PWD, WRO

Irrigation Design Handbook

DESIGN OF CANAL SYPHON

@ L.S 6515m
HYDRAULIC PARTICULARS

Discharge 19.11 cumecs(or) 675 cusecs

Bedwidth 19.5 m
Full supply Depth 1.45 m
Free board 0.45 m
Bed level at entry + 132.185 m
Bed level at exit + 131.980 m
Bed fall of canal 1 in 5280 m
Existing Road top level + 133.155 m
Existing General Ground level + 133.125 m
Road width 7 m

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
CANAL WATERWAY 1
Area of section ( normal canal section ) = ( 2B + D ) X D / 2 1.45 1
= ( 19.5 + 1.45 ) X 1.45
= 30.3775 m2 19.5
Discharge = 19.11 cumecs
Velocity = 0.629084 m/sec

Velocity in the normal section = 0.630 m/sec

Provide 3 Nos of vents of size 3.5 X 1.5 m
giving waterway of 11.5 m
(Assuming inner wall thickness of 0.5 m and fillet at four corners for 0.25 m )
Velocity inside the barrel = Q / A
Area of section at barrels = 10.5 X 1.5 - 0.25 2
X 6
= 15.375 m2
Velocity inside the barrel = 19.11 / ( 15.375 )
= 1.243 m/sec
2 times the velocity of normal section
The velocity is within the recommended range
As per table 1 of IS 7784(Part I) - 1975 ,
Maximum permissible velocity for concrete = 6 m/sec
VELOCITY IS WITHIN THE RECOMMENDED RANGE

It should be checked that the flow is sub critical in the barrel,

that is, Froude number should be less than unity
____
Froude Number F = V / gd
Where g = 9.81 m/sec2
d = Depth of flow in m= 1.5 m
V = Velocity of flow in the barrel = 1.243 m/sec
_______________
F = 1.243 / 9.81 X 1.5
F = 0.3240152 or 0.32 < 1
HENCE FLOW WILL BE SUB CRITICAL

HEAD LOSS AND BED LEVELS AT DIFFERENT SECTIONS

According to IS 7784(Part II / Sec 3) - 1980,

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Entrance Transition (splay) = 3 : 1

Exit Transition(splay) = 5 : 1

Width of the canal in flumed portion = 11.5 m

Length of Contraction Transition =( 19.5 - 11.5 ) X 3
2
= 12 m

Length of Expansion Transition = ( 19.5 - 11.5 ) X 5

2
= 20 m

Length of barrels in flumed portion = 30 m (Approximately Assumed)

In transitions, the side slopes of the section shall be warped from 1:1 to vertical.

1 2 3 4

RCC BARRELS OF SIZE

3.5 X 1.5

12 30 20
1 2 3 4

CANAL WATERWAY

At section 4-4

Velocity at the normal section = 0.630 m/sec

Velcoity head hv = V2 / 2g = 0.630 2
/ 2 X 9.81
= 0.020229 m
Velcoity head hv = (say) = 0.02 m

R.L of the bed (given as Bed level at exit) = + 131.980 m

R.L of the Water surfac = R.L of bed + FSD
= 131.980 + 1.45
= 133.430 m
R.L of Water surface = + 133.430 m

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R.L of Total Energy Line ( TEL ) = R.L of Water surface + hv

= 133.430 + 0.02
= 133.450 m
R.L of TEL at section 4 - 4 = + 133.450 m

At section 3-3

Water depth at entry and exit of the barrel should be kept slightly
higher than the depth of the barrels so as to keep the ends of the
barrel submerged for proper syphoning action.
Hence, provide a water depth of 1.75 m
Area of section = 11.5 X 1.75
= 20.125 m2
Velocity =Q / A= 19.11 / 20.125
= 0.9495652 m/sec
Velocity = 0.950 m/sec

Velcoity head hv = V 2 / 2g = 0.950 2

/ 2 X 9.81
= 0.045999 m say 0.046 m

Loss of Head in Expansion from section 3-3 to 4-4

HL = 0.3 ( V3 - V4 ) / 2g
2 2

V3 - Velocity at section 3-3 = 0.950 m/sec

V4 - Velocity at section 4-4 = 0.630 m/sec

HLE = 0.3 ( 0.950 2

- 0.630 2
)
2 X 9.81

HLE = 0.00773089 m
HLE = 0.008 m

R.L of TEL at 3 - 3 = 133.450 + 0.008

( TEL at 4-4 + HLE )
= 133.458 m
R.L of TEL at 3 - 3 = = + 133.458 m

R.L of water surface = R.L of TEL - hv

= 133.458 - 0.046
= 133.412 m

R.L of Bed = R.L of Water surface - Depth of water

= 133.412 - 1.75
= 131.662 m
Hence R.L of Bed is = + 131.660 m

Head loss through the barrels:

Head loss through the barrels is given by

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HL = ( 1 + f1 + f2 L / R ) X V 2 / 2 g
where, f1 = 0.08 for Bell mouthed syphon
f2 = a ( 1+ b / R)
for Cement plaster
a = 0.00316
b = 0.1
V = Velocity thro' the barrel = 1.243 m/sec
R = A/ P
A =( 3.5 X 1.5 ) - 0.25 2
X 2
A = 5.125 m2
P =( 3.5 + 1.5 ) X 2
P = 10 m
then R = 5.125 / 10 = 0.5125 m
R = 0.513 m
f2 = 0.00316 ( 1 + 0.1 / 0.513 )
= 0.003776
f2 = 0.0038
Assumed length of barrel = 30 m

HL = ( 1 + 0.08 + 0.0038 X 30 ) X 1.243 2

0.513 2 X 9.81
HL = 0.1025362 m

Hence loss of head inside the Barrels is 0.103 m

At section 2 - 2
R.L of TEL = TEL at section 3-3 + Head loss thro' barrels
= 133.458 + 0.103
R.L of TEL = + 133.561 m

R.L of water surface = 133.561 - 0.046

(Velocity head at section 3-3)
R.L of water surface = 133.515 m
R.L of Bed = R.L of Water surface - Depth of water
= 133.515 - 1.75
R.L of Bed =+ 131.765 m

At section 1 - 1
Loss of Head in Contraction from section 1-1 to 2-2
HL = 0.2 ( V2 - V1 ) / 2g
2 2

V2 - Velocity at section 2-2 = 0.950 m/sec

V1 - Velocity at section 1-1 = 0.630 m/sec

HLC = 0.2 ( 0.950 2

- 0.630 2
)
2 X 9.81

HLC = 0.00515392 m
HLC = 0.005 m

R.L of TEL = R.L of TEL at 2-2 + H LC

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= 133.561 + 0.005
R.L of TEL = + 133.566 m

R.L of water surface = 133.566 - 0.02

(Velocity head at section 4-4)
R.L of water surface = 133.546 m
R.L of Bed = R.L of Water surface - Depth of water
= 133.546 - 1.45
R.L of Bed = + 132.096 m
Bedlevel at entry ( proposed ) = 132.185 m
HENCE SAFE

1 2 3 4
133.655 133.561
133.635 133.458 133.450
133.515 TEL
133.412 133.430 Water surface
Elevation level
132.185 131.765 131.660 131.980 Bed level
132.185 131.980

1 2 3 4

Total head loss arrived = 132.096 - 131.980

= 0.116 m
Total head loss provide = 132.185 - 131.980
= 0.205 m
Hence safe

Revised levels At section 1 - 1

Provided bed level at 1-1 = 132.185 m
Revised Water surface level= Revised Bed level + Depth of flow
= 132.185 + 1.45
Revised Water surface level= 133.635 m
Revised TEL at 1-1 = Revised water surface level + Velocity head
= 133.635 + 0.02
Revised TEL at 1-1 = 133.655 m 133.655

TRANSITION:
As the water depths in the transition vary from 1.45 m to 1.75 m
Hind's General method of transition may be applied for designing the transitions.

Contraction Transition:

1
R.L WS Profile

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133.635 2

Y1 = 0.06

R.L
X1 = 6 133.515
1
2

12

CONTRACTION TRANSIITION

Y1 = Water level at section 1-1 - Water level at section 2-2

2

Y1 = 133.635 - 133.515
2

Y1 = 0.06 m

X1 = Length of Contraction transition

2
X1 = 12
2
X1 = 6 m

C = Y1 / X1 2 = 0.06 / 6 2

C = 0.00166667

y = 0.00167 x2

This is the equation of water surface profile in contraction transition.

The details of the transition have been worked out in the following table

Expansion Transition:
Similar to that for expansion transition
Y1 = Water level at section 4-4 - Water level at section 3-3
2

Y1 = 133.430 - 133.412
2

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Y1 = 0.009 m

X1 = Length of Expansion transition

2
X1 = 20
2
X1 = 10 m

C = Y1 / X1 2 = 0.009 / 10 2

C = 0.00009

y = 0.0001 x2

This is the equation of water surface profile in expansion transition.

The details of the transition have been worked out in the following table

Table showing transition details

Distance y = C x2 Water surf. Elevation VelocityVelocity(V) Side Area (A) Bed levelDepth(D) Bed width
elevation of TEL Head(4)-(3) =2ghv slope ' s' =Q / V (3) - (9) B=A/D-sD
m m m m m/sec ( :1) m 2
m m m
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
From section 3 - 3 Expansion Transition
Bed level at 3-3 = 131.660 Water surface elevation = 133.412
0 0.0000 133.412 133.458 0.046 0.950 0.000 20.116 131.660 1.752 11.5
3 0.0009 133.415 133.457 0.042 0.908 0.150 21.046 131.705 1.710 12.051
6 0.0036 133.417 133.456 0.039 0.875 0.300 21.840 131.755 1.662 12.642
9 0.0081 133.420 133.454 0.034 0.817 0.450 23.390 131.800 1.620 13.709
12 0.0144 133.423 133.453 0.030 0.767 0.600 24.915 131.850 1.573 14.895
15 0.0225 133.426 133.452 0.026 0.714 0.750 26.765 131.900 1.526 16.395
18 0.0324 133.428 133.451 0.023 0.672 0.900 28.438 131.945 1.483 17.841
20 0.0400 133.430 133.450 0.020 0.626 1.000 30.527 131.980 1.450 19.5

From section 1 - 1 Contraction Transition

Bed level at 1-1 = 132.185 Water surface elevation = 133.635
0 0.0000 133.635 133.655 0.020 0.626 1.000 30.527 132.185 1.450 19.5
3 0.015 133.605 133.632 0.027 0.728 0.750 26.250 132.080 1.525 16.069
6 0.0601 133.575 133.608 0.033 0.805 0.500 23.739 131.975 1.600 14.037
9 0.1353 133.545 133.585 0.040 0.886 0.250 21.569 131.870 1.675 12.458
12 0.2405 133.515 133.561 0.046 0.950 0.000 20.116 131.765 1.750 11.5

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BED WIDTHS AT TRANSITIONS

19.5 16.069
14.037 12.458 11.5 11.5 12.051 13.709 16.395 19.5
12.642 14.895 17.841

3
3 6
6 9
9 12
12 15
18
20

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INVERT LEVEL:
Road level (given) = + 133.155 m

Assume 0.5 m thick concrete slab and 2.0 m height earth fill
over the slab to be provided

Invert level of the barrel = Road level - ( Thickness of top slab + Earth fill height
+ Height of barrel )
= 133.155 - ( 0.5 + 2.0 +
1.5 )
= 129.155 m
Invert level at enterance and exit of the barrel shall be kept same as the bed levels
already worked out at sections 2 - 2 and 3 - 3 respectively.
Thus,
The invert level at enterance = + 131.765 m
The invert level at exit = + 131.660 m

The invert level of the barrel would be kept at 129.155 m for a length of
12 m (under the base of the road) after which it would meet the
respective bed levels at the entrance and exit, so as to follow the slopes
1 in 3 at enterance and 1 in 4 at exit as
specified in IS 7784 ( Part II / Sec 3 ) - 1980.

Length of barrel in the u/s slope portion

= (Invert level at entrance - Invert level at barrel ) X Slope
=( 131.765 - 129.155 ) X 3
= 7.83 m

Length of barrel in the d/s slope portion

= (Invert level at exit - Invert level at barrel ) X Slope
=( 131.660 - 129.155 ) X 4
= 10.02 m

Total length of the barre = 29.85 m

29.9 m
Provide the barrel as shown below

7.85 12.2 10.1

30.05

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PUCCA FLOOR:
Provide pucca floor for the entire transition length in the upstream and down stream side
for a thickness of 0.75 m throughout with a wearing coat of 0.1 m

WATER STOP (or) WATER SEAL:

Velocity head at canal (normal section) = V 2 / 2g = 0.630 2 / 2 9.81
= 0.0202294
Velocity head at flumed portion = V 2 / 2g = 1.243 2 / 2 9.81
= 0.0787394
Minimum depth of water seal = 1.1 D hv
D hv = difference in velocity heads at barrel and normal section
D hv = 0.05851 m
Minimum depth of water seal = 1.1 X 0.05851
by velocity head = 0.0643611 m
Minimum depth of water seal = 1.5 D hv or 0.45 m
= 0.0877651 or 0.45 m
= 0.45 m
Provide a water seal of height 0.45 m
Elevation of top of water seal at entry =Water surface level at entry +Top slab thickness+ Water seal height
= 133.265 + 0.5 + 0.45
Elevation of top of water seal at entry = 134.215 m

Elevation of top of water seal at exit = Water surface level at exit + Top slab thickness + Water seal height
= 133.160 + 0.5 + 0.45
Elevation of top of water seal at exit = 133.610 m

CUTOFF:
Scour Depth
By using Lacey's formula,
D' = 1.35 ( q 2 / f ) 1/3
q = design flood discharge per unit width in m3/s/m = 0.98
f = Lacey's silt factor corresponding to the bed material at site = 1.25
= 1.35 ( 0.98 2
/ 1.25 ) 1/3
= 1.23646
D' = 1.236 m

Upstream scour depth = 1.25 D' = 1.545 m

Downstream scour dept= 1.5 D' = 1.854 m

U/S scour level = U/S FSL - U/S scour depth

= 133.635 - 1.545 = 132.090 m
D/S scour level = D/S FSL - D/S scour depht
= 133.430 - 1.854 = 131.576 m
say 131.580 m
Upstream cutoff depth = U/S bed level - U/S scour level
= 132.185 - 132.090 = 0.095 m
Assume thickness of cut off 0.6 m
Minimum Depth of U/S cut off = Yd + 0.6
3
= 1.45 + 0.6 = 1.08333 m
3
Provide Depth of U/S cut off = 1.2 m

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Downstream cutoff dept= D/S bed level - D/S scour level

= 131.980 - 131.580 = 0.400 m

Minimum Depth of D/S cut off = Yd + 0.6

2
= 1.45 + 0.6 = 1.325 m
2
Provide Depth of D/S cut off = 1.4 m

Upstream cut off depth 1.2 m

However provide upstream cutoff de= 1.40 m
Downstream cut off depth provided = 1.40 m
Bottom of U/S cutoff = 130.785 m
Bottom of D/S cutoff = 130.580 m

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

Load Calculation

The barrel has to be designed for the following conditions

1. Canal running full, without live load, no fill at sides and top
2. Canal running full, without live load, sides and top filled with
saturated soil
3. Canal dry, with live load, sides and top filled with saturated soil

1. Canal running full, without live load, no fill at sides and top

Number of vents 3 Nos

Size of vents 3.5 X 1.5 m
Thickness of bottom floor 0.6 m (Assumed)
Thickness of side wall 0.5 m (Assumed)
Thickness of top floor 0.5 m (Assumed)
Height of soil above barrel 2 m

0.5

3.5
2.6 1.5

0.6

12.5 0.25

Unit weight of RCC 2.5 t/m3

Unit weight of PCC 2.4 t/m3
Unit weight of Water 1 t/m3
Unit weight of Soil 2 t/m3

Weight of barrel / m run

Component Number L B D Unitwt. Weight

m m m t/m3 t

Top slab of barrel 1 12.5 1 0.5 2.5 15.625 or 1.3 t/m2

Side walls 4 1.5 1 0.5 2.5 7.5
Bottom slab 1 12.5 1 0.6 2.5 18.75 or 1.5 t/m2
Fillets (inside) 1/2 X 12 6 0.25 1 0.25 2.5 0.9375
Wearing coat 3 3 1 0.1 2.4 2.16

Total weight = 44.9725 t/m per m run

say 45.00 t/m per m run
Note: The weight of fillets outside the barrel is neglected for design purpose

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Component Number L B D Unitwt. Weight

m m m t/m3 t/m2

Weight of water 3 3.5 1 1.5 1 15.75

Deduct for haunches 6 0.25 1 0.25 1 0.375

Net weight = 15.375 t/m per m run

say 15.40 t/m per m run

Weight of barrel in empty condition 45.00 t/m or 3.6 t/m2

Weight of barrel in full condition 60.40 t/m or 4.9 t/m2

Total vertical load when the canal is running full

= 45.00 + 15.40
= 60.40 t/m

Uplift Pressures on the barrel floor

The floor shall be subjected to static uplift only as the road crosses the canal
A.Static Uplift due to water table (as per pg 860 of "Irrigation Engg." by SK Garg)
At bottom of the barrel floor
Deepest invert level of the barrel = 129.155 m
Assume the thickness of the barrel bottom slab 0.6 m,
the bottomlevel of the barrel floor = 129.155 - 0.6 = 128.555 m

Assuming the subsoil water level upto the bed level i 131.980 m
Maximum static head = 3.425 m
(When the canal is empty)

B.Residual seepage head when the canal is empty and drain is full
Creep length
(according to Bligh's theory) 0 MFL
a

d e
f g
130.785 b c

Creep length = ab+bc+cd+de+ef+fg+1/2 waterway

Creep length = -96.585
= No drain exists

Residual seepage head = L / C

C= Bligh's coefficient for light sand and mud = 8
= 0.000 / 8
= 0 m

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C.Residual seepage head when the canal is full and drain is empty
Creep length
(according to Bligh's theory) 0 MFL

133.635

132.185 a
d e
130.785 f g ###
b c
Creep length = ab+bc+cd+de+ef+fg+1/2 waterway
Creep length = 35.600 m
= 35.6 m

Residual seepage head = L / C

C= Bligh's coefficient for light sand and mud = 8
= 35.600 / 8
= 4.45 m
Residual seepage head = 4.45 m

Total seepage head = FSL of canal - Bottom of barrel floor

= 133.635 - 128.555 = 5.080 m
Net seepage head = Total seepage head - Residual seepage head
= 5.080 - 4.45 = 0.630 m

Maximum static head = 3.425 m

Net seepage head = 0.630 m
Maximum static head is governing: 3.425 m

Uplift at the bottom of the barrel floor = 3.425 t/m2

Uplilft per m length of the barrel = 3.425 X 12.5

= 42.8125 t/m

Net vertical load acting on the bottom slab = 60.40 - 42.812

= 17.59 t/m

Pressure on the foundation soil = 17.59 / 12.5

= 1.407 t/m2 say 1.5 t/m2

Pressure acting on the bottom slab = Soil reaction + Uplift

= 1.5 + 3.425
= 4.925 t/m2

Net upward pressure on bottom slab = 4.925 - 1.5

= 3.425 t/m 2

say 3.5 t/m2

Pressure on the top slab = 1.3 t/m2

Water pressure on the side walls = 0.5 X 1.5 2

= 1.125 t/m2

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Condition 1 : Loading Diagram

1.3 t/m2

4 4 4

2.05
1.125 t/m2

12 3.5 t/m2

2. Canal running full, without live load, sides and top filled with
saturated soil

Component Number L B D Unitwt. Weight

m m m t/m3 t/m2

Weight of the earth

over the top slab 1 12.5 1 2 2 50

Weight of the earth over the top slab 50 t/m or 4 t/m2

Pressure on top slab = Self wieght of the slab + weight of the earth
= 1.3 + 4 = 5.3 t/m2

Pressure on the bottom slab

Total vertical load when the canal is running full
= 45.00 + 15.40 + 50 = 110.40 t

Net vertical force acting on the foundation = Total vertical load - Uplift /m length of the barrel
= 110.40 - 42.8125
= 67.59 t

Pressure on the foundation soil = 67.59 / 12.5

(equal to soil reaction) = 5.407 t/m say
2
5.5 t/m2

Pressure acting on the bottom slab = Soil reaction + Uplift

= 5.5 + 3.425
= 8.925 t/m2

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Net upward pressure at bottom slab = 8.925 - 1.5

= 7.425 t/m say
2
7.5 t/m2
Pressure on side walls
133.155

130.905

2.05

4 t/m2 128.855
As per Rankine's theory,
(As the surface is vertical and smooth )
Earth pressure at bottom of barrel = Ca W h
Ca = ( 1 - sin f ) Assume f = 22 0

( 1 + sin f )

Ca = ( 1 - sin 22 ) = 0.45496
( 1 + sin 22 )

Earth pressure at bottom of barrel = 0.454962 X 2 X 4.3

= 3.912671 t/m2 say 4 t/m2

Earth pressure at top of barrel = 0.454962 X 2 X 2.25

= 2.047328 t/m2 say 2.1 t/m2

Water pressure at bottom of the barrel = 1.5 X 1

= 1.5 t/m2

Net earth pressure at bottom of barrel = 4 - 1.5

= 2.5 t/m2

5.3 t/m2

2.1 t/m2

4 4 4

2.05

2.5 t/m2

12
7.5 t/m2

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3. Canal dry, with live load, sides and top filled with saturated soil

Pressure on top slab

Self weight of top slab = 1.3 t/m2
Weight of earth upto road level = 4 t/m2
Pressure due to live load
Road level = 133.155
Bottom of barrel = 128.555
Depth of abutment = 4.6 m
As per clause 217.3 of IRC 6 - 1966
The equivalent height of surcharge of earth for a height of
4.6 m for class A loading = 2.76 m

Correction factor = L X 1 ( 1 + sin f ) X 1600

L1 3 ( 1 - sin f ) X W 1

Correction factor = 7.60 X 1 X ( 1 + sin 22 ) X 1600

7.60 3 ( 1 - sin 22 ) 2000

= 0.58613 say 0.6

Hence equivalent height of surcharge = 0.6 X 2.76

= 1.656 m say 1.66 m

Weight of earth due to equivalent height

of surcharge of 1.66 m
= 12.5 X 1 X 1.66 X 2
= 41.5 t or 3.32 t/m2

Pressure on top slab = 1.3 + 4 + 3.32

= 8.6 t/m2

Pressure on bottom slab = 3.6 + 4 + 3.32

= 10.9 t/m2

Pressure on side walls

134.815
1.66
133.155
2.25
3.6 t/m2 130.905

5.5 t/m2 128.855

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Earth pressure at bottom of the barrel

= 0.45496 X 2 X 5.96
= 5.42314 t/m say
2
5.5 t/m2

Earth pressure at top of the barrel

= 0.45496 X 2 X 3.91
= 3.5578 t/m2 say 3.6 t/m2

8.6 t/m2

3.6 t/m2

4 4 4

2.05

5.5 t/m2

10.9 t/m2

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PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Structural Analysis of Barrel

1. Canal running full, without live load, no fill at sides and top

Number of vents 3 Nos

Size of vents 3.5 X 1.5 m
Thickness of bottom floor 0.6 m (Assumed)
Thickness of side wall 0.5 m (Assumed)
Thickness of top floor 0.5 m (Assumed)
Height of soil above barre 2 m
1.3 t/m per m

0 t/m per m
H G F E

4 4 4
2.05

A B C D 1.125 t/m per m

12
3.5 t/m per m

Fixed End Moments

Fixed end moments for an uniformly distributed load
= W L2 where W = Uniformly distributed load
12 L = length of the member
(at both ways)

Fixed end moments for an uniformly varying load (Triangular load)

= W L2 where W = Uniformly varying load

20 L = length of the member
(Maximum side of load)
= W L2 where W = Uniformly varying load
30 L = length of the member
(Minimum side of load)

FEM for the members AB, BC, CD in bothways

(MAB,MBA, MBC, MCB, MCD, MDC)
= W L2 = 3.5 X 4 2
= 4.667 tm
12 12

FEM for the members EF, FG, GH in bothways

(MEF,MFE, MFG, MGF, MGH, MHG)
= W L2 = 1.3 X 4 2
= 1.733 tm
12 12

FEM for the members DE & AH

(MDE,MAH )
The trapezoidal load is separated into two components as shown below

1.125
component 1 = W L2 = 0 X 2.05 2
= 0 tm
12 12

component 2 = W L2 = 1.125 X 2.05 2

= 0.2364 tm
20 20
FEM = Component1 + Component2
= 0 + 0.2364 = 0.236 tm

FEM for the members ED & HA

(MED,MHA )
The trapezoidal load is separated into two components as shown below

1.125
Component 1 = W L2 = 0 X 2.05 2
= 0 tm
12 12

Component 2 = W L2 = 1.125 X 2.05 2

= 0.1576 tm
30 30
FEM = Component1 + Component2
= 0 + 0.1576 = 0.158 tm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis Condition 1) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Fixed End moments

Joint A B C D
Member AH AB BA BG BC CB CF CD DC DE
FEM -0.236 4.667 -4.667 0 4.667 -4.667 0 4.667 -4.667 0.236

Joint E F G H
Member ED EF FE FC FG GF GB GH HG HA
FEM -0.158 1.733 -1.733 0 1.733 -1.733 0 1.733 -1.733 0.158

To find distribution factors

Member L in cm I in cm4 k=I / L

B D BXD3/12

AB, BC, CD 400 100 60 2E+06 4500

EF, FG, GH 400 100 50 1E+06 2604.2

AH, BG, CF, DE 205 100 50 1E+06 5081.3

Joint SK Member Distribution Factor

A 9581.3 AH =KAH / SKA = 0.5303

AB =KAB / SKA = 0.4697

BA =KBA / SKB = 0.3196

B 14081 BG =KBG / SKB = 0.3609
BC =KBC / SKB = 0.3196

CB =KCB / SKC = 0.3196

C 14081 CF =KCF / SKC = 0.3609
CD =KCD / SKC = 0.3196

D 9581.3 DC =KDC / SKD = 0.4697

DE =KDE / SKD = 0.5303

E 7685.5 ED =KED / SKE = 0.6612

EF =KEF / SKE = 0.3388

FE =KFE / SKF = 0.2531

F 10290 FC =KFC / SKF = 0.4938
FG =KFG / SKF = 0.2531

GF =KGF / SKG = 0.2531

G 10290 GB =KGB / SKG = 0.4938
GH =KGH / SKG = 0.2531

H 7685.5 HG =KHG / SKH = 0.3388

HA =KHA / SKH = 0.6612

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION CHART

Joint A B C D E F G H
Member AH AB BA BG BC CB CF CD DC DE ED EF FE FC FG GF GB GH HG HA
DF 0.5303 0.4697 0.3196 0.3609 0.3196 0.3196 0.3609 0.3196 0.4697 0.5303 0.66116 0.3388 0.2531 0.4938 0.2531 0.2531 0.4938 0.2531 0.3388 0.6612
FEM -0.236 4.667 -4.667 0 4.667 -4.667 0 4.667 -4.667 0.236 -0.158 1.733 -1.733 0 1.733 -1.733 0 1.733 -1.733 0.158
Balance -2.3499 -2.0811 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0811 2.3499 -1.04132 -0.5337 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5337 1.0413
CO 0.5207 0 -1.0405 0 0 0 0 1.0405 0 -0.5207 1.17496 0 -0.2668 0 0 0 0 0.2668 0 -1.175
Balance -0.2761 -0.2445 0.3325 0.3755 0.3325 -0.3325 -0.3755 -0.3325 0.2445 0.2761 -0.77683 -0.3981 0.0675 0.1318 0.0675 -0.0675 -0.1318 -0.0675 0.3981 0.7768
CO 0.3884 0.1663 -0.1223 -0.0659 -0.1663 0.1663 0.0659 0.1223 -0.1663 -0.3884 0.13806 0.0338 -0.1991 -0.1877 -0.0338 0.0338 0.1877 0.1991 -0.0338 -0.1381
Balance -0.2942 -0.2605 0.1133 0.1279 0.1133 -0.1133 -0.1279 -0.1133 0.2605 0.2942 -0.11361 -0.0582 0.1064 0.2077 0.1064 -0.1064 -0.2077 -0.1064 0.0582 0.1136
CO 0.0568 0.0566 -0.1303 -0.1038 -0.0566 0.0566 0.1038 0.1303 -0.0566 -0.0568 0.14708 0.0532 -0.0291 -0.0639 -0.0532 0.0532 0.0639 0.0291 -0.0532 -0.1471
Balance -0.0602 -0.0533 0.0929 0.1049 0.0929 -0.0929 -0.1049 -0.0929 0.0533 0.0602 -0.13243 -0.0679 0.037 0.0722 0.037 -0.037 -0.0722 -0.037 0.0679 0.1324
CO 0.0662 0.0465 -0.0266 -0.0361 -0.0465 0.0465 0.0361 0.0266 -0.0465 -0.0662 0.03008 0.0185 -0.0339 -0.0525 -0.0185 0.0185 0.0525 0.0339 -0.0185 -0.0301
Balance -0.0598 -0.0529 0.0349 0.0394 0.0349 -0.0349 -0.0394 -0.0349 0.0529 0.0598 -0.03213 -0.0165 0.0265 0.0518 0.0265 -0.0265 -0.0518 -0.0265 0.0165 0.0321
CO 0.0161 0.0175 -0.0265 -0.0259 -0.0175 0.0175 0.0259 0.0265 -0.0175 -0.0161 0.02988 0.0133 -0.0082 -0.0197 -0.0133 0.0133 0.0197 0.0082 -0.0133 -0.0299
Balance -0.0178 -0.0157 0.0223 0.0252 0.0223 -0.0223 -0.0252 -0.0223 0.0157 0.0178 -0.02853 -0.0146 0.0104 0.0204 0.0104 -0.0104 -0.0204 -0.0104 0.0146 0.0285
CO 0.0143 0.0112 -0.0079 -0.0102 -0.0112 0.0112 0.0102 0.0079 -0.0112 -0.0143 0.00889 0.0052 -0.0073 -0.0126 -0.0052 0.0052 0.0126 0.0073 -0.0052 -0.0089
Balance -0.0135 -0.0119 0.0093 0.0105 0.0093 -0.0093 -0.0105 -0.0093 0.0119 0.0135 -0.00932 -0.0048 0.0064 0.0124 0.0064 -0.0064 -0.0124 -0.0064 0.0048 0.0093
BM -2.24 2.24 -5.42 0.44 4.97 -4.97 -0.44 5.42 -2.24 2.24 -0.76 0.76 -2.02 0.16 1.86 -1.86 -0.16 2.02 -0.76 0.76

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis Condition 1) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Free BM :

for the members AB, BC, CD

= W L2 = 3.5 X 4 2
= 7 tm
8 8

for the members EF, FG, GH

= W L2 = 1.3 X 4 2
= 2.6 tm
8 8

for the members DE, HA w1

x = 1.1836
BM at any section x-x is given by x x
Mx = ( w1 L / 2 + w2 L / 6 ) x - w1 x2 / 2 - w2 x3/ 6 L

to find x for max BM

dMx / dx = (w1 L / 2 + w2 L / 6 ) - w1 x - w2 x2 / 2L = 0
w1+w2
the equation to find x for this case
dMx / dx =
0 X 2.05 + 1.125 X 2.05 - 0x - 1.125 x2
2 6 2 X 2.05

= 0 + 0.3844 - 0 x - 0.2744 x2 = 0

0.2744 x2 + 0x -0.3844 = 0
where
x = - b + b2 - 4 a c
2a
_______________________________________
x = - 0+ 0 2 - 4 X 0.2744 X -0.3844
2 X 0.2744

x = 1.1836 or -1.1836
say 1.2

dMx/dx = 0 X 2.05 + 1.125 X 2.05 - 0x - 1.125 x2

2 6 2 X 2.05
= 0 + 0.3844 - 0 x - 0.2744 x2 = 0
putting x = 1.1836 dMx/dx = 0

Max BM
= ( 0 X 2.05 + 1.125 X 2.05 ) X 1.2
2 6

- 0 X 1.2 2
- 1.125 X 1.2 3
2 6 X 2.05
= ( 0 + 0.3844 ) X 1.2 - 0 - 0.1405
= 0.3208 tm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis Condition 1) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Analysis for the span AB

Free bending Moment at midspan 7 tm

Fixed End Moments MAB = 2.24 tm
Fixed End Moments MBA = 5.42 tm

2.24 5.42
A 7 B
4

to find net bending moment

= 7 - ( 5.42 + 2.24 )
2
= 3.1696 tm

Analysis for the span BC

Free bending Moment at midspan 7 tm

Fixed End Moments MBC = 4.97 tm
Fixed End Moments MCB = 4.97 tm

4.97 4.97
B 7 C
4

to find net bending moment

= 7 - ( 4.97 + 4.97 )
2
= 2.0257 tm

Analysis for the span CD

Free bending Moment at midspan 7 tm
Fixed End Moments MCD = 5.42 tm
Fixed End Moments MDC = 2.24 tm

5.42 2.24
C 7 D
4

to find net bending moment

= 7 - ( 2.24 + 5.42 )
2
= 3.1696 tm

Analysis for the span EF

Free bending Moment at midspan 2.6 tm

Fixed End Moments MEF = 0.76 tm
Fixed End Moments MFE = 2.02 tm

0.76 2.02
E 2.6 F
4

to find net bending moment

= 2.6 - ( 2.02 + 0.76 )
2
= 1.2068 tm

Analysis for the span FG

Free bending Moment at midspan 2.6 tm

Fixed End Moments MFG = 1.86 tm
Fixed End Moments MGF = 1.86 tm

1.86 1.86
F 2.6 G
4

to find net bending moment

= 2.6 - ( 1.86 + 1.86 )
2
= 0.7367 tm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis Condition 1) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Analysis for the span GH

Free bending Moment at midspan 2.6 tm

Fixed End Moments MGH = 2.02 tm
Fixed End Moments MHG = 0.76 tm

2.02 0.76
G 2.6 H
4

to find net bending moment

= 2.6 - ( 0.76 + 2.02 )
2
= 1.2068 tm

Analysis for the span AH

Free bending Moment at midspan 0.3208 tm

Fixed End Moments MAH = 2.24 tm
Fixed End Moments MHA = 0.76 tm

Mx
2.24 0.3208 0.76
A H
2.05

Maximum BM occurs at 1.1836 m from H (refer previous calculations)

Max free BM = 0.3208 tm
Fixed End moment at 1.1836 m from H
Mx = 2.24 - 0.76
1.18 2.05
2.05 Mx = 1.7537
Mx = 0.8555 tm
Fixed End Moment = 1.62 > 0.3208
Hence no hogging moment is developed at side walls

Analysis for the span DE

Free bending Moment at midspan 0.3208 tm
Fixed End Moments MDE = 2.24 tm
Fixed End Moments MED = 0.76 tm

Mx
2.24 0.3208 0.76
D E
2.05

Maximum BM occurs at 1.1836 m from E (refer previous calculations)

Max free BM = 0.3208 tm
Fixed End moment at 1.1836 m from E
Mx = 2.24 - 0.76
1.18 2.05
2.05 Mx = 1.7537
Mx = 0.8555 tm
Fixed End Moment = 1.62 > 0.3208
Hence no hogging moment is developed at side walls

Analysis for the span BG

Free bending Moment at midspan 0 tm

Fixed End Moments MBG = 0.44 tm
Fixed End Moments MGB = 0.16 tm

Analysis for the span CF

Free bending Moment at midspan 0 tm

Fixed End Moments MCF = 0.44 tm
Fixed End Moments MFC = 0.16 tm

Final Moments

0.76 2.02 2.02 0.76

H 1.2068 G 0.7367 F 1.2068 E

0.00 0.00

A 3.1696 B 2.03 C 3.1696 D

2.24 5.42 5.42 2.24

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis Condition 1) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Structural Analysis of Barrel

2. Canal running full, without live load, sides and top filled with
saturated soil

Number of vents 3 Nos

Size of vents 3.5 X 1.5 m
Thickness of bottom floor 0.6 m (Assumed)
Thickness of side wall 0.5 m (Assumed)
Thickness of top floor 0.5 m (Assumed)
Height of soil above barre 2 m
5.3 t/m per m

2.1 t/m per m

H G F E

4 4 4
2.05

A B C D 2.5 t/m per m

12
7.5 t/m per m

Fixed End Moments

Fixed end moments for an uniformly distributed load
= W L2 where W = Uniformly distributed load
12 L = length of the member
(at both ways)

Fixed end moments for an uniformly varying load (Triangular load)

= W L2 where W = Uniformly varying load

20 L = length of the member
(Maximum side of load)
= W L2 where W = Uniformly varying load
30 L = length of the member
(Minimum side of load)

FEM for the members AB, BC, CD in bothways

(MAB,MBA, MBC, MCB, MCD, MDC)
= W L2 = 7.5 X 4 2
= 10 tm
12 12

FEM for the members EF, FG, GH in bothways

(MEF,MFE, MFG, MGF, MGH, MHG)
= W L2 = 5.3 X 4 2
= 7.067 tm
12 12

FEM for the members DE & AH

(MDE,MAH )
The trapezoidal load is separated into two components as shown below

2.1

0.4
component 1 = W L2 = 2.1 X 2.05 2
= 0.7354 tm
12 12

component 2 = W L2 = 0.4 X 2.05 2

= 0.0841 tm
20 20
FEM = Component1 + Component2
= 0.7354 + 0.0841 = 0.819 tm

FEM for the members ED & HA

(MED,MHA )
The trapezoidal load is separated into two components as shown below

2.1

0.4
Component 1 = W L2 = 2.1 X 2.05 2
= 0.7354 tm
12 12

Component 2 = W L2 = 0.4 X 2.05 2

= 0.056 tm
30 30
FEM = Component1 + Component2
= 0.7354 + 0.056 = 0.791 tm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9. C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis condition 2) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Fixed End moments

Joint A B C D
Member AH AB BA BG BC CB CF CD DC DE
FEM -0.819 10 -10 0 10 -10 0 10 -10 0.819

Joint E F G H
Member ED EF FE FC FG GF GB GH HG HA
FEM -0.791 7.067 -7.067 0 7.067 -7.067 0 7.067 -7.067 0.791

To find distribution factors

Member L in cm I in cm4 k=I / L

B D BXD3/12

AB, BC, CD 400 100 60 2E+06 4500

EF, FG, GH 400 100 50 1E+06 2604.2

AH, BG, CF, DE 205 100 50 1E+06 5081.3

Joint SK Member Distribution Factor

A 9581.3 AH =KAH / SKA = 0.5303

AB =KAB / SKA = 0.4697

BA =KBA / SKB = 0.3196

B 14081 BG =KBG / SKB = 0.3609
BC =KBC / SKB = 0.3196

CB =KCB / SKC = 0.3196

C 14081 CF =KCF / SKC = 0.3609
CD =KCD / SKC = 0.3196

D 9581.3 DC =KDC / SKD = 0.4697

DE =KDE / SKD = 0.5303

E 7685.5 ED =KED / SKE = 0.6612

EF =KEF / SKE = 0.3388

FE =KFE / SKF = 0.2531

F 10290 FC =KFC / SKF = 0.4938
FG =KFG / SKF = 0.2531

GF =KGF / SKG = 0.2531

G 10290 GB =KGB / SKG = 0.4938
GH =KGH / SKG = 0.2531

H 7685.5 HG =KHG / SKH = 0.3388

HA =KHA / SKH = 0.6612

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION CHART

Joint A B C D E F G H
Member AH AB BA BG BC CB CF CD DC DE ED EF FE FC FG GF GB GH HG HA
DF 0.5303 0.4697 0.3196 0.3609 0.3196 0.3196 0.3609 0.3196 0.4697 0.5303 0.66116 0.3388 0.2531 0.4938 0.2531 0.2531 0.4938 0.2531 0.3388 0.6612
FEM -0.819 10 -10 0 10 -10 0 10 -10 0.819 -0.791 7.067 -7.067 0 7.067 -7.067 0 7.067 -7.067 0.791
Balance -4.869 -4.312 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.312 4.869 -4.14942 -2.1266 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1266 4.1494
CO 2.0747 0 -2.156 0 0 0 0 2.156 0 -2.0747 2.4345 0 -1.0633 0 0 0 0 1.0633 0 -2.4345
Balance -1.1003 -0.9744 0.689 0.778 0.689 -0.689 -0.778 -0.689 0.9744 1.1003 -1.60959 -0.8249 0.2691 0.5251 0.2691 -0.2691 -0.5251 -0.2691 0.8249 1.6096
CO 0.8048 0.3445 -0.4872 -0.2625 -0.3445 0.3445 0.2625 0.4872 -0.3445 -0.8048 0.55015 0.1346 -0.4125 -0.389 -0.1346 0.1346 0.389 0.4125 -0.1346 -0.5501
Balance -0.6095 -0.5398 0.3497 0.3949 0.3497 -0.3497 -0.3949 -0.3497 0.5398 0.6095 -0.45269 -0.232 0.2369 0.4622 0.2369 -0.2369 -0.4622 -0.2369 0.232 0.4527
CO 0.2263 0.1748 -0.2699 -0.2311 -0.1748 0.1748 0.2311 0.2699 -0.1748 -0.2263 0.30476 0.1184 -0.116 -0.1974 -0.1184 0.1184 0.1974 0.116 -0.1184 -0.3048
Balance -0.2128 -0.1884 0.216 0.2439 0.216 -0.216 -0.2439 -0.216 0.1884 0.2128 -0.2798 -0.1434 0.1093 0.2133 0.1093 -0.1093 -0.2133 -0.1093 0.1434 0.2798
CO 0.1399 0.108 -0.0942 -0.1066 -0.108 0.108 0.1066 0.0942 -0.108 -0.1399 0.10638 0.0547 -0.0717 -0.1219 -0.0547 0.0547 0.1219 0.0717 -0.0547 -0.1064
Balance -0.1315 -0.1164 0.0987 0.1114 0.0987 -0.0987 -0.1114 -0.0987 0.1164 0.1315 -0.10647 -0.0546 0.0628 0.1226 0.0628 -0.0628 -0.1226 -0.0628 0.0546 0.1065
CO 0.0532 0.0493 -0.0582 -0.0613 -0.0493 0.0493 0.0613 0.0582 -0.0493 -0.0532 0.06573 0.0314 -0.0273 -0.0557 -0.0314 0.0314 0.0557 0.0273 -0.0314 -0.0657
Balance -0.0544 -0.0482 0.054 0.0609 0.054 -0.054 -0.0609 -0.054 0.0482 0.0544 -0.06423 -0.0329 0.029 0.0565 0.029 -0.029 -0.0565 -0.029 0.0329 0.0642
CO 0.0321 0.027 -0.0241 -0.0283 -0.027 0.027 0.0283 0.0241 -0.027 -0.0321 0.0272 0.0145 -0.0165 -0.0305 -0.0145 0.0145 0.0305 0.0165 -0.0145 -0.0272
Balance -0.0313 -0.0278 0.0254 0.0286 0.0254 -0.0254 -0.0286 -0.0254 0.0278 0.0313 -0.02756 -0.0141 0.0155 0.0303 0.0155 -0.0155 -0.0303 -0.0155 0.0141 0.0276
BM -4.50 4.50 -11.66 0.93 10.73 -10.73 -0.93 11.66 -4.50 4.50 -3.99 3.99 -8.05 0.62 7.44 -7.44 -0.62 8.05 -3.99 3.99

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9. C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis condition 2) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Free BM :

for the members AB, BC, CD

= W L2 = 7.5 X 4 2
= 15 tm
8 8

for the members EF, FG, GH

= W L2 = 5.3 X 4 2
= 10.6 tm
8 8

for the members DE, HA w1

x= 1.0398
BM at any section x-x is given by x x
Mx = ( w1 L / 2 + w2 L / 6 ) x - w1 x2 / 2 - w2 x3/ 6 L

to find x for max BM

dMx / dx = (w1 L / 2 + w2 L / 6 ) - w1 x - w2 x2 / 2L = 0
w1+w2
the equation to find x for this case
dMx / dx =
2.1 X 2.05 + 0.4 X 2.05 - 2.1 x - 0.4 x2
2 6 2 X 2.05

= 2.1525 + 0.1367 - 2.1 x - 0.0976 x2 = 0

0.0976 x2 + 2.1 x -2.2892 = 0

where
x = - b + b2 - 4 a c
2a
_______________________________________
x = - 2.1 + 2.1 2 - 4 X 0.0976 X -2.2892
2 X 0.0976

x = 1.0398 or -22.565
say 1

dMx/dx = 2.1 X 2.05 + 0.4 X 2.05 - 2.1 x - 0.4 x2

2 6 2 X 2.05
= 2.1525 + 0.1367 - 2.1 x - 0.0976 x2 = 0
putting x = 1.0398 dMx/dx = 0

Max BM
= ( 2.1 X 2.05 + 0.4 X 2.05 ) X 1
2 6

- 2.1 X 1 2
- 0.4 X 1 3
2 6 X 2.05
= ( 2.1525 + 0.1367 ) X 1 - 1.05 - 0.0813
= 1.1579 tm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9. C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis condition 2) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Analysis for the span AB

Free bending Moment at midspan 15 tm

Fixed End Moments MAB = 11.66 tm
Fixed End Moments MBA = 4.50 tm

4.50 11.66
A 15 B
4

to find net bending moment

= 15 - ( 11.66 + 4.50 )
2
= 6.9232 tm

Analysis for the span BC

Free bending Moment at midspan 15 tm

Fixed End Moments MBC = 10.73 tm
Fixed End Moments MCB = 10.73 tm

10.73 10.73
B 15 C
4

to find net bending moment

= 15 - ( 10.73 + 10.73 )
2
= 4.271 tm

Analysis for the span CD

Free bending Moment at midspan 15 tm

Fixed End Moments MCD = 11.66 tm
Fixed End Moments MDC = 4.50 tm

11.66 4.50
C 15 D
4

to find net bending moment

= 15 - ( 4.50 + 11.66 )
2
= 6.9232 tm

Analysis for the span EF

Free bending Moment at midspan 10.6 tm

Fixed End Moments MEF = 3.99 tm
Fixed End Moments MFE = 8.05 tm

3.99 8.05
E 10.6 F
4

to find net bending moment

= 10.6 - ( 8.05 + 3.99 )
2
= 4.5782 tm

Analysis for the span FG

Free bending Moment at midspan 10.6 tm

Fixed End Moments MFG = 7.44 tm
Fixed End Moments MGF = 7.44 tm

7.44 7.44
F 10.6 G
4

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9. C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis condition 2) Page No.
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to find net bending moment

= 10.6 - ( 7.44 + 7.44 )
2
= 3.1639 tm

Analysis for the span GH

Free bending Moment at midspan 10.6 tm

Fixed End Moments MGH = 8.05 tm
Fixed End Moments MHG = 3.99 tm

8.05 3.99
G 10.6 H
4

to find net bending moment

= 10.6 - ( 3.99 + 8.05 )
2
= 4.5782 tm

Analysis for the span AH

Free bending Moment at midspan 1.1579 tm

Fixed End Moments MAH = 4.50 tm
Fixed End Moments MHA = 3.99 tm

Mx
4.50 1.1579 3.99
A H
2.05

Maximum BM occurs at 1.0398 m from H (refer previous calculations)

Max free BM = 1.1579 tm
Fixed End moment at 1.0398 m from H
Mx = 4.50 - 3.99
1.04 2.05
2.05 Mx = 0.5247
Mx = 0.256 tm
Fixed End Moment = 4.25 > 1.1579
Hence no hogging moment is developed at side walls

Analysis for the span DE

Free bending Moment at midspan 1.1579 tm
Fixed End Moments MDE = 4.50 tm
Fixed End Moments MED = 3.99 tm

Mx
4.50 1.1579 3.99
D E
2.05

Maximum BM occurs at 1.0398 m from E (refer previous calculations)

Max free BM = 1.1579 tm
Fixed End moment at 1.0398 m from E
Mx = 4.50 - 3.99
1.04 2.05
2.05 Mx = 0.5247
Mx = 0.256 tm
Fixed End Moment = 4.25 > 1.1579
Hence no hogging moment is developed at side walls

Analysis for the span BG

Free bending Moment at midspan 0 tm

Fixed End Moments MBG = 0.93 tm
Fixed End Moments MGB = 0.62 tm
Analysis for the span CF
Free bending Moment at midspan 0 tm
Fixed End Moments MCF = 0.93 tm
Fixed End Moments MFC = 0.62 tm

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Final Moments

3.99 8.05 8.05 3.99

H 4.58 G 3.16 F 4.58 E

0.00 0.00

A 6.92 B 4.27 C 6.92 D

4.50 11.66 11.66 4.50

SHEAR FORCE: 5.3 tm/m run

for the span EFGH

H G F E
4 4 4

Taking moment about F (considering right side span)

RE = 5.3 X 4 X 2
4

RE = 10.6 t
RE = RH = 10.6 t

Taking moment about G (considering right side span )

8 RE + 4 RF = 5.3 X 8 X 4
84.8 + 4 FR = 169.6
RF = 169.6 - 84.8
4
RF = 21.2 t
RF = RG = 21.2 t
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

10.60 10.60 10.60

H G F E
10.60 10.60 10.60

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SHEAR FORCE:
for the span ABCD
4 4 4

A B C 7.5 D

Taking moment about F (considering right side span)

RD = 7.5 X 4 X 2
4

RD = 15 t
RD = RA = 15 t

Taking moment about G (considering right side span )

8 RD + 4 RC = 7.5 X 8 X 4
120 + 4 CR = 240
RC = 240 - 120
4
RC = 30 t
RC = RB = 30 t
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

15.00 15.00 15.00

A B C D
15.00 15.00 15.00

SHEAR FORCE:
for the spans AH & DE

2.1 tm/m run 2.1 tm/m run

H E

2.05

A D
2.5 tm/m run 2.5 tm/m run

Load =( 2.5 + 2.1 ) X 2.05 = 4.715 t

2
CG = ( 2.1 + 2 X 2.5 ) X 2.05 = 1.0547 m
from top ( 2.1 + 2.5 ) 3

RA = Load X CG / Span
RA = 4.715 X 1.0547 = 2.4258 t
2.05
RD = RA = 2.43 t
RH = Load - RA
RH = 4.715 - 2.43 = 2.285 t
RH = RE = 2.29 t

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9. C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Analysis condition 2) Page No.
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SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

2.29 2.29

2.43 2.43

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

10.60 10.60 10.60

2.29 2.29
H G F E
10.60 10.60 10.60

15.00 15.00 15.00

2.43 B C 2.43
A D
15.00 15.00 15.00

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Structural Analysis of Barrel

3. Canal dry, with live load, sides and top filled with saturated soil

Number of vents 3 Nos

Size of vents 3.5 X 1.5 m
Thickness of bottom floor 0.6 m (Assumed)
Thickness of side wall 0.5 m (Assumed)
Thickness of top floor 0.5 m (Assumed)
Height of soil above barre 2 m
8.6 t/m per m

3.6 t/m per m

H G F E

4 4 4
2.05

A B C D 5.5 t/m per m

12
10.9 t/m per m

Fixed End Moments

Fixed end moments for an uniformly distributed load
= W L2 where W = Uniformly distributed load
12 L = length of the member
(at both ways)

Fixed end moments for an uniformly varying load (Triangular load)

= W L2 where W = Uniformly varying load

20 L = length of the member
(Maximum side of load)
= W L2 where W = Uniformly varying load
30 L = length of the member
(Minimum side of load)

FEM for the members AB, BC, CD in bothways

(MAB,MBA, MBC, MCB, MCD, MDC)
= W L2 = 10.9 X 4 2
= 14.533 tm
12 12

FEM for the members EF, FG, GH in bothways

(MEF,MFE, MFG, MGF, MGH, MHG)
= W L2 = 8.6 X 4 2
= 11.467 tm
12 12

FEM for the members DE & AH

(MDE,MAH )
The trapezoidal load is separated into two components as shown below

3.6

1.9
component 1 = W L2 = 3.6 X 2.05 2
= 1.2608 tm
12 12

component 2 = W L2 = 1.9 X 2.05 2

= 0.3992 tm
20 20
FEM = Component1 + Component2
= 1.2608 + 0.3992 = 1.66 tm

FEM for the members ED & HA

(MED,MHA )
The trapezoidal load is separated into two components as shown below

3.6

1.9
Component 1 = W L2 = 3.6 X 2.05 2
= 1.2608 tm
12 12

Component 2 = W L2 = 1.9 X 2.05 2

= 0.2662 tm
30 30
FEM = Component1 + Component2
= 1.2608 + 0.2662 = 1.527 tm

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Fixed End moments

Joint A B C D
Member AH AB BA BG BC CB CF CD DC DE
FEM -1.66 14.533 -14.533 0 14.533 -14.533 0 14.533 -14.533 1.66

Joint E F G H
Member ED EF FE FC FG GF GB GH HG HA
FEM -1.527 11.467 -11.467 0 11.467 -11.467 0 11.467 -11.467 1.527

To find distribution factors

Member L in cm I in cm4 k=I / L

B D BXD3/12

AB, BC, CD 400 100 60 2E+06 4500.0

EF, FG, GH 400 100 50 1E+06 2604.2

AH, BG, CF, DE 205 100 50 1E+06 5081.3

Joint SK Member Distribution Factor

A 9581.3 AH =KAH / SKA = 0.5303

AB =KAB / SKA = 0.4697

BA =KBA / SKB = 0.3196

B 14081 BG =KBG / SKB = 0.3609
BC =KBC / SKB = 0.3196

CB =KCB / SKC = 0.3196

C 14081 CF =KCF / SKC = 0.3609
CD =KCD / SKC = 0.3196

D 9581.3 DC =KDC / SKD = 0.4697

DE =KDE / SKD = 0.5303

E 7685.5 ED =KED / SKE = 0.6612

EF =KEF / SKE = 0.3388

FE =KFE / SKF = 0.2531

F 10290 FC =KFC / SKF = 0.4938
FG =KFG / SKF = 0.2531

GF =KGF / SKG = 0.2531

G 10290 GB =KGB / SKG = 0.4938
GH =KGH / SKG = 0.2531

H 7685.5 HG =KHG / SKH = 0.3388

HA =KHA / SKH = 0.6612

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION CHART

Joint A B C D E F G H
Member AH AB BA BG BC CB CF CD DC DE ED EF FE FC FG GF GB GH HG HA
DF 0.5303 0.4697 0.3196 0.3609 0.3196 0.3196 0.3609 0.3196 0.4697 0.5303 0.66116 0.3388 0.2531 0.4938 0.2531 0.2531 0.4938 0.2531 0.3388 0.6612
FEM -1.66 14.533 -14.533 0 14.533 -14.533 0 14.533 -14.533 1.66 -1.527 11.467 -11.467 0 11.467 -11.467 0 11.467 -11.467 1.527
Balance -6.827 -6.046 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.046 6.827 -6.5719 -3.3681 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3681 6.5719
CO 3.286 0 -3.023 0 0 0 0 3.023 0 -3.286 3.4135 0 -1.684 0 0 0 0 1.684 0 -3.4135
Balance -1.7427 -1.5433 0.9661 1.0909 0.9661 -0.9661 -1.0909 -0.9661 1.5433 1.7427 -2.2569 -1.1566 0.4262 0.8316 0.4262 -0.4262 -0.8316 -0.4262 1.1566 2.2569
CO 1.1284 0.483 -0.7716 -0.4158 -0.483 0.483 0.4158 0.7716 -0.483 -1.1284 0.87133 0.2131 -0.5783 -0.5454 -0.2131 0.2131 0.5454 0.5783 -0.2131 -0.8713
Balance -0.8546 -0.7568 0.5338 0.6028 0.5338 -0.5338 -0.6028 -0.5338 0.7568 0.8546 -0.717 -0.3675 0.3383 0.6602 0.3383 -0.3383 -0.6602 -0.3383 0.3675 0.717
CO 0.3585 0.2669 -0.3784 -0.3301 -0.2669 0.2669 0.3301 0.3784 -0.2669 -0.3585 0.42731 0.1692 -0.1837 -0.3014 -0.1692 0.1692 0.3014 0.1837 -0.1692 -0.4273
Balance -0.3317 -0.2937 0.3117 0.352 0.3117 -0.3117 -0.352 -0.3117 0.2937 0.3317 -0.3944 -0.2021 0.1656 0.3231 0.1656 -0.1656 -0.3231 -0.1656 0.2021 0.3944
CO 0.1972 0.1559 -0.1469 -0.1616 -0.1559 0.1559 0.1616 0.1469 -0.1559 -0.1972 0.16584 0.0828 -0.1011 -0.176 -0.0828 0.0828 0.176 0.1011 -0.0828 -0.1658
Balance -0.1872 -0.1658 0.1484 0.1675 0.1484 -0.1484 -0.1675 -0.1484 0.1658 0.1872 -0.1644 -0.0842 0.0911 0.1777 0.0911 -0.0911 -0.1777 -0.0911 0.0842 0.1644
CO 0.0822 0.0742 -0.0829 -0.0889 -0.0742 0.0742 0.0889 0.0829 -0.0742 -0.0822 0.09362 0.0455 -0.0421 -0.0838 -0.0455 0.0455 0.0838 0.0421 -0.0455 -0.0936
Balance -0.0829 -0.0734 0.0786 0.0887 0.0786 -0.0786 -0.0887 -0.0786 0.0734 0.0829 -0.092 -0.0472 0.0434 0.0847 0.0434 -0.0434 -0.0847 -0.0434 0.0472 0.092
CO 0.046 0.0393 -0.0367 -0.0423 -0.0393 0.0393 0.0423 0.0367 -0.0393 -0.046 0.04147 0.0217 -0.0236 -0.0444 -0.0217 0.0217 0.0444 0.0236 -0.0217 -0.0415
Balance -0.0452 -0.0401 0.0378 0.0427 0.0378 -0.0378 -0.0427 -0.0378 0.0401 0.0452 -0.0418 -0.0214 0.0227 0.0443 0.0227 -0.0227 -0.0443 -0.0227 0.0214 0.0418
BM -6.63 6.63 -16.90 1.31 15.59 -15.59 -1.31 16.90 -6.63 6.63 -6.75 6.75 -12.99 0.97 12.02 -12.02 -0.97 12.99 -6.75 6.75

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Free BM :

for the members AB, BC, CD

= W L2 = 10.9 X 4 2
= 21.8 tm
8 8

for the members EF, FG, GH

= W L2 = 8.6 X 4 2
= 17.2 tm
8 8

for the members DE, HA w1

x= 1.0605
BM at any section x-x is given by x x
Mx = ( w1 L / 2 + w2 L / 6 ) x - w1 x2 / 2 - w2 x3/ 6 L

to find x for max BM

dMx / dx = (w1 L / 2 + w2 L / 6 ) - w1 x - w2 x2 / 2L = 0
w1+w2
the equation to find x for this case
dMx / dx =
3.6 X 2.05 + 1.9 X 2.05 - 3.6 x - 1.9 x2
2 6 2 X 2.05

= 3.69 + 0.6492 - 3.6 x - 0.4634 x2 = 0

0.4634 x2 + 3.6 x -4.3392 = 0

where
x = - b + b2 - 4 a c
2 a
_______________________________________
x = - 3.6 + 3.6 2 - 4 X 0.4634 X -4.3392
2 X 0.4634

x = 1.0605 or -8.829
say 1.1
dMx/dx = 3.6 X 2.05 + 1.9 X 2.05 - 3.6 x - 1.9 x2
2 6 2 X 2.05
= 3.69 + 0.6492 - 3.6 x - 0.4634 x2 = 0
putting x = 1.0605 dMx/dx = 0

Max BM
= ( 3.6 X 2.05 + 1.9 X 2.05 ) X 1.1
2 6

- 3.6 X 1.1 2
- 1.9 X 1.1 3
2 6 X 2.05
= ( 3.69 + 0.6492 ) X 1.1 - 2.178 - 0.1082
= 2.4869 tm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon -Analysis condition 3) Page No.
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Analysis for the span AB

Free bending Moment at midspan 21.8 tm

Fixed End Moments MAB = 16.90 tm
Fixed End Moments MBA = 6.63 tm

6.63 16.90
A 21.8 B
4

to find net bending moment

= 21.8 - ( 16.90 + 6.63 )
2
= 10.035 tm

Analysis for the span BC

Free bending Moment at midspan 21.8 tm

Fixed End Moments MBC = 15.59 tm
Fixed End Moments MCB = 15.59 tm

15.59 15.59
B 21.8 C
4

to find net bending moment

= 21.8 - ( 15.59 + 15.59 )
2
= 6.2099 tm

Analysis for the span CD

Free bending Moment at midspan 21.8 tm

Fixed End Moments MCD = 16.90 tm
Fixed End Moments MDC = 6.63 tm

16.90 6.63
C 21.8 D
4

to find net bending moment

= 21.8 - ( 6.63 + 16.90 )
2
= 10.035 tm

Analysis for the span EF

Free bending Moment at midspan 17.2 tm

Fixed End Moments MEF = 6.75 tm
Fixed End Moments MFE = 12.99 tm

6.75 12.99
E 17.2 F
4

to find net bending moment

= 17.2 - ( 12.99 + 6.75 )
2
= 7.3276 tm

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Analysis for the span FG

Free bending Moment at midspan 17.2 tm

Fixed End Moments MFG = 12.02 tm
Fixed End Moments MGF = 12.02 tm

12.02 12.02
F 17.2 G
4

to find net bending moment

= 17.2 - ( 12.02 + 12.02 )
2
= 5.178 tm

Analysis for the span GH

Free bending Moment at midspan 17.2 tm

Fixed End Moments MGH = 12.99 tm
Fixed End Moments MHG = 6.75 tm

12.99 6.75
G 17.2 H
4

to find net bending moment

= 17.2 - ( 6.75 + 12.99 )
2
= 7.3276 tm

Analysis for the span AH

Free bending Moment at midspan 2.4869 tm

Fixed End Moments MAH = 6.63 tm
Fixed End Moments MHA = 6.75 tm

Mx
6.63 2.4869 6.75
A H
2.05

Maximum BM occurs at 1.0605 m from H (refer previous calculations)

Max free BM = 2.4869 tm
Fixed End moment at 1.0605 m from H
Mx = 6.63 - 6.75
1.06 2.05
2.05 Mx = 0.1263
Mx = 0.0616 tm
Fixed End Moment = 6.81 > 2.4869
Hence no hogging moment is developed at side walls

Analysis for the span DE

Free bending Moment at midspan 2.4869 tm

Fixed End Moments MDE = 6.63 tm
Fixed End Moments MED = 6.75 tm

Mx
6.63 2.4869 6.75
D E
2.05

Maximum BM occurs at 1.0605 m from E (refer previous calculations)

Max free BM = 2.4869 tm
Fixed End moment at 1.0605 m from E
Mx = 6.63 - 6.75
1.06 2.05
2.05 Mx = 0.1263
Mx = 0.0616 tm
Fixed End Moment = 6.81 > 2.4869
Hence no hogging moment is developed at side walls

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Analysis for the span BG

Moment at midspan = 0 tm
Fixed End Moments MBG = 1.31 tm
Fixed End Moments MGB = 0.97 tm

Analysis for the span CF

Moment at midspan = 0 tm
Fixed End Moments MCF = 1.31 tm
Fixed End Moments MFC = 0.97 tm

Final Moments
6.75 12.99 12.99 6.75
H 7.33 G 5.18 F 7.33 E

0.00 0.00

A 10.04 B 6.21 C 10.04 D

6.63 16.90 16.90 6.63

SHEAR FORCE: 8.6 tm/m run

for the span EFGH

H G F E
4 4 4

Taking moment about F (considering right side span)

RE = 8.6 X 4 X 2
4

RE = 17.2 t
RE = RH = 17.2 t

Taking moment about G (considering right side span )

8 RE + 4 RF = 8.6 X 8 X 4
137.6 + R
4 F = 275.2
RF = 275.2 - 137.6
4
RF = 34.4 t
RF = RG = 34.4 t
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

17.2 17.2 17.2

H G F E
17.2 17.2 17.2

SHEAR FORCE:
for the span ABCD
4 4 4

A B C 10.9 D

Taking moment about F (considering right side span)

RD = 10.9 X 4 X 2
4

RD = 21.8 t
RD = RA = 21.8 t

Taking moment about G (considering right side span )

8 RD + 4 RC = 10.9 X 8 X 4
174.4 + 4 RC = 348.8
RC = 348.8 - 174.4
4
RC = 43.6 t
RC = RB = 43.6 t

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SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

21.80 21.80 21.80

A B C D
21.80 21.80 21.80

SHEAR FORCE:
for the spans AH & DE

3.6 tm/m run 3.6 tm/m run

H E

2.05

A D
5.5 tm/m run 5.5 tm/m run

Load =( 5.5 + 3.6 ) X 2.05 = 9.3275 t

2
CG = ( 3.6 + 2 X 5.5 ) X 2.05 = 1.0963 m
from top ( 3.6 + 5.5 ) 3

RA = Load X CG / Span
RA = 9.3275 X 1.0963 = 4.9883 t
2.05
RD = RA = 4.99 t
RH = Load - RA
RH = 9.3275 - 4.99 = 4.3375 t
RH = RE = 4.34 t

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

4.34 4.34

4.99 4.99

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

17.2 17.2 17.2

4.34 4.34
H G F E
17.2 17.2 17.2

21.80 21.80 21.80

4.99 B C D
A 4.99
21.80 21.80 21.80

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF THE BARREL

To find the Final Moments

1. Canal running full, without live load, no fill at sides and top

0.76 2.02 2.02 0.76

H 1.21 G 0.74 F 1.21 E

0.00 0.00

A 3.17 B 2.03 C 3.17 D

2.24 5.42 5.42 2.24

2. Canal running full, without live load, sides and top filled with
saturated soil

3.99 8.05 8.05 3.99

H 4.58 G 3.16 F 4.58 E

0.00 0.00

A 6.92 B 4.27 C 6.92 D

4.50 11.66 11.66 4.50

3. Canal dry, with live load, sides and top filled with saturated soil

6.75 12.99 12.99 6.75

H 7.33 G 5.18 F 7.33 E

0.00 0.00

A 10.04 B 6.21 C 10.04 D

6.63 16.90 16.90 6.63

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DESIGN MOMENTS

6.75 12.99 12.99 6.75

H 7.33 G 5.18 F 7.33 E

0.00 0.00

A 10.04 B 6.21 C 10.04 D

6.63 16.90 16.90 6.63

Bottom slab
To find the slab thickness for bottom floor
Proposed concrete mix and steel
M20 Concrete fck = 200 kg/cm2
s cbc = 70 kg/cm2
Fe 415 Steel s st = 1500 kg/cm2
m = 13.333
j = 0.872 n = 0.3836
Q = 11.706

Moment at mid span = 10.04 tm _______

M = Q bd2 where d = M/Qb

d = 10.04 X 100000
11.706 X 100

d = 29.279 cm

Total depth assumed = 60 cm

Assume rod diameter = 20 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
Effective Depth = 600 - 50 - 20 X0.5
= 540 mm or 54 cm
For end barrels
Main steel:
Steel at midspan
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 10.04 X 100000 = 14.208 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 54

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 22.1114 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
at the top of the slab

Steel at supports
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 6.63 X 100000 = 9.391 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 54

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Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 33.4532 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 30 cm c / c
at the bottom of the slab

Distribution steel:
Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area
= 0.20% 100 X 60
= 12 cm 2

Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 16.7552 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 15 cm c / c
The other side distribution may be 50% of the above or minimum

For middle barrels

Steel at midspan
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 6.21 X 100000 = 8.792 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 54

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 35.7324 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 35 cm c / c
at the top of the slab

Steel at supports
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 16.90 X 100000 = 23.921 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 54

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 13.1332 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 10 cm c / c
at the bottom of the slab

Distribution steel:
Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area
= 0.20% 100 X 60
= 7.2 cm2
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods
Spacing of rods = 27.9253 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 25 cm c / c
The other side distribution may be 50% of the above or minimum

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
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Top slab
To find the slab thickness for top floor
Proposed concrete mix and steel
M20 Concrete fck = 200 kg/cm2
s cbc = 70 kg/cm2
Fe 415 Steel s st = 1500 kg/cm2
m = 13.333
j = 0.872 n = 0.3836
Q = 11.706

Moment at mid span = 7.33 tm _______

M = Q bd2 where d = M/Qb

d = 7.33 X 100000
11.706 X 100

d = 25.019 cm

Total depth assumed = 50 cm

Assume rod diameter = 20 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
Effective Depth = 500 - 50 - 20 X 0.5
= 440 mm or 44 cm
For end barrels
Steel at midspan
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 7.33 X 100000 = 12.732 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 44

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 24.6748 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
at the bottom of the slab

Steel at supports
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 6.75 X 100000 = 11.732 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 44

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 26.778 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 25 cm c / c
at the top of the slab
At bottom, the alternate rods of the midspan reinforcement may be extended to corners.

Distribution steel:
Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area
= 0.20% 100 X 50
= 10 cm2
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods
Spacing of rods = 20.1062 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
The other side distribution may be 50% of the above or minimum

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

For middle barrels

Steel at midspan
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 5.18 X 100000 = 8.997 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 44

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 34.9182 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 30 cm c / c
at the bottom of the slab

Steel at support
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 12.99 X 100000 = 22.575 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 44

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 13.9162 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 10 cm c / c
at the top of the slab

Distribution steel:
Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area
= 0.20% 100 X 50
= 10 cm2
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods
Spacing of rods = 20.1062 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
The other side distribution may be 50% of the above or minimum

Side walls
To find the thickness of side wall
Proposed concrete mix and steel
M20 Concrete fck = 200 kg/cm2
s cbc = 70 kg/cm2
Fe 415 Steel s st = 1500 kg/cm2
m = 13.333
j = 0.872 n = 0.3836
Q = 11.706
Moment at mid span = 0.00 tm _______
M = Q bd2 where d = M/Qb

d = 6.75 X 100000
11.706 X 100

d = 24.017 cm

Total depth assumed = 50 cm

Assume rod diameter = 20 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
Effective Depth = 500 - 50 - 20 X 0.5
= 440 mm or 44 cm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Steel at supports
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 6.75 X 100000 = 11.732 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 44

Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 26.778 cm
Provide 20 mm dia HYSD rods @ 25 cm c / c
at the outside face of the wall

Distribution steel:
Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area
= 0.20% 100 X 50
= 10 cm2
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods
Spacing of rods = 20.1062 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
at the inner face of the wall
The other side distribution may be 50% of the above or minimum

REINFORCEMENT TABLE

Thick Main Reinforcement Distribution Reinforcement

Sl.No Details -ness Midspan End span Midspan End span
rod dia spacing rod dia spacing rod dia spacing rod dia spacing
cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm
1 Bottom slab
(i) End barrel 60 20 20 20 30 16 15 16 15
(ii) Middle barrel 60 20 35 20 10 16 25 16 25

2 Top slab
(i) End barrel 50 20 20 20 25 16 20 16 20
(ii) Middle barrel 50 20 30 20 10 16 20 16 20

3 Side walls 50 20 25 20 25 16 20 16 20

Note: Since the barrel size is 3.5 X 1.5 m it is very difficult to provide
reinforcement based on actual moments arrived at each locations (ie., supports and midspans of
middle and end barrels ). Therefore, spacing which is easy to adopt in the field has been proposed
in the drawing.

Check for shear stress:

Top slab
Max shear at ends = 17.20 t 50
Shear stress t = V / bd
V = Shear force due to design loads 25
b = Breadth of the member
d' = Effective depth (ref fig) d/2
d = 44 cm
d/2 = 22 cm 50 25
d' = 75 - 8 = 67 cm

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

( d' = depth at 22 cm from the centre line of wall)

t = 17.2 X 1000
100 X 67
= 2.56716 Kg/cm2 or 0.2567 N/mm2
Steel provided is = 20 mm dia rods at 10 cm spacing
Area of steel provided = 3.1416 X 100 = 31.416 cm2
10
% of steel provided = Ast X 100 / bd from table 23 of IS 456-2000
= 0.46889 or 0.47 %steel M20
0.25 0.22
Permissible shear stress for M20 concrete= 0.2904 N/mm 2
0.5 0.3
0.47 0.2904
Shear taken by concrete = 0.2904 X bd X100 / 1000
= 194.57 kN

Shear force = 172 < 194.57

SAFE AGAINST SHEAR

Provide nominal haunch rods

16 mm dia rods at 30 cm c/c at an angle of 450 at top corners

Bottom slab
Max shear at ends = 21.80 t 50
Shear stress t = V / bd 25
V = Shear force due to design loads
b = Breadth of the member
d' = Effective depth d/2
d = 54 cm
d/2 = 27 cm 25
d' = 83 - 6 = 77
( d' = depth at 27 cm from the centre line of wall) 60

t = 21.8 X 1000
100 X 77

= 2.83117 Kg/cm2 or 0.2831 N/mm2

Steel provided is = 20 mm dia rods at 10 cm spacing
Area of steel provided = 3.1416 X 100 = 31.416 cm2
10

% of steel provided = Ast X 100 / bd from table 23 of IS 456-2000

= 0.408 or 0.41 %steel M20
0.25 0.22
Permissible shear stress for M20 concrete= 0.2712 N/mm 2
0.5 0.3
0.41 0.2712
Shear taken by concrete = 0.2712 X bd X100 / 1000
= 208.82 kN
Shear force = 218 > 208.82
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS TO BE PROVIDED

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Balance shear to be taken by haunch rods = 9.176 kN

Provide nominal shear reinforcement as haunch rods
16 mm dia rods at 30 cm c/c at an angle of 450 at bottom corners
The shear will be taken by haunch rods.

Side walls
Max shear at ends = 4.99 t
Shear stress t = V / bd
V = Shear force due to design loads
b = Breadth of the member
d = Effective depth

t = 4.99 X 1000
100 X 44

= 1.13409 Kg/cm2 or 0.1134 N/mm2

Steel provided is = 20 mm dia rods at 25 cm spacing

Area of steel provided = 3.1416 X 100 = 12.566 cm2
25
% of steel provided = Ast X 100 / bd from table 23 of IS 456-2000
= 0.2856 or 0.29 %steel M20
0.25 0.22
Permissible shear stress for M20 concrete= 0.2328 N/mm 2
0.5 0.3
0.29 0.2328
Shear taken by concrete = 0.2328 X bd X100 / 1000
= 102.43 kN
= 49.9 < 102.43
SAFE AGAINST SHEAR

Check for Uplift Pressure:

Water table at the bottom of barrel, barrel is in empty condition
Maximum static head = 3.425 m
Uplift pressure = Maximum static head or Net Seepage head
= 3.425 or 0
= 3.425 t/m 2

Uplift taken for designing the barrel is 10.9 > 3.425 t/m2
SAFE AGAINST UPLIFT

DESIGN OF WATER SEAL

The water seal is to be designed as a cantilever slab

134.215
0.45

133.765

Force acting on the cantilever is by the water standing upto the height of the seal
= Whh/2
= 1 X 0.45 2
2
= 0.101 t/m per m run

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

This Force will act at a distance of ( h / 3 ) 0.15 m from bottom

Moment at Support will be maximum moment in the span
Max moment = 0.101 X 0.15 = 0.0152 tm

Proposed concrete mix and steel

M20 Concrete fck = 200 kg/cm2
s cbc = 70 kg/cm2
Fe 415 Steel s st = 1500 kg/cm2
m = 13.333
j = 0.872 n = 0.3836
Q = 11.706

Moment at fixed end = 0.02 tm

Total depth assumed = 45 cm

Assume rod diameter = 20 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
Effective Depth = 450 - 50 - 20 X 1.5
= 370 mm or 37 cm
Hence safe

Main steel:

Area of steel = M / sst j d

= 0.02 X 100000 = 0.031 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 37

Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area

= 0.20% 100 X 45
= 9 cm2
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods
Spacing of rods = 22.3402 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
at the waterface of the wall

Distribution steel:
Min area of steel = 0.2% of concrete area
= 0.20% 100 X 45
= 9 cm 2

Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods

Spacing of rods = 22.3402 cm
Provide 16 mm dia HYSD rods @ 20 cm c / c
at the bottom of the slab at corners and at top at midspan

AE III AEE III EE(D) SE(D) CE( DR & CS )

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.
PWD, WRO
Irrigation Design Handbook

Check for Uplift pressure in top slab

Condition: Canal running full
When the canal is runnning full the top slab of the barrel will be subjected to uplift due to
difference in head. The design is done for the worst condition (ie., canal dry, with live load and
sides and top filled with saturated soil ). However, the design is checked against uplift pressure
experienced by the bottom of top slab.
FSL of the canal = 133.635
Bottom of top slab = 130.655
Difference in head = 133.635 - ###
= 2.980 m
Uplift pressure at bottom of top slab = 2.980 t/m2
say 3.000 t/m2
Load due to uplift per m run = 3.000 t/m
Bending moment due to uplift = WL2 / 12
= 3.000 X 4 2

12
= 4 tm
Check for depth:
Proposed concrete mix and steel
M20 Concrete fck = 200 kg/cm2
s cbc = 70 kg/cm2
Fe 415 Steel s st = 1500 kg/cm2
m = 13.333
j = 0.872 n = 0.3836
Q = 11.706

Moment at mid span = 4.00 tm _______

M = Q bd2 where d = M/Qb

d = 4.00 X 100000
11.706 X 100
d = 18.485 cm

Total depth assumed = 50 cm

Assume rod diameter = 20 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
Effective Depth = 500 - 50 - 20 X0.5
= 440 mm or 44 cm
= 44 < 18.485
Hence safe
Check for steel:
Steel for moment due to uplift
Area of steel = M / sst j d
= 4.00 X 100000 = 6.95 cm2
1500 X 0.872 X 44

Area of steel = 6.95 cm2

Area of steel provided = 20 mm rods at 20
= 15.708 cm2 > 6.95 cm2
Hence safe

(III) Typical Design of Various Irrigation Structures - 9.C.D. Works (Canal Syphon - Barrel Design) Page No.