give rise to a minimum phase difference of 180o between the two
reflected waves at the detector.
Questions:
(Given : o = 4 x10 7 H/m and o = 8.85 x1012 F/m )
1. Assume that the ground is non-magnetic (=0 ) satisfying the condition
2
1
. Derive the expression of propagation speed v in terms of and ,

using equations (1) and (2) [1.0 pts].

IPhO2002
2. Determine the maximum depth of detection of an object in the ground with
conductivity of
1.0 mS/m and permittivity of 90 , satisfying the condition
2
1
, (S=ohm-1 ; use =0 ). [2.0 pts]

3. Consider two parallel conducting rods buried horizontally in the ground. The rods
are 4 meter deep. The ground is known to have conductivity of 1.0 mS/m and
permittivity of 90 . Suppose the GPR measurement is carried out at a position
aproximately above one of the rod. Assume point detector is used. Determine the
minimum frequency required to get a lateral resolution of 50 cm [3.5 pts].
4. To determine the depth of a buried rod d in the same ground, consider the
measurements carried out along a line perpendicular to the rod. The result is
described by the following figure:
detector position

t
Graph of traveltime t vs detector position x, tmin = 100 ns.
Derive t as a function of x and determine d [3.5 pts].

IPhO2002
II. Sensing Electrical Signals
Some seawater animals have the ability to detect other creatures at some distance
away due to electric currents produced by the creatures during the breathing processes
or other processes involving muscular contraction. Some predators use this electrical
signal to locate their preys, even when buried under the sands.
The physical mechanism underlying the current generation at the prey and its
detection by the predator can be modeled as described by Figure II-1. The current
generated by the prey flows between two spheres with positive and negative potential
in the preys body. The distance between the centers of the two spheres is ls, each
having a radius of rs, which is much smaller than ls. The seawater resistivity is .
Assume that the resistivity of the preys body is the same as that of the surrounding
seawater, implying that the boundary surrounding the prey in the figure can be
ignored.

Rd

predator

P
ld
y

prey

ls

Figure II-1. A model describing the detection of electric power coming

from a prey by its predator.

IPhO2002
In order to describe the detection of electric power by the predator coming from the
prey, the detector is modeled similarly by two spheres on the predators body and in
contact with the surrounding seawater, lying parallel to the pair in the preys body.
They are separated by a distance of ld , each having a radius of rd which is much
smaller than ld. In this case, the center of the detector is located at a distance y right
above the source and the line connecting the two spheres is parallel to the electric
field as shown in Figure II-1. Both ls and ld are also much smaller than y. The electric
field strength along the line connecting the two spheres is assumed to be constant.
Therefore the detector forms a closed circuit system connecting the prey, the
surrounding seawater and the predator as described in Figure II-2.
Rm

Rd

Vd

Figure II-2. The equivalent closed circuit system involving the sensing
predator, the prey and the surrounding seawater.

In the figure, V is the voltage difference between the detectors spheres due to the
electric field induced by the prey, Rm is the inner resistance due to the surrounding sea
water. Further, Vd and Rd are respectively the voltage difference between the detecting
spheres and the resistance of the detecting element within the predator.

Questions:
r
1. Determine the current density vector j (current per unit area) caused by a
point current source Is at a distance r in an infinite medium. [1.5 pts]

IPhO2002

r
r
r
2. Based on the law E = j , determine the electric field strength E p at the
middle of the detecting spheres (at point P) for a given current Is that flows
between two spheres in the preys body [2.0 pts].

3. Determine for the same current Is, the voltage difference between the source
spheres (Vs) in the prey [1.5 pts]. Determine the resistance between the two
source spheres (Rs) [0.5 pts] and the power produced by the source (Ps) [0.5
pts].

4. Determine Rm [0.5 pts], Vd [1.0 pts] in Figure II-2 and calculate also the
power transferred from the source to the detector (Pd ) [0.5 pts].

5. Determine the optimum value of Rd leading to maximum detected power [1.5

pts] and determine also the maximum power [0.5 pts].

IPhO2002

III. A Heavy Vehicle Moving on An Inclined Road

m2

m1

2l

rear cylinder

m1
t
h

m3
front cylinder

Figure III-1: A simplified model of a heavy vehicle moving on an inclined

road.

The above figure is a simplified model of a heavy vehicle (road roller) with
one rear and one front cylinder as its wheels on an inclined road with inclination angle
of as shown in Figure III-1. Each of the two cylinders has a total mass
M(m2 =m3=M) and consists of a cylindrical shell of outer radius Ro , inner radius Ri =
0.8 Ro and eight number of spokes with total mass 0.2 M. The mass of the
undercarriage supporting the vehicles body is negligible. The cylinder can be
modeled as shown in Figure III-2. The vehicle is moving down the road under the
influence of gravitational and frictional forces. The front and rear cylinder are
positioned symmetrically with respect to the vehicle.

IPhO2002

Ri

Ro

Figure III-2: A simplified model of the cylinders.

The static and kinetic friction coefficients between the cylinder and the road are s
and k respectively. The body of the vehicle has a mass of 5M , length of L and
thickness of t . The distance between the front and the rear cylinder is 2l while the
distance from the center of cylinder to the base of the vehicles body is h. Assume that
the rolling friction between the cylinder and its axis is negligible.

Questions:
1. Calculate the moment of inertia of either cylinder [1.5 pts].
2. Draw all forces that act on the body, the front cylinder, and the rear one. Write
down equations of motion for each part of them [2.5 pts].

3. The vehicle is assummed to move from rest, then freely move under
gravitational influence. State all the possible types of motion of the system and
derive their accelerations in terms of the given physical quantities [4.0 pts].

4. Assume that after the vehicle travels a distance d by pure rolling from rest the
vehicle enters a section of the road with

all the friction coefficients drop to

smaller constant values s and k such that the two cylinders start to slide.
Calculate the linear and angular velocities of each cylinder after the vehicle
has traveled a total distance of s meters. Here we assume that d and s is much
larger than the dimension of vehicle [2.0 pts]

IPhO2002

IPhO2002

I. Determination of e/kB Through Electrolysis Process

Background Theory
The electrolysis of water is described by the reaction :
H2O 2H+ + O-2
2H+ + 2e- H2 ; O-2

1
O2 + 2e2

The reaction takes place when an electric current is supplied through a pair of
electrodes immersed in the water. Assume that both gases produced in the reaction are
ideal.
One of the gases produced by the reaction is kept in a test tube marked by arbitrary
scale. By knowing the total charge transferred and the volume of the gas in the test
tube the quantity e/kB can be determined, where e is the charge of electron and k B is
the Boltzmann constant.
For the purpose mentioned above, this experiment is divided into two parts.
Part A: Calibration of the arbitrary scale on the test tube by using a dynamic method.
This result will be used for part B
Part B: Determination of the physical quantity e/k B by means of water electrolysis
You are not obliged to carry out the two experiments ( part A and part B ) in
alphabetical order

The following physical quantities are assumed:

Acceleration of gravity, g = (9.78 0.01) ms-2

Ratio of internal vs external diameters of the test tube, = 0.82 0.01
The local values of temperature T and pressure P will be provided by the organizer.

List of tools and apparatus given for experiment (part A & B):

Insulated copper wires of three different diameters:

1. Brown of larger diameter
2. Brown of smaller diameter
3. Blue
A regulated voltage source (0-60 V, max.1A)
A plastic container and a bottle of water.
A block of brass with plastic clamp to keep the electrode in place without
damaging the insulation of the wire.
A digital stopwatch.
A multimeter (beware of its proper procedure).
A wooden test tube holder designed to hold the tube vertically.
A multipurpose pipette

IPhO2002
A vertical stand.
A bottle of white correction fluid for marking.
A cutter
A pair of scissors
A roll of cellotape
A steel ball
A piece of stainless steel plate to be used as electrode.
A test tube with scales.
Graph papers.
Note that all scales marked on the graph papers and the apparatus for the experiments
(e.g. the test tube) are of the same scale unit, but not calibrated in millimeter.

EXPERIMENT
Part A: Calibration of the arbitrary scale on the test tube
Determine a dynamic method capable of translating the arbitrary length scale to a
known scale available.
Write down an expression that relates the measurable quantities from your
experiment in terms of the scale printed on the test tube, and sketch the
experiment set up.
Collect and analyze the data from your experiment for the determination and
calibration of the unknown length scale.
Part B: Determination of physical quantity e/kB
Set up the electrolysis experiment with a proper arrangement of the test tube in
order to trap one of the gases produced during the reaction.
Derive an equation relating the quantities: time t, current , and water level
difference h, measured in the experiment.
Collect and analyze the data from your experiment. For simplicity, you may
assume that the gas pressure inside the tube remains constant throughout the
experiment.
Determine the value of e/k B.

IPhO2002

Country

S t u d e n t N o . Experiment No. Page No. Total P ages

ANSWER FORM
PART A
1. State the method of your choice and sketch the experimental set up of
the method: [0.5 pts]

2. Write down the expression relating the measurable quantities in your

chosen method: [0.5 pts]. State all the approximations used in
obtaining this expression [1.0 pts].

3. Collect and organize the data in the following orders : physical

quantities, values, units [1.0 pts]

4. Indicate the quality of the calibration by showing the plot relating two
independently measured quantities and mark the range of validity. [0.5
pts]

5. Determine the smallest unit of the arbitrary scale in term of mm and its
estimated error induced in the measurements. [1.5 pts]

IPhO2002

Country

Student No.

Experiment No. Page No. Total Pages

PART B
1. Sketch of the experimental set up. [1.0 pts]

2. Derive the following expression:

I t =

e 2 P (r 2 )
h
kB
T

[1.5 pts]

3. Collect and organize the data in the following format : physical

quantities (value, units) [1.0 pts]

4. Determine the value of e/kB and its estimated error [1.5 pts]

IPhO2002

II. OPTICAL BLACK BOX

Description
In this problem, the students have to identify the unknown optical components inside the
cubic box. The box is sealed and has only two narrow openings protected by red plastic
covering. The components should be identified by means of optical phenomena observed in
the experiment. Ignore the small thickness effect of the plastic covering layer.
A line going through the centers of the slits is defined as the axis of the box. Apart from the
red plastic coverings, there are three (might be identical or different) elements from the
following list:

Mirror, either plane or spherical

Lens, either positive or negative

Transparent plate having parallel flat surfaces (so called plane-parallel plate)

Prism

Diffraction grating.
The transparent components are made of material with a refractive index of 1.47 at the
wavelength used.

Apparatus available:

A laser pointer with a wavelength of 670 nm. CAUTION: DO NOT LOOK

DIRECTLY INTO THE LASER BEAM.
An optical rail
A platform for the cube, movable along the optical rail
A screen which can be attached to the end of the rail, and detached from it for other
measurements.
A sheet of graph paper which can be pasted on the screen by cellotape.
A vertical stand equipped with a universal clamp and a test tube with arbitrary scales,
which are also used in the Problem I.
Note that all scales marked on the graph papers and the apparatus for the experiments are
of the same scale unit, but not calibrated in millimeter.

IPhO2002

The Problem
Identify

each

of

the

three

components

and

give

its

respective

specification:

Possible type of component

Specification required

mirror

radius of curvature, angle between the mirror axis and

the axis of the box

lens*

positive or negative,
box

plane-parallel plate

its focal le ngth, and its position inside the

thickness, the angle between the plate and the axis of the box

prism

apex angle, the angle between one of its deflecting sides and
the axis of the box

diffraction grating*

line spacing, direction of the lines, and its position inside the
box

implies that its plane is at right angle to the axis of the box

Express your final answers for the specification parameters of each component (e.g. focal
length, radius of curvature) in terms of millimeter, micrometer or the scale of graph paper.
You dont have to determine the accuracy of the results.

IPhO2002
Country

Student No. Experiment No. Page No. Total Pages

ANSWER FORM
1.

2.

Write down the types of the optical components inside the box :
no.1.

[0.5 pts]

no.2..

[0.5 pts]

no.3.

[0.5 pts]

The cross section of the box is given in the figure below. Add a sketch in the figure
to show how the three components are positioned inside the box. In your sketch,
denote each component with its code number in answer 1 .
[0.5 pts for each correct position]

axis of the box

direction of the slit

direction of the slit

IPhO2002

Country

Student No. Experiment No. Page No. Total Pages

3. Add detailed information with additional sketches regarding arrangement of the optical
components in answer 2, such as the angle, the distance of the component from the slit, and
the orientation or direction of the components. [1.0 pts]

IPhO2002

Country

Student No. Experiment No. Page No. Total Pages

4. Summarize the observed data [0.5 pts], determine the specification of the optical
component no.1 by deriving the appropriate formula with the help of drawing [1.0 pts],
calculate the specifications in question and enter your answer in the box below [0.5 pts].

Name of component no.1

Specification

IPhO2002

Country

Student No. Experiment No.

No. Page No. Total Pages

5. Summarize the observed data [0.5 pts], determine the specification of the optical
component no.2 by deriving the appropriate formula with the help of drawing [1.0 pts],
calculate the specifications in question and enter your answer in the box below [0.5 pts].

Name of component no.2

Specification

10

IPhO2002

Country

Student No. Experiment No. Page No. Total Pages

6. Summarize the observed data [0.5 pts], determine the specification of the optical
component no.3 by deriving the appropriate formula with the help of drawing [1.0 pts],
calculate the specifications in question and enter your answer in the box below [0.5 pts].

Name of component no.3

Specification

11

SOLUTION EXPERIMENT I
PART A
1. [Total 0.5 pts]
The experimental method chosen for the calibration of the arbitrary scale is a simple
pendulum method [0.3 pts]

Arbitrary scale
mark

Vertical stand

Wire
l
Steel ball
mg

Figure 1. Sketch of the experimental set up [0.2 pts]

2. [Total 1.5 pts]
The expression relating the measurable quantities: [0.5 pts]
Tosc = 2

l
l
; Tosc 2 = 4 2
g
g

Approximations :
sin
[0.5 pts]
mathematical pendulum (mass of the wire << mass of the steel ball,
the radius of the steel ball << length of the wire [0.5 pts]
flexibility of the wire, air friction, etc [0.1 pts, only when one of the two
major points above is not given]

3. [Total 1.0 pts] Data sample from simple pendulum experiment

# of cycle 20 [0.2 pts.] , difference in T 0.01 s [0.4 pts], # of data 4 [0.4 pts]
No.

t(s) for 50 cycles

Period, T (s)

1
2
3
4

91.47
89.09
86.45
83.8

1.83
1.78
1.73
1.68

Scale marked on the

wire (arbitrary scale)
200
150
100
50

4. [Total 0.5 pts]

No.

Period, T (s)

1
2
3
4

1.83
1.78
1.73
1.68

Scale marked on the wire

(arbitrary scale)
200
150
100
50

T (s )
3.35
3.17
2.99
2.81

The plot of T2 vs scale marked on the wire:

2

T (s )

Scale marked on the wire (arbitrary scale)

5. Determination of the smallest unit of the arbitrary scale in term of mm [Total 1.5
pts]
2
Tosc
=
1

(T

2
osc 1

4 2
L1 ,
g

2
Tosc
=
2

2
Tosc
=
2

4 2
L2
g

4 2
4 2
L1 L2 =
L
g
g

L =

g
2
2
Tosc
Tosc
or other equivalent expression
2
1
2
4

[0.5 pts]

Calculated L (m)

L in arbitrary
scale

0.042626
0.088595
0.133347
0.045968
0.09072
0.044752

50
100
150
50
100
50

Values of smallest
unit of arbitrary
scale (mm)
0.85
0.89
0.89
0.92
0.91
0.90

The average value of smallest unit of arbitrary scale, l = 0.89 mm

[0.5 pts]

No.
2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

T1 -T2 = 0.171893 s
2
2
2
T1 -T3 =0.357263 s
2
2
2
T1 -T4 =0.537728 s
2
2
2
T2 -T3 =0.18537 s
2
2
2
T2 -T4 =0.365835 s
2
2
2
T3 -T4 =0.180465 s

The estimated error induced by the measurement: [0.5 pts]

No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Values of smallest
unit of arbitrary
scale (mm)
0.85
0.89
0.89
0.92
0.91
0.90

(l l )

(l l ) 2

-0.04
0
0
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.0016
0
0
0.0009
0.0004
0.0001

And the standard deviation is:

6

l =

(l l )
i =1

N 1

0.003
= 0.02 mm
5

other legitimate methods may be used

PART B
1. The experimental set up:[Total 1.0 pts]
[0.2 pts]
Voltage source Power
supply +
Test tube

[0.2 pts]
Ampere meter
A

Arbitrary scales
Electrodes [0.2 pts]

Water and
electrode
inside the
glass tube
[0.2 pts]

Water
Container filled with
water [0.2 pts]
Weight

2. Derivation of equation relating the quantities time t, current I, and water level
difference h: :[Total 1.5 pts]
Q
t
From the reaction: 2 H+ + 2 e
H2 , the number of molecules produced in the
process (N) requires the transfer of electric change is Q=2e N :
[0.2 pts]

I=

N 2e
t
P V = N k B T
I t
=
k T
2e B
I t k B
P h( r 2 ) =
T
2 e
e 2P (r 2 )
I t =
h
kB
T
I =

[0.5 pts]
[0.5 pts]

[0.2 pts]
[0.1 pts]

3. The experimental data: [ Total 1.0 pts]

No.
1
2
3
4

h (arbitrary
scale)
12
16
20
24

I (mA)

t (s)

4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

1560.41
2280.61
2940.00
3600.13

The circumference , of the test tube = 46 arbitrary scale

[0.3 pts]
The chosen values for h ( 4 scale unit) for acceptable error due to uncertainty
of the water level reading and for I ( 4 mA) for acceptable disturbance [0.3 pts]
# of data 4
[0.4 pts]

The surrounding condition (T,P) in which the experimental data given above taken:
T = 300 K
P = 1.00 105 Pa
4. Determination the value of e/kB [Total 1.5 pts]
No.
1
2
3
4

h (arbitrary
scale)
12
16
20
24

h (mm)

I (mA)

t (s)

I t ( C )

10.68
14.24
17.80
21.36

4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

1560.41
2280.61
2940.00
3600.13

6241.64
9120.48
11760.00
14400.52

Plot of It vs h from the data listed above

I t

h
The slope obtained from the plot is 763.94;
e
763.94 300
=
= 1.28 10 4 Coulomb K/J
5
k B 2 10 ( 23 0.89 10 3 0.82)2
[1.0 pts]

Alternatively [the same credit points]

No.
1
2
3
4

h (mm)
10.68
14.24
17.80
21.36

I t ( C )
6241.64
9120.48
11760.00
14400.52

Slope
584.4232
640.4831
660.6742
674.1816

e/kb
9774.74
10712.37
11050.07
11275.99

Average of e/kb = 1.07 104 Coulomb K/J

[1.0 pts]
No.
1
2
3
4

e/kb
9774.74
10712.37
11050.07
11275.99

difference
-928.55
9.077117
346.7808
572.6996

Square
difference
862205.5
82.39405
120256.9
327984.9

Estimated error
The standard deviation obtained is 0.66 103
Coulomb K/J,
Other legitimate measures of estimated error may be also used

[0.5 pts]

SOLUTION OF EXPERIMENT PROBLEM 2

1. The optical components are [total 1.5 pts]:
no.1 Diffraction grating

[0.5 pts]

no.2 Diffraction grating

[0.5 pts]

no.3 Plan-parallel plate

[0.5 pts]

2. Cross section of the box [total 1.5 pts]:

no.1

no.3

[0.5 pts]

[0.5 pts]

no.2
[0.5 pts]

3. Additional information [total 1.0 pts]:

no.1
Distance of the grating (no.1)
to the left wall is practically zero
[0.2 pts]

no.3

no.2
Distance of the grating (no.2)
to the right wall is practically zero
[0.2 pts]

Lines of grating no.1 is at

Lines of grating no. 2

right angle to the slit

is parallel to the slit

[0.3 pts]

[0.3 pts]

4. Diffraction grating [total 2.0 pts]:

drawing and labels should be complete

[0.6 pts]

Path length difference:

= d sin ,

d = spacing of the grating

Diffraction order:
= m,

m = order number

Hence, for the first order (m = 1):

sin = / d

[0.4 pts]

Observation data:
tan

sin

0.34

18.780

0.3219

0.32

17.740

0.3048

number of data 3

0.32

17.740

0.3048

[0.5 pts]

Name of component no.1

Diffraction grating

Specification
Spacing = 2.16 m

[0.4 pts]

Lines at right angle to the slit

[0.1 pts]

Note: true value of grating spacing is 2.0 m, deviation of the result 10%

5. Diffraction grating [total 2.0 pts]:

For the derivation of the formula, see nr.4 above.
[1.0 pts]
Observation data:
tan

sin

1.04

46.120

0.7208

0.96

43.830

0.6925

number of data 3

1.08

47.200

0.7330

[0.5 pts]

Name of component no.2

Diffraction grating

Specification
Spacing = 0.936 m

[0.4 pts]

Lines parallel to the slit

[0.1 pts]

Note: true value of grating spacing is 1.0 m, deviation of the result 10%

6. Plan-parallel plate [total 2.0 pts]:

C
B
n

drawing and labels should be complete

[0.4 pts]
90
Snells law:
sin = n sin ,

= BAC

Path length inside the plate:

AC = AB / cos ,

AB = h = plate thickness

Beam displacement:
CD = t = AC sin CAD ,
CAD =
Hence:
t = h sin [ 1 cos / (n2 sin2 )1/2 ]
[0.6 pts]
Observation data:

0
490

t
0

7.3 arbitrary scale

Name of component no.3

Plane-parallel plate

(angle between beam and axis 49)

[0.5 pts]

Specification
Thickness = 17.9 mm

[0.2 pts]

Angle to the axis of the box 49

[0.3 pts]

Note: - true value of plate thickness is 20 mm

- true value of angle to the axis of the box is 52
- deviation of the results 20%.

IPhO2002

THEORETICAL COMPETITION
Tuesday, July 23rd, 2002

Solution I: Ground-Penetrating Radar

1. Speed of radar signal in the material v m :
t z = constant z = -constant + t (0.2 pts)

vm =

1
vm =
(0.4 pts)
1/ 2

2 1/ 2
(1 + 2 2 ) + 1

2
vm =

(1 + 1)
2

1/ 2

I- 1

(0.4 pts)

IPhO2002
2. The maximum depth of detection (skin depth, ) of an object in the ground is
inversely proportional to the attenuation constant:
(0.5 pts)
(0.3 pts)
=

1
=
a

1
1/2

1/2


2
1 + 2 2 1
2

2
=

Numerically =

1
1/2

1 2

1
1 +
2 2
2 2

(0.2 pts)
1

1/ 2

(5.31 ) m, where is in mS/m.

r

(0.5 pts)

For a medium with conductivity of 1.0 mS/m and relative permittivity of 9, the skin depth
=

( 5.31 9 ) = 15.93 m

(0.3 pts) + (0.2 pts)

1.0

I- 2

1/2

1 2
.
2 2
2 2

IPhO2002
3. Lateral resolution:
Antenna

r 2 + d 2 = (d + )2
4
d

d+

d 2
r =
+
2 16

r
rod

rod

(1.0 pts)
1

1 4 2 2
=
+
, 2 + 32 4 = 0
2 2 16
The wavelength is =0.125 m.
The propagation speed of the signal in medium is
r =0.5 m, d =4 m:

(0.5 pts)
(0.3 pts) + (0.2 pts)

1
1
1
1
=
=

o r o r
o o r r
c
0.3
1
vm =
=
m/ns , where c =
and r = 1
r r
r
o o

vm =

vm = 0.1 m/ns = 108 m/s

(0.5 pts)

The minimum frequency need to distinguish the two rods as two separate objects is
f min =

f min

(0.5 pts)

0.3
9 x10 9 Hz = 800 MHz
=
0.125

I- 3

(0.3 pts) + (0.20 pts)

IPhO2002
4. Path of EM waves for some positions on the ground surface
Antenna Positions
x

TR
d

Scanning direction

TR
2

TR

1 , 1

3
Buried rod(2 , 2 )

The traveltime as function of x is

2

t v = d 2 + x2 ,
2

t ( x) =

t ( x) =

2 1r
0.3

(1.0 pts)

4d 2 + 4 x 2
v

(1.0 pts)

d 2 + x2

Graph of traveltime, t(x)

Antenna Positions

For x =0

(1.0 pts)

100 = 2(3/0.3) d
d=5m

(0.5 pts)

I- 4

THEORETICAL COMPETITION
Tuesday, July 23rd , 2002

Solution II: Sensing Electrical Signals

1.
When a point current source Is is in infinite isotropic medium, the current
density vector at a distance r from the point is
r
I r
j = s3 r
4r
[+1.5 pts] (without vector notation, -0.5 pts)
2.

Assuming that the resistivities of the

prey body and that of the surrounding
seawater are the same, implying the
elimination of the boundary surrounding
the prey, the two spheres seem to be in
infinite isotropic medium with the
resistivity of . When a small sphere
produces current at a rate Is, the current
flux density at a distance r from the
sphere's center is also

x = l

+
2

x=0

prey

x = +l

r
I r
j = s3 r
4r

The seawater resistivity is , therefore the field strength at r is

rr
r I s r
E (r ) = j =
r
4r 3

[+0.2 pts]

In the model, we have two small spheres. One is at positive voltage relative to the
other therefore current Is flows from the positively charged sphere to the negatively
charged sphere. They are separated by ls. The field strength at P(0,y) is:

II-

r
r
r
E p = E+ + E

[+0.8 pts]

I s
1
1
ls

ls

=
i + yj +
i yj
3
3
4
2
2

2
2
2
2

ls

l s

2
2
+ y
+ y

I
l s ( i )

= s
3
4
2
2
ls
2

+
y

2

r
I l
E p s 3s ( i ) for ls << y
4y

3.

[+1.0 pts]

The field strength along the axis between the two source spheres is:

r
I s
1
1
E (x ) =
+

2
2
4
ls
ls

x +
x 2
2

( i )

[+0.5 pts]

The voltage difference to produce the given current Is is

r
r
I s
1
1
Vs = V = V + V = E (x ).d x =
+

2
2
4
ls
ls

+r
x

x
+

2
2

ls

rs
2

I
1
1
= s

4 2 + 1 l s
l
rs s

2
2

. idx) [+0.5 pts]

( i )(

1
1
+ 1

l
2 + 1 ls
l
ls
+ rs s
rs + s
2
2
2
2

I s 2
2 2 I s l s rs rs I s

=

=
4 rs l s rs
4 (l s rs )rs 2rs
I s
Vs = V
for l s >> rs .
[+ 0.5 pts]
2 rs
=

II-

l s 2 rs

l s rs

l
ls
+ rs + s
2
2

The resistance between the two source spheres is:

Rs =

Vs

=
I s 2rs

[+0.5 pts]
The power produced by the source is:
I s 2
P = I s Vs =
2rs
[+0.5 pts]
4.

V is the voltage difference between the

detectors spheres due to the electric
field induced by the prey, Rm is the inner
resistance due to the surrounding sea
water. V d and Rd are respectively the
voltage difference between the detecting
spheres and the resistance of the
detecting element within the predator
and id is the current flowing in the closed
circuit.

Rm

id

Rd

Vd

.
Rd

Analog to the resistance between the two

source spheres, the resistance of the
medium with resistivity between the
detector spheres, each having a radius of
rd is:

predator

ld

Rm =

2rd

[+0.5 pts]

prey

Since ld is much smaller than y, the

electric field strength between the
detector spheres can be assumed to be
constant, that is:

x=0
ls

I s l s
[+0.2 pts]
4 y 3
Therefore, the voltage difference present in the medium between the detector spheres
is:
I l l
[+0.3 pts]
V = El d = s s 3 d
4y
E=

II-

The voltage difference across the detector spheres is:

Vd = V

Rd
I l l
= s s3 d
R d + Rm
4y

Rd
Rd +

2rd

[+0.5 pts]
The power transferred from the source to the detector is:
I l l
V
Pd = i d Vd =
Vd = s s 3 d
Rd + R m
4y

Rd

2


Rd +

2rd

[+0.5 pts]

5.
Rt =

Pd is maximum when
Rd

Rd +
2

rd

Rd

is maximum

(R d + Rm )2

Therefore,
dRt 1(R d + Rm ) R d 2 (Rd + Rm )
=
=0
dRd
(Rd + R m )4
2

(R d + Rm ) 2R d

=0

Rdoptimum = Rm =

2 rd

[+0.5 pts]

[+0.5 pts]

The maximum power is:

max imum
d

I l l
= s s 3 d
4y

rd (I s l s l d ) rd

=
32 y 6
2
2

[+0.5 pts]

II-

[+0.5 pts]

SOLUTION T3 : . A Heavy Vehicle Moving on An Inclined Road

l
l

h1

To simplify the model we use the above figure with h1 = h+0.5 t

Ro = R
1. Calculation of the moment inertia of the cylinder
Ri=0.8 Ro
Mass of cylinder part : mcylinder =0.8 M
Mass of each rod
: mrod = 0.025 M

III - 1

I=

dm =

wholepart

dm +

cyl . shell

dm + ... +

rod1

dm

0.4 pts

rod n

Ro

2
3
4
4
2
2
r dm = 2 r dr = 0.5( Ro Ri ) = 0.5mcylinder (Ro + Ri )

cyl . shell

Ri

= 0.5(0.8 M ) R 2 (1 + 0.64) = 0.656 MR

Rin
1 3 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
r
dm
=

rod
0 r dr = 3 Rin = 3 mrod Rin = 3 0.025M (0.64R ) = 0.00533MR

0.5 pts
0.5 pts

The moment inertia of each wheel becomes

I = 0.656MR 2 + 8 x 0.00533MR 2 = 0.7 MR 2

0.1 pts

2. Force diagram and balance equations:

To simplify the analysis we devide the system into three parts: frame (part1) which
mainly can be treated as flat homogeneous plate, rear cylinders (two cylinders are treated
collectively as part 2 of the system), and front cylinders (two front cylinders are treated
collectively as part 3 of the system).
Part 1 : Frame

N12

f12h

m1 g

N13
f13h
h1
0.4 pts

The balance equation related to the forces work to this parts are:

III - 2

Required conditions:
Balance of force in the horizontal axis
m1 g sin f 12 h f 13 h= m1 a

(1) 0.2 pts

Balance of force in the vertical axis

m1 g cos = N 12 + N13
Then torsi on against O is zero, so that
N12 l N13 l + f 12 h h1 + f 13 h h1 = 0

(2) 0.2 pts

(3) 0.2 pts

Part two : Rear cylinder

N2
f2
f21h
N21
Mg
0.25 pts
From balance condition in rear wheel :
f 21h f 2 + Mg sin = Ma
N 2 N 21 Mg cos = 0

(4)
(5)

0.15 pts
0.15 pts

For pure rolling:

f 2 R = I2 = I
or f 2 =

a2
R

I
a
R2

(6)

For rolling with sliding:

F2 = uk N2

(7)

0.2 pts
Part Three : Front Cylinder:

III - 3

N3
f3
f31h
N31
Mg

0.25 pts

From balance condition in the front whee l :

f 31h f 3 + Mg sin = Ma
N 3 N 31 Mg cos = 0

(8)
(9)

0.15 pts
0.15 pts

For pure rolling:

f 3 R = I3 = I

a3
R

I
a
R2
For rolling with sliding:
or f 3 =

(10)

F3 = uk N3

(11)
0.2 pts

3. From equation (2), (5) and (9) we get

m1 gcos = N2 m2 g cos+N3 -m3 g cos
N2 + N3 = (m1 +m2 +m3 )gcos=7Mgcos
And from equation (3), (5) and (8) we get
(N 3 -Mg cos ) l (N 2 -Mg cos ) l=h1 (f2 +Ma-Mg sin+f3 +Ma-Mg sin)
(N 3 N2 )= h1 (f2 +2Ma-2Mg sin+f3 )/l
Equations 12 and 13 are given 0.25 pts
CASE ALL CYLINDER IN PURE ROLLING
From equation (4) and (6) we get

III - 4

(12)

f21h = (I/R2 )a +Ma-Mg sin

(14)

0.2 pts

(15)

0.2 pts

From equation (8) and (10) we get

f31h = (I/R2 )a +Ma-Mg sin
Then from eq. (1) , (14) and (15) we get
5Mg sin - {(I/R2 )a +Ma-Mg sin}-{(I/R2 )a +Ma-Mg sin}= m1 a
7 Mg sin = (2I/R2 +7M)a
7 Mg sin
7 Mg sin
a=
=
= 0.833g sin
2
I
0
.
7
MR
7M + 2 2 7M + 2
R
R2

(16) 0.35 pts

h
7M
I
g cos + 1 [( M + 2 ) 0.833 g sin Mg sin ]
2
l
R
h
= 3.5Mgcos + 1 [( M + 0.7M ) 0.833 g sin Mg sin ]
l

N3 =

= 3.5 Mg cos + 0.41

N2 =

h1
Mg sin
l

7M
h
I
g cos 1 [( 2 + M ) 0.833g sin Mg sin ]
2
l R

= 3.5g cos -

h1
7 Mg sin
[( 0.7 M + M )
2 Mg sin ]
l
0.7M + 7 M

= 3.5g cos 0.41

h1
Mg sin
l
0.2 pts

The Conditions for pure rolling:

f 2 s N 2

and f 3 s N 3

I2
a s N 2
R 22

and

I3
a s N 3
R 23

The left equation becomes

0.7M 0. 833g sin s (3.5Mg cos 0.41
tan

h1
Mg sin )
l

3.5 s
0.5831+ 0.41 s

h1
l

III - 5

0.2 pts

While the right equation becomes

0.7m 0.833g sin s (3.5mg cos + 0.41
tan

3.5 s
0.5831 0.41 s

h1
mg sin )
l

h1
l

(17)

0.1 pts

CASE ALL CYLINDER SLIDING

From eq. (4) f21h = Ma +uk N2 Mgsin
(18)
From eq. (8) f31h = Ma +uk N3 Mgsin
(19)
From eq. (18) and 19 :
5Mg sin - (Ma + uk N2 Mg sin)- (Ma + uk N3 Mg sin)=m1 a
a=

7 Mg sin k N 2 k N 3
(N + N3)
= g sin k 2
7M
7M

0.15 pts
0.15 pts

(20)

0.2 pts

N 3 + N 2 = 7Mg cos
From the above two equations we get :
a = g sin k g cos

0.25 pts

The Conditions for complete sliding: are the opposite of that of pure rolling
f 2 s N '2

and f 3 s N '3

I2
a s N '2
R 22

and

I3
a s N '3
R 32

(21)

Where N2 and N3 is calculated in case all cylinder in pure rolling.

Finally weget
3. 5 s
tan
h
0. 5831+ 0.41 s 1
l

and

tan

3. 5 s

0.2 pts

0.1 pts

0.2 pts

h
0.5831 0.41 s 1
l

The left inequality finally become decisive.

CASE ONE CYLINDER IN PURE ROLLING AND ANOTHER IN SLIDING

CONDITION
{ For example R3 (front cylinders) pure rolling while R2 (Rear cylinders) sliding}

III - 6

From equation (4) we get

F21h = m2 a+ uk N2 -m2 g sin

(22)

0.15 pts

(23)

0.15 pts

From equation (5) we get

f31h = m3 a+(I/R2 )a -m3 g sin
Then from eq. (1) , (22) and (23) we get
m1 g sin - { m2 a+uk N2 -m2 g sin}-{m3 a+(I/R2 )a -m3 g sin}= m1 a
m1 g sin + m2 g sin + m3 sin- uk N2 = (I/R2 +m3 )a + m2 a + m1 a
5Mg sin + Mg sin + Mg sin- uk N2 = (0.7M +M)a + Ma + 5Ma
a=

7 Mg sin k N 2
N
= 0.9091g sin k 2
7.7M
7.7 M

(24)

0.2 pts

h1
I
( k N 2 + 2 a + 2Ma 2Mg sin )
l
R
h
N 3 N 2 = 1 ( k N 2 + 2.7 M 0.9091g sin 2.7 k N 2 / 7.7 2 Mg sin )
l
h
N 3 N 2 (1 + 0.65 k 1 ) = 0.4546Mg sin
l
N 3 + N 2 = 7Mg cos
N3 N2 =

Therefore we get
7Mg cos 0.4546Mg sin
h
2 + 0.65k 1
l
(25)
0.3 pts
7 Mg cos 0.4546Mg sin
N 3 = 7Mg cos
h
2 + 0.65k 1
l
Then we can substitute the results above into equation (16) to get the following result
N2 =

a = 0.9091g sin

k N 2
7 g cos 0.4546 g sin
= 0.9091g sin k
h
7.7M
7.7
2 + 0.65k 1
l

(26)
0.2 pts

III - 7

The Conditions for this partial sliding is:

f 2 s N 2
and f 3 s N 3
I
I
(27)
a s N 2
and 2 a s N 3
2
R
R
where N 2 and N 3 are normal forces for pure rolling condition

0.25 pts

4. Assumed that after rolling d meter all cylinder start to sliding until reaching the end of
incline road (total distant is s meter). Assummed that meter is reached in t1 second.
v t1 = v o + at 1 = 0 + a1t 1 = a1 t1
1
1
d = vo t 1 + a1 t 12 = a1 t12
2
2
2d
t1 =
a1
0.5 pts
v t1 = a1

2d
= 2da1 = 2 d 0.833 g sin = 1.666 dg sin
a1

(28)

The angular velocity after rolling d meters is same for front and rear cylinders:
t 1 =

vt 1 1
=
1.666 dg sin
R R

(29)
0.5 pts

Then the vehicle sliding untill the end of declining road. Assumed that the time needed
by vehicle to move from d position to the end of the declining road is t2 second.
v t 2 = v t1 + a 2 t 2 = 1.666 dg sin + a 2 t 2
s d = vt 1 t 2 +
t2 =

1
a 2 t 22
2
(30)

v t 1 + vt21 + 2 a2 ( s d )
a2

v t 2 = 1.666 dg sin vt 1 + v t21 + 2a 2 ( s d )

Inserting vt1 and a2 from the previous results we get the final results.
For the angular velocity, while sliding they receive torsion:

III - 8

0.4 pts

 = k NR
=

k NR
=
I
I

t2

2
k NR vt 1 + v t1 + 2 a 2 ( s d )
1
= t1 + t 2 =
1 .666 dg sin +
R
I
a2

(31)

0.6 pts

III - 9