PAOLO) AN Y AND FLOATATION ancy is a vertical force and is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, the centre of will be the centre of gravity of the fluid displaced, 4A Find the volume of the water displaced and position of centre of buoyancy for a den block is 650 kg/m’ and its length 6.0 m. =25m 15m ‘SURFACE | br w : =60m of I, Volume of the block = 2.5 x 1.5 6.0 = 22.50 m* Density of wood, p= 650 kg/m’ 4 Weight of block =p x gx Volume = 650 x 9.81 x 22.50 N = 143471 N 131For equilibrium the weight of water displaced = Weight of wooden block = 143471 N s+ Volume of water displaced Weight of water displaced __ 143471 A = Weleht of water displaced _ 143471 _ 14,625 m’, Ans, Weight density of water — 1000 x 9.81 pate (++ Weight density of water = 1000 x 9.81 N/m Position of Centre of Buoyancy. Volume of wooden block in water = Volume of water displaced or 2.5 x hx 6.0 = 14.625 m°, where h is depth of wooden block in water . f= OS 0975 m 25x60 0975 Centre of Buoyaney = 5 = 0.4875 m from base. Ans. Problem 4.2 A wooden log of 0.6 m diameter and 5 m length is floating in river water. Find the depth of the wooden log in water when the sp. gravity of the log is 0.7. ‘Solution. Given : Dia. of log, 0.6 m Length, L=5m q 07 Sp. er, s Density of log = 0.7 x 1000 = 700 kg/m? Weight density of log, pxe 700 x 9.81 Nim* Find depth of immersion or h Weight of wooden log = Weight density x Volume of log = 700x981 x E (DP XL = 700% 9.81 © (6)? 5 N = 9896x981 N v For equilibrium, Weight of wooden log = Weight of water displaced = Weight density of water x Volume of water displaced Volume of water displaced = 28°*981 _ 9 9896 m3 1000%9:81 (Ce Weight density of water = 1000 x 9.81 N/m’) Let i is the depth of immersion ++ Volume of log inside water = Area of ADCA Length = Area of ADCA x 5.0 But volume of log inside water = Volume of water displaced = 0.9896 m?id Floatation 1 = Area of curved surface ADCOA + Area of AAOC 360°-20 a [ 300° Jet eos 0X 2r sin 0 =n[1 = iG] + Peososino 0.1979 = (3)? + (3)? cos 0 sin @ isl 0.1979 = .2827 ~ 00157 @ + 0.9 cos @ sin @ 00157 8 ~ .09 cos @ sin @ = .2827 ~ .1979 = 0.0848 0 ~ 57.32 cos 0 sin 0 = 54.01. 0 ~ 57.32 cos 6 sin 8 ~ 54.01 = 60 ~ 57.32 x 0.5 x 866 ~ 54.01 = 60 ~ 24.81 ~ 54.01 =~ 18,82 10 ~ 57.32 x .342 x 0.9396 ~ $4.01 = 70 ~ 18.4 ~ 54,01 =~ 2.41 72 ~ 57.32 X 309 x 951 ~ 54.01 = 72 ~ 16.84 54.01 = + 1.14 ri csnae set oaag w= pL i ak 0.376 ‘TLS ~ $7.32 x 3173 X .948 — 54.01 = 71.5 ~ 17.24 ~ 54.01 = +248 rr cos 115° 0.3 +03 x 0.3173 = 0.395 m. Ans. Weight of stone Weight of stone For equilibrium, Weight in air— Weight of stone in water = Weight of water displaced 392.4 ~ 196.2 = 196.2 = 1000 x 9.81 x Volume of water displaced +. Volume of water displaced ~_ 19621 1000x981” 50 water yx 108 em? = 2 108 em’, Ans. Volume of stone| 134 Fluid Mechanics 3 Specific Gravity of Stone Mass em = 40 ky lass of stone 7 O81 eB Density of stone = Massinair 40.08 _ 49 x 50 = 2000 8. Volume I ys 7 50, __ Density of stone _ 2000 * Density of water ~ 1000 Problem 4.4. A body of dimensions 1.5 m x 1.0 m X2 m, weighs 1962 N in water. Find its weight in air. What will be its specific gravity ? Solution. Given ‘Volume of body = 1.50 x 1.0.x 2.0 = 3.0m? Weight of body in water 1962.N ‘Volume of the water displaced = Volume of the body = 3.0 m* Weight of water displaced = 1000 x 9.81 x 3.0 = 29430 N For the equilibrium of the body Sp. gr. of stone 20, Ans. ‘Weight of body in air ~ Weight of water displaced = Weight in water s Way ~ 29430 = 1962 Wa, = 29430 + 1962 = 31392 N Mass of body Sete 31392 Density of the body = as Volume 1066.67 Sp. gravity of the body = = 1.067. Ans. 1000 Problem 4.5 Find the density of a metallic body which floats at the interface of mercury of sp. gr. 13.6 and water such that 40% of its volume is sub-merged in mercury and 60% in water. Solution. Let the volume of the body = Vm* ‘Then volume of body sub-merged in mercury =e veo4 vm! 100 Volume of body sub-merged in water B xve06 vm Fig. 4.3 For the equilibrium of the body ‘Total buoyant force (upward force) = Weight of the body But total buoyant force = Force of buoyancy due to water + Force of buoyaney due to mercury Force of buoyancy due to water = Weight of water displaced by body ensity of water x g x Volume of water displaced 1000 x g x Volume of body in water= 1000 x ¢ x 0.6 x VN Weight of mercury displaced by body Density of mercury x Volume of mercury displaced = g 13.6 x 1000 x Volume of body in mercury gx 13.6 x 1000x 0.4 VN ight of the body = Density x ¢ x Volume of body = p x gx V pre p is the density of the body For equilibrium, we have Total buoyant force = Weight of the body 10x g x 0.6 x V+ 13.6 x 1000x gx.4V=pxexV q P = 600 + 13600 x .4 = 600 + 54400 = 6040.00 kg/m* "Density of the body = 6040.00 kg/m’. Ans, 4.6 A float valve regulates the flow of oil of sp. gr. 0.8 into a cistern. The spherical float in diameter. AOB is a weightless link carrying the float at one end, and a valve at the other nd which closes the pipe through which oil flows into the cistern. The link is mounted in a frictionless 2 at O and the angle AOB is 135°. The length of OA is 20 cm, and the distance between the centre =08 Po = 0.8 x 1000 = 800 kg/m” D=15em ZAOB = 135° OA = 200m Fig. 44 P=98IN OB = 500m © level of oil is also shown, The centre of float is below the level af oil, by a depth ‘h From ABOD, sin age = OD _ OC+CD _ 35+h 08” OR 50 50.x:sin 45° = 35+) ‘The weight of float is acting through B, but the upward buoyant force is acting through the centre Of Weight of oil displaced. /olume of oil displaced 2 aPshxae { PLB isem }= 3 x wx (075)? + .00355 x m x (.075) = 0.000945 m* ++ Buoyant force Weight of oil displaced = pp X#X Volume of oil 800 x 9.81 x .000945 = 7.416 N ‘The buoyant force and weight of the float passes through the same vertical line, passing through, Let the weight of float is W. Then net vertical force on float = Buoyant force ~ Weight of float ‘Taking moments about the hinge O, we get (7.416 ~ W) PX 20 = (7.416 ~ W) x BD = (7.416 — W) x 50 x cos 45° or 9.81 x 20 = (7.416 — W) x 35.355 20x 9.81 416 ~ = 7416 ~5.55 = . 3555 16 ~ 5.55 = 1.866 N. Ans. > 4.4 META-CENTRE It is defined as the point about which a body starts oscillating when the body is tilted by a smal angle. The meta-centre may also be defined as the point at which the line of action of the force buoyancy will meet the normal axis of the body when the body is given a small angular displacement, Consider a body floating in a liquid as shown in Fig. 4.5 (a). Let the body is in equilibrium and Gig the centre of gravity and B the centre of buoyancy. For equilibrium, both the points lie on the normal axis, which is vertical. NORMAL AXIS NORMAL AXIS @ w Fig. 4.5 Meta-centre Let the body is given a small angular displacement in the clockwise direction as shown in Fig. 4.5 (b). ‘The centre of buoyancy, which is the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid or centre of gravity of the portion of the body sub-merged in liquid, will now be shifted towards right from the normal axis. Let itis at B, as shown in Fig. 4.5 (b). The line of action of the force of buoyancy in this new position, will intersect the normal axis of the body at some point say M. This point M is called Meta-centre. > 4.5 META-CENTRIC HEIGHT The distance MG, i. the distance between the meta-centre of a floating body and the centre of sravity of the body is called meta-centric height.ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR META-CENTRE HEIGHT {6 (a) shows the position of a floating body in equilibrium. The location of centre of gravity entte of buoyancy in this position is at Gand A. The floating body is given a small angular Jacement in the clockwise direction, This is shown in Fig. 4.6 (b). The new centre of buoyancy vertical line through By cuts the normal axis at M. Hence M is the meta-centre and GM is pentric height. L | (@)PLANOF BODY AT WATER LINE ele Fig. 46 Metacentre height of floating body. angular displacement of the body in the clockwise direction causes the wedge-shaped prism 3B! on the right of the axis to go inside the water while the identical wedge-shaped prism represented ty AOA’ emerges out of the water on the left of the axis. These wedges represent a gain in buoyant -on the right side and a corresponding loss of buoyant force on the left side. The gain is ented by a vertical force dF’, acting through the C.G. of the prism BOB’ while the loss is ited by an equal and opposite force dF’p acting vertically downward through the centroid of ‘The couple due to these buoyant forces dFy tends to rotate the ship in the counterclockwise n. Also the moment caused by the displacement of the centre of buoyancy from B to B; is also ouple Due to Wedges. Consider towards the right of the axis a small strip of thickness di at a Wee x from O as shown in Fig. 4.5 (b). The height of strip xx ZBOB' = xx @. {> ZBOB' = ZAOA’ = BMB, ‘Area of strip = Height x Thickness = xx 0 x dx Area XL XxXOKLX de Weight of strip = pg x Volume = pgx @L de Similarly, if a small strip of thickness dr at a distance x from O towards the left of the axis is dered, the weight of stip will be pgx@ L dx. The two weights are acting in the opposite direetion dhence constitute a couple.‘Moment of this couple = Weight of each strip x Distance between these two weights = pax OL de [x +x] | = pgr OL de x 2x= 2pgx? OL de ++ Moment of the couple for the whole wedge =J2pg¥ OL de sald Moment of couple due to shifting of centre of buoyancy from B to By = F yx BB, = Fy BM x0 (+ BB, = BM x 0 if 0 is very smal} = Wx BMx0 (2 fps W).. But these two couples are the same, Hence equating equations (4.1) and (4.2), we get Wx BM x 0 = J 2pgx? 6 Lax Wx BM x = 2pg0 J 7Ldx Wx BM = 2pg J .x°Ldx Now Lads = Elemental area on the water line shown in Wx BM = 2pg J dA. But from Fig. 45 (itis clear tat 2 [2? dA is the second moment of area ofthe plan of the ig. 4.6 (c) and = dA at water surface about the axis ¥-Y. Therefore Wx BM = pgl {where I = 2 J x? da) i Bo = Ps w Weight of the body = Weight of the fluid displaced by the body pe x Volume of the fluid displaced by the body pg x Volume of the body sub-merged in water =pex¥ pext_T Pext 1 (3) pexv VW oe Gm = bm 3G = + ~BG Vv cs Meta-centtic height ou = + _ 26, (44) Problem 4.7 A rectangular pontoon is 5 m long, 3 m wide and 1.20 m high. The depth of immersion of the pontoon is 0.80 m in sea water. If the centre of gravity is 0.6 m above the bottom of the pontoon, determine the meta-centric height. The density for sea water = 1025 kg/m’. Solution. Given : Dimension of pontoon Depih of immersion mx3.mx 120m \8 mou= 4-66 1= MO. Inertia ofthe plan ofthe pontoon about Y-Y axis x 5x3%mt= 3 mt 2 4 _ Y= Volume of the body sub-merged in water Be = 3% 08 x5.0= 12.0 m PLANAT WATER SURFACE BG = AG ~ AB =0.6 -04 = 0.2m cane om = 8 x 1 _92= 43 ~02=0.9375 - 02 = 0.7375 m. Ans. 4 * 720 8 yplem 4.8 A uniform body of size 3 m long x2 m wide x I m deep floats in water. What is the it of the body if depth of immersion is 0.8 m ? Determine the meta-centrc height also jolution, Given : 29m] nension of body =3x2x1 iy of immersion =08m () Weight of body, W - (ii) Meta-centric height, GM (Weight of Body, W = Weight of water displaced 1g x Volume of water displaced 1000 x 9.81 x Volume of body in water = 1000 9.81 x 3x 2x08 N 4 : 17088 N. Ans. ELEVATION (ii) Meta-centric Height, GM Fig, 48 Using equation (4.4), we get om= 4 ~aG | = M.O. about ¥-¥ axis of the plan of the body =3x2%08=4.8 m BG=AG-Ap= 2-98 \5 0.4 = 0.1 Gat = 22 ~ 0.4 = 04167 ~ 0 = 03167 m. Ans.Problem 4.9. A block of wood of specific gravity 0.7 floats in water. height of the block if its size is 2m x 1m X0.8 m. Solution, Given : Dimension of block Let depth of immersion Sp. gr. of wood Determine the meta-ceritrig x1x08 Weight of wooden piece = Weight density of wood x Volume 17 x 1000 x 9.81 x 2x 1 x0.8N Weight of water displaced = Weight density of water X Volume of the wood sub-merged in water += 1000 9.81X2x 1x AN For equilibrium, Fig. 49 ‘Weight of wooden piece = Weight of water displaced se 1009.81 2X 1X 0.8 = 1000% 9.81 X21 xh 700 981x 2x 1x08 1000 x9.81x2x1 2+ Distance of centre of Buoyancy from bottom, i. hh _ 056 $= 8 = 028m and AG = 082.0 = 04 m “ BG = AG - AB = 04-028 =0.12m ‘The meta-centric height is given by equation (4.4) or Leac ¥ 17 X08 = 0.56 m AB ‘olume of wood in water 1x56 = 1.12 m? ao = 0.1488 ~0.12 = 0.0288 m. Ans. 6 Problem 4.10 A solid cylinder of diameter 4.0 m has a height of 3 metres. Find the meta-centric height of the cylinder when it is floating in water with its axis vertical. The sp. gr. of the cylinder = 06. Solution. Given : j Dia. of cylinder, ay Height of cylinder, * Weight density of woodAG deism 2 BG =AG~AB = 15-09 =0.6m Fig. 4.10 1 =o GM = 5-86 1=M.OA. about ¥-¥ axis of the plan of the body = pi=* x (40) ot” oF = Volume of eylinder in water = © D? x Depth of immersion = ; (yx 1.8 m* 2 x (4.0) ou = 4 06 a% (407 x18 sek “16 blem 4.11 A body has the cylindrical upper portion of 3 m diameter and 1.8 m deep. The lower portion is a curved one, which displaces a volume of 0.6 m’ of water. The centre of buoyancy of the curved portion is at a distance of 1.95 m below the top of the cylinder. The centre of gravity of the ole body is 1.20 m below the top of the cylinder. The total displacement of water is 3.9 tonnes. Find ra-centric height of the body. lution, Given : of body =3.0m Depth of body = 18m‘Then .95 mm. 3.0.m 20m | Total weight of water displaced by body = 3.9 tonnes .9 x 1000 = 3900 ket 1900 x 9.81 N = 38259 N Find meta-centrie height of the body. Let the height of the body above the water surface x m. Total ‘weight of water displaced by body eight density of water x [Volume of water displaced) = 1000 x 9.81 x [Volume of the body in water] 1810 [Volume of cylindrical part in water + Volume of curved portion} ELEVATION. Fig. 4.11 = 9810 [z x D® x Depth of cylindrical part in water + Volume displaced by curved p or 38259 = 9810 [For x(L8-x +06] 38259 io (18-1) 4065 9 FX Sx(8—2) =39-06=33 33x4 3x3 X= 18 ~ 4668 = 1.33 m Let By is the centre of buoyancy of cylindrical part and B is the centre of buoyancy of the whole body. ‘Then depth of cylindrical part in water = 1.8 —x = 0.467 m CB, 2x4 27 2 or 18-25 = 0.4668 33 + .2335 = 1.5635 m. ‘The distance of the centre of buoyancy of the whole body from the top of the cylindrical part is. given as CB = (Volume of curved portion x CB, + Volume of cylindrical part in water x CB3) + (Total volume of water displaced) 0.6%1.95+33%15635 _LIT+5159 _ 4 695 5 (06+33) 39 J Then BG = CR- CG = 1.623 - 1.20 = 423m. ‘Meta-centric height, GM, is given by GoM=Gu== 423 = 1.019 ~ 423 = 0.596 m. Ans. ot CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF A FLOATING AND SUB-MERGED BODIES k sub-merged or a floating body is said to be stable ifit comes back to its original position after & sh disturbance. The relative position of the centte of gravity (G) and centre of buoyancy (B) of a determines the stability of a suby-merged body. ‘Stability of a Sub-merged Body. The position of centre of gravity and centre of buoy- {in case of a completely sub-merged body ate fixed. Consider a balloon, which is completely sub- din air, Let the lower portion of the balloon contains heavier material, so that its centre of gravity is lower than its centre of buoyancy as shown in Fig, 4.12 (a). Let the weight of the balloon is W. The weight Wis acting through G, vertically inthe downward direction, while the buoyant foree Fy 1g vertically up, through B. For the equilibrium of the balloon W= Fp. If the balloon is given an lat displacement in the clockwise direction as shown in Fig. 4.12 (a), then W and F, constitute a ‘acting in the anti-clockwise direction and brings the balloon in the original position. Thus the ition, shown by Fig. 4.12 (a) is in stable equilibrium. ) ed © (a) ) ©, STABLE EQUILIBRIUM UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM = NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM Fig. 412. Stabilitiesofsub-merged bodies. (@) Stable Equilibrium, When W = Fy and point B is above G, the body is said to be in stable ‘equilibrium. (b) Unstable Equilibrium. If W= Fp, but the centre of buoyancy (B) is below centre of gravity (G), ‘the body is in unstable equilibrium as shown in Fig, 4.12 (b). A slight displacement to the body, in the ‘clockwise direction, gives the couple due to W and F, also in the clockwise direction. Thus the body “does not return to its original position and hence the body is in unstable equilibrium. (Neutral Equilibrium. If Fy = Wand B and G are at the same point, as shown in Fig. 4.12 (c), the 2.2. Stability of Floating Body. ‘The stability of a floating body is determined from the posi- tion of Meta-centre (M). In case of floating body, the weight of the body is equal to ‘the weight of liquid(q) Stable Equilibrium. If the point is above G, the floating body will be in stable equilibrium ay shown in Fig. 4.13 (a). Ifa slight angular displacement is given to the floating body in the clockwise direction, the centre of buoyancy shifts from B to B, such that the vertical line through By cuts at Mf, ‘Then the buoyant force Fg through B, and weight W through G constitute a couple acting in the anti. clockwise direction and thus bringing the floating body in the original position, DISTURBING (2) Stable equilibrium As above G (6) Unstable equilibrium Ais below G, Fig 4.13. Stability offloating bodies. (b) Unstable Equilibrium. If the point M is below G, the floating body will be in unstable equi riuin as shown in Fig, 4.13 (). The disturbing couple is acting in the clockwise direction. The couple due to buoyant force Fy and W is also acting in the clockwise direction and thus overturning the floating body. (c) Neutral Equilibrium. Ifthe point M is at the centre of gravity of the body, the floating body will be in neutral equilibrium. Problem 4.12. A solid cylinder of diameter 4.0 m has a height of 4.0 m. Find the meta-centric height of the cylinder if the specific gravity of the material of cylinder = 0.6 and itis floating in water with its axis vertical, State whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable. Solution. Given : D=4m e741 Height, Sp. er Depth of cylinder in water PLAN fy 2. Distance of centre of buoyaney (B) from A 2 AB =— 7 2 Distance of centre of gravity (G) from A 40 or AG 2° 2 Fig. 4.14 * BG =AG-AB = .2=0.8m / Now the meta-centric height GM is given by 1 GM= - BG| = M.O.L. of the plan of the body about Y-Y axis =% pte xo" a 6 Y= Volume of cylinder in water > x D* x Depth of cylinder in water F xa! = 1 i = 04167 m VOPR x24 0.3833 m. Ans. 1 GM = 5 - BG = 0.4167 - 03 ‘sign means that the meta-centre (M) is below the centre of gravity (G). ‘Thus the eylinder is prstable equilibrium. Ans. plem 4.13 A solid cylinder of 10 cm diameter and 40 cm long, consists of two parts made of ‘materials. The first part at the base is 1.0.cm long and of specific gravity = 6.0. The other part “cylinder is made of the material having specific gravity 0.6. State, if it can float vertically in Solution. Given : D=10cm L=40cm ‘centre of gravity of the solid cylinder from A is given as ate = [(Weight of Ist part x Distance of C.G. of Ist part from A) Fig. 415 + (Weight of 2nd part of cylinder x Distance of C.G, of 2nd part from A)] ‘+ [Weight of Ist part + weight of 2nd part] 7 D? x 10x 6.0% 05) + ( D? x39.0X 0.6 x(LOX 291)) (Fo x1ox60+ 3D” x39 06 _ 0x60x05:+320x.6 (20:5) 10x60 +39.0x06 © DB in the Numerator and Denominator‘To find the centre of buoyancy of the combined two parts or of the cylinder, determine the depth of immersion of the cylinder. Let the depth of immersion of the eylinder is h. Then ‘Weight of the cylinder = Weight of water displaced Eaccrx 28 x 600x981 + (ay? x LO x 6000%9.81 = © (in? x 52 x 1000x981 isin em) 1000 x9.81 100 ‘The distance of the centre of the buoyancy B, of the cylinder from A is snein= 24 43 ‘or cancelling (1)? throughout, we get x BG = AG ~ AB = 16.42 ~ 14.70 = 1.72 em Meta-centic height Gi is given by om= + — 8G v where = M.O1L. of plan of the body about ¥-¥ axis = om i (aoy* em* V= Volume of eylinder in water 22 pixhecopxzAm? © Dx =F (102x294 Eo ® agi Jeri? 1 10% 100 4 = cot / Eco x294 = 0212 7 a OM / gO x 294 exes" pyaoa GM = 0.212 - 1.72 =~ 1.508 em As GM is ~ ve, it means that the Meta-centre M is below the centre of gravity (G). Thus the cylinder is in unstable equilibrium and so it cannot float vertically in water. Ans, Problem 4.14 A rectangular pontoon 10.0 m long, 7 m broad and 2.5 m deep weighs 686.7 KN. It carries on its upper deck an empty boiler of 5.0 m diameter weighing 588.6 kN. The centre of gravity of the boiler and the pontoon are at their respective centres along a vertical line. Find the meta-centric height, Weight density of sea water is 10.104 kN/m’. i Solution, Given : Dimension of pontoon = 10 x7 x 2.5 T Weight of pontoon, 50m Dia. of boiler, Weight of boiler, w for sea water if aig / To find the meta-centric height, frst determine the common cen- 7 tre of gravity G and common centre of buoyancy B of the boiler and +7. m —| pontoon, Let G; and Gp ate the centre of gravities of pontoon and Fig. 4.16 boiler respectively. Thenince of common centre of gravity G from Wx AG, wr, (686.7 1.25 + 5886 x5. (686.7 + 588.6) = 2.98 m, Total weight of pontoon and boiler = Weight of sea water displaced |. gt 7 + 588.6) = (686.7 + $88.6) = wx Volume of the pontoon in water TT. 17 play ofehe body = 10.104 x L x b x Depth of immersion at waterline 1275.3 = 10.104 x 10% 7 he =o — 17783 903 0 107 x 10.104 The distance of the common centre of buoyancy B from A is BG =AG ~ AB = 2.98 ~ 9015 = 2.0785 m= 2.078 m is given by om = 4 — BG 1=M.OA. of the plan of the body at the water level along Y-¥ 10x49x7 2 ‘WV = Volume of the body in water = Lxbx h= 100% 7x 1.857 110x497 49 ba xx7 ___ 8 _ 198 V7" 12x 10% 71.857 ~ 121857 iH Gm = 4 ~ aG = 2.198 2.078 = 0.12 m. =1 x 100x7= m* 2 ‘Meta-centric height of both the pontoon and boiler = 0.12 m. Ans. 4.18 A wooden cylinder of sp. gr. = 0.6 and circular in cross-section is required to float 0,90). Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to float with its longitudinal axis vertical l, where L is the height of eylinder and D is its diameter. lution. Given : “Height of cylinder Sp. gr. of cylinder,Sp. gt. of oil 5,209 Let the depth of cylinder immersed in oil = h For the principle of buoyancy Weight of cylinder = wt. of oil displaced FDI XL x 0.6 x 1000 9.8 FDP xh 0.9 x 1000 9.81 or Lx06=hx09 O6xL 2 ce he 09 3 The distance of centre of gravity G from A, AG = $ The distance of centre of buoyancy B from A, hl iy2 ABz Hat | Fy 2 2b a BG=AG~AB= £ 2 ‘The meta-centric height GM is given by om= 4-16 v where = a Dt and V = Volume of cylinder in oil = 7 Dxh eave - “mE 6 For stable equilibrium, GM should be +ve or 3D iL Gm>0 or 32 £59 RL 6 307 Lb 3x6. 0 Se Oe or mL 6 32D or Holt D 32 : befe D ~Vi6 “ LD < 3/4, Ans, Problem 4.16 Show that a cylindrical buoy of 1 m diameter and 2.0 m height weighing 7.848 kN will not float vertically in sea water of density 1030 kg/m’. Find the force necessary in a vertical chain attached at the centre of base of the buoy that will keep it vertical,= 7.848 x 1000 = 7848 N p= 1030 kg/m? how the cylinder will not float vertically. (ii) Find the force in the chain. Part 1. The cylinder will not float if meta-centric height is ve. for equilibrium, Weight of eylinder = Weight of water displaced = Density x.¢ Volume of elinderin water |. 9] 7848 = 1030981 x2 D? xh Fig. 4.19 = 101043 x F(x 4x 7848 101043 xm “The distance of centre of buoyancy B from A, the distance of cente of gravity G, fom Ais AG = 2 = 10m 506 m. BG = AG -AB = 1.0 ~ 49 Ree Ry att aX! 1 Vo Eptxh Ex? x.989 4 4 ape 063 m 16 989 ~ 16%.989 GM = 063 ~ 506 =~ 0.443 m, Ans. the meta-centric height is ve, the point M lies below G and hence the cylinder will be in ble equilibrium and hence cylinder will not float vertically.Part Il, Let the force applied in a vertical chain attached at the centre of the base of the buoy is 7 to keep the buoy vertical, Now find the combined position of centre of gravity (G’) and centre of buoyancy (B'). For the combined centre of buoyancy, let 4” = depth of immersion when the force 7 is applied. Then Total downward force = Weight of water displaced or (7848 + T) = Density of water x g x Volume of cylinder in water = 1030 x 981 > ED whore if = depth of immersion | - =— T4847 7848+ _ 101043477 0104.3 1 x Dt Ho1ossx xr 79359 aor Hof MiB 7 784847 2” 2179359 |" iss718 The combined centre of gravity (G) due to weight of cylinder and due to tension 7 in the chain from A is Fig, 4.20 A (Mt. of eylinder x Distance of CG, of eylinder from A + 1x Distance of CG. of T from A] + [We 2 7848 = (7848x2470) + (7848 + 7) = m ( ene ) TOMB N= eT 7848__(7848+7) ‘ BG’ =AG’— Ap’ = — B48 __ ui (784847) 158718 of eylinder + 7] ‘The metacenrc height GM is given by Gd= 4 wg x male w EZ xpta Ext k here: aX Dp ae am F Dye fa By 2g (ABT) _ 784847 nd = Dix aE x 12 RT) _ om , 8484T . ler aedies fair telat 79359 © L ms 179359 V "x (184847) ~ 16 * (784847) 4 79359 - _ 79359 7848 (784847) 7 © 16 (784847) | (784847) 158718 For stable equilibrium GM should be positive or GM> 0 Ft __79359 7s48__(784847)] 16 (7848-47) | (7848+7) 158718848, 7848+ 7. ~Gaase7) * 1se718 7° 16 (7848 +7) = 117632 16 (7848+ 7) 7935.9 16x 7848 , (7848+) | 4 158718 (7848.47) | 158718 (7848+) 16 (7848+ 7) 158718 117632 (1848 +)? > x 158718 Cee Ne TED > 116689473. > (10802.3)? ‘7848 + T> 10802.3 T > 10802.3 — 7848 > 2984.3 N. Ans. 117632 The force in the chain must be at least 2954.3 N so that the cylindrical buoy can be kept in tion. Ans. lem 4.17 A solid cone floats in water with its apex downwards. Determine the least apex angle one for stable equilibrium. The specific gravity of the material of the cone is given 0.8. olution. Given : D =08 pe 0.8 x 1000 = 800 kg/m? ia. of the cone d= Dia, of cone at water level AMOR 26 = Apex angle of cone AA CONE AT H= Height of cone le) h= Depth of cone in water h— 44 G = Centre of gravity of the cone B = Centre of buoyancy of the cone800 x g xx H? tan2g” 3 q + Weight of cone = 800 gx 4x mx (H tan 6) x H = “+ Weight of water displaced = 1000 x g x 4x mr? xh eee = 1000 x g x 4 x seh tan OY? x fr = 10008 xh" tan? @ 30 For equilibrium Weight of cone = Weight of water displaced or BOOXexmx A? tan?@ _ 1000x981 xm xh x tan? O 30 30 or 80x HF = 1000 x 1° ” 1p 21000 99 gp (ae) 800 i” \'s00 For stable equilibrium, Meta-centric height GM should be positive. But GM is given by 1 om=1 BG Vv where /= M.O.L, of cone at water-line = i a V= Volume of cone in water 4% &xh nfl im ps o/s Ze xh ai ar 1x3, d?_3d?_ 3 2 16 16 ion “7 3 (Ietan)* h = }htan?e and BG=AG-AB=3H-3h=3(H-h) “ GM = th tan? - 3(H—h) For stable equilibrium GM should be positive or Ph tan? 0-3 (Hh) >0 or htan?@~(H=h)>0 or htan’@>(H-h) or htan?O+h>H =htan 6) or Mun? 0+ 1>H or Leta? > Hh o® sec?» 13 Bur He (By =1.077 1 (300 a sec? @> 1.0 70> <0.9285 77 of cos > 1 cos 8 > 0.9635, @> 15°30" or 20>31° ‘Apex angle (20) should be at least 31°, Ans.splem 4.18 A cone of specific gravity S, is floating in water with its apex downwards. It has a 2 gs? sneer Dand vertical height H. Show tat for stable equilibrium ofthe cone H < Fen] y kal ar. of cone = S Cor G = Centre of gravity of cone WATERLINE B= Centte of buoyancy es 20= Apexangle ‘A= Apex of the cone il ‘n= Depth of immersion 4 d= Dia. of cone at water surface , I AG= 3 n + Fig, 422 Ap=2h 7 4 1 of water displaced. 10005x ex 4 nk? x H= 1000 xx tm? xh or SRH=?h 1 SH R= Htan 0, r=h tan @ 'Sx(H tan 8)’ x H (irtan 6)" 2 ait 2° jpn SHE ton? OH SH og a yt 7? tan @ W a(S) =! fl) BG = AG-AB =3 hed aie a-s"* (ves! A) =i ms") 0) = MO. Inertia ofthe plan of body at water surface sta of = Volume of cone in water = 23 xd? xh=16.4.5" GM should be +ve for stable equilibrium or GM > 0 3H 10 SH a-s')50 a-si#) ‘Substituting the value of d in equation (3), we get 3(ps") ay Ds! Hest) 30 or Sey a -s!) pts » 4.8 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF META-CENTRIC (2) Floating body (©) Tited body Fig. 4.23 Meta-centric height,Contre of buoyancy of the vessel 1 is moved across the vessel towards right through a distance x as shown in Fig. 4.23 (b). Al will be tilted. The angle of heel @ is measured by means of a plumbline and a protractor mon the vessel. The new centre of gravity of the vessel will shift to G, as the weight w, has been Towards the right, Also the centre of buoyancy will change to B; as the vessel has tilted, Under Gbrium, the moment caused by the movement ofthe load w, through a distance x must be equal to foment caused by the shift of the centre of gravity from G to Gy. Thus jemoment duc to change of G= GG, x W fe moment due to movement of Wy =H) Xx w)x= WGM tan 0 wit m= Wand nn 419. A ship 70 m long and 10 m broad has a displacement of 19620 kN. A weight of 5 EN is moved across the deck through a distance of 6 m. The ship is tilted through 6°. The vent of inertia of the ship at water-line about its fore and aft axis is 75% of M.O.L. of the inscribing rectangle. The centre of buoyancy is 2.25 m below water-line. Find the meta-centric sit and position of centre of gravity of ship. Specific weight of sea water is 10104 Nin, 19620 kN 0=6° = 15% of M.OL. of circumscribing rectangle = 10104 N/m? = 10.104 kN/m* w, = 343.35 KN, m 25 m below water surface Gi) Position of centre of gravity, G. () Meta-centric height, GM is given by equation (4.5) wyx___ 343.35 KN x60 GM = Be Wtan@ 19620 KN xtan 6° 343354KNX60 _ 9.999, Ans. 19620 KN x.1051 (ii) Position of Centre of Gravity, G I Magee Gl BG here [= M.O.L. of the ship at water-line about ¥-¥t 4.9 OSCILLATION (ROLLING) OF A FLOATING BODY Consider a floating body, which is tilted through an angle by an overturning couple as shown in Fig. 4.26. Let the overtuming couple is suddenly removed. The body will start oscillating. Thus, theJy will be in a state of oscillation as if suspended at the meta-centre M. This is similar to the case of hulum, The only force acting on the body is due to the restoring couple due to the weight W of Fig. 426 Restoring couple = Wx Distance GA = Wx GM sin® sali) 2 Angular acceleration of the body, ot = ~ s. sign has been introduced as the restoring couple tries to decrease the angle 0. Torque due to inertia Moment of Inertia about ¥-Y x Angular acceleration ly, W = Weight of body, K Radius of gyration about ¥-Y ns Ww ao Wid I Wage (0 i inertia torque ¥ xl #) ee a Oo) wating (i) and (if), we get Wx GM sin small angle 8, Erie ee The above equation is a differential equation of second degree. The solution is Gg [Gi-gxt . 0 = Cy sin JOBE x14-C, 008 | (iti)where C, and C) are constants of integration. ‘The values of C, and C; are obtained from boundary conditions which are (@ ar=0,6=0 i) atr= T, ( ar= 7,00 where 7'is the time period of one complete oscillation, ‘Substituting the Ist boundary condition in (i), we get 0=C,x04G,x1 a G=0 Substituting 2nd boundary conditions in (ii), we get “s sin @ = 0, cos 0 = | (+ sin 2 = 0) mot T=2n (4.6) Mg + Time petiod of oscillation is given by equation (4.6). Problem 4.21 The least radius of gyration of a ship is 8 m and meta-centric height 70 cm, Calew- late the time period of oscillation of the ship. Solution. Given : Least radius of gyration, K = 8 m Meta-centric height, GM = 70 em = 0.70 m ‘The time period of oscillation is given by equation (4.6). Ke 8x8 T= 2n an | "5 _ = 19.18 see. Ans. GM ~*™ Yorx981 mente Problem 4.22 The time period of rolling of a ship of weight 29430 kN in sea water is 10 seconds. The centre of buoyancy of the ship is 1.5.m below the centre of gravity. Find the radius of gyration of the ship if the moment of inertia of the ship at the water line about fore and aft axis is 1000 m*. Take specific weight of sea water as = 10100 Nim’ Solution. Time p T= 10sec Distance between centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity, BG = 1.5 m ‘Moment of Inertia, 1 = 10000 m* Weight, W= 29430 kN = 29430 x 1000 N K First calculate the meta-centric height GM, which is given as om = a 86 = 2 — BGBuoyancy and Floatation 159 T=M.O. Inertia folume of water displaced Weight of ship 29430 x 1000 Sp. weight of sea water 10104 10000 OO = 15 = 3.433 ~ 15 = 1.933 m. 29126 = 2912.6 m on HIGHLIGHTS force exerted by a liquid on a body when the body is. cet in the igo is known as ‘Buoyancy or force of buoyancy. through which force of buoyancy. is supposed to act is called centre of buoyancy. The pint about which a body stants ssillaing when the body is ited is known as mes-ente, he pais We betweer the -meta-centre and centre of gravity is known as meta-centric 5, The mota-centric height (GM) is given by GM A CMnGran tea ue lan) at water surface about the axis Y-¥ = Volume of the body sub-merged in water ae i ‘ = Distance between centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy, jons of equllbvium of a Moatng and sub-merged ody are _ Feuiibrium Floating Body ~Sub-merged Body @ Stable Equilibrium: Mis above G Bis above G | (if) Unstable Equilibrium | Mis below @ Bisbelow G_ aio cul Bi Mand G eoincide | n= Movable weight Distance through which w; is moved Weight of the ship or floating body including 1») oy {= Angle through the ship or floating body is tilted due tothe movement of wy. : ; ime pt of atoning of» ong bt ony 7 2m, [aus eee Radius of gyration, GM = Meticcentric height “T= Time of one complete oscillation,4, 5 6, 9, uM. 2 Define the terms ‘buoyancy’ and ‘centre of buoyancy’. Explain the terms ‘meta-centre’ and ‘meta-centric height’. |. Derive an expression for the meta-centric height of a floating body. (A) THEORETICAL PROBLEMS Show thatthe distance between the meta-centre and centre of buayancy is given by BM = ‘where / = Moment of inertia of the plan ofthe floating body at water surface about longitudinal axis, Y= Volume ofthe body sub-merged in iqu ‘What are the conditions of equilibrium of a floating body and a sub-merged body ? How will you determine the meta-centric height of a floating body experimentally ? Explain with ng sketch. Select the correct statement (@) The buoyant force fora floating body passes through the (© centre of gravity of the body (ii) centroid of volume of the body (ii) meta-cente ofthe body Gv) centre of gravity of the sub-merged part of the body (0) centroid ofthe displaced volume. ©) A boxly sub-merged in quid is in equilibrium when (0 ts meta-cenre is above the centre of gravity Gi its meta-centre is above the centre of buoyancy Gi) its centre of gravity is above the centre of buoyancy (iv) its centre of buoyancy is above the centre of gravity (©) one of these. Ans. 7 (a) (0), (6) (i) Derive an expression forthe time period ofthe oscillation of a floating body in terms of radius of gyration and meta-centic height of the floating body. Define the ferms : meta-centre, centre of buoyancy, meta-centrie height, gauge pressure and absolute pressure, ‘What do you understand by the hydrostatic equation ? With the help ofthis equation, derive the expression for the buoyant force acting on a sub-merged body. With neat sketches, explain the conditions of equilibrium for flosting and sub-merged bodies. ferentiate between : (), Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viseosity (i?) Absolute and gauge pressure (i) Simple and differential manometers (i) Cente of gravity and centre of buoyancy. (Delhi University, Dec. 2002) (B) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ‘A wooden block of width 2 m, depth 1.5 m and length 4 m floats horizontally in water. Find the volume of water displaced and position of centre of buoyancy. The specific gravity of the wooden block is 0.7. Ans, 8.4 m', 0.525 m from the base]‘wooden log of 0.8m diameter and 6 m length is floating in river water. Find the depth of wooden ig in water when the sp. gr. of the wooden log is 0.7 [Ans. 0.54 ml A sone webs 4905 Nin sro 196.2 Nin wae. Determine te von of tone adi spite gravity {Ans, 003 m? or 3x 10* em, 1.67] ody of dimensions 2.0 m x 1.0 m> 3.0 m weighs 3924 N in wate. Find its weight in at. What wil be ‘ts specific gravity ? {Ans. 62784 N, 1.0667) | A metallic boxy Moats atthe interface of mercury of sp. ge 13.6 and water in such a way that 30% of is oluine is sub-merged in metcury and 70% in water. Find the density of the metallic body. [Ans, 4780 kg/m) "A body of dimensions 0.5 mx 0.5 mx 1.0 mand of sp. gf. 3.0 s immersed in water. Determine the least “force required to lift the body. [Ans, 4905 N] ‘Atectangular pontoon is 4m long, 3m wide and 1.40 m high. The depth of immersion ofthe pontoon is * 4.0 min sea-water. IFthe centre of gravity is 0,70 m above the bottom ofthe pontoon, determine the mela- centric height. Take the density of sea-water as 1030, kg/m’. [Ans, 0.45 m) 4m long x 2:m wide x 1 m deep floats in water. What isthe weight ofthe body if * depth of immersion is 0:6 m ? Determine the meta-centric height also. [Ans, 47088 N, 0.355 m] 'A block of wood of specific gravity 03 floats in wate. Determine the meta-centic height ofthe block if "its size is 3 mx 2mx 1m. [Ans, 0.316 mJ 10, A solid cylinder of diameter 3.0 m has @ height of 2m. Find the meta-centric height ofthe cylinder when ™ cis floating in water with its axis vertical. The sp. gr. ofthe eyliner is 07 {Ans, 0.1017 m] ‘A body has the cylindrical upper postion of 4 m diameter and 2 m deep. The lower portion isa curved one, ‘which displaces a volume of 0.9 m? of water. The centre of buoyancy of the curved portion is ata distance ‘of 2.10 m below the top of the eylinder. The centre of gravity of the whole body is 1.50 m below the top of the cylinder. The total displacement of water is 45 tonnes, Find the meta-centic height of the body. [Ans, 2.387 m] 12, A solid cylinder of diameter 5.0 m has a height of 5.0 m. Find the meta-centsic height ofthe cylinder if © the spect gravity of the material of cylinder i 0:7 andi ating in water with its ais vera. Sate "whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable {Ans. ~ 0.304 m, Unstable Equilibrium) 18, Aol ytinder of 15 em diameter and 60cm long consists of two pars made of ferent materials. The | first part at the base is 1.20 cm long and of specific gravity = 5.0. The other parts of the cylinder is made ‘ofthe material having specie gravity 0.6. State, if it can float vertically in water. [Ans. GM = - 5.26, Unstable, Equilibrium] |4. A rectangular pontoon 8.0 m long, 7 m broad and 30 m deep weighs $88.6 KN, It caries on its upper deck an empty boiler of 4.0 m diameter weighing 392.4 kN. Te centre of gravity of the boiler and the pontoon are at their respective centres along a vertical line, Find the meta-centric height. Weight density of sea- ‘water is 10104 Nim’, [Ans. 0.325 m) 15. A wooden cylinder of sp. gr. 0.6 and circular in cross-section is required to float in oil (sp. gr. 0.8), Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to float with its longitudinal axis vertical in oil where L is the height of eylinder and D Ans. (L1D) < 08164] 16. Show that a cylindrical buoy of 1.5 m diameter and 3 m long weighing 2.5 tonnes will not float vertically ‘sea-water of density 1030 kg/m’. Find the force necessary in a vertical chain attached at the centre of the base ofthe buoy that wil ke I Ans, 10609.5 N) 17. A solid cone floats in water its apex downwards. Determine the least apex angle of cone for stable equilib- i. 1m. The specific gravity of the material of the cone is given 0.7. TAns. 39° 7’) 118,_A ship 60 m long and 12 m broad has a displacement of 19620 KN. A weight of 294.3 kN is moved across the deck through a distance of 6.5 m. The ship is tilted through 5°. The moment of inertia ofthe ship at20. ‘water fine about its force and aft axis is 75% of moment of insta the circumscribing rectangle, The ce of buoyancy is 2.75 m below water lin. Find the meta-centrie height and postion of cette of gravity ship. Take specific weight of sea water = 10104 Nim’. [Ans, 1.1145 m, 0.53 m below water surg ‘A pontoon of 1500 tonnes displacement is floating in water. A weight of 20 tonnes is moved t 4 distance of 6 m across the deck of pontoon, which tilts the pontoon through an angle of $°. ‘meta-centric height of the pontoon. (Ans. 0.9145 Find the time period of rolling of a solid cireular cylinder of radius 2.5 m and §.0 m long. The sravity of the cylinder is 0.9 and is floating in water with its axis vertical. TAs. 0235s