3rd Grading Module 1

Voila! Volcanoes
Volcanoes are vents that allow lava, rock fragments and gases to escape
from layers beneath the earth's surface. There are three types of volcanoes and
five types of volcanic eruptions. While volcanoes are already a landform and at the
same time a tourist spot on its own, it is also a source of Geothermal Energy in
Reykjanes Peninsula, southwestern Ireland.

3 Types of Volcanoes
CINDER CONES
Cinder Cones are circular

1 Paricutin volcano
is famous for nine
years of endless
or oval cones made up of
small fragments of lava
from a single vent that have
been blown into the air,
cooled and fallen around
erupting!
the vent.
Mt. Paricutin,
Mexico Composite Volcanoes are
steep-sided volcanoes
composed of many layers
of volcanic rocks, usually
made from high-viscosity
COMPOSITE VOLCANOES lava, ash and rock debris.

2 Washington States
Mt. Rainier is the
tallest volcano in the
Shield Volcanoes are
volcanoes shaped like a
bowl or shield in the middle
with long gentle slopes
contiguous United made by basaltic lava flows.
States , measuring Basalt lava flows from
nearly 14,500 feet in
height. It last erupted these volcanoes are called
in 1854. flood basalts. The
volcanoes that formed the
basalt of the Columbia
Plateau were shield
SHIELD VOLCANOES volcanoes.

3 Columbia Plateau

The plateau derives its name from the fact

that it is drained by the Columbia River
and its tributaries, which in many cases
flow in deep gorges and canyons.
VOLCANOES
VOLCANIC LANDFORMS and eruptive styles

Types of Volcanic Eruptions Stombolian

Volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classifies - Is a periodic of weak to
as wet or dry depending on the magmas water content.
violent eruption
Volcanoes are described according to the style of
eruption as follows:
characterized by fountain
lava just like Irazo Volcano
in Costa Rica.

Phreatic or Hydrothermal
- Is a stream driven eruption
as the hot rocks come in
contact with water. It is
short-lived, characterized by
as ash columns but may be
an onset of a larger eruption.

Phreatomagmatic
- Is a violent due to the contact between water Plinian
and magma. As a result, a large column of very - Excessively
fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission explosive type of
eruption of gas and
of pyroclastics called base surges are
pyroclasts, just like
observed. our Pinatubo
Volcano in Zambales.

Summit

Slope

Vulcanian
Summit the highest point of a volcano.
- Characterized by tall
There is an opening which may be a crater
eruption columns that
or a caldera.
reach up to 20 km high
with pyroclastic flow A crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the
and ashfall tephra like top of a volcano.
that of Paricutin
Caldera is formed when a aprt of a wall
Volcano in Mexico.
collapses following an explosive eruption.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY uses the heat that rises from Earths core, which is located about
4,000 miles (6,400 km) under the planets surface. The most common way of harnessing
geothermal energy involves capturing steam that comes from deep in the Earth and emerges
in volcanoes, hot springs, fumaroles (vents in the Earths surface that give off steam) and
geysers (fountain-like bursts of water). This steam, heat or hot water can be trapped in
pipes that lead directly to electrical power plants and even homes.

HOW DOES GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT WORKS?

At a geothermal power plant, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles deep into the Earth to pump steam or
hot water to the surface. You're most likely to find one of these power plants in an area that has a
lot of hot springs, geysers, or volcanic activity, because these are places where the Earth is
particularly hot just below the surface.

1.) Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a

well under high pressure.
1. 2.) When the water reaches the surface, the
pressure is dropped, which causes the water to turn
into steam.
2. 3.) The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to
a generator that produces electricity.
3. 4.) The steam cools off in a cooling tower and
condenses back to water.
4. 5.) The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth
to begin the process again.

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

1.) Water or a refrigerant moves through a loop of

pipes.
2.) When the weather is cold, the water or refrigerant
heats up as it travels through the back part of the
loop thats buried underground.
3.) Once it gets back above the ground, the warmed
water or refrigerant transfers heat into the
building.
4.) The water or refrigerant cools down after its heat
is transferred. It is pumped back underground
where it heats up once more, starting the
process.
5.) On a hot day, the system can run in reverse. The
water or refrigerant cools the building and then is
pumped underground where extra heat is
transferred to the ground around the pipes.
Philippines and Worlds

VOLCANOES
1
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Much of its part lies underwater. The volcano
is surrounded by 4 volcanoes (Mauna Loa being is one of them), which
make a complete island when join together.

2 Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Mayon Volcano is the main landmark of

Alb ay, Philippines. This volcano is considered to be the worlds most
perfectly formed volcano because of its symmetrical cone.

Mount St. Helens Volcano was erupted on 1980. It is one of the worst

3 eruptions in the history of USA. Another eruption of the history was

recorded on May 18, 1980, showing 5.1 on the Richter scale.

4 Taal volcano, Philippines. A 406 meter-high crater, is the

world's smallest active volcano. What makes Taal Volcano more
unique is the fact that the volcano itself has a lake of its own
inside its crater which is called the Crater Lake.

5 Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/141065_top-ten-most-

Mount Fuji is one of the most famous volcanoes in the world. it is
famous-volcanoes-in-the-philippines#ixzz3vsc4wEuo
situated Tokyo. For the last time, its eruption was recorded in January
Follow us: @bukisa on Twitter | 1708.
bukisaThe
on height of the mountain is about 11,000 feet.
Facebook

6 The volcano's eruption in June 1991 produced the second

largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century. With an
elevation of 1,745m this volcano is located in Zambales. Mt.

7
Pinatubo is a popular tourist destination in Central Luzon.

Eyjafjallajkull has a tongue twist. It is actually a small ice caps around

Iceland. The world Eyjafjallajkull means Island mountain glacier of

8
Icelandic. The height of the mountain is about 1600 meters, and its crater is
2.5 miles in diameter.

9
10 MT. APO MT. KRAKATOA MT. BULUSAN
 3rd Grading Module 2

CLIMATE
23.5 is the tilt of the Earths axis.
The part of the Earth that receives the
Most sunlight is the equator.
The amount of heat received by the places
far from equator is less because they are
not vertically hitting the suns rays. As the
Latitude increases, the smaller the angle of
the suns rays strike the surface.
The coldest places on earth are also found
on these places because far from equator
have lower temperature.
The places on earth that have higher
temperature are those that are located near
the equator.
The higher the altitude, the lower the
Sea BREEZE &
temperature. LAND BREEZE

Bodies of water help regulate the climate of a

certain area.
Mountain ranges affect the formation of
precipitation.
Ocean currents will either cool or warm the air
above them.
Cold currents bring cold water while warm
currents take along warm water.
Coriolis Effect deflects the ocean current.
See on next page: Topography
(Leeward andI Windward side)
Climate change

Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather

patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It
may be a change in the average weather conditions or a change in the
distribution of weather events with respect to an average, for example, greater
or fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific
region, or may occur across the whole Earth.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),

there are 7 indicators that would be expected to increase in a warming world
(and they are), and 3 indicators would be expected to decrease (and they
are):

> Climate change brings

drastic effects to some
people and animals.

> Human activities may

speed up rising of the
global temperature.
> El Nino happens when
the temperature in eastern
Pacific rise above normal.
> La Nina occurs when the
temperature in eastern
Pacific decreases below
normal.
> Greenhouse effect the
increase of global
temperature due to some
atmospheric gases.

Topography is another factor that affects the climate of a certain place. One of the topographic features of an area is a
mountain. Mountainous areas greatly affect the amount of a precipitation in a region. The area in which the wind blows is
called the windward side. Here, the wind is blocked by the mountain, forcing it to move upward. As it moves up, the water
vapor condenses and forms clouds. This will result to precipitation on the windward side. The air moves down towards the
opposite region called the leeward side. The cold air mass starts to absorb heat and becomes warm and dry. As a result the
area near the leeward side becomes dry and has less precipitation. The dry region on the leeward side is called the rain
shadow. Vegetation in this region includes desert plants and grasslands.
Unit 3 Module 3

THE STARS

CONSTELLATIONS
Constellations are groupings of the
brighter visible stars in the night sky. Many
of these groupings are based on imaginary
figures formed by the stars. In astronomy,
it is useful to imagine that the figures are
seen on the inner surface of a huge sphere
surrounding the Earth the so-called
Celestial Sphere.

Constellations are used to day to indicate general directions in the sky, whereas COORDINATE
SYSTEMS are used for the precise location of celestial objects. Constellations also continue to serve as
orientation guides at night for navigators and for sky observers.

The zodiac is the portion of the CELESTIAL SPHERE that

lies within 8 on each side of the ECLIPTIC. The apparent
paths of the Sun, the Moon, and the principal planets,
with the exception of some portions of the path of Pluto,
lie within this band. Twelve divisions, or signs, each 30
in width, comprise the zodiac. These signs coincided with
the zodiacal constellations about 2000 years ago.
Because of the precession of the Earths axis, the vernal
equinox has moved westward by about 30 since that
time; the signs have moved with it and thus no longer
coincide with the constellations.
Unit 3 Module 3

Zodiac Signs
THE 12 SIGNS OF ZODIAC

Aries - The Ram Scorpio-The Scorpion

March 21- April 19 Oct. 23 Nov 21

Taurus The Bull Sagittarius The Archer

April 20 May 20 Nov 22 Dec 21

Gemini-The Twins Capricorn The Goat

May 21 June 20
Dec 22 January 19

Cancer-The Crab Aquarius Water Bearer

June 21 July 22 January 20 Feb 18

Leo The Lion

July 23 August 22 Pisces The Fish
February 19 Mar 20

Virgo-The Virgin WHAT IS A CUSP? (Astrology)

August 23 Sept 22 If you were born on the first or last day of a Sun sign, in
astrological terms you were born on a cusp. If that's the
case, you will probably benefit from reading your own Sun
sign and the Sun sign that ends or begins right before or
Libra The Scales after your date of birth. For example, if your birth date is
Sept 23 Oct 22 22 December, your Sun sign is Capricorn, but you
probably have some Sagittarian traits as well.
Unit 3 Module 3

FAMOUS CONSTELLATIONS AND THEIR STORIES

AQUILA
Latin for eagle
Best viewed in: late summer, September

Aquila was the eagle that in Greek

mythology actually bore Ganymede
(Aquarius) up to Mt. Olympus. The eagle
was also the thunderbolt carrier for Zeus.

CASSIOPEIA
Name of a queen in Greek Methodology
Best viewed in: November

Cassiopeia, in Greek mythology, was a vain

queen who often boasted about her beauty.
She was the mother of Princess Andromeda,
and in contrast to other figures being placed
in the sky in honor, Cassiopeia was forced to
the heavenly realms as punishment. As the
story goes, she boasted that her beauty (or her
daughters, depending on the story) was
greater than that of the sea nymphs. This was
quite an offense, and she was banned to the
sky for all to gawk at.
LYRA
Latin for lyre
Best viewed in: August

Lyra is associated with the myth of

Orpheus the great musician Orpheus
was given the harp by Apollo, and its
said that his music was more beautiful
than that of any mortal man. His
music could soothe anger and bring
joy to weary hearts. Wandering the
land in depression after his wife died,
he was killed and his lyre (harp) was
thrown into a river. Zeus sent an eagle
to retrieve the lyre, and it was then
placed in the night sky.
 Unit 3 Module 3

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STARS

THE STARS
Brightness
Two characteristics define brightness: luminosity and magnitude.
Luminosity is the amount of light that a star radiates. The size of the
star and its surface temperature determine its luminosity. Apparent
magnitude of a star is its perceived brightness, factoring in size and
distance, while absolute magnitude is its true brightness
irrespective of its distance from earth.

Color
A star's color depends on its surface temperature. Cooler stars tend to be redder
in color, while hotter stars have a bluer appearance. Stars in the mid ranges are
white or yellow, such as our sun. Stars can also blend colors, such as red-orange
stars or blue-white stars.

Surface Temperature
Astronomers measure a star's temperature on the Kelvin scale. Zero
degrees on the Kelvin scale is theoretically absolute and is equal to -273.15
degrees Celsius. The coolest, reddest stars are approximately 2,500 K,
while the hottest stars can reach 50,000 K. Our sun is about 5,500 K.

Size
Astronomers measure the size of a given star in terms of our own sun's
radius. Thus, a star that measure 1 solar radii would be the same size as our
sun. The star Rigel, which is much larger than our sun, measures 78 solar
radii. A star's size, along with its surface temperature, will determine its
luminosity.

Mass
A star's mass is also measured in terms of our own sun, with 1 equal to the size of
our sun. For instance, Rigel, which is much larger than our sun, has a mass of 3.5
solar masses. Two stars of a similar size may not necessarily have the same mass,
as stars can vary greatly in density.