CHAPTER 1

ENGINEERING SCIENCE 14a ENGR. PAOLO ROMMEL P. SANCHEZ & ENGR. MA. CONCEPCION DUNGCA-IGNACIO
Engineering Thermodynamics Engineering Science Department, CEAT
and Heat Transfer University of the Philippines Los Baos
 CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER OUTLINE
Energy
Thermodynamics
Approaches to Thermodynamics
Application Areas of Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics
Historical Background
Dimensions and Units
Thermodynamic Systems
Thermodynamic Properties
State and Equilibrium
Processes and Cycles
Pressure and Temperature

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 CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, the student
should be able to:

define and differentiate fundamental

concepts in thermodynamics;
identify the four laws of
thermodynamics; and
identify the application areas of
thermodynamics.

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Why do we need to study
Thermodynamics?
Its all about the importance of energy.

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ENERGY
the property of matter and radiation
which is manifested as a capacity to
perform work (such as causing motion
or the interaction of molecules).
common forms of energy include heat,
light, chemical, electrical, sound,
mechanical (kinetic energy, potential
energy and work) and nuclear.

What is the importance of energy?

Energy provides us with heat and electricity that
powers our industry, transportation and modern
way of life. However, the use of energy has
economic and environmental cost. Hence, should
be managed effectively.

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THERMODYNAMICS
science dealing with energy transformations, including
heat and work, and the physical properties of substances
that are involved in energy transformations
from Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power).
concepts and laws are used for increasing efficiency,
determining optimum operating conditions, and
development alternative processes of power-producing,
energy-consuming and energy-moving systems.

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 concerns with thermodynamic states, and properties
as energy, work and heat, and with the laws of
thermodynamics, all lacking an atomic
interpretation.
Classical The macroscopic approach has the following
(Macroscopic) features:
Thermodynamics
The structure of the matter is not considered.
Few variables are used to describe the state of the matter
under consideration.
The values of these variables are measurable following the
available techniques of experimental physics.

based on the average behavior of large groups of

individual particles
Statistical The microscopic approach can be summarized as:
(Microscopic) A knowledge of the molecular structure of matter under
Thermodynamics consideration is essential.
A large number of variables are needed for a complete
specification of the state of the matter.

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Photo taken from Cengel, C. A., and M. A. Boles. 2005. Thermodynamics: Engineering Approach, 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill College.
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 Foundation of Heat Transfer
Internal Combustion Engines
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Design and Analysis of Automobile
Engines
Design of Ordinary Household
Utensils
Design and Analysis of Power Plants
Calculate Fuel Efficiency
Find Ways to Increase Efficiency of
Energy Systems.
Evaluation of environmental
impacts of energy systems

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 Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

If two thermodynamic systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and B

and C are also in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are in thermal
equilibrium.

serves as a basis for the validity of temperature measurement.

1st formulated by R.H. FOWLER in 1931.

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 First Law Of Thermodynamics
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The increase in the energy of a closed

system is equal to the amount of
energy added to the system by
heating, minus the amount lost in the
form of work done by the system on its
surroundings.

E Q W

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 Second Law Of Thermodynamics
ENTROPY

asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity.

actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing
quality of energy.

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 Third Law Of Thermodynamics
ABSOLUTE ZERO ENERGY

The entropy of all crystalline solids

approaches zero as their
temperature approaches absolute
zero (all substances lose their
energy at absolute zero).

Essentially a statement about the

ability to create an
absolute temperature scale
(Absolute Zero = No Energy).

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 Third Law Of Thermodynamics
ABSOLUTE ZERO ENERGY

Statements of the third law:

1. It is impossible to reduce any system to
absolute zero in a finite series of
operations.
2. The entropy of a perfect crystal of an
element in its most stable form tends to
zero as the temperature approaches
absolute zero.
3. As temperature approaches absolute
zero, the entropy of a system
approaches a constant

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 German scientist Otto von
1650 Guericke designed and built the
worlds 1st vacuum pump and
created the worlds first ever
vacuum known as Magdeburg
hemispheres.

1656 Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke built an air pump.

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 Creation of the 1st successful
atmospheric engine in England -
Thomas Savery
1697

1798
Count Rumford (Benjamin
Thompson) began the
quantitative study of the
conversion of work into heat by
means of his famous cannon-
boring experiments.

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 Sir Humphry Davy studied the
conversion of work into heat by
means of his ice-rubbing
experiments.
1799

1824
Sadi Carnot published his famous thesis Reflections on
the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to
Develop that Power, which is considered to be the
founding work of thermodynamics (heat engines and
preliminary outline of the Second Law).

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 Julius Robert von Mayer
postulated the principle of
conservation of energy.
1842

1847
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
Helmholtz formulated the principle of
conservation of energy, independent
of Mayer.

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 James Prescott Joule laid the experimental
foundation of the first law of thermodynamics
by performing experiments to establish the
equivalence of work and heat. We now
honor this great scientist by using J to denote
the mechanical equivalent of heat.
1843-1848

1850 Rudolf Julius

1848 Emanuel Clausius
Lord Kelvin (William introduced the
Thomson) defined an concept of U,
absolute temperature which we now call
scale based on the the internal
Carnot cycle. energy.

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 The 1st
thermodynamics
textbook was written
by William John
Macquorn Rankine.
1859 1875
Josiah Willard Gibbs
published his monumental work
"On the Equilibrium of
1865 Heterogeneous Substances,"
which extends thermodynamics
Clausius stated the first and second laws in a general form to
of thermodynamics in two lines: heterogeneous systems and
1. The energy of the universe is constant. chemical reactions.
2. The entropy of the universe tends
toward a maximum.

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Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, who originated quantum
theory, stated the second law of thermodynamics in
the following form: "It is impossible to construct an
engine which, working in a complete cycle, will
produce no effect other than the raising of a weight
and the cooling of a heat reservoir.
1897

1909
Constantin Carathodory, a Greek
mathematician, published his structure of
thermodynamics on a new axiomatic basis,
which is entirely mathematical in form.

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What is a dimension?
A dimension is a measurement to
characterize a physical quantity.
Primary (Fundamental Secondary ( Derived
Dimension) Dimensions)
Examples: mass (m), length (L), Examples: velocity (v),
time (t) and temperature (T) energy (E), volume ( V)

What is a unit?
Units are arbitrary magnitudes assigned to the dimension.

English System Metric System

United States Customary International System of
System (USCS) Units (SI)

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System - a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for
study
Surroundings - mass or region outside the system
Boundary - real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings

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Closed System (Control Mass) Open System (Control Mass)
Only energy can pass through the Both energy and matter can
the system boundary. pass through the the system
The amount of mass thourghout the boundary.
process is constant. The amount of mass may
Boundary can be movable or fixed. vary at the start and end of
Isolated systems are closed systems the process.
in which even energy could not Boundary can be movable
pass along the system boundary. or fixed.
Real

Moving

CV

Gas

Fixed Imaginary

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Selecting System Boundaries

In general, the choice of system

boundary is governed by two
considerations:

(1) what is known about a possible

system, particularly at its
boundaries
(2) the objective of the analysis.

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 Thermodynamic properties describe measurable macroscopic
characteristics of a system to which a numerical value can be assigned
at a given time without knowledge of the previous behavior of the
system. Hence, a quantity is a property if, and only if, its change in
value between two states is independent of the process.

General Classification of Property

1. Extensive Property
- dependent on mass and may only vary with time
(e.g. mass, volume and energy)
2. Intensive Property
- independent on mass and may vary with position and time
(e.g. pressure, temperature, density)

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Extensive and Intensive Properties

The value of an extensive property is dependent of the mass

of the system.
The value of an intensive property is independent of the mass
of the system.
Any extensive property can be made intensive (specific) by
dividing by mass.
Below is an illustration of extensive and intensive properties

P1 P2
P0 = P1 = P2 Intensive Prop
P o, T o, T1 T2 T0 = T1 = T2 Intensive Prop
Vo, mo V1 V2 V0 V1 V2 Extensive Prop
m1 m2
m0 m1 m2 Extensive Prop

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Additional notes on intensive properties
Every possible kind of matter possesses a unique set of
intensive properties. In other words, intensive
properties serve to characterize matter.
Some intensive properties can be determined by simple
observations: e.g. color, melting point, density,
solubility, acidic or alkaline nature, and density.
Many of the intensive properties are dependent on other
variables, primarily on temperature and pressure.

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State - condition as specified by the values of its properties

Thermodynamic Equilibrium
there are no unbalanced potentials within the system
experiences no changes when it is isolated from its
surroundings

Types of equilibrium:
1. Thermal Equilibrium
2. Mechanical Equilibrium
3. Phase Equilibrium
4. Chemical Equilibrium

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Thermodynamic Process - transformation of a system from one
state to another with the aid of external force
Reversible Process (Ideal)
Irreversible Process (Non-ideal)

Different Processes:
1. Isothermal Process - constant temperature
2. Isobaric Process - constant pressure
3. Isometric/Isochoric Process - constant volume
4. Isenthalpic Process - constant enthalpy
5. Isentropic Process - constant entropy

Quasi-Equilibrium Process - is a process in which all the states in

the path of the process is at thermodynamic equilibrium

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Path - series of states through
which the systems passes
during the process

Cycle - a process or series of

processes which return the
system to the state it was in
before the process began

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 PRESSURE
The normal component of the force
exerted by a system per unit area in
fluids (P = F/A)
Units: N/m2, Pa
For solids, this force per unit area is
called Stress.

General Pressure Classification

1. atmospheric pressure, Patm
2. absolute pressure, Pabs
3. gage pressure, Pgage

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PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS

Unless otherwise stated,

the term pressure refers
to absolute pressure:
pressure with respect to
zero pressure of a
complete vacuum.

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PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS

Pabs = Patm Pgage

For manometry problems:
Pgage = specific weight * depth of fluid
= gH
= Pabs Patm

where: = density of fluid

g = gravitational acceleration
H = height of fluid

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PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS
Buoyant force is the force exerted by
the surrounding fluid on a submerged
fluid and is equal to the weight of the
submerged fluid.

FB = g V
where: = density of fluid
g = gravitational acceleration
H = height of fluid

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TEMPERATURE
fundamental to Thermodynamics
net transfer of energy will be from hotter body to the colder
one

Temperature Scale
enable us to use a common basis for temperature
measurements
indicates the thermal state of the systems and its ability to
exchange energy with a substance in contact with it (0C , 0F,
K, or R)

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Temperature Scale

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 End of Chapter 1

Thank you very much!

Prepare for a Quiz next meeting.
Handouts are available at:
https://sites.google.com/site/ensc14aprpsanchez/

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