Types Conjunctionthings To Note

INTRODUCTION REPORTED SPEECH (1)
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Types ConjunctionThings to note
Sentences / Statements that Tense, Pronoun,

Time/place expressions
Reported Speech
Close Questions (Yes/No Questions) if / Tense, Pronoun,
whether / Time/place expressions,
whether or not Order,Punctuation
Questions inversion
Open Questions Question words Tense, Pronoun,

What, Why, Time/place expressions,
When, How,Order, Punctuation,
How much inversion
(2)
to / not to + verb
-Requests / Commands Pronouns
(infinitive without "to")
Time /place
expressions
SENTENCES / STATEMENTS Change Tense

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Change Tense
Direct Speech: Mr. Fong said, Mr. Chan is a good artist.
Reported Speech: Mr. Fong said that Mr. Chan was a good artist.
Change Tense
Direct Speech: Mr. Fong said, Mr. Wong is a good conductor.
Reported Speech: Mr. Fong said that Mr. Wong was a very good conductor.
SENTENCES / STATEMENTS Change Tense + Pronoun (3)
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Change Tense + Pronoun

Direct Speech: Peter said, I like playing basketball.
Reported Speech: Peter said that he liked playing basketball.

Change Tense + Pronoun
Direct Speech: Mary said, I hate doing Mathematics homework.
Reported Speech: Mary said that she hated doing Mathematics homework.
SENTENCES / STATEMENTS Change Tense + Pronoun + Time

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Change Tense + Pronoun + Time

Direct Speech: Helen said, I posted the letter yesterday.
Reported Speech: Helen said that she had posted the letter the previous day.
Change Tense + Pronoun + Time

Direct Speech: Patrick said, I will watch an opera tomorrow.
Reported Speech: Patrick said that he would watch an opera the following day .
CLOSE QUESTIONS Yes/No Questions Change Order + Punctuation if / whether / whether or not (4)
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Change Order + Punctuation
Direct Speech: Lisa asked, Is Seattle a big city?
Reported Speech: if
Lisa asked whether Seattle was a big city .
whether or not
Direct Speech: David asked Yuki, Do you like jazz music?
Reported Speech: if
David asked Yuki whether she liked music .
whether or not
OPEN QUESTIONS Change Order + Punctuation Question Word (5)
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Direct Speech: Rita asked, What does the picture stand for?
Reported Speech: Rita asked what the picture stood for .
Direct Speech: Sam asked Irene, How many books have you read?
Reported Speech: Sam asked Irene how many books she had read .
REQUESTS / COMMANDS (6)
When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
place and time expressions
Direct speech Reported speech
Nancy,do the exercise. He told Nancy to do the exercise.
"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy politely to give him her pen.
Tenses are not relevant for requests simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")
Example:
She said, Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.
She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy
For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)
For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).
Examples of the main changes in the tense (7)

Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present Simple Past
He said: "I am happy" He said that he was happy
Present Continuous Past Continuous
He said: "I'm looking for my keys" He said that he was looking for his keys
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple
He said: "I visited New York last year" He said that he had visited New York the previous year.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
He said: " I've lived here for a long time " He said that he had lived there for a long time
Past Perfect Past Perfect
He said: "They had finished the work when Iarrived" He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived"
Past Continous Past Perfect Continuous
He said: "I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football when the accident had
accidentoccurred" occurred
Future Simple (will+verb) Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I will open the door." He said that he would open the door.
Conditional (would+verb) Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich" He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"
Present Modals: can, may, must, will Become Past modals: could, might, must/had to, would
Past Modals: could, should, would, might, needn't, Do not change: could, should, would, might, needn't, ought to,
ought to, used to used to
Place and time expressions / Pronouns (8)
Place and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement (i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is
different from that of the direct speech.
In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
today that day
Direct speech Indirect speech
now Then/ at that time
yesterday I
the day before he, she
me him, her
days ago days mybefore his, her, the
last week the weekmine
before his, hers
next year we year
the following they
tomorrow the next us
day / the following day them
our their, the
here there ours theirs
this that you they, them
these those you their, the
yours theirs
this that, the
these those, the

Types Conjunctionthings To Note

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INTRODUCTION REPORTED SPEECH (1)

Types ConjunctionThings to note

Sentences / Statements that Tense, Pronoun,

Open Questions Question words Tense, Pronoun,

SENTENCES / STATEMENTS Change Tense

Direct Speech: Mr. Fong said, Mr. Wong is a good conductor.

Change Tense + Pronoun

Reported Speech: Peter said that he liked playing basketball.

SENTENCES / STATEMENTS Change Tense + Pronoun + Time

Change Tense + Pronoun + Time

Change Tense + Pronoun + Time

Change Order + Punctuation

Direct Speech: Lisa asked, Is Seattle a big city?

Change Order + Punctuation

Direct Speech: David asked Yuki, Do you like jazz music?

Change Order + Punctuation

Reported Speech: Rita asked what the picture stood for .

Change Order + Punctuation

Examples of the main changes in the tense (7)

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