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    Chapter 6 B Groover

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    RizwanNadeem
    The document discusses CAD/CAM data base structures and contents. It describes the basic ingredients that must be included in an application model stored in the data base, such as basic graphic elements, geometry, topology, and application-specific data and programs. It then discusses different ways the model data base can be organized, including storing more or less complete descriptions of the model as data versus storing minimum data but with more complete procedures. Possible data structures discussed include storing coordinate geometry, graph-based models, and using Boolean operations. The document also covers geometric transformations that can manipulate objects, including modeling transformations like scaling, translation and rotation, and visual transformations. It provides examples of curves and lines that can be used to draw wireframe models.

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    Chapter 6 B Groover

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    RizwanNadeem
    106 views14 pages
    The document discusses CAD/CAM data base structures and contents. It describes the basic ingredients that must be included in an application model stored in the data base, such as basic graphic elements, geometry, topology, and application-specific data and programs. It then discusses different ways the model data base can be organized, including storing more or less complete descriptions of the model as data versus storing minimum data but with more complete procedures. Possible data structures discussed include storing coordinate geometry, graph-based models, and using Boolean operations. The document also covers geometric transformations that can manipulate objects, including modeling transformations like scaling, translation and rotation, and visual transformations. It provides examples of curves and lines that can be used to draw wireframe models.

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    Chapter 6 b Groover

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    The document discusses CAD/CAM data base structures and contents. It describes the basic ingredients that must be included in an application model stored in the data base, such as basic graphic elements, geometry, topology, and application-specific data and programs. It then discusses different ways the model data base can be organized, including storing more or less complete descriptions of the model as data versus storing minimum data but with more complete procedures. Possible data structures discussed include storing coordinate geometry, graph-based models, and using Boolean operations. The document also covers geometric transformations that can manipulate objects, including modeling transformations like scaling, translation and rotation, and visual transformations. It provides examples of curves and lines that can be used to draw wireframe models.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    106 views14 pages

    Chapter 6 B Groover

    Uploaded by

    RizwanNadeem
    The document discusses CAD/CAM data base structures and contents. It describes the basic ingredients that must be included in an application model stored in the data base, such as basic graphic elements, geometry, topology, and application-specific data and programs. It then discusses different ways the model data base can be organized, including storing more or less complete descriptions of the model as data versus storing minimum data but with more complete procedures. Possible data structures discussed include storing coordinate geometry, graph-based models, and using Boolean operations. The document also covers geometric transformations that can manipulate objects, including modeling transformations like scaling, translation and rotation, and visual transformations. It provides examples of curves and lines that can be used to draw wireframe models.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 14

    CAD/CAM

    Introduction
    Data Base Structures and Contents
    Nearly all functions of a CAD system depend on its data base. The data
    base includes:
    .
    1. Application models
    2. Designs
    3. Drawings
    4. Assemblies
    5. Alphanumeric information such as Bill of Material (BOM)
    6. Interactive graphics software such as system commands, function
    menus and plotter output routines. The data base resides in
    computer memory (primary storage) and secondary storage.
    Foley and Van Dam define the basic ingredients of the application model
    which must be carried out in the data base. The following model structure is
    patterned after their suggested data base organization:

    1. Basic graphic elements (points and other elements)


    2. Geometry (shape) of the model components and their layout in
    space.
    3. Topology or structure of the models how the various components
    are connected to form the model.
    4. Application specific data, such as material properties.
    5. Application specific analysis programs, such as FEM programs

    The list represents a building-block approach to model formulation, with items


    in category 1 being the most elementary ingredients. They are combined to
    form the components in category 2, which in turn are used to construct
    category 3, and so forth. The model structure consists of both data and
    procedures to connect, describe, and the analyze the model.
    Organization of Model Data Base
    The model data base can be organized in various ways. This depends on the type
    of model (mechanical, electrical etc) and the preference of the CAD system
    designer.

    Complete descriptions Store a minimum of data


    of the model stored but with more complete
    explicitly as data procedures

    Resulting more storage So that the model


    space can be recomputed
    when needed
    Possible Data Structures

    Storing coordinates of the geometry


    This involves storing the coordinates of the geometry together with other
    information which might be required to more completely define the model or to
    use certain application programs (e.g. engineering analysis or numerical control
    part programming.
    There are disadvantages to this type of data structure.
    For example, consider the definition of the cylinder. The definition might be a
    line segment, parallel to the y axis, and rotated about the axis to form the
    cylinder..

    Graph based models


    The graph based model, illustrated as a tetrahedron, is composed of a series of
    points and lines which establish relationships among the points, edges, and
    surfaces of the geometric element.

    Boolean operation
    This can be used to construct the geometric model. The process is sometimes
    referred to by the term Boolean modeling.
    Transformations
    Geometric Modelling provides a mathematical description of a geometric
    objects: point, line, conic section, surface, or a solid.

    Transformation is the backbone of computer graphics, enabling us to


    manipulate the shape, size, and location of the object. It can be used to effect
    the following changes in a geometric object:

    Change the location


    Change the Shape
    Change the size
    Rotate
    Copy etc.
    Geometric transformations have numerous applications in geometric modeling,
    e.g., manipulation of size, shape, and location of an object. In CAD,
    transformation is also used to generate surfaces and solids by sweeping curves
    and surfaces, respectively
    Types of Transformations
    There are two types of transformations

    Modeling Transformation
    This transformation alters the coordinate values of the object. Basic operations
    are scaling, translation, rotation and, combination of one or more of these basic
    transformations. Examples of these transformations can be easily found in any
    commercial CAD software. For instance, AutoCAD uses SCALE, MOVE, and
    ROTATE commands for scaling, translation, and rotation transformations,
    respectively.

    Visual Transformation
    In this transformation there is no change in either the geometry or the
    coordinates of the object. A copy of the object is placed at the desired sight,
    without changing the coordinate values of the object. In AutoCAD, the ZOOM
    and PAN commands are good examples of visual transformations
    Modeling Transformations

    To locate a point in two axis Cartesian system, the x and y coordinates are
    specified. These coordinates can be treated together as a 1x2 matrix: (x,y). For
    example, the matrix (2,5) would be interpreted to be a point which is 2 units
    from the origin in the x-direction and 5 units from the origin in the y-direction.

    This method of representation can be conveniently extended to define a line


    as a 2x2 matrix by giving the x and y coordinates of the two end points of the
    line. The notation would be

    L= x1 y1

    x2 y2

    Using the rules of matrix algebra, a point or line can be operated on by


    transformation matrix to yield a new element.

    Concatenation
    Classification of Wire-frame Entities
    Curves are used to draw a wireframe model which consists of points and
    curves. In general the curves can be classified as follows:
    Regardless of the user input to create a line, a line
    database stores its two endpoints and additional
    information such as its font, width, color and layer.
    Besides other information, a circle database stores its
    radius and centre as its essential geometric data.

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