Northwestern Agusan Colleges

Bayview Hill, Nasipit, Agusan del Norte

SCIENCE 9
3rd Quarter
Junior High School

NAME:

Grade & Section:

UNIT 1: Volcano

LESSON 1: Volcanoes found in the Philippines

LESSON 2: Volcanic materials
LESSON 3: Geothermal Energy
 LESSON 1: Volcanoes found in the Philippines
At the end of the lesson, I can:
➢ Describe the different types of volcanoes and volcanic
eruption; (MELC)
➢ Differentiate active and inactive volcanoes.

The Philippines is located along the Ring of Fire. As a result, it is a home to many volcanoes. The most famous among
our volcanoes is the Mayon Volcano that has erupted last May 7, 2013 while a group of hikers were exploring its
beauty.

According to the Philippine institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), our country is an ideal site for any
volcanic activity. It is therefore, important for us to know how this natural phenomenon happens to reduce the
risks and effects it may cause.

WORDSTORM

Give five descriptions of a volcano.

Present your answer in the
concept map as shown.

Fig. 1 Concept Map in Volcano

LAUNCH PAD

Materials: Soda in plastic bottle, Procedure:

stack of Mentos 1. Open the soda bottle and remove its cap.
small sheet of transparent cover 2. Cover the bottle with a sheet of transparent cover. Stack the
. Mentos candies on top of the cover.
3. Quickly pull the cover so that the candies will fall into the soda
bottle.
Guide Questions:
1. What did you observe after you put Mentos candies into the soda?
2. What caused the soda to explode after putting the Mentos candies into the soda bottle?
3. How is it similar to an erupting volcano?
The Anatomy of the Volcanoes
The word volcano is derived from the name “Vulcano”, a volcanic island in the Aelioan Islands of Italy. Vulcano
originated from the name “Vulcan”, the god of fire in Roman Methology.

Mount Hibok-Hibok is a stratovolcano on

Camiguin Island in the Philippines. It is one of
the active volcanoes in the Philippines. At the
top of the volcano is a bowl-shaped depression
called a crater, which is connected to the
magma chamber by the vent. Larger
depressions are called calderas. Calderas are
formed when the summit or the side of the
volcano collapses into the magma chamber.

Fig. 2 Mt. Hibok-Hibok in Camiguin

Label the parts of a volcano.

• Ash
• Conduit
• Magma Chamber
• Rock
• Lava
• Sill
• Throat
• Lava Flow
• Crater
• Vent
• Ash Cloud
• Magma
• Parasitic Cone
Types of volcanoes according to appearance

Fig. 3 Kilauea, Hawaii Fig. 4 Mount Babuyan, Babuyan Island

A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic
eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, volcanic
vent through which lava erupts, usually without any ash, or cinder that has been built around a volcanic
explosive activity. The vent is often a few meters wide vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by
and may be many kilometers long. explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single,
typically cylindrical, vent.

Fig. 5 Mayon Volcano, Philippines Fig. 6 Mauna Loa in Hawaii

Composite volcanoes, also called stratovolcanoes, are A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually composed
cone-shaped volcanoes built from many layers of lava, almost entirely of fluid lava flows. It is named for its low
pumice, ash, and tephra. Because they are built of profile, resembling a warrior's shield lying on the
layers of viscous material, rather than fluid ground.
lava, composite volcanoes tend to form tall peaks
rather than rounded cones.

Types of volcanoes according to activity

There are several ways by which volcanoes can be classified. PHIVOLCS have adapted a system where the Philippine
volcanoes as active or inactive. Active volcanoes are those that have a record of eruption within the last 600 years
or those that erupted 10,000 years ago based on analyses of their materials.

The terms dormant volcanoes and inactive volcanoes are often used interchangeably; however, they have subtle
differences. Dormant volcanoes may have the capacity to erupt later on. They may have long intervals between
their last eruption and the latest one. Inactive volcanoes are those that have not erupted in history but still have
the potential to do so.
Types of Volcanic eruptions
Volcanoes erupt differently. They are generally classified as wet or dry depending on the magma’s water content.
Volcanoes are described according to the style of eruption as follows:

Fig. 7 Different types of volcanic eruptions

a. Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It is short
lived, characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a larger eruption. Shown on the right is our Taal Volcano
in Batangas.
b. Phreatomagmatic – is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a result, a large
column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic called base surges are observed.
c. Strombolian – a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in
Costa Rica.
d. Vulcanian – characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall
tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
e. Plinian – excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic, just like our Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales.

List down at least 10 active volcanoes in the Philippines,

Name the province where it is located, and Identify the
number of its historical eruptions.
 LESSON 2 : Volcanic materials

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt; (MELC)
➢ Identify the different volcanic materials.

Since it is lighter than the solid rock around it, magma rises and collects in magma
chambers. Eventually, some of the magma pushes through vents and fissures to the
Earth's surface. Magma that has erupted is called lava. Some volcanic eruptions are
explosive and others are not.

Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent. The
most common consequences of this are population movements as large numbers of
people are often forced to flee the moving lava flow. Volcanic eruptions often cause
temporary food shortages and volcanic ash landslides called Lahar.

The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is referred to as a 'glowing avalanche'. This is when freshly erupted
magma forms hot pyroclastic flow which have temperatures of up to 1,200 degrees. The pyroclastic flow is formed
from rock fragments following a volcanic explosion , the flow surges down the flanks of the volcano at speeds of up
to several hundred kilometers per hour, to distances often up to 10km and occasionally as far as 40 km from the
original disaster site.

Different pyroclastic materials

Volcanic ashes

It is a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during
a volcanic eruption. The particles are very small—less than 2 millimeters in diameter.
They tend to be pitted and full of holes, which gives them a low density.

Lapillus (plural: lapilli)

Lapilli is a size classification of tephra, which is mat erial that falls out of the air
during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts. Lapilli is Latin for
"little stones". By definition lapilli range from 2 to 64 mm in diameter.

Volcanic blocks

It is a fragment of rock that measures more than 64 mm in diameter and is erupted in a

solid condition. Blocks are formed from material from previous eruptions or from
country rock and are therefore mostly accessory or accidental in origin.
Volcanic bombs

It Is a mass of molten rock (tephra) larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter, formed
when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption. They cool into
solid fragments before they reach the ground.

Lahar

It is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material,

rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river
valley.
 LESSON 3 : Geothermal Energy

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Illustrate how energy from volcanoes may be tapped for
human use; (MELC)
➢ Identify the different volcanic materials.

Launch Pad

Activity 5. In and Out Procedure:

Objective: 1. Before doing the activity, predict which liquid
Determine the viscosity of some liquids. (water, syrup, honey, and cooking oil) takes the
Describe how flow of gas in different liquids. least amount of time to reach the tray. Which
Materials: liquid will take the most amount of time?
four pieces of cone out of a cardboard, 2. Place the cone marked A, B, C, and D on the
clear drinking glass, beaker, drinking straw, tray.
tray, timer, water, syrup, honey, cooking oil 3. Pour water on the top of cone A. Record the
time it takes for the water to reach the tray.
Guide Questions: 4. Do it three times for each material.
1. Which liquid is most viscous?
2. Explain viscosity in your own words.

Energy from the volcano

Since our country is a home to more than a hundred volcanoes, energy has been tapped from them. Actually, the
Philippines ranks second in the world’s production of geothermal energy. According to the Department of Energy,
14.4% of the country’s total power generation is produced from geothermal energy. The production of electricity
from geothermal energy is cheaper than the electricity production using natural gas, coal, and hydropower.

What is geothermal energy?

The Earth is believed to be extremely hot from within. This heat from the Earth’s interior is a source of energy called
geothermal energy. The heat of the Earth warms up water which is trapped in rock formations beneath its surface.

How is geothermal energy generated?

Geothermal energy is generated in two ways: geothermal power plants and geothermal heat pumps. They differ in
the depth of heat source to produce energy.
In geothermal power plants, the heat from deep inside the
Earth is used to produce steam to generate electricity
compared with geothermal heat pumps that use the heat
coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat water or
provide heat for buildings. In the Philippines, geothermal
power plants are used to generate electricity in Tiwi (Albay),
Kidapawan (North Cotabato), Calaca (Laguna), Tongonan
(Leyte), Bago City (Negros Occidental), Valencia (Negros
Oriental), and Bacon (Sorsogon). The figure 14 below shows
the Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant in Laguna. Fig. 8 Generating electricity from geothermal
energy.
Three types of geothermal power plants:
dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle. Dry steam power plants draw from underground resources of steam. The
steam is piped directly from underground wells to the power plant, where it is directed into a turbine/generator
unit.

Fig. 9 Different types of geothermal power plants.

How do volcanic eruptions affect society?

Volcanic eruption is often associated with negative effects. It can cause loss of lives and properties. As the lava flows
or pyroclastic materials are ejected in the air, they can destroy anything in their way. Actually, it has a good and a
bad side. For example, the eruption of Pinatubo in 1991, one of the longest volcanic eruptions, has caused the
decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature for almost two years. The strong winds during its eruption spread the
aerosol particles from the plume around the globe. The result was a measurable cooling of the Earth’s surface for
a period of almost two years.
Volcanoes also affect people positively. For example, the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano has created spectacular
scenery in its wake. Likewise, the eruption of Musuan Volcano in Bukidnon has produced very rich soils for farming
years after its eruption in 1867. People became creative also by making earthenware out of the ashfall from the
Pinatubo Volcano eruption.
 Despite the advantages that people get from volcanic eruption, the major concern now is how to reduce the
negative effects of disasters to reduce loss and save lives

Concept Mapping

Accomplish the concept map below then email it to your teacher.

are formed
by/when
are found/located

are abundant in the

Philippines because

is the most
common type
found in the
VOLCANOES are classified into Philippines

are active if

are dormant if

are extinct if

erupt when

affect the
environment when/by

energy may be tapped for which can generate

human use in the form of
 UNIT 2: Climate

LESSON 1: More than a weather

LESSON 2: Climatic Change

LESSON 1 : More than a weather

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Differentiate climate from weather.
➢ Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area; (MELC)

LAUNCH PAD

Objective:
Describe what happen when water Procedure:
vapor in the air cools. 1. Pour 5 cups of crushed ice in a large basin.
2. Add 2 cups of rock salt. Then stir gently.
Materials: 3. Wait for two minutes. Observe.
Five cups crushed ice, 4. Bring your face close to the large basin. Blow softly
two cups of rock salt, large basin on the ice and salt mixture.
Guide Questions:
1. What did you observe after the salt was stirred with crushed ice?
2. What happen when you blew on the ice and salt mixture?

What is climate?

Climate is the average weather in a given

area over a longer period of time. A
description of a climate includes
information on, e.g. the average
temperature in different seasons, rainfall,
and sunshine.
What causes climate?
The Philippines is a tropical area. The weather changes in the area are described in terms of rainfall and temperature
patterns, wind systems, and weather disturbances.

LOWERN is an acronym for 6 factors that affect climate.

Latitude. It depends on how close or how far it is to the

equator. This is the most important, and it is based on the
concentration of sunlight and the area that it affects.

Ocean currents. Certain ocean currents have different

temperatures. Warm ocean currents warm the air above it,
which warms the coast. Cold ocean currents cool the air
above it, which cools the coast. This helps keep the coast at a
consistent temperature.

Wind and air masses. Heated ground causes air to rise which
results in lower air pressure. As it rises it cools and descends
to the ground resulting in high air pressure. This cycle repeats,
creating wind. These air masses absorb the climate of the air
below it.

Elevation. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will
be. When air rises it expands due to low air pressure which
causes it to cool.

Relief. The differences in the elevation inland. As air is forced

to rise over a piece of land (e.g., a mountain) the temperature decreases and condensation increases. As it condensates
water droplets get bigger and heavier and are forced to fall. Once the air mass goes over the mountain the temperature
and evaporation increases but condensation decreases, resulting in a halt in precipitation and rain shadows.
Nearness to water. The water heats up and cools down slower than land does, having a moderating effect. On colder days,
the water heats up the land, whereas on hotter days, the land is cooled down by the water. These areas also experience
more precipitation.

Fig. 2.1 Different parts of the Earth

receives different amounts of solar
radiation
 SCIs BUILDER

Objective

explain how latitude, altitude, and Table 2.1 World City Temperatures
distance from the ocean affect climate.
Altitude Temperature
Guide questions: (m) High Low
1. Which city had the lowest Paris 30.0 23 18
temperature? Beijing 43.7 24 11
2.. What factor do you think is the Berlin 36.0 15 2
cause of low temperature in that city? Denver 1609.3 7 -3
Manila 13.1 30 26

Different types of climate according to the Koppen system

The Koppen classification system is the most widespread classification system for climates. Developed by German
climatologist Wladimir Koppen (1846-1940), this classification divides places in the world into several major
categories based on the general temperature profile, precipitation, and distinct vegetation found in different
climates.

Fig. 2.2. World map of Koppen climate classification.

Tropical. In this hot and humid zone, the average temperatures are greater than 64°F (18°C) year-round and there
is more than 59 inches of precipitation each year.

Dry. These climate zones are so dry because

moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and
there is very little precipitation.

Temperate. In this zone, there are typically warm

and humid summers with thunderstorms and
mild winters.

Continental. These regions have warm to cool

summers and very cold winters. In the winter,
this zone can experience snowstorms, strong
winds, and very cold temperatures—sometimes
falling below -22°F (-30°C)!

Polar. In the polar climate zones, it’s extremely

cold. Even in summer, the temperatures here
never go higher than 50°F (10°C)!

LESSON 2 : Climate Change

At the end of the lesson, I can:

➢ Describe certain climatic phenomena that occur on a global
level (MELC)

Is climate change real? Is climate change man-made or is it

just a natural occurrence? These are just few questions that can be
asked once we talk about climate change. Climate change is one of
the most current worldwide issues. Some experts say that it is true
that the Earth does go through a period of cooling and a period of
warming. The increase of temperature that we are experiencing
right now is caused by factors other than human activity. Another point of view is that the increase of
Earth’s temperature is brought about by human intervention. Whether the cause is man-made or not,
climate change is a change in the environment. Global warming can bring about a rising of the sea level
due to the melting of ice caps and glaciers. We may experience severe weather disturbances such as much
stronger typhoons and heavier rainfalls. Some parts of the world may experience the so-called El Niño or
La Niña phenomena. And most of all, it can cause extinction of some fauna and flora.
 WORD STORM Glaciers
Solstice
Do the following: Hemisphere
1. on the box are list of words
or phrases that you will Tilt
encounter in this lesson.
2. Draw image that represents Solar radiation
each word
Climatic changes

Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the
Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse
gases.
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial
chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains the Earth’s
temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist.

Enhanced greenhouse effect

The problem we now face is that human activities – particularly burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas),
agriculture and land clearing – are increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases. This is the enhanced
greenhouse effect, which is contributing to warming of the Earth.

Fig. 2.3. How Natural Greenhouse effect differ from Human Enhanced Greenhouse effect.
Short-term Climate Change
The four seasons—spring, summer, fall, and winter—follow one another regularly. Each has its own light,
temperature, and weather patterns that repeat yearly. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter generally begins on
December 21 or 22. This is the winter solstice, the day of the year with the shortest period of daylight.

The astronomical definition uses the dates

of equinoxes and solstices to mark the beginning and
end of the seasons: Spring begins on the spring
equinox; Summer begins on the summer solstice; Fall
(autumn) begins on the fall equinox; and Winter begins
on the winter solstice.

The beginning of each season marks the end of the last.

Because the timings of the equinoxes and solstices
change each year, the length of astronomical seasons
within a year and between years also vary.
In the Philippines, weather is monitored and managed
by PAGASA. Using temperature and rainfall as bases,
PAGASA divides the climate of the country into two main seasons: wet and dry.
Fig. 2.4. Northern Hemisphere gets most sunlight
(summer, the Southern Hemisphere gets least (winter)

Table 2.2. Graphical representation of the seasons in the Philippines.

El Niño and La Niña

El Niño and La Niña are the children of the Tropics. El Niño was originally recognized by fisherman off the coast of
South America as the appearance of unusually warm water in the Pacific Ocean, occurring near the beginning of
the year.
El Niño means The Little Boy or Christ child in Spanish. This name was used for the tendency of the phenomenon
to arrive around Christmas. La Niña means The Little Girl. La Niña is sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Niño, or simply
"a cold event" or "a cold episode".
Both effects El Niño and La Niña are very important for the climate and the weather in the Philippines
Am I a climate hero or a climate culprit?
Objectives
• calculate your personal carbon emission
• take an action to lessen the effects of climate change
Materials Needed
Carbon Footprint Calculator /Checklist Manila paper Short bond paper Laptop/Computer with internet

Table 10.1 What’s your carbon footprint? Evaluate your carbon emission.
Different Activities Always Sometimes Never
(1 pt) (3 pts (5 pts)
I use water wisely.
I eat a mixture of meat and vegetarian meals.
We use kerosene lamp or low energy light bulbs at home.
I use basin in washing our dishes.
I eat locally grown food.
I turn off electric appliances or battery-operated gadgets instead of
leaving them on standby.
I use a glass of water when brushing my teeth.
I eat organic foods.
I use reusable bags when buying things from the market.
I avoid eating ready meals. (e.g. noodles, sardines etc)
I use recycled notebooks and papers
I throw my biodegradable wastes into a compost pit.
I replace my toy or gadget when it stops working rather than just to get
the most up-to-date model.
I always know where my food or products are made.
I give the clothes I have outgrown to charity or to my younger siblings and
friends
I throw my trash into the garbage bin or bag.
I just walk if the place I want to go is near.
I do recycle at home.
I do recycle at school.
I share a ride or walk or cycle on the way to school.
Total Score

How did you score?

20-50 - You’re a Green Queen/King and a globally aware consumer! Keep up the good work.
50-80 - You’ve made a start but there are more you can do to reduce your ecological footprint.
80-110 – You are a long way to go; it is best to start now.

From this activity, you found out how much you contribute to carbon emission. This may help you realize that you
are either a climate hero or climate culprit.