Homework #7 Solutions

Math 182, Spring 2014

Instructor: Dr. Doreen De Leon

1 Exercises 4.1: 1(b), 2(c), 5(d)

1(b) Solve the heat equation ut = 2uxx for a rod of length L with both ends held at 0 , if L = 1, u(x, 0) =
x. (See Example 2, Section 3.6.)

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

ut = 2uxx , 0 < x < 1, t > 0,

u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0, t 0,
u(x, 0) = x, 0 x 1.

As before, we use separation of variables to solve, letting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). Then, we obtain

dT d2 X
X=2 2T
dt dx
1 dT 1 d2 X
= = = .
2T dt X dx2
We also must separate the boundary conditions:

u(0, t) = 0 = X(0)T (t) = 0 = X(0) = 0,

u(1, t) = 0 = X(1)T (t) = 0 = X(1) = 0.

Thus, we obtain the following equations:

d2 X
+ X = 0, X(0) = X(1) = 0,
dx2
dT
+ 2T = 0.
dt
From our previous work, we know that the solution to the eigenvalue problem is

n = (n)2 and Xn (x) = sin nx, n = 1, 2, . . . ,

and
2
Tn (t) = cn e2(n) t .
Then, for each n, un (x, t) = Xn (x)Tn (t), so
2
un (x, t) = cn e2(n) t sin nx.

1
 By superposition,

2
X
u(x, t) = cn e2(n) t sin nx.
n=1
We need to determine the coefficients cn using the initial condition. Since

X
x = u(x, 0) = cn sin nx, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
n=1

we see that the right-hand side must be the Fourier sine series of x. By Example 2 in Section 3.6,
then, we have that
2(1)n+1
cn = .
n
Therefore,

X 2(1)n+1 2(n)2 t
u(x, t) = e sin nx .
n
n=1

2(c) Solve the heat equation ut = 4uxx for a rod of length L with both ends insulated, if L = 2,
(
10, if 0 x 1,
u(x, 0) = .
0, if 1 < x 2.

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

ut = 4uxx , 0 < x < 1, t > 0,

u(0, t) = u(2, t) = 0, t > 0,
(
10, if 0 x 1,
u(x, 0) =
0, if 1 < x 2.

As before, we use separation of variables to solve, letting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). Then, we obtain

dT d2 X
X=4 2T
dt dx
1 dT 1 d2 X
= = = .
4T dt X dx2
We also must separate the boundary conditions:
dX dX
ux (0, t) = 0 = (0)T (t) = 0 = (0) = 0,
dx dx
dX dX
ux (2, t) = 0 = (2)T (t) = 0 = (2) = 0.
dx dx
Thus, we obtain the following equations:

d2 X dX dX
+ X = 0, (0) = (2) = 0,
dx2 dx dx
dT
+ 4T = 0.
dt

2
From our previous work, we know that the solution to the eigenvalue problem is

0 = 0, X0 (x) = 1,
 n 2 nx
n = , Xn (x) = cos , n = 1, 2, . . . ,
2 2
and
n 2
T0 (t) = c0 , Tn (t) = cn e4( 2) , n = 1, 2, . . . .
t

Then, for each n,

u0 (x, t) = c0
un (x, t) = cn e4( 2) cos nx , n = 1, 2, .
n 2
t
2
Therefore, by superposition,

cn e4( ) cos nx .
n 2
X
t
u(x, t) = c0 + 2
2
n=1

Next, we determine the coefficients using the initial condition. Since

X nx
u(x, 0) = c0 + cn cos ,
2
n=1

we know that the right-hand side is the Fourier cosine series of u(x, 0), which we now must deter-
mine.
2 2
Z  a0 
2c0 = u(x, 0) dx since c0 =
2 0 2
Z 1 Z 2
= 10 dx + 0 dx
0 1
= 10
= c0 = 5.
Z 2
2 nx
cn = u(x, 0) cos dx
2 0 2
Z 1
nx
= dx + 0
10 cos
0 2
nx 1

20
= sin
n 2 0
20 n
= sin .
n 2
Therefore, the solution is

X 20 n 4( n )2 t nx
u(x, t) = 5 + sin e 2 cos .
n 2 2
n=1

3
5(d) Solve the general heat equation ut = 2 uxx subject to initial conditions u(x, 0) = f (x) and to the
boundary conditions ux (0, t) = u(L, t) = 0.

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

ut = 2 uxx , 0 < x < L, t > 0,
ux (0, t) = u(L, t) = 0, t > 0,
u(x, 0) = f (x), 0 < x < L.
As before, we use separation of variables to solve, letting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). Then, we obtain
dT d2 X
X = 2 2 T
dt dx
1 dT 1 d2 X
= 2 = = .
T dt X dx2
We also must separate the boundary conditions:
dX dX
ux (0, t) = 0 = (0)T (t) = 0 = (0) = 0,
dx dx
u(L, t) = 0 = X(L)T (t) = 0 = X(L) = 0.
From our previous work, we know that the solution to the eigenvalue problem is
(2n 1) 2
 
(2n 1)x
n = , Xn (x) = cos , n = 1, 2, . . . ,
2L 2L
and  2
(2n1)
2 t
Tn (t) = cn e 2L
.
Then, for each n, 2
(2n 1)x

(2n1)
2 t
un (x, t) = cn e 2L
cos .
2L
By superposition,
2
(2n 1)x

(2n1)
2 t
X
u(x, t) = cn e 2L
cos .
2L
n=1
Finally, we need to determine the coefficients cn using the initial condition u(x, 0) = f (x). We have

X (2n 1)x
f (x) = u(x, 0) = cn cos .
2L
n=1
From
 the discussion
 in Section 3.7 and from Exercise 1 in that section, we know that the functions
(2n 1)x
cos form a complete orthogonal set on 0 x L, and therefore, we can do the
2L
(2m 1)x
following: multiply both sides of the equation by cos , integrate both sides with respect
2L
to x, and solve. If we do this, we will obtain
2 L (2n 1)x
Z
cn = f (x) cos dx.
L 0 2L
Therefore, the solution is
2 L
(2n 1)x (2n 1)x
 Z
X 2
(2n1)
t 2
u(x, t) = cn e 2L
cos , cn = f (x) cos dx.
2L L 0 2L
n=1

4
2 Exercises 4.2: 2(b), 3(a), 5(a)
2(b) Solve the wave equation utt = 4uxx for a string of length , subject to the boundary conditions
ux (0, t) = ux (, t) = 0 and to the initial conditions u(x, 0) = sin x, ut (x, 0) = 0. (See Exercise 3,
Section 3.6.)

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

utt = 4uxx , 0 < x < , t > 0,

ux (0, t) = ux (, t) = 0, t > 0,
u(x, 0) = sin x, 0 x ,
ut (x, 0) = 0, 0 x .

As before, we use separation of variables to solve, letting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). Then, we obtain
d2 T d2 X
X = 4 T
dt2 dx2
1 d2 T 1 d2 X
= = = .
4T dt2 X dx2
We also must separate the boundary conditions:
dX dX
ux (0, t) = 0 = (0)T (t) = 0 = (0) = 0,
dx dx
dX dX
ux (, t) = 0 = ()T (t) = 0 = () = 0.
dx dx
Thus, we obtain the following equations:
d2 X dX dX
+ X = 0, (0) = () = 0,
dx2 dx dx
d2 T
+ 4T = 0.
dt2
From our previous work, we know that the solution to the eigenvalue problem is

0 = 0, X0 (x) = 1,
n = n2 , Xn (x) = cos nx, n = 1, 2, . . . ,

Then, we need to solve the equation in T for both cases of .

= 0 = T = c1 + c2 t,
n = n2 = T 00 + 4n2 T = 0
= Tn (t) = c1 cos 2nt + c2 sin 2nt.

So, for each n, un (x, t) = Xn (x)Tn (t), so

u0 (x, t) = c0 + d0 t and un (x, t) = cn cos 2nt cos nx + dn sin 2nt cos nx.

By superposition,

X
X
u(x, t) = c0 + d0 t + cn cos 2nt cos nx + dn sin 2nt cos nx.
n=1 n=1

5
 We now apply the initial conditions. First,

X
sin x = u(x, 0) = c0 + cn cos nx.
n=1

Therefore, the right-hand side must be the Fourier cosine series of f (x) = sin x, which we have
computed in Exercise 3.6, problem 3.

2 X 2 (1 + (1)n )
Fc (x) = + cos nx.
n2 1
n=1

So, we see that

2
c0 = ,
n
2 (1 + (1)n )
cn = .
n2 1
We now have

X 2 (1 + (1)n )
2 X
u(x, t) = + d0 t + cos 2nt cos nx + dn sin 2nt cos nx
n n2 1
n=1 n=1

X 4n (1 + (1)n ) X
= ut (x, t) = d0 + sin 2nt cos nx + 2ndn cos 2nt cos nx
n2 1
n=1 n=1
X
= ut (x, 0) = d0 + 2ndn cos nx.
n=1

But, since ut (x, 0) = 0, we have

d0 = 0,
dn = 0, n = 1, 2, . . . .
Therefore, the solution is

X 2 (1 + (1)n )
2
u(x, t) = + cos 2nt cos nx .
n n2 1
n=1

3(a) Solve the wave equation utt = uxx subject to u(0, t) = ux (1, t), u(x, 0) = 0, ut (x, 0) = 1.

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

utt = uxx , 0 < x < 1, t > 0,
u(0, t) = ux (1, t) = 0, t > 0,
u(x, 0) = 0, 0 x 1,
ut (x, 0) = 1, 0 < x < 1.
As before, we use separation of variables to solve, letting u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). Then, we obtain
d2 T d2 X
X = T
dt2 dx2
1 d2 T 1 d2 X
= = = .
T dt2 X dx2

6
We also must separate the boundary conditions:

u(0, t) = 0 = X(0)T (t) = 0 = X(0) = 0,

dX dX
ux (1, t) = 0 = (1)T (t) = 0 = (1) = 0.
dx dx
Thus, we obtain the following equations:
d2 X dX
+ X = 0, X(0) = (1) = 0,
dx2 dx
d2 T
+ T = 0.
dt2
From previous work (Exercises 1.7, problem 16(b)), we know that the solution to the eigenvalue
problem, since L = 1, is

(2n 1) 2
 
(2n 1)x
n = , Xn (x) = sin , n = 1, 2, . . . ,
2 2
and therefore,
(2n 1)t (2n 1)t
Tn (t) = cn cos + dn sin .
2 2
Then, for each n, un (x, t) = Xn (x)Tn (t), so
(2n 1)t (2n 1)x (2n 1)t (2n 1)x
un (x, t) = cn cos sin + dn sin sin .
2 2 2 2
By superposition,

X (2n 1)t (2n 1)x X (2n 1)t (2n 1)x
u(x, t) = cn cos sin + dn sin sin .
2 2 2 2
n=1 n=1

We now apply the initial conditions. First,

X (2n 1)x
0 = u(x, 0) = cn sin = cn = 0 for all n.
2
n=1

We, thus, have

X (2n 1)t (2n 1)x
u(x, t) = dn sin sin
2 2
n=1

X (2n 1) (2n 1)t (2n 1)x
= ut (x, t) = dn cos sin
2 2 2
n=1

X (2n 1) (2n 1)x
= 1 = ut (x, 0) = dn sin .
2 2
n=1
 
(2n 1)x (2m 1)x
Since sin is a complete orthogonal set, we multiply both sides by sin
2 2
and integrate with respect to x to find
Z 1 Z 1
(2m 1)x X (2n 1) (2n 1)x (2m 1)x
sin dx = dn sin sin dx,
0 2 2 0 2 2
n=1

7
 and
1
(2m 1)x 1

(2m 1)x
Z
2
sin dx = cos  ,
0 2 (2m 1) 2 0
Z 1 (
(2n 1)x (2m 1)x 0, if n 6= m,
sin sin dx = 1
0 2 2 2 , if n = m.
2 (2m 1)
= = dm
(2m 1) 4
8
= dm = .
(2m 1)2 2
Therefore, we obtain the solution

X 8 (2n 1)t (2n 1)x
u(x, t) = sin sin .
(2n 1)2 2 2 2
n=1

5(a) Solve the initial-boundary-value problem

utt = uxx 4ut ,

u(x, 0) = 1,
ut (x, 0) = 0,
u(0, t) = u(, t) = 0.

Solution: We will use separation of variables to solve this problem. Let u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). Then

dT d2 T d2 X
ut = X(x) , utt = X(x) 2 , uxx = T (t) 2 .
dt dt dx
Substituting into the PDE gives

d2 T d2 X dT
2
=X(x)
T (t) 2
4X(x)
dt dx dt
d2 T dT d2 X
X(x) 2 + 4X(x) = T (t) 2 .
dt dt dx
Divide both sides by X(x)T (t) to obtain

1 d2 T 1 d2 X
 
dT
+ 4 = = .
T dt2 dt X dx2
We also separate the boundary conditions.

u(0, t) = 0 = X(0)T (t) = 0 = X(0) = 0

u(, t) = 0 = X()T (t) = 0 = X() = 0.

Thus, we obtain the following equations:

X 00 + X = 0, X(0) = X() = 0,
d2 T dT
+4 + T = 0.
dt2 dt

8
From our previous work, we know that the solution to the eigenvalue problem is

n = n2 , Xn (x) = sin nx, n = 1, 2, . . . .

Then, we must solve the equation in T :

T 0 + 4T 0 + n2 T = 0

Characteristic equation:

r2 + 4r + n2 = 0

4 16 4n2
r1,2 =
p2
= 2 4 n2

If n = 1, then

r1,2 = 2 3
2t

= T1 (t) = c1 e cosh 3t + d1 e2t sinh 3t.

If n = 2, then

r1 = r2 = 2
= T2 (t) = c2 e2t + d2 te2t .

If n > 2, then
p
r1,2 = 2 i n2 4
p p
= Tn (t) = cn e2t cos(t n2 4) + dn e2t sin(t n2 4).

This gives the following, then, for un (x, t)

u1 (x, t) = c1 e2t cosh 3t sin x + d1 e2t sinh 3t sin x,
u2 (x, t) = c2 e2t sin 2x + d2 te2t sin 2x,
p p
un (x, t) = cn e2t cos(t n2 4) sin nx + dn e2t sin(t n2 4) sin nx, n = 3, 4, . . . .

By superposition, we have

u(x, t) = c1 e2t cosh 3t sin x + d1 e2t sinh 3t sin x + c2 e2t sin 2x + d2 te2t sin 2x
X p
X p
+ cn e2t cos(t n2 4) sin nx + dn e2t sin(t n2 4) sin nx.
n=3 n=3

We now apply the initial conditions. First,

X
1 = u(x, 0) = c1 sin x + c2 sin 2x + cn sin nx
n=3

X
= cn sin nx.
n=1

9
Therefore, the right-hand side is the Fourier sine series of u(x, 0) = 1, and so
2
Z
cn = bn = sin nx dx
0
2
= cos nx|0
n
2
= (1 cos n)
n
2
= (1 (1)n ).
n
So, we have
4
u(x, t) = e2t cosh 3t sin x + d1 e2t sinh 3t sin x + d2 te2t sin 2x


X 2 p X p
+ (1 (1)n )e2t cos(t n2 4) sin nx + dn e2t (sin t n2 4) sin nx
n
n=3 n=3

8 2t 4 3 2t
= ut (x, t) = e cosh 3t sin x + e sinh 3t sin x 2d1 e2t sinh 3t sin x

+ 3d1 e cosh 3t sin x + d2 e2t sin 2x 2d2 te2t sin 2x
2t

X 4 2t p X 2 n2 4 p
+ 2
e cos(t n 4) sin nx + (1 (1)n ) sin(t n2 4) sin nx
n n
n=3 n=3
X p X p p
+ 2dn e2t sin(t n2 4) sin nx + dn n2 4e2t cos(t n2 4) sin nx.
n=3 n=3

Therefore,

8 X 4 X p
0 = ut (x, 0) = sin x + 3d1 sin x + d2 sin 2x + sin nx + dn n2 4 sin nx.
n
n=3 n=3

Re-arranging gives

8 X 4 X p
= sin x + sin nx = 3d1 sin x + d2 sin 2x + dn n2 4 sin nx.
n
n=3 n=3

Equating coefficients, we see that:

8 8
3d1 = = d1 =
3
d2 = 0
p 4
n2 4 dn = , n 3,
n
4
= dn = , n 3.
n n2 4
Therefore, the solution is

4 2t 8 X 2 p
u(x, t) = e cosh 3t sin x + e2t sinh 3t sin x + (1 (1)n )e2t cos(t n2 4) sin nx
3 n
n=3

X 4 p
+ e2t sin(t n2 4) sin nx.
n=3
n n2 4

10

Since lim e2t = 0, | cos at| 1, | sin at| 1, and 3 < 2, we have lim u(x, t) = 0.
t t

3 Exercises 4.3: 3, 7, 12(c)

For problems 3 and 7, solve Laplaces eequation subject to the given boundary conditions. Work each
problem out completely, rather than referring to the solutions in this section.

3. u(x, 0) = u(x, ) = 0, u(0, y) = y, u(1, y) = 0

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

4u = 0, 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < ,

u(x, 0) = u(x, ) = 0, 0 < x < 1,
u(0, y) = y, 0 < y < ,
u(1, y) = 0, 0 < y < .

We will solve this problem using separation of variables. Let u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y). Then, we obtain

d2 X d2 Y
Y (y) + X(x) = 0.
dx2 dy 2
Divide by XY to obtain
1 d2 X 1 d2 Y
= = .
X dx2 Y dy 2
We need to obtain the boundary conditions, as well:

0 = u(x, 0) = X(x)Y (0) = Y (0) = 0,

0 = u(x, ) = X(x)Y () = Y () = 0.

We thus obtain the following equations:

Y 00 + Y = 0, Y (0) = Y () = 0,
00
X X = 0.

The eigenvalue problem is similar to one we have seen before, so we know that

n = n2 , Yn (y) = sin ny, n = 1, 2, . . . .

We then solve the equation for X:

X 00 n2 X = 0

The characteristic equation is

r 2 n2 = 0
= r1,2 = n
= Xn (x) = cn cosh nx + dn sinh nx.

11
 For each n, un (x, y) = Xn (x)Yn (y) is given by
un (x, y) = cn cosh nx sin ny + dn sinh nx sin ny.
By superposition,

X
X
u(x, y) = cn cosh nx sin ny + dn sinh nx sin ny.
n=1 n=1
We now may apply the remaining boundary conditions to determine cn and dn .

X
y = u(0, y) = cn sin ny.
n=1

Therefore, the right-hand side represents the Fourier sine series of u(0, y) = y. This tells us
2
Z
cn = y sin ny
0
2
= cos n
n
2
= (1)n
n
2
= (1)n+1 .
n
So, we have

X 2 X
u(x, y) = (1)n+1 cosh nx sin ny + dn sinh nx sin ny
n
n=1 n=1

X 2 X
= 0 = u(1, y) = (1)n+1 cosh n sin ny + dn sinh n sin ny
n
n=1 n=1

X X 2
= dn sinh n sin ny = (1)n+1 cosh n sin ny.
n
n=1 n=1

Equating coefficients requires

2
(1)n+1 cosh n
dn sin h =
n
2
= dn = (1)n+1 coth n.
n
Therefore, the solution to our problem is

X 2 X 2
u(x, y) = (1)n+1 cosh nx sin ny + (1)n+1 coth n sinh nx sin ny .
n n
n=1 n=1

7. uy (x, 0) = 0, u(x, 1) = x, u(0, y) = u(1, y) = 0

Solution: We are solving the initial-boundary-value problem

4u = 0, 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1,
uy (x, 0) = 0, 0 < x < 1,
uy (x, 1) = x, 0 < x < 1,
u(0, y) = u(1, y) = 0, 0 < y < 1.

12
We will solve this problem using separation of variables. Let u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y). Then, we obtain

d2 X d2 Y
Y (y) + X(x) = 0.
dx2 dy 2
Divide by XY to obtain

1 d2 X 1 d2 Y
= = .
X dx2 Y dy 2
We need to obtain the boundary conditions, as well:

0 = u(0, y) = X(0)Y (y) = X(0) = 0,

0 = u(1, y) = X(1)Y (y) = X(1) = 0.

We thus obtain the following equations:

X 00 + X = 0, X(0) = X(1) = 0,
00
Y Y = 0.

The eigenvalue problem is similar to one we have seen before, so we know that

n = (n)2 , Xn (x) = sin nx, n = 1, 2, . . . .

We then solve the equation for X:

Y 00 (n)2 Y = 0

The characteristic equation is

r2 (n)2 = 0
= r1,2 = n
= Yn (y) = cn cosh ny + dn sinh ny.

For each n, un (x, y) = Xn (x)Yn (y) is given by

un (x, y) = cn cosh ny sin nx + dn sinh ny sin nx.

By superposition,

X
X
u(x, y) = cn cosh ny sin nx + dn sinh ny sin nx.
n=1 n=1

We now may apply the remaining boundary conditions to determine cn and dn .

X
0 = uy (x, 0) = dn n cos nx,
n=1
= dn = 0, n = 1, 2, . . . .
X
x = u(x, 1) = cn cosh n sin nx
n=1

13
 Therefore, the right-hand side must represent the Fourier sine series for u(x, 1) = x.

X 2(1)n+1
Fs (x) = sin nx
n
n=1
2(1)n+1
= cn cosh n =
n
2
= cn = (1)n+1 .
n cosh n
Therefore, the solution to the problem is

X 2
u(x, y) = (1)n+1 cosh ny sin nx .
n cosh n
n=1

12(c) What is the solution of the Neumann problem

uxx + uyy = 0,
uy (x, 0) = f1 (x),
uy (x, b) = f2 (x),
ux (0, y) = g1 (y),
ux (a, y) = g2 (y)?

Solution: First, write u(x, y) = u1 (x, y) + u2 (x, y), where u1 solves

u1xx + u1yy = 0,
u1y (x, 0) = 0,
u1y (x, b) = 0,
u1x (0, y) = g1 (y),
u1x (a, y) = g2 (y),

and u2 solves

u2xx + u2yy = 0,
u2y (x, 0) = f1 (x),
u2y (x, b) = f2 (x),
u2x (0, y) = 0,
u2x (a, y) = 0.

First, solve for u1 (x, y). Write u1 (x, y) = X1 (x)Y1 (y). Then, we have

d2 X1 d2 Y1
Y1 (y) + X1 (x) = 0.
dx2 dy 2
Divide both sides by X1 Y1 to obtain

1 d2 X1 1 d2 Y1
= = .
X1 (x) dx2 Y1 (x) dy 2

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We need to obtain the boundary conditions, as well.

0 = u1y (x, 0) = X1 (x)Y1y (0) = Y1y (0) = 0,

0 = u1y (x, b) = X1 (x)Y1y (b) = Y1y (b) = 0.

We thus obtain the following equations:

Y100 + Y1 = 0, Y10 (0) = Y10 (b) = 0,

X100 X1 = 0.

The eigenvalue problem is similar to one we have seen before, so we know that

0 = 0, Y10 (y) = 1,
 n 2 ny
n = , Y1n (y) = cos , n = 1, 2, . . . .
b b
Then, solving for X1 gives us

X10 (x) = c0 + d0 x,
nx nx
X1n (x) = cn cosh + dn sinh .
b b
For each n, then u1n (x, y) is given by

u10 (x, y) = c0 + d0 x,
nx ny nx ny
u1n (x, y) = cn cosh cos + dn sinh cos , n = 1, 2, . . . .
b b b b
By superposition, then

X nx ny X nx ny
u1 (x, y) = c0 + d0 x + cn cosh cos + dn sinh cos .
b b b b
n=1 n=1

We must apply the boundary conditions to solve for cn and dn .

X ny
g1 (y) = u1x (0, y) = c0 + cos .
b
n=1

Therefore, the series on the right-hand side must be the Fourier cosine series of g1 (y), and

2 b 1 b
Z Z
2c0 = g1 (y) dy = c0 = g1 (y) dy,
b 0 b 0
2 b
Z
ny
cn = g1 (y) cos dy.
b 0 b

X na ny X na ny
g2 (y) = u1x (a, y) = c0 + d0 a + cn cosh cos + dn sinh cos
b b b b
n=1 n=1

X na na  ny
= g2 (y) = c0 + d0 a + cn cosh + dn sinh cos .
b b b
n=1

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The right-hand side must represent the Fourier cosine series of g2 (y), and so

2 b 1 1 b
Z  Z 
2(c0 + d0 a) = g2 (y) dy = d0 = g2 (y) dy c0
b 0 a b 0
2 b
Z
na na ny
cn cosh + dn sinh = g2 (y) cos dy
b b b 0 b
 Z b 
1 2 ny na
= dn = g2 (y) cos dy cn cosh .
sinh na
b b 0 b b

Therefore, the solution is given by

X nx ny X nx ny
u1 (x, y) = c0 + d0 x + cn cosh cos + dn sinh cos ,
b b b b
n=1 n=1

where cn and dn , n = 0, 1, . . . are defined as above. Next, we solve for u2 (x, y) using separation of
variables. Let u2 (x, y) = X2 (x)Y2 (y). Then,

d2 X2 d2 Y2
Y2 (y) + X2 (x) = 0.
dx2 dy 2
Divide both sides by X2 Y2 to obtain

1 d2 X2 1 d2 Y2
2
= = .
X2 (x) dx Y2 (x) dy 2
We need to obtain the boundary conditions, as well.

0 = u1y (0, y) = X2x (0)Y2 (y) = X2x (0) = 0,

0 = u1y (a, y) = X2x (a)Y2 (y) = X2x (a) = 0.

We thus obtain the following equations:

X200 + X2 = 0 X20 (0) = X20 (a) = 0,

Y200 Y2 = 0.

The eigenvalue problem is similar to one we have seen before, so we know that

0 = 0, X20 (x) = 1,
 n 2 nx
n = , X2n (y) = cos , n = 1, 2, . . . .
a a
Then, solving for Y2 gives us

Y20 (y) = p0 + q0 y,
ny ny
Y2n (y) = pn cosh + qn sinh .
a a
For each n, then u2n (x, y) is given by

u20 (x, y) = p0 + q0 y,
ny nx ny nx
u2n (x, y) = pn cosh cos + qn sinh cos ,
a a a a

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and by superposition,

X ny nx X ny nx
u2 (x, y) = p0 + q0 y + pn cosh cos + qn sinh cos .
a a a a
n=1 n=1

We must apply the boundary conditions to solve for pn and qn .

X nx
f1 (x) = p0 + pn cos
a
n=1

Therefore, the right-hand side is the Fourier cosine series of f1 (x). So,

2 a 1 a
Z Z
2p0 = f1 (x) dx = p0 = f1 (x) dx
a 0 a 0
2 a
Z
nx
pn = f1 (x) cos dx.
a 0 a

X nb nx X nb nx
f2 (x) = u2x (x, b) = p0 + q0 b + pn cosh cos + qn sinh cos
a a a a
n=1 n=1
 
X nb nb nx
= g2 (y) = p0 + q0 b + pn cosh + qn sinh cos .
a a a
n=1

The right-hand side must represent the Fourier cosine series of f2 (x), and so

2 a 1 1 a
Z  Z 
2(p0 + q0 b) = f2 (x) dx = q0 = f2 (x) dx p0
a 0 b a 0
Z a
nb nb 2 nx
pn cosh + qn sinh = f2 (x) cos dx
a a a 0 a
 Z a 
1 2 nx nb
= qn = f2 (x) cos dx pn cosh .
sinh nb
a
a 0 a a

Therefore, the solution is given by

X ny nx X ny nx
u2 (x, y) = p0 + q0 y + pn cosh cos + qn sinh cos ,
a a a a
n=1 n=1

where pn and qn , n = 0, 1, . . . are defined as above. Then,

u(x, y) = u1 (x, y) + u2 (x, y).

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