Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
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Intervention Project
by
BS PSYCHOLOGY II B6
OCTOBER 2016
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
As perceived in our daily lives, technology has been a prominent part of the doings and
goings on of people on a regular basis. Many times technology is used in accommodating people,
especially students. This technology could range from simple photocopying machines and
printers, to more complex software, and one of the most commonly used gadgets by people are
the cellular phones. Either for internet use or for communication, it cannot be denied that
cellphones have become a normal thing to own. Reports have shown that one out of three
Filipinos cannot live without cellphones, according to the survey of the digital and media habits
of consumers. It is a number that continues to grow. How we communicate with each other is
evolving rapidly, and the experience of simply being with someone and being around each other
is changing. How these changes are affecting our world is a topic worthy of exploration.
It has reached a point where people just cant seem to let a moment go by without doing
something with their mobile device. Activities like internet surfing, texting, calling, and even
playing Pokemon GO seem to be preoccupying a lot of users that cellphones are even used while
walking. It has become a universal distraction. Recent studies indicate that the number of
accidents involving distracted pedestrians is rising.
In Chongqing, China, the city authorities have designated a 30 metre (100ft) cellphone
lane for people who use their phones while walking. Utah Valley University unveiled a texting
lane last June 7 with the hopes of calling the attention of phone-absorbed students. This
intervention study aims to replicate the said projects in MSU-IIT to reduce the distracted
pedestrians.
Objective
This study has the intention of minimizing accidents caused by phone-absorbed walkers
in the campus. By applying the concept of a cellphone lane in addition to the full cooperation of
the students, hallways and pathways will have an easier flow of people. There would be less
disturbances and collisions should this study be implemented. That means that the number of
people that would be bumping into other people or things would greatly lessen. It is also of great
benefit to those students who are in a rush because it is less hassle for them. And even if the
people would fail to follow instructions and totally ignore the lanes, the markings on the ground
would be sign enough for them to be conscious that they are distracted. Overall, the cellphone
lanes would have a positive, if not neutral, effect on the pedestrians inside MSU-IIT campus.
Rational Significance
Researchers at Australias University of Queensland have found that people change the
way they walk when they text while on the move. This puts them off-balance and makes them
less likely to walk on a straight line.
Recent studies indicate that the number of accidents involving distracted pedestrians is
rising. While it has already been established that texting while walking is a dangerous act, many
among us are still seen using mobile phones while walking streets and hallways. It has annoyed
not only vehicle drivers, but also people walking behind those who text while walking in
hallways. Its a public safety conundrum, and a symptom of an addiction. At the very least, its a
design failure in smartphones that have mastered how to get our attention. Its time to ask what
responsibility the tech industry has to address the problem.
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature
A Behavior Change Method, or Behavior Change Technique, is a theory-based method for
changing one or several psychological determinants of behavior such as a
person's attitude or self-efficacy. Such behavior change methods are used in behavior
change interventions. Although of course attempts to influence people's attitude and other
psychological determinants were much older, especially the definition developed in the late
nineties yielded useful insights, in particular four important benefits:
1. It developed a generic, abstract vocabulary that facilitated discussion of the active
ingredients of an intervention
2. It emphasized the distinction between behavior change methods and practical
Theories
There are many theories that focus on the behaviour of crowds. In the 19th century,
crowd behaviour was a significant area of study in the field of psychology. The following people
studied crowd behavior and made varying theories about why the people in a crowd behave the
way they do.
Le Bons Theory
According to Le Bon, the earliest and main exponent of crowd behaviour, the individual
yields to instincts which had he been alone, he would perforce have kept under restraint. Like
the hypnotised person, he is no longer conscious of his acts .At the same time that certain
faculties are destroyed, others may be brought to a high degree of exaltation. He is no longer
himself, but has become an automation who has ceased to be guided by his will. In the crowd, he
is barbarian. He possesses the spontaneity, the violence, the ferocity and also the enthusiasm and
heroism of primitive beings. While explaining the crowd behaviour, Le Bon developed his most
important notion of group mind. Group mind makes people feel, think and act in a manner
quite different from that in which each individual would feel, think and act where he in a state of
isolation.
The group mind is not a mere collection (or the sum) of the minds of all the individual members
of a group. It is a mind of its own distinct from minds working on different levels. Its working is
based on emotions, appeals, suggestions and slogans.
Its acts are less rational and more emotional. It is an irresponsible mind focusing its attention on
some immediate object. Its mental level is very low. It becomes easily excited and acts in a
hypnotic way. It is on this account that individuals behave most irrationally in a crowd than
otherwise behave individually.
(i) Crowds emerge through the existence of anonymity (which allows a decline in personal
responsibility);
(ii) In contagion (ideas moving rapidly through a group; and
(iii) Through a suggestibility. In the crowd, the individual psychology is subordinated to a
collective mentality which radically transforms individual behaviour. Le Bon said that in
periods of social decline and disintegration, society in threatened by the rule of crowds.
McDougalls Theory
Psychologist William McDougalls theory of the behaviour of unorganised groups or
crowd is practically the same as Le Bons. He explains the two central phenomena of crowd
behaviour, namely, the intensification of emotion in a crowd and the lowering of intellectual
level, as follows: The former is due to the principle of direct induction of emotion by way of
primitive sympathetic response. He says, the greater the number of people in whom the same
emotions can be simultaneously observed, the greater the contagion. The individual under the
influence of emotion losses the power of criticism and slips into the same emotion. The
collective emotion becomes intensified by mutual interaction. The intensification of emotion and
unpreparedness for opposing the authority of the crowd, in their turn, inhibit intellectual
processes and the lowering of intellectual level in a crowd.
McDougall described the behaviour of the crowd in the following words: A crowd is
excessively emotional, impulsive, fickle, inconsistent, irresolute and extreme in action,
displaying only the coarser emotions and the less refined sentiments; extremely suggestible,
careless in deliberation, hasty in judgment, incapable of any but the simpler and imperfect forms
of reasoning; easily swayed and led, lacking in self-consciousness, devoid of self-respect and of
sense of responsibility. Hence, its behaviour is like that of an unruly child or it is like a wild
beast.
Freuds Theory
McDougalls theory of sympathetic induction to account for the intensification of
emotion is not accepted by all scholars. Sigmund Freud in his essay on Group Psychology and
Analysis of Ego remarks, There is no doubt that something exist in us which, when we become
aware of signs of emotion; how often do we not successfully oppose it, resist the emotion and
react in quite an opposite way? Why, therefore, do we invariably give way to this contagion
when we are in group? Freud traces it to our indirect impulses. Freud suggests that what holds
any group together is a love relationship, i.e., emotional ties. This explains what he considers to
be the principal phenomenon of group psychology. Using psycho-analytic approach of Freud,
E. D. Martin interpreted crowd behaviour as the release for repressed drives. Through a crowd,
the restraints of a superego are relaxed and primitive ego-impulses come into play. The censor
within the individual is set aside in the crowd and the instinct or basic id impulses, which are
normally confined to the inner depths of the personality, come to surface. The crowd thus
provides a momentary release of otherwise repressed drives. How far the Freudian theory is
helpful in explaining crowd behaviour, it is argued that it is not substantiated by factual
observation. Sometimes, the crowd behaviour may be the expression of repressed drives, but it
may not be true of all the crowds. Moreover, it is unable to explain all the features of crowd
behaviour.
Allports Theory
F. H. Allport has also criticised McDougalls theory of sympathetic induction of emotion
and behaviour. He offered the explanation of crowd behaviour by two principles, of which one is
the principle of social facilitation. According to this principle, a common stimulus prepares two
individuals for the same response and when they are so prepared, the sight of one making that
response releases and heightens that response in the other. The second principle is that of interstimulation.
Turners Theory
Sociologist Ralf Turner has gone beyond inadequate psychological explanation of the
crowd behaviour and developed an emergent norm perspective. The central thesis of this
perspective is that even in the most violent and dangerous crowds, there is also social interaction,
in which a situation is defined, norms for sanctioning behaviour emerge, and lines of action are
justified and agreed upon. Thus, all above explanations throw light on either one or the other
factor of the complex phenomenon of crowd behaviour. As such, they are incomplete and
insufficient. There are multiple factors, such as anonymity, stimulation, emotionality,
suggestibility, initiation, contagion, lack of volition, force of unconscious impulses, etc., which
are responsible for the emergence of the typical behaviour of the crowd.
Social Practice Theory Social practice theory (SPT)
Increasingly being applied to the analysis of human behavior. Rather than a single theory
or model, SPT is something of an umbrella approach under which various aspects of theory are
pursued. The central insight of SPT is the recognition that human practices (ways of doing,
routinized behaviour, habits) are themselves arrangements of various inter-connected
elements, such as physical and mental activities, norms, meanings, technology use, knowledge,
which form peoples actions or behaviour as part of their everyday lives (Reckwitz 2002). The
approach particularly emphasises the material contexts (also socio-technical infrastructures)
within which practices occur, drawing attention to their impact upon behaviour (the production
and reproduction of practices). The notion that non-human actors have a role to play in causing
certain outcomes or behaviour draws on the actor-network theory of Bruno Latour. Shove
(2010a) notes: Put simply, roads, railways, freezers, heating systems, etc. are not innocent
features of the background. Rather, they have an active part to play in defining, reproducing and
transforming what people take to be normal ways of life. The key insight here is that the material
world and related systems of production and provision are important in organising, structuring
and sometimes preventing certain practices.
Schematic Diagram
Independent Variable:
Authoritative Tactics VS Quiet
Social Norm
Dependent Variable:
Number of people who
followed the lanes
Chapter III
Methodology
In our study, the researchers will be conducting an intervention on students using
cellphones while walking in the pathway and slowing down other students. Our study will be
conducted around MSU-IIT premise, starting from the pathway in front of the School Clinic up
to the front of the KASAMA office. The participants of the study will be students who have 7:30
am classes.
To conduct the study, the researchers will follow these following procedures:
The researchers will be putting marks and signage on the pathway, separating the
cellphone lane and the normal lane. These marks will be made using spray paint to not
lanes out of all the students that are passing by the pathway whether:
Without the intervention,
The Authoritative Tactic and
The Conformity Approach
The researchers will be using mean as the statistical tool.
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