Week 1-3 (Reading Academic Texts)

A SEMI-DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL PUSPOSES (EAPP)
CARMELA G. REYES
T-II SCIENCE CITY OF MUNOZ DIVISION
I. OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
A. Determine the structure of a specific academic text

(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-1)
II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: READING ACADEMIC TEXTS
B. References: From Hand to Mouth by Michael C. Corballis (English for

Academic and Professional Purposes (DepEd Copy)), Communicate
Today English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High
School by Jessie Saraza Barrot, PhD and Philippe John Fresnillo Sipacio
C. Teaching Materials: Power Point Presentation, Projector, Texts
III. PROCEDURE
A. Activity
1. Students will be grouped into 5
2. The teacher will read passages from different texts.
 There are 10 persons died in the accident last June 10,

2017 at Brgy Malayantok, Science City of Muñoz Nueva
Ecija.
 The warrior saved to a princess and they live happily ever
after.
 Cinderella left her shoes in the party and the princes kept
looking for her
3. The students will identify if the text came from a publication or a

fictional story. The group who’ll get the most number of scores will win.
B. Analysis
Structure of Academic Text
Academic texts are typically formal. They have clearly structured

introduction, body and conclusion. They include information from credible
sources which are, in turn, properly cited. They also include list of references
used in developing the academic paper.
C. Abstraction
The teacher will ask the students to read the text entitled From Hand to
Mouth by Michael C. Corballis (English for Academic and Professional
Purposes (DepEd Copy)),.
The students will do the Pop-Corn Reading. (One students will be called
to start reading the text, when the teacher said stop the student will stop
reading and another student will be called to continue the reading exactly
where his/her classmate stopped)
D. Application
The teacher will let the students identify the parts of an academic text
in the ‘From Hand to Mouth by Michael C. Corbalis’
IV. Evaluation
Based on their previous groups, the students will be asked to go to the

library by group and find one academic text for 7minutes. After the given
time each group will pick a number in choosing what academic text will they
analyze to identify the academic parts. Each group will be given 10 minutes
for evaluating the text and 3 minutes each for the presentation.
V. Assignment
Find one academic text (students may copy it, photocopy or cut).
Paste it on your notebook and identify the parts of the text.
VI. Reflection
Students will answer the following questions:
1. What were your misconceptions about the topic prior to taking up

this lesson?
2. What new or additional learning have you had after taking up this
lesson in terms of skills, content and attitude?
From Hand to Mouth
By Michael C. Corballis
(1) Imagine trying to teach a child to talk without using your hands or any
other means of pointing of gesturing. The task would surely be impossible.
There can be little doubt that bodily gestures are involved in the
development of language, both in the individual and in the species. Yet,
once the system is up and running, it can function entirely on vocalizations, as
when two friends chat over the phone and create in each other’s minds a
world of events far removed from the actual sounds that emerge from their
lips. My contention is that the vocal element emerged relatively late in
hominid evolution. If the modern chimpanzee is to be our guide, the
common ancestor of 5 or 6 million years ago would have been utterly
incapable of a telephone conversation but would have been able to make
voluntary movements of hands and face that could the least serve as a
platform upon which to build a language.
(2) Evidence suggests that the vocal machinery necessary for autonomous
speech developed quite recently in hominid evolution. Grammatical
language may well have begun to emerge around 2 million years ago but
would at first have been primary gestural, though no doubt punctuated with
grunts and other vocal cries that were at first largely involuntary and
emotional. The complex adjustments necessary to produce speech as we
know it today would have taken some time to evolve, and may not have
been complete until some 170,000 years ago, or even later, when Homo
sapiens emerged to grace, but more often disgrace, the planet. These
adjustments may have been incomplete even in our close relatives the
Neanderthals; arguably, it was this failure that contributed to their demise.
(3) The question now is what were the selective pressures that led to the
eventual dominance of speech? On the face of it, an acoustic medium
seems a poor way to convey information about the world; not for nothing is it
said that a picture is worth a thousand words. Moreover, signed language
has all the lexical and grammatical complexity of spoken language. Primate
evolution is itself a testimony to the primacy of the visual world. We share with
monkeys a highly sophisticated visual system, giving us three- dimension
information in colour about us, and an intricate system for exploring that
world through movement and manipulation. Further, in a hunter- gatherer
environment, where predators and prey are major concern, there are surely.
advantages in silent communication since sound acts as a general alert. And
yet we came to communicate about the world in a medium that in all
primates except ourselves is primitive and stereotyped- and noisy.
(4) Before we consider the pressures that may have favoured vocalization
over gestures, it bears repeating that the switch from hand to mouth was
almost certainly not an abrupt one. In fact, manual gestures still feature
prominently in language; even as fluent speakers gesture almost as much as
they vocalize, and of course deaf communities spontaneously develop
signed language. It has also been proposed that speech itself is in many
respects better conceived as composed of gestures rather than sequences
of these elusive phantoms called phonemes. In this view, language evolved
as a system of gestures based on movements of the hands, arms and face,
including movements of the mouth, lips, and tongue. It would not have been
a big steps to add voicing to the gestural repertoire, at first as mere grunts,
but later articulated so that invisible gestures of the oral cavity could
rendered accessible, but to the ear rather than the eye. There may therefore
have been continuity from the language that was almost exclusively manual
and facial, though perhaps punctuated by involuntary grunts, to one in
which the vocal component has a much more extensive repertoire and is
under voluntary control. The essential feature of modern expressive language
is not that it is purely vocal, but rather that the component can function
autonomously and provide the grammar as well as meaning of linguistics
communication.
(5) What, then, are the advantages of a language that can operate
autonomously through voice and ear, rather than hand and eye? Why
speech? Advantages of Arbitrary Symbols
(6) One possible advantage of vocal language is its arbitrariness. Except in

rare cases of onomatopoeia, spoken words cannot be iconic, and they
therefore offer scope for creating symbols that distinguish between object or
actions that look alike or might otherwise be confusable. The names of similar
animals, such as cats, lions, tigers, cheetahs, lynxes, and leopards, are rather
different. We may be confused as to which animals is which, bur at least it is
clear which one we are talking about. The shortening of words overtime also
makes communication more efficient, and some of us have been around
long enough to see this happen: television has become TV or telly,
microphone has been reduced to mike (or mic), and so on. The fact that
more frequent words tends to be shorter than less frequent ones was noted
by the American philologist George Kingsley Zipf, who related it to a principle
of “least effort.” So long as signs are based on iconic resemblance, the signer
has little scope for these kinds of calibration.
(7) It may well have been very important for hunter-gatherers to identify and
name a great many similar fruits, plants, trees, animals, birds, and so on, and
attempts at iconic representation would eventually only confuse. Jared
Diamond observes that the people living largely traditional lifestyle in New
Guinea can name hundreds of birds, animals, and plants, along with details
about each of them. These people are illiterate, relying on word of mouth to
pass on information, not only about potential foods, but also about how to
survive dangers, such as crop failures, droughts, cyclones, and raids from
other tribes. Diamond suggests that the main repository of accumulated
information is elderly. He points out that humans are unique among primates
in that they can expect to live to a ripe old age, well beyond the age of child
bearing (although perhaps it was not always so). A slowing down of
senescence may well have been selected in evolution because the
knowledge retained by the elderly enhanced the survival of their younger
relatives. An elderly, knowledgeable granny may help us all live a little longer,
and she can also look after the kids.
(8) In the naming and transmission of such detailed information, iconic

representation would almost certainly be inefficient: edible plants or berries
could be confused with poisonous ones, and animals that attack confused
with those that are benign. This is not to say that gestural signs could not to do
the trick. Manual signs readily become conventionalized and convey
abstract information. Nevertheless, there may be some advantage to using
spoken words, since they have virtually no iconic content to begin with, and
so provide a ready-made system for abstraction.
(9) I would be on dangerous ground, however, if I were to insist too strongly

that speech is linguistically superior to signed language. After all, students at
Gallaudet University seem pretty unrestricted in what they can learn; signed
language apparently functions well right through to university level- and still
requires students to learn lots of vocabulary from their suitably elderly
professor. It is nevertheless true that many signs remain iconic, or at least
partially so and are therefore somewhat tethered with respect to
modifications that might enhance clarity or efficiency of expression. But there
may well be a trade- off here. Signed language may easier to learn than
spoken ones. Especially in initial stages of acquisition, in which the child
comes to understand the linking of objects and the action with their linguistic
representations. But spoken languages, ones acquired, may relay messages
more accurately, since spoken words are better calibrated to minimize
confusion. Even so, the iconic component is often important, and as I look
the quadrangles outside my office I see how freely the students there are
embellishing their conversations with manual gestures.
In The Dark
(10) Another advantage of speech over gesture is obvious: we can use it in

the dark! This enables us to communicate at night, which not only extends
the time available for meaningful communications but may also have proven
decisive in the competition for space and resources. We of the gentle
species Homo sapiens have a legacy of invasion, having migrated out of
Africa into territories inhabited by other hominins who migrated earlier.
Perhaps it was the newfound ability to communicate vocally, without the
need for a visual component that enabled our fore-bearers to plan, and
even carry out, invasion at night, and so vanquish the earlier migrants.
(11) It is not only a question of being able to communicate at night. We can

also speak to people when objects intervene and you can’t see them, as
when you yell to your friend in another room. All this has to do, of course, with
the nature of sound itself, which travels equally well in the dark as in the light
and wiggles its way around obstacles. The wall between you and the base
drummer next door may attenuate the sound but does not completely block
it. Vision, on the other hand, depends on light reflected from an external
source, such as the sun, and is therefore ineffective when no such source is
available. And the light reflected from the surface of an object to your eye
travels in rigidly straight lines, which means that it can provide detailed
information about shape but is susceptible to occlusion and interference. In
terms of the sheer ability to reach those with whom you are trying to
communicate, words speak louder than actions.
Listen to Me!
(12) Speech does have one disadvantage, though: it is generally accessible

to those around you and is therefore less convenient for sending confidential
or secret messages or for planning an attack on enemies within earshot. To
some extent, we can overcome this impediment by whispering. And
sometimes, people resort to signing. But the general alerting function of
sounds also has its advantages. When Mark Anthony cried, “Friends, Romans,
countrymen, lend me ears.” he was trying to attract attention as well as
deliver a message.
(13) In the evolution of speech, the alerting component of language might

have consisted at first simply of grunt that accompany gestures to give
emphasis to specific actions or encourage reluctant offspring to attend while
a parent lays down the law. It is also possible that non-vocal sounds
accompanied gestural communication. Russell Gray has suggested to me
that clicking one’s fingers as children often do when putting their hands up in
class to answer a question, may be a sort of “missing link” between gestural
and vocal language. I know of no evidence that chimpanzees or other
nonhuman primates are able to click their fingers as humans can, although
lip smacking, as observed in chimpanzees, may have played a similar role.
Sounds may therefore have played a similar and largely alerting role in early
evolution of language, gradually assuming more prominence in conveying
the message itself.
(14) For humans, visual signals can only attract attention if they occur within a
fairly restricted region of space, whereas the alerting power of sound is more
or less independent of where its source is located relative to listener. And
sound is a better alerting medium in other respects as well. No amount of
gesticulation will wake a sleeping person, whereas a loud yell will usually do
the trick. The alerting power of sound no doubt explains why animals have
evolved vocal signals for sending messages of alarm. Notwithstanding the
peacock’s tail or parrot’s gaudy plumage, even birds prefer to make noises
to attract attention, whether in proclaiming territory or warning of danger.
Visual signals are relatively inefficient because they may elude our gaze, and
in any case we can shut them out by closing our eyes, as we vulnerable to
auditory assault.
(15) Speech has another, and subtler, attentional advantage. Manual

gesture is much more demanding of attention, since you must keep your
eyes fixed on gesturer in order to extract her meaning, whereas speech can
be understood regardless of where you are looking. There are a number of
advantages in being able to communicate with people without having to
look at them. You can effectively divide attention, using speech to
communicate with a companion while visual attention is deployed
elsewhere, perhaps to watch a football game or to engage in some joint
activity, like building a boat. Indeed, the separation of visual and auditory
attention may have been critical in the development of pedagogy.
Three Hands Better than Two (16) Another reason why vocal language may
have arisen is that it proves an extra medium. We have already seen that
most people gesture with their hands, and indeed their faces, while they talk.
One might argue then, that the addition of vocal channel provides
additional texture and richness to the message.
(17) But perhaps it is not a simply a matter of being better. Susan Golden-
Meadow and David McNeill suggest that speech may have evolved
because it allows the vocal and manual components to serve different and
complimentary purposes. Speech is perfectly adequate to convey syntax,
which has no iconic or mimetic aspect, and can relieve the hands and arms
of this chore. The hands and arms, of course, well adapted to providing the
mimetic aspect of language, indicating in analogue fashion the shapes and
sizes of things, or the direction of movements, as in the gesture that might
accompany any statement “he went that a-way.” By allowing the voice to
take over the grammatical component, the hands are given free rein, as it
were, to provide the mimetic component.
(18) But speech may have evolved, not because it gave the hands freer rein
for mimetic expression, but rather because it freed the hands to do other
activities. Charles Darwin, who seems to have thought of almost everything,
wrote, “We might have used our fingers as efficient instruments, for a person
with practice can report to a deaf man every word of a speech rapidly
delivered at a public meeting, but the loss of our hands, while thus employed,
would have been a serious inconvenience.” It would clearly be difficult to
communicate manually while holding an infant, or driving a car, or carrying a
shopping, yet we can and do talk while doing these things.
(19) Speech has the advantage over manual gestures in that it can be
accomplished in parallel with manual demonstration. Demonstrations might
themselves be considered gestures, of course, but the more explanatory
aspect of pedagogy, involving grammatical structure and symbolic content,
would interfere with manual demonstration if they were too conveyed
manually. Clearly, it is much easier and more informative to talk while
demonstrating than to try to mix linguistic signs in with the demonstration. This
is illustrated by a good TV cooking show, where chefs is seldom at a lost for
either word or ingredients. It may not be far fetch to suppose that the
selective advantages of vocal communication emerged when the hominins
began to develop a more advanced tool technology, and they could
eventually verbally explain what they were doing while they demonstrated
tool-making techniques. Moreover, if vocal language did not become
autonomous until the emergence of Homo sapiens, this might explain why
tools manufacture did not really begin to develop true diversity and
sophistication, and indeed to rival language itself in this respect, until within
the last 100,000 years.
(20) Thus, it was not the emergence of the language itself that gave rise to
the evolutionary explosion that has made our lives so different from our near
relatives, the great apes. Rather, it was the invention of autonomous speech,
freeing the hands for more sophisticated manufacture and allowing
language to disengage from other manual activities, so that people could
communicate while changing the baby’s diapers, and even explain to a
novice what they were doing. The idea that language may have evolved
relatively slow, seems much more in accord with biological reality than the
notion of linguistic “big bang” within the past 200,000 years. Language and
manufacture also allowed cultural transmission to become the dominant
mode of inheritance in human life. That ungainly bird, the jumbo jet, could
not have been created without hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years of
cultural evolution, and the brains that created it were not biologically
superior to the brains that existed in 100,000 years ago in Africa. The invention
of speech may have merely been the first of many developments that have
put us not only on the map, but all over it.
CARMELA G. REYES
I. OBJECTIVE
A. Differentiate language used in academic texts from various

disciplines (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-2)
II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: From A Brief History of English by Paul Roberts (English for

Academic and Professional Purposes (DepEd Copy)), Communicate
Today English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High
School by Jessie Saraza Barrot, PhD and Philippe John Fresnillo Sipacio
III. PROCEDURE
A. Activity
The teacher will as the students to read the text entitled ‘From A
Brief History of English by Paul Roberts’ (the teacher will provide copies to
students)
The teacher will ask:
What did the students observe on the language used on

the passages read by the teacher?
B. Analysis
C. Abstraction
Based on the text entitled ‘From A Brief History of English by Paul

Roberts’ students will cite examples of lines and passages from it which cater
the styles of academic texts.
D. Application
In a one whole sheet of paper, students will answer the following

questions:
1. Does academic writing requires concentration and comprehension?

Explain.
1. Does one should identify his/her purpose before reading? Explain
IV. Evaluation
Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
1. Authors of academic texts usually present facts to support their main

argument.
2. Authors do not usually state critical questions and ideas.
3. Academic writers list references.
4. Academic writers take a subjective point of view.
5. Writers also consider opinions and non fact basis in their writings.
V. Assignment
Look for the copy of the text ‘Wrigley’s Chewing Gum’(which will be
used for the next lesson)
VI. Reflection

this lesson?
A Brief History of English
By Paul Roberts
(1) No understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory

without the notice of the history of the language. But we have to make do
with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can
only hit the high spots.
(2) The history of our language begins a little after 600 C.E. Everything before
that was pre-history, which means that we can guess at it but can’t prove
much. For a thousand years or so before the birth of Christ, our linguistic
ancestors were savage wandering through the forest of Northern Europe.
Their language was part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European
family.
(3) At the time of the Roman Empire-say, from the beginning of the Christian
era to around 400 C.E/- the speakers of what was to become English were
scattered along the north coast of Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low
German. More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were
several different tribes. The names given to the tribe who got to English are
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. For convenience, we can refer to them all as
Anglo-Saxons.
(4) Their first contact with civilization was a rather thin acquaintance with the
Roman Empire on whose borders they lived. Probably some of the Anglo-
Saxons wondered into the empire occasionally, and certainly Roman
merchants and traders travelled among the tribes. At any rate, this period
saw the first if our so many borrowing from Latin. Such words as kettle, wine,
cheese, butter, cheap, plum, gem, bishop, church were borrowed at this
times. They show of the relationships of the Anglo-Saxons with the Romans.
The Anglo-Saxons were learning, getting their first taste of civilization.
(5) They still had a long way to go, however, and their first step was to help
smash the civilization they were learning from. In the fourth century the
Roman power weakened badly. While the Goths were pounding, away at
the Romans in the Mediterranean countries, their relatives, he Anglo-Saxons,
began to attach Britain. (6) The Romans has been the ruling power in Britain
since 43 C.E. They have subjugated the Celts whom they found living there
and had succeeded in settling up a Roman administration. The Roman
influence did not extend to the outlying parts of the British Isles. In Scotland,
Whales, and Ireland the Celts remained free and wild, they made periodic
forays against the Romans in England. Among other defence measures, the
Romans build the famous Roman Walls to ward off the tribes in the north. (7)
Even in England the Roman power was thin. Latin did not become the
language of the country as it did in Gaul and Spain. The mass of people
continued to speak Celtics, with Latin and the Roman civilization it contained
in use as a top dressing.
(8) In the fourth century, troubles multiplied for the Romans in Britain. Not only
did the untamed tribes of Scotland and Whales grow more and more restive,
but also the Anglo-Saxons began to make pirate raids on the eastern coast.
Furthermore, there was growing difficulty everywhere in the Empire, and the
legions in Britain were siphoned off to fight elsewhere. Finally, in 410 C.E. the
last Roman ruler in England, bent on becoming the emperor, left the island
and took the last legions with him. The Celts were left in possession of Britain
but almost defenceless against the impending Anglo-Saxons attack.
(9) Not much is surely known about the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in England.
According to the best early source, the eighth-century historian Bade, the
Jutes came in 449 in response to a plea from the Celtics king, Vortigern, who
wanted their help against the Picts attacking the north. The Jutes subdue the
Picts, but then quarrelled and fought with Vortigern, and with reinforcement
from the continent, settled permanently in Kent. Somewhat later the Angles
established themselves in the eastern England and the Saxons in the south
and west. Bede’s account is plausible enough, and these were probably the
main lines of the invasion.
(10) We don’t know, however, that the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were long
time securing themselves in England. Fighting went on for as long as a
hundred years before the Celts in Celts were all killed, driven into Wales, or
reduced to slavery. This is the period of King Arthur, who was not entirely
mythological. He was a Romanized Celt, a general, though probably not a
king. He had some success against the Anglo-Saxons, but it was only
temporary. By 550 or so the Anglo-Saxon were finally established, English was
in England.
(11) All this is pre-history, so far as the language is concerned. We have no

record of the English language until after 600, when the Anglo-Saxon were
converted to Christianity and learned the Latin alphabets. The conversion
began, to be precise in 597 within thirty to forty years. The conversion was a
great advance for the Anglo-Saxons, not only of the spiritual benefits but also
because it re-established contact with what remained of Roman civilization.
The civilization didn’t amount to much in the year 600, but it was certainly,
superior to anything in England up to the time. (12) It is customary to divide
the history of the English language into three periods: Old English, Middle
English, and Modern English. Old English runs from the earliest record-i.e.
seventh century- to about 1100: Middle English from 1100 to 1450 or 1500;
Modern English form 1500 to the present day. Sometimes Modern English is
further divided into Early Modern, 1500-1700, and Late Modern from 1700 to
the present.
(13) When England came into history, it was divided into several more or less
autonomous kingdoms, some of which at times exercised a certain amount
of control over the others. In the century after the conversion the most
advanced kingdom was Northumbrians, the area between the Humber River
and the Scottish border. By 700 C.E the Northumbrians had developed a
respectable civilization, the finest in Europe. It is sometimes called the
Northumbian Renaissance, and it was the first of the several renaissance
through which Europe struggled upward out of the ruins of the Roman
Empire. It was in this period that the best of the Old English literature was
written, including the epic poem Beowulf.
(14) In the Eighth century, Northumbian power declined, and the center of
the influence moved southward to Mercia, the kingdom of Midlands. A
century later center shifted again, and Wessex, the country of the West
Saxons, became the leading power. The most famous king of the West
Saxons was Alfred the Great, who reigned in the second half of the ninth
century, dying in 901. He was famous not only as a military man and
administrator but also as a champion of learning. He founded and supported
schools and translated or caused to be translated many books from Latin into
English. At this time also much of the Northumbian literature of two centuries
earlier was copied in West Saxons. Indeed, the great bulk of Old English
writing which has come down to us is the West Saxon dialect of 900 or later.
(15) In the military sphere, Alfred’s great accomplishment was his successful
opposition to the Viking invasion. In the ninth and tenth centuries, the
Norsemen emerged in their ships from their homeland in Denmark and the
Scandinavian Peninsula. They travelled and attacked and plundered at their
will and almost with impunity. They ravaged Italy and Greece, settled in
France, Russia and Ireland, colonized Iceland and Greenland, and
discovered America several centuries before Columbus. Nor they overlooked
England.
(16) After many years of hit-and-run raids, the Norsemaen landed an army on
the east coast of England in the year 886. There was nothing much to oppose
them except the Wessex power led by Alfred. The long struggle ended in 877
with a treaty by which a line was drawn roughly from the northwest of
England to the southwest. On the eastern side of the line, Norse rule was to
prevail. This was called the Danelaw. The western side was to be governed
by Wessex.
(17) The linguistic result of all this was a considerable injection of Norse into
the English language. Norse was at this time not so different from English as
Norwegian or Danish is now. Probably the speakers of English could
understand, more or less, the language of the new comers who had moved
into eastern England. At any rate, there was considerable interchange and
word borrowing. Examples of Norse words in the English language are sky,
give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, crawl, scowl, take, thrust. There are
hundreds more. We have even borrowed some pronouns from Norse-they,
their, and them. These words were borrowed first by the eastern and northern
dialects and then in the course of hundreds of years made their way into
English generally.
(18) It is supposed also-indeed, it must be true-that the Norsemen influenced

the sound structure and the grammar of English. But this is hard to
demonstrate in detail.
(19) We may now have an example of Old English. The favourite illustration is
the Lord’s Prayer, since it needs no translation. This has come to us in several
different versions, Here is one:
Faeder ure [thorn] u[eth]e eart on heofonum si [thorn] in nama gehalgd.

Tobecume [thorn]in rice. Gewur[eth]e [thorn]in willa on eor[eth]an swa swa
on heofonum. Urne gedaeghwamlican half slye us to daeg. An forgyf us ure
gyltas swa swa we forgyfa[thorn] urum glytendum. And ne gelaed [thorn]u us
on cost nunge ac alys of yfele. So[eth]lice.
(20) Some of the differences between this and Modern English are merely
differences in orthography. For instance, the sign æ is what Old English writers
used for a vowel sound like that in modern hat or and. The th sounds of
modern thin or then are represented in Old English by [thorn] or [eth]. But of
course there are many differences in sounds too. Ure is the ancestor of
modern our, but the first vowel was like that in too or ooze. Hlaf is modern
loaf; we have dropped the h sound and changed the vowel, which in half
was pronounce something like the vowel in father. Old English had some
sounds which we do not have. The sound represented by y does not occur in
Modern English. If you pronounced the vowel in bit with your lips rounded,
you may approach it. (21) In grammar, Old English was much more highly
inflected than Modern English is. That is, there were more case endings for
nouns, more person and number ending for verbs, a more complicated
pronoun system, various endings for adjectives, and so on. Old English nouns
had four cases –nominative, genitive, dative, accusative. Adjectives had
five-all these and an instrumental case besides. Present day English has only
two cases from nouns-common case and possessive case. Adjectives now
have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use more rigid word
order and more structure words (preposition, auxiliaries, and the like) to
express relationships than Old English did.
(22) Some of this grammar we can see in the Lord’s Prayer. Heofonum, for
instance is a dative plural; the nominative singular was heofon. Urne is an
accusative singular; the nominative is ure. In urum gyltendum both words are
dative plural. Forgyfap is the third person plural form of the verb. Word order is
different. “urne gedaeghwamlican half syle us” in place of “Give us our daily
bread.” And so on.
(23) In vocabulary Old English is quite different from Modern English. Most of
the Old English words are what we may call native English; that is, words
which have not been borrowed from other languages but which have been
a part of English ever since English was a part of Indo-European. Old English
did certainly contain borrowed words. We have seen that many borrowing
were coming in from Norse. Rather large numbers had been borrowed from
Latin, too. Some of these were taken while the Anglos-Saxons were still in the
continent (cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, etc.); a large number came into
English after Conversion (angle, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster, purple,
school, spend, etc.). But the great majority of Old English words were native
English.
(24) No on the contrary, the majority of words in English are borrowed, taken
mostly from Latin and French. Of the words from The American College
Dictionary only about 14 percent are native. Most of these to be sure, are
common, high frequency words-the, of, I, and because, man, mother, road,
etc.; of the thousand most common words in English, some 62 percent are
native English. Even so, the modern vocabulary is very much Latinized and
Frenchified. The Old English vocabulary was not.
(25) Sometime between the year 1000 and 1200 various important changes
took place in the structure of English, and Old English became Middle English.
The political event which facilitated these changes was the Norman
Conquest. The Normans, as the name shows, came originally from
Scandinavia. In the early tenth century they established themselves in
Northern France, adopted the French language, and developed a vigorous
kingdom and a very passable civilization. In the year 1066, led by Duke
William, they crossed the Channel and made themselves master of England.
For the next several hundred years, England was ruled by kings and whose
first language was French.
(26) One might wonder why, after the Norman Conquest, French did not
become the national language, replacing English entirely. The reason is that
the conquest was not a national migration, as the early Anglo-Saxons
invasion had been. Great numbers of Normans came to England, but they
came as rulers and landlords. French became the language of the court, the
language of nobility, the language of the polite society, the language of
literature. But it did not replace the English language as the language of the
people. There must be hundreds of towns and villages in which French was
never heard except when visitors of high station passed through.
(27) But English, though survived as the national language, was profoundly
changed after the Norman Conquest. Some of the changes-in sound
structure and grammar-would no doubt have taken place whether there
have been a conquest or not. Ever before 1066 the case system of English
nouns and adjectives was becoming simplified; people came to rely more on
word order and prepositions than on inflectional endings to communicate
their meanings. The process was speeded up by sound changes which
caused many of the endings to sound alike. But no doubt the conquest
facilitated the changes. German, which did not experience a Norman
Conquest, is today rather highly inflected compared to its cousin English.
(28) But it is in the vocabulary that the effects of the Conquest are most
obvious. French ceased, after a hundred years or so, to be the native
language of very many people in England, but it continued-and continues
still- to be a zealously cultivated sound language, the mirror of elegance and
civilization. When one spoke English, on introduced not only French ideas and
French things but also their French names. This was not only easy but also
socially useful. To pepper one’s conversation with French expressions was to
show that one was well bred, elegant, au courant. The last sentence shows
that the process was not yet dead. By using au courant instead of, say,
abreast of things, the writer indicates that he is no dull clod who knows only
English but an elegant person aware of how things are done in le haut
monde.
(29) Thus French word came into English, all sorts of them. There were words to
do with government; parliament, majesty, treaty, alliance, tax, government;
church words; parson, sermon, baptism, incense, religion; words for foods;
veal, beef, mutton, bacon, jelly, peach, lemon, cream, biscuit; colours; blue,
scarlet, vermilion, household words; curtain, chair, lamp, towel, blanket,
parlour; play words; dance, chess, music, leisure, conversation; literary words;
story, romance, poet, literary; learned words; study, logic, grammar, noun,
surgeon, anatomy, stomach; just ordinary words of all sorts; nice, second,
very, age, bucket, gentle, final, fault, flower, cry, count, sure, move, surprise,
plain.
(30) All these and thousands more poured into English vocabulary between
1100 and 1500, until at the end of that time, many people must have had
more French words than English at their command. This is not to say that
English became French. English remained English in sound structure and in
grammar, though these also felt the ripples of the French influence. The very
heart of the vocabulary, too, remained English. Most of the high frequency
words-the pronouns, the prepositions, the conjunctions, the auxiliaries, as well
as a great ordinary nouns and verbs and adjectives-were not replaced by
borrowing.
(31) Middle English, then, was still Germanic language, but it differed from Old
English in many ways. The sound system and the grammar change a good
deal. Speakers made less use of case systems and other influencial devices
and relied more on word order and structure words to express their meanings.
This is often said to be simplification, but it isn’t really. Languages don’t
become simpler; they merely exchange one kind of complexity for another.
Modern language is not a simple language, as any foreign speakers who try
to learn it will hasten to tell you.
(32) For us, Middle English is simpler than the Old English just because it is
closer to Modern English. It takes three or four months at least to learn to read
Old English prose and more than that for poetry. But a week of good study
should put one touch with the Middle English poet Chaucer. Indeed you may
be able to make some sense of Chaucer straight off, though you would need
instruction in pronunciation to make it sound like poetry. Here is a famous
passage from the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, fourteenth
century:
Ther was also a Nonne, a Prioresse. That of hir smyling was ful simple and coy;
Hir gretteste oot was but by Seint Loy; And she was cleped madame
Eglentyne. Ful weel she soong the service dyvyne. Entuned in hir nose ful
seemly, And Frenshe she spak ful faire and fetisly, After the scole of Stratford-
atte-Bowe, For Frenshe of Parys was to hirse unknowe.
(33) Sometime between 1400 and 1600 English underwent a couple of sound
changes which made language of Shakespeare quite different from that of
Chaucer. Incidentally, these changes contributed much to the chaos in
which English spelling now finds itself.
(34) One change was the elimination of a vowel sound in certain unstressed
positions at the end of words. For instance, the words name, stone, wine,
dance were pronounced as two syllables by Chaucer but as just one by
Shakespeare. The e in these words became, as we say, “silent”. But it wasn’t
silent for Chaucer, it represented a vowel sound. So also the words laughed,
seemed, stored would have been pronounced by Chaucer as two-syllable
words. The change was an important one because it affected thousands of
words and gave different aspects to the whole language.
(35) The other change is what is called the Great Vowel Shift. Thus was a
systematic shifting of half a dozen vowels and diphthongs in stressed syllables.
For instance, the word nam had in Middle English a vowel something like that
in the modern word father; wine, had the vowel of modern mean; he was
pronounced something like modern hey; mouse sounded like moose; moon
had the vowel of moan. Again the shift was through going and affected all
the word in which these vowels sounds occurred. Since we still keep the
Middle English system of spelling these words, the differences between
Modern English and Middle English are often more real than apparent.
(36) The vowel shift has meant also that we have come to use an entirely
different set of symbols for representing vowel sounds that is used by the
writers of such languages as French, Italian or Spanish, in which no such vowel
occurred. If you come across a strange word-say, bine-in an English book,
you will announce it according to the English system, with the vowels of wine
or dine. But if you read bine in the French, Italian, or Spanish book, you will
pronounce it with the vowel of mean or seen.
(37) These two changes, then, produced basic differences between Middle
English and Modern English. But there were several other developments that
had an effect upon the language. One was the invention of printing, an
invention introduced to England by William Caxton in the year 1472. Where
before books had been rare and costly, they suddenly become cheap and
common. More and more people learn to read and write. This was the first of
many advances in communication in which have worked to unify languages
and to arrest the development of dialect difference, though of course the
printing affects writing principally rather than speech. Among other things it
hastened the standardization of spelling.
(38) The period of Early Modern English- that is, the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries-was also the period of the English Renaissance, when people
developed, on the other hand, a keen interest in the past and, on the other,
a more daring and imaginative view of the future. New ideas multiplied, and
new ideas meant new languages. Englishmen had grown accustomed to
borrowing words from French as a result of the Norman Conquest; now they
borrowed from Latin and Greek. As we have seen, English have been raiding
Latin from Old English times and before. But now the floodgates really
opened, and thousands of words from the classic languages poured in.
Pedestrian, bonus, anatomy, contradict, climax, dictionary, benefit, multiply,
exist, paragraph, initiate, scene, inspire are random examples. Probably the
average educated American today has more words from French in his
vocabulary than from the native English source and more from Latin than the
French.
(39) The greatest writer of the Early Modern English period is of course
Shakespeare, and the best-known book is the King James Version of the
Bible, published in 1611. The bible (if not Shakespeare) has made many
features of Early Modern English perfectly familiar to many people down to
present time, even though we do not use these features in the present-day
speech and writing. For instance, the old pronounce thou and thee have
dropped out of use now, together with their verb forms, but they are still
familiar to us in prayer and in Biblical quotation. “Whither thou goest, I will go”
Such form as hath and doth have been replaced by has and does, “Goes he
hence tonight? Would now be “Is he going away tonight?” Shakespeare’s
“Fie o’nt, sirrah” would be “Nuts to that, Mac.” Still, all these expressions linger
with us because of the power of the works in which they occur.
(40) It is not always realized, however, that considerable sound changes have
taken place between Early Modern English and the English of the present
day. Shakespearean actors putting on a play speak the words, properly
enough, in their modern pronunciation. But it is very doubtful that this
pronunciation would be understood at all by Shakespeare. In Shakespeare’s
time, the word reason was pronounced raisin; face had the sound of the
modern glass; the l in would, should, palm was pronounce. In these points
and a great many others, the English language has moved a long way from
what it was in 1600.
(41) The history of English since 1700 is filled with many movements and
counter movements, of which we can notice only a couple. One of this is the
vigorous attempt made in the eighteenth century, and rather the half-
hearted attempts made since, to regulate and control the English language.
Many people of the eighteenth century, not understanding very well the
forces which govern the language, proposed to polish and prune and restrict
English, which they felt was proliferating too wildly. There was much talk on an
academy which would rule on what people could and could not say and
write. The academy never came into being, but the eighteenth century did
succeed in establishing certain attitudes which, though they haven’t had
much effect on the development of the language itself, have certainly
changed the native speaker’s feeling about the language.
(42) In part a product of the wish to fix and establish the language was the
development of the dictionary. The first English dictionary was published in
1603; it was a list of 2,500 words briefly defined. Many others were published
with gradual improvement until Samuel Johnson published his English
Dictionary in 1775. This steadily revised, dominated the field in England for
nearly a hundred years. Meanwhile in America, Noah Webster published his
dictionary in 1828, and before long dictionary publishing was a big business in
this country. The last century has seen the publication of one great dictionary;
the twelve volume Oxford English Dictionary, compiled in the course of
seventy-five years through the labour of many scholars. We have also, of
course, numerous commercial dictionaries which are good as the public
wants them to be if not, indeed, rather better.
(43) Another product of the eighteenth century was the invention of “English
Grammar”. As English came to replace Latin as the language of scholarship it
was felt that one should also be able to control and dissect it, parse and
analyse it, as one could Latin. What happened in practice was that the
grammatical description that applied to Latin was removed and
superimposed on English. This was silly, because English is an entirely different
kind of language, with its own forms and signals and ways of producing
meaning. Nevertheless, grammar on the Latin model were worked out and
taught in the schools. In many schools they are still being taught. This activity
is not often popular with school children, but it is sometimes an interesting
and instructive exercise in logic. The principal harm in it is that it has tended to
keep people from being interested in English and has obscured the real
features of English structure.
(44) But probably the most important force in the development of English in
the modern period has been the tremendous expansion of English-speaking
peoples. In 1500 English was minor language, spoken by a few people on a
small island. Now perhaps the greatest language of the world, spoken
natively by over a quarter of a billion people and as a second language by
many millions more. When we speak of English now, we must specify whether
we mean American English, British English, Australian English, Indian English, or
what, since the differences are considerable. The American cannot go to
England, or the Englishman to America confident that he will always
understand and be understood. The Alabaman in Iowa or the Iowan in
Alabama shows himself a foreigner every time he speaks. It is only because
the communication has become fast and easy that English in this period.
CARMELA G. REYES
I. OBJECTIVE
A. Explain the specific ideas contained in various academic texts

II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: Wrigley’s Chewing Gum (English for Academic and

Professional Purposes (DepEd Copy)), Communicate Today English for
Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High School by Jessie
Saraza Barrot, PhD and Philippe John Fresnillo Sipacio
III. PROCEDURE
A. Activity
The teacher will ask the students to:
1. Within five minutes, write their idea about love.
2. Exchange with their classmates work. Read their classmate’s

work then underline the sentence which encapsulates your classmate’s
idea
3. After reading each work, return to the owner then evaluate if

their answers are correct.
B. Analysis
Thesis statement presents or describes the point of an essay. In a

academic text the thesis statement is usually presented in the abstract or
executive summary or found at the last part of the introduction. It is written in
a declarative from.
Topic Sentence presents or describes the point of a paragraph. In other

words it is the main idea of a paragraph.
C. Abstraction
The teacher will discuss the strategies in locating the Topic Sentence.
D. Application
The teacher will post the text entitled Wrigley’s Chewing Gum. Students
will identify the thesis statement of the text.
Wrigley’s Chewing Gum
(1) Wrigley’s chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given

away with other product rather than as a primary product for sale. As a
teenager, William Wrigley Jr. was working for his father in Chicago selling soap
that has been manufactured in his father’s factory. The soap was not very
popular with merchants because it was priced at 5 cents, and this selling
price did not leave a good profit margin for the merchants. Wrigley
convinced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap
umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully,
confirming to Wrigley that the use of premium was an effective sales tool.
(2) Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling
soap as a wholesaler, giving baking soda away as a premium, and using a
cook book to promote each deal. Over time, the baking soda and
cookbook became more popular than the soap, so Wrigley began a new
operation selling baking soda, he soon decided on chewing gum. Once
again, when Wrigley realized that the demand for premium was stronger
than the demand for the original product, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr.
Company to produce and sell chewing gum.
(3) Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta gums, and
soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearmint. The latter two brands grew in
popularity, while the first two were phased out. Juicy Fruit and Spearmint are
two of Wrigley’s main brand to this day.
IV. Evaluation
Let the students identify the topic sentence of the following texts:
VI. Reflection

this lesson?
CARMELA G. REYES
I. OBJECTIVE
A. Use knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she needs

II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: Communicate Today English for Academic and

Professional Purposes for Senior High School by Jessie Saraza Barrot, PhD
and Philippe John Fresnillo Sipacio
III. PROCEDURE
A. Activity
1. Show a picture of a person sitting on a chair and holding a

newspaper. Let the students write something about the picture.
2. Randomly, call students, who will read their works in front of the
class. Write the words or academic words students used in their descriptions.
B. Analysis
The teacher will discuss the different academic texts.

C. Abstraction
To differentiate the difference between academic text and non-

academic texts, watch the video in the following link:
http://www.screencast.com/users/UniRdg_Library/folders/Study%20Adv
ice/media898c4360-f86d-4808-812a-758d4ef4ac02
D. Application
Using the Venn diagram, differentiate academic text to non academic

text.
ACADEMIC TEXT NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
IV. EVALUATION
1. The teacher will present/post academic texts through a power point

presentation. (Follow the link to get the different academic texts)
2. Students will identify whether the text is academic or non academic.

If academic, tell the type of academic text posted.
VI. Reflection

this lesson?
CARMELA G. REYES
I. OBJECTIVE
A. Use various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts

II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: Communicate Today English for Academic and

Professional Purposes for Senior High School by Jessie Saraza Barrot, PhD
and Philippe John Fresnillo Sipacio
III. PROCEDURE
A. Activity
1. Group students into 6.
2. Students will brain storm about their experiences in reading

long texts.
3. Each group should have one representative to consolidate

their experiences and present it in class.
B. Analysis
The teacher will discuss the following:
WHAT IS SUMMARIZING?
As an important skill in critical reading, summarizing is often used

to determine the essential ideas in a book, article, book chapter, an article or
parts of an article. These essential ideas include the gist or main idea, useful
information, or key words or phrases that help you meet your reading
purpose.
GUIDELINES IN SUMMARIZING
1. Clarify your purpose before you read,
2. Read the text and understand the meaning.
3. Select and underline or circle the key ideas and phrases while reading;
another strategy is to annotate the text.
4. Write all key ideas or phrases you identified on the margins or on your
notebook in a bullet or outline form.
5. Without looking at the text, identify the connections of these key ideas and
phrases using a concept map.
6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept map.
7. Combine the sentences into paragraph. Use appropriate transitional

devices to improve cohesion.
8. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas it presents.
10. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas.
11. Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy.
12. Record the details of the original source. (author’s name, date of
publication, title, publisher, place of publishing and URL, if online)
13. Format your summary properly.
FORMATS IN SUMMARIZING
1. Idea Heading Format
In this format, the summarized idea comes before the action.
2. Author-Heading Format
In this format, the summarized idea comes after the citation.

3. Date Heading Format
In this format, the summarized idea comes after the date when the
material was published.
C. Abstraction
The teacher will present more examples of texts using the three formats
of summarizing.
Please follow to the link for more examples of text.
Google Scholar (https;//scholar.google.com.ph//schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5)
D. Application
1. Students will be grouped into 3.
2. Each group will be assigned a specific format of summarizing which

they will use in summarizing the assign text to them.
3. After 15minutes students will present their works in front of the class.
IV. Evaluation
In a one half crosswise, the students will explain the following briefly.
1. For you, among the three formats of summarizing, which do you think
is the most applicable of all academic texts? Why?
2. Give three of the guidelines in summarizing which you think is the

most important. Explain your answer.
VI. Reflection

this lesson?
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Ann Christian A. Francisco

T-III Science City of Munoz Division
I. OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson students are expected to:
A. states the thesis statement of an academic text

CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-6 (Week 2-Day 2)
II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: Thesis Statement
B. References: Barrot J. and Sipacio P. (2016) Communicate Today
English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High
School. pp 86-103
Apiras L. (2016). English for Academic and Professional Purposes. Pp.
119-128
C. Teaching Materials: Curriculum Guide, Book, Overhead Projector,
Laptop
III. PROCEDURE
A. Activity
Let the students brainstorm on the idea below and ask them try
to write the missing letters to complete the words.
The_i_ S_a_e_ _t - It is one of the most important elements of any

successful essay.
B. Analysis
Introduction: Every paper you write have a main point, a main
idea or a central message. The argument(s) you make in your
paper reflect the main idea. The sentence that captures
your position on this main idea is what we call thesis statement.
Body: A thesis statement is a sentence that makes an assertion

about a topic and predicts how the topic will be
developed. It does not simply announce a topic: it says
something about the topic.
Good: X has made a significant impact on the teenage
Population due to its…
Bad: In this paper, I will discuss X.
 A thesis statement makes a promise to the reader

about the scope, purpose and directions of the
paper.
 A thesis summarizes the conclusion that the writer
has reached about the topic
 A thesis statement is generally located near the end
of the introduction.
 A thesis statement is focused and specific enough to
be proven within the boundaries of the paper.
Keywords should be specific, accurate, and
indicative of the range of research, thrust of the
argument or analysis, and the organization of
supporting information.
 A strong thesis statement usually contains an
element of uncertainty, risk or challenge (Ramage
et.al 2006)
SUGGESTIONS FOR AN EFFECTIVE THESIS STATEMENT
1. The thesis statement should express an opinion or state a

position things you need to convince your reader of.
2. The thesis statement should state just one thing, the one point
you will need to prove. A good paper will often have secondary
purposes but they should not compete with the main
point, the thrust of your research paper.
3. A paragraph should have coherence. When a paragraph is

woven together so you can read and understand one
idea and it flows to the next, your paragraph shows coherence.
C. Abstraction
A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one of two sentences.
It should present the topic of your paper and also make a comment about
your position in relation to the topic. Your thesis statement should tell your
reader what the paper is about and also help guide in your writing and keep
your argument focused.
D. Application
Choose two of the subjects listed below and compose a thesis
statement for each.
1. My Favorite Teacher
2. My First Girlfriend/Boyfriend
3. My Family
4. My Failures/Disappointments
5. My Hopes and Fears
Example:
Subject: My First Date with Rainy
THESIS STATEMENT: An experience that begins in eager anticipation and

proceeds smoothly may still end in disaster nonetheless teach
you something useful about human beings and human relationships
IV. EVALUATION
DIRECTION. Choose the most comprehensive thesis statement by

encircling the letter of your choice.
(1) “The Raven” is a dark and morose poem that leaves the audience
feeling depressed by the last stanza. Poe succeeds in creating that
effect in “The Raven” through the use of repetition and adds to it
through contrast of religious Christian and Greek mythological references.
[Original]
a. E.A Poe uses repetition and contrasting religious symbolism to create

the dark and morose feeling of “The Raven”.
b. Through the use of droning alliteration and assonance, Poe creates

a dark and morose feeling in “The Raven”; Poe enhances this feeling by
employing both Christian and Greek religious symbolism.
c. E.A Poe’s “The Raven” conveys dark, morose, and depressing
feelings because of the repetition of sounds and the contrasting Christian
and Greek symbols of death and the afterlife.
(2) Alexander Hamilton appeals to the logic of the Americans reading

this text.
a. Alexander Hamilton appeals to the logic of his audience by relying o

well-chosen diction and syntax.
b. By employing well-chosen diction and syntax, Alexander Hamilton

appeals to his audience’s sense of logic.
c. In “The Feralist #1,” Alexander Hamilton appeals to his audience’s

sense of logic though his use of powerful diction and clear syntax.
(3) While describing her feelings for her husband in this poem, Anne
Bradstreet uses many symbols to get her point of the love for her
husband across to the reader.
a. In “To My Dear and Loving Husband”, Anne Bradstreet uses several

symbols including “gold” and “rivers” to convey her feelings of love.
b. Anne Bradstreet invokes her feelings of love in “To My Dear and

Loving Husband” because of her effective use of symbols, including
“gold” and rivers”.
c. In the poem “To My Dear and Loving Husband,” Anne Bradstreet

accomplishes her husband by effectively using the symbols of “gold”
and “rivers”.
V. ASSIGNMENT
Make an advance reading of outlining and paraphrasing of academic

texts.
VI. REFLECTION

I. OBJECTIVE
A. paraphrase/explain a text using one’s own words

II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: Paraphrasing
B. References: Barrot J. and Sipacio P. (2016) Communicate Today
School. pp 86-103
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/
Laptop
III. PROCEDURE
A. Preparation
 Form groups of five members each. Pick a song written in English

and try to rewrite each line without changing its meaning.
 Then, with the same group, analyze the song. Make sure to add
evidence from the text by quoting appropriate lines.
 Share your outputs in class.
B. Teaching or Modeling
Aside from summarizing, there are still other skills that can help you
encapsulate the ideas or concepts in a text effectively and one of these is
PARAPHRASING.
The table below lists the similarities and difference between the two
skills:
SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING
 Does not match the source  Does not match the source
word for word. word for word.
 Involves putting the main idea  Involves putting a passage from
into your own words, but a source into your own words.
including only the main points.
 Presents a broad overview, so is  Changes the words or phrasing
usually much shorter than the of a passage, but retains and
original text fully communicates the original
meaning
 Must be attributed to the  Must be attributed to the
original source original source
A paraphrase is...
 your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by

someone else, presented in a new form.
 one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate
documentation) to borrow from a source.
 a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely
on a single main idea.
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...
 it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.

 it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
 the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to
grasp the full meaning of the original.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how
you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key
word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version
accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you
have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you
can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your
paper.
Some examples to compare
The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result

they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about
10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd
ed. (1976): 46-47.
A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted

material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates
during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim
(Lester 46-47).
An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help
minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,
resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably
only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So
it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking
notes.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/
The teacher will show another example:
North China's Shanxi Province, the country's largest coal supplier and most
polluted region, has the dubious distinction of having 16 cities on the list.
Neither Beijing nor Shanghai appear on the list .The report found that only
22.94 percent of sewage was treated adequately in the cities surveyed and
less than 20 percent of household garbage met with proper handling. It said
178 cities examined had not built any sewage treatment facilities and 130
cities had not been equipped with garbage disposal plants.
Possible answer: The report said that over three-fourths of the total cities
surveyed had inadequate sewage treatment, and 178 had no sewage
treatment plants at all. In addition, 130 cities had no garbage disposal plants,
and indeed, almost 80 percent of household garbage was not treated
according to standards. Shanxi Province, China’s leading coal-producing
area, lead the most polluted list with 16 cities while Beijing and Shanghai
escaped the list entirely
C. Guided Practice
Which sentences are closest in meaning to the five sentences below?

1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a second baby within two
years of the first baby's birth.
a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are adolescents.

b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby before the
first baby reaches his second birthday.
c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their first born is
two.
d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again when their first
babies are two years old.
2. It has been reported that the richest one percent of Americans own 40% of
the country's wealth.
a. The richest 1% are 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans.

b. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the current
rate, the richest one percent will soon own 40% of the country's wealth.
c. 40% of the country's wealth is in the hands of only 1% of Americans.
d. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%.
3. The judge was relieved when the jury was finally ready to announce its
verdict.
a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge was relieved.
b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict.
c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an imminent verdict.
d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.
4. Research data suggest that girls who witnessed maternal abuse may
tolerate abuse as adults more than girls who did not.
a. Women who witnessed the abuse of their mother as teens are more
likely to become abusive adults.
b. Women who observed the abuse of their mothers when they were
young are more likely to endure abuse themselves.
c. Women who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their
own children.
d. Girls who testify about maternal abuse tolerate abuse as adults more
readily.
5. Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problems is important to write

about.
a. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their problems.
b. Martha feels that writing about adolescent problems is worthwhile.
c. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to write
something important.
d. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their problems.
Answers: 1. a. 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. b
D. Independent Practice
Using a pen, highlight the keywords or phrases in the original texts and
write your paraphrases. Cite your source properly.
A. “To help practioners integrate skills into the teaching of core academic
subjects, the Partnership has developed a unified, collective vision for
learning known as the Framework for 21st Century Learning. This Framework
describe the skills, knowledge and expertise students must master to succeed
in work and life; it is a blend of content, knowledge, specific skills, expertise
and literacies” (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2009, p.1).
Reference
Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2009). P21 framework definitions. Retrieved
from http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/P21_Framework_Definitions.pdf
Your paraphrase
B. “Academic writing is best thought of as a circular process. When you begin
your writing, you first need to plan what you are going to write. Your planning
will involve reading sources such as journal articles, books as well as attending
lectures and conferences. While reading and attending lectures, you may
want to take notes, begin to organize all your information and to write a first
draft.” (Institue of Education, 2008 p.10)
Reference
Institute of Education (2008). Student writing guide: Academic writing in

educational settings. University of London.
Your paraphrase
C. “It is widely recognized that there is global diversity crisis, and

environmental degradation is expected to accelerate with profoundly
changing socioeconomic (e.g. human population growth, economic
development and urbanization) and climactic conditions” (Gurney, et.al.,
2014, p.98)
Reference
Gurney, G. et.al. (2014). Poverty and protected areas. An evaluation of

marine integrated conservation and development projects in Indonesia. In
Global Environment Change, 26, 98-107.
Your paraphrase
IV. EVALUATION
Use your own words to paraphrase the following sentences.
1. A local newspaper claims that 75% of all homeless people do not like
homeless shelters and prefer to live as they do now.
___________________________________________________________________________
___2. Ronny told his aunt that a bear had attacked him, which she found
difficult to believe.
___________________________________________________________________________
___3. Anyone who has ever driven through the Mojave Desert knows that one
should always carry a supply of extra water.
___________________________________________________________________________
___4. Of the 138 million acres of land that Native Americans owned in 1887, 90
million acres were taken away by whites by 1932.
___________________________________________________________________________
___5. A woman who was nominated by the president to head the
department was quickly approved by the board of trustees.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
Possible Answers:
1. An article in a local newspaper reports that three out of four homeless

people think that the streets are better than the so-called homeless shelters.
2. Ronny's aunt did not really believe his story about the bear attack.
3. The Mojave Desert is so hot that it is dangerous to try to cross it without

plenty of water.
4. By 1932, Native Americans had less than half of the land they had owned
only 45 years earlier.
5. The board of trustees agreed with the president to appoint a woman head
of the department.
V. ASSIGNMENT
On a sheet of paper, answer the question below comprehensively:
Why is paraphrasing important in academic writing?
VI. REFLECTION

I. OBJECTIVE
A. outline reading texts in various disciplines

II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: Outlining
B. Reference: Wyson J. (2016). English for Academic and Professional
Purposes. pp 17-26
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III. PROCEDURE
A. Preparation
 How do architects and engineers usually begin their

construction of a building?
 Why do they begin in this manner? Is it advisable to begin
their construction in any other way? Why or Why not?
Before putting on cement, partitions, and paint on a building,

engineers and architects see to it that its farmers and foundations are
already in place. This is because these are essential in ensuring that the
building will stand firm through time and determining the shape that the
building will take upon its completion. In a similar manner, an outline is crucial
in academic writing.
Outline establishes the “shape” that essay will take. The outline should
be a reflection of an essay’s thesis statement, and in turn, will guide the writer
as to what details are supposed to be included in an essay. It may also help a
writer establish unity and coherence in his or her presentation of ideas. By
unity, we mean that all information found in an essay speak of the thesis
statement, and by coherence, we mean that the ideas in an essay are
logically are logically arranged.
 Outlines are used in determining the structure of an academic

paper.
 Main headings for each of the sections are encoded using

Roman numerals (I, II, III etc.) while the supporting arguments or
details are marked by capital letters (A, B, C, etc.)
 Make sure that the main headings and sub-headings should at

least come in pairs, if “II” is absent, there should not be a “I” in
the first place. Likewise, if there is no “B” then the previous idea
should be included in the main heading and should not be
encoded as “A”.
Two Types of Outline
1. Topic Outline – makes use of key words and phrases

2. Sentence Outline – makes use of complete sentences
Basic Outline Form
Below is a synopsis of the outline form. The main ideas take roman
numerals. Sub-points under each main idea take capital letters and are
indented. Sub-points under the capital letters, if any, take italic numbers and
are further indented.
I. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
B. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
1. Subsidiary idea to B
2. Subsidiary idea to B
a. Subsidiary idea to 2
b. Subsidiary idea to 2
II. MAIN IDEA

A. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
B. Subsidiary idea to II
C. Subsidiary idea to II
III. MAIN IDEA
It is up to the writer to decide on how many main ideas and
supporting ideas adequately describe the subject. However, if there is
a I in the outline, there has to be II; if there is an A, there has to be a B; if
there is 1, there has to be 2 and so forth.
Sample Outline 1
TITLE: Properties of Magnets

I. Attracts objects which are magnetic in nature.
A. Illustration of the principle
B. The composition of magnets
C. How to create magnets
D. Counter-examples of magnets
E. Origin of magnets
II. Like poles repel, unlike pole attract
III. Freely hanging magnets align in one direction
A. Illustration
B. The principle behind illustration
IV. Poles occur in pairs
Sample Outline 2
Title: “The Benefits of Running”

1. Introduction
A. Running is becoming an extremely popular sport of all ages.
B. Running is great form of exercise because it helps people
control their weight, develop muscles, and improves mental
and physical performance.
2. Body
A. Weight control
1. Aids self-control
2. Burns calories
3. Encourages a healthy diet
4. Suppresses appetite
B. Muscular Development
1. Improves tone
2. Enhances contours
3. Increases strength
4. Improves endurance
C. Psychological Well-being
1. Aids sleep
2. Inhibits depression
3. Intensifies vitality
D. Cardiovascular Fitness
1. Strengthen heart
2. Lowers blood pressure
3. Changes blood lipids
4. Improves circulation
C. Guided Practice
Direction. Read through the texts. Then, complete the outline for each
text.
Science
Life processes involve a continuous flow of energy within a cell, from

one cell to another, and from one organism to another. The study of energy
transformation in living organisms is called bioenergetics.
There are three main types of energy transformation that occur in the
biosphere. In the first type, solar energy is captured by the green pigment
called chlorophyll, in green plants and is transformation is called cellular
respiration. His involves the conversion of chemical energy of carbohydrates
and other molecules into phosphate bonds. The third type of energy
transformation occurs when the chemical energy of these phosphates bonds
is utilized by the cells to do work.
The branch of physics that deals with energy and its transformation is
called thermodynamics. Its principles are universally applied to chemical
processes in both living and non-living organisms.
Branches of Science dealing with energy transformation

A. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
A. Solar Energy
1.
_______________________________________________________________
2.
_______________________________________________________________
B. Conversion of Chemical Energy

1.
_______________________________________________________________
2.
_______________________________________________________________
C. Energy of Phosphate Bonds

1.
_______________________________________________________________
2.
_______________________________________________________________
Direction. Major and minor ideas are mixed together in the lists below.
Put the ideas in logical order by choosing the best idea from the list.
Thesis: Working at the local coffee shop was my favorite job.
A. Pleasant environment
1. Friendly customers
2. __________________
a. Helpful co-workers
b. Flexible hour
c. Holiday bonus
B. Good schedule
1. Short shifts
2. __________________
b. Flexible hour
c. Holiday bonus
C. Good pay
1. Generous Tips
2. ___________________
b. Flexible hour
c. Holiday bonus
IV. EVALUATION
Direction. The major and minor details are mixed together in the two
groups that follow. The major details in each group support a given main
idea. Separate the major from the minor details by filling in the outline.
A. Main Idea: Freshman English Course in college is demanding
 Surprise Quizzes
 A great deal of writing
 Three major tests
 Many tests
 Term paper
 Several Novels
 Several short stories
 Extensive reading loads
 Frequent writing assignments
 Written summaries of articles assigned
 Reading magazines and newspapers articles
 Comprehensive final exam
Major Detail
1.
______________________________________________________
a.
_________________________________________________
Minor Details
b.
_________________________________________________
c.
_________________________________________________
Major Detail 2.
______________________________________________________
a.
_________________________________________________
Minor Details
b.
_________________________________________________
c.
_________________________________________________
Major Detail 3.
______________________________________________________
a.
_________________________________________________
Minor Details
b.
__________________________________________________
c.
__________________________________________________
(Source: Pablo, E.A. et.al, Functional Text in English 1. Pp 40-41)
V. ASSIGNMENT
Select two or three chapters from other textbooks in natural and social
sciences, and prepare an outline for each. Make sure your output adheres to
the conventions of outlining discussed in the lesson.
VI. REFLECTION
What were your misconceptions about the topic prior to taking up the
lesson?
What new or additional learning have you had other taking up this

I. OBJECTIVE
A. summarize the content of an academic text

CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-9 (Week 3-Days 1 and 2)
II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: Summarizing
B. Reference: Barrot J. and Sipacio P. (2016) Communicate Today
School. pp 86-103
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III. PROCEDURE
A. Preparation
 The teacher will show a short film. Watch the video clip and
make sure to note the details.
 Using only three sentences, tell the plot of the story.
Suppose you told your friend that you just watched a great film and
your friend asks what the story is. What would you do? Would you tell the story
as it is from the opening scene to the end credits or would you simply talk
about the essential parts of the movie? You’ll probably agree that the latter is
the more practical choice and you are correct. More often than not, the gist
or the most significant or important part is what is given out to provide a
background, not only in talking about movie plots but also in writing
academic and professional papers.
What is summarizing?
Summarizing is often used to determine the essential ideas in a book,

article, book chapter; an article or parts of an article. These essential ideas
include the gist or main idea, useful information, or key words or phrases that
help you meet your reading purpose. Summarizing is generally done after
reading. However, it can be done as well while reading a text.
Summarizing is a skill because it helps you:
 Deepen your understanding of the text

 Learn to identify relevant information or key ideas
 Combine details or examples that support the main idea/s
 Concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words presented
in the text; and
 Capture the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly
and concisely.
What is not summarizing?
You are not summarizing when you
 Write down everything

 Write down ideas from the text word-for-word
 Write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas;
 Write down ideas that are not stated in the text; or
 Write down a summary that has the same length or is longer than the
original text.
Guidelines in Summarizing
1. Clarify your purpose before you read.
2. Read a text and understand the meaning. Do not stop reading until
you understand the message conveyed by the author. Locate the gist or
main idea of the text, which can usually be found either at the beginning, in
the middle, or in the end.
3. Select and underline or circle the key ideas and phrases while
reading: another strategy is to annotate the text.
4. Write all the key ideas and phrases are in bullets.
5. Identify the connections of key ideas using a concept map.
6. List your ideas in sentences.
7. Combine sentences in a paragraph. Use appropriate cohesive

devices.
8. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text.
10. Edit the draft of your summary.
11. Compare your output with the original text.
12. Record the details of the original text.
13. Format your summary properly. Use different formats to show variety
in writing.
FORMATS IN SUMMARIZING
1. Idea Heading Format

2. Author Heading Format
3. Date Heading Format
C. Guided Practice
 Students will be grouped into 4 and summarize the given

academic texts.
 The teacher will give some factual points to guide the students in
the activity.
 The students will have a brainstorming and thinking analysis
about the given citation to write their group summary.
 Presentation of outputs
Text 1
Text 2
Using their understanding about summarizing, the students will choose
a partner and summarize the given academic text.
THE CHALLENGE OF STABILITY AND SECURITY IN WEST AFRICA

Marc, Alexandre; Verjee, Neelam; Mogaka, Stephen
This book seeks to critically examine the challenges of fragility and

security in West Africa, along with the factors of resilience. It seeks to
investigate key drivers of conflict and violence, and the way in which they
impact the countries of the sub region. Along with emerging threats and
challenges, these include the challenge of youth inclusion; migration;
regional imbalances; extractives; the fragility of political institutions and
managing the competition for power, security and land. The book explores
how the sub region, under the auspices of the regional organization ECOWAS
has become a pioneer on the continent in terms of addressing regional
challenges. This book seeks to identify key lessons in the dynamics of
resilience against political violence and civil war, drawn from countries such
as Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire that can be useful for countries
around the world in the midst of similar situations. Finally, it draws on
knowledge and findings from a series of background papers written by
leading experts, and provides insights from the perspectives of academic
and development practitioners.
IV. EVALUATION
Write S if the statement describes good summarizing and N if not.
__________ 1. Sean copied everything from the book.

__________ 2. Thomas extracted the key ideas in the text.
__________ 3. Carmela concentrated on the important details.
__________ 4. Anita looked for keywords and phrases.
__________ 5. Jenna simplified ideas.
__________ 6. Rona revised the main idea.
__________ 7. To add more information, Alessa added her analysis and
comments to the ideas of the author.
__________ 8. Maria wrote down the general and specific ideas of the text.
__________ 9. Sean added some of his related research to the information
presented in the text.
__________10. Lalaine extended the message of the text and included some
of her interpretations.
V. ASSIGNMENT
Choose your favorite book or movie and write a summary of its plot.
Make sure to follow the format below.
 Century Gothic 12
 1.5 Spacing
 1” margin on all sides
 Short bond paper
VI. REFLECTION
lesson?

I. OBJECTIVE
A. write a précis/abstract/summary of texts in various disciplines

CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-13 (Week 3- Days 3 and 4)
II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. Topic: Writing a Précis/Abstract/Summary
B. Reference: Barrot J. and Sipacio P. (2016) Communicate Today
English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High School.
pp 86-103
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III. PROCEDURE
A. Preparation
 A video clip will be shown about a current social issue (crisis in

Marawi City)
 With a partner, determine the key ideas presented in the video.
Then, write five to six sentences that will encapsulate these key
ideas. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
What is an Abstract, Précis or Summary?
Texts are classified as either abstract, précis, or summary and

sometimes as synopsis, are all the same. Whatever they may be called, these
texts aim to precisely condense a larger work to present only the key ideas.
They tell the audience the gist of what has been read, listened to or viewed.
Note that the way we write an abstract, précis, or summary depends

on the expectations of a particular discipline or field. For example, publishing
companies, libraries and movie catalogs do not give away the actual
content of the material when they write summaries of materials. Their purpose
is simply to pique the interest of the target audience. These kinds of abstracts
are called descriptive abstracts. Research papers on the other hand readily
present the key ideas and major findings of the study. This kind of abstract is
known as summative abstract. Between these two types of abstracts, a
summative abstract is more preferred in an academic setting.
Since an abstract, précis, or summary aim to present the key ideas of

the text, the general rule is to condense the information into around 15
percent of the original length of the text. However, this is not a hard and fast
rule. In most cases, a 6,000-word research article for an academic journal
may require only 200 to 250 words for its abstract.
Structure of an Abstract, Précis, or Summary
The structure of abstract, précis, or summary depends on how it will be

used. For instance, the abstract of a research paper usually contains 150-300
words. It does not use any citation, does not include specific result statistics
and is last to be written.
In terms of structure, a research abstract generally follows the given

allocation of words:
 Rationale
 Research Problems (around 10%)
 Methodology (around 20%)
 Major findings (around 40%)
 Conclusion and Implications (around 10%)
Guidelines in Writing an Abstract, Précis, or Summary
1. Read the text at least twice until you fully understand its content.
2. Highlight the key ideas and phrases.
3. Annotate the text.
4. State the author’s name, the title of the passage and the main idea at the
beginning sentence.
5. Use words or phrases indicating that you are presenting an abstract, précis,
or summary. Reporting verbs are the most useful for this purpose.
6. Write the main idea of each paragraph using your own words. In some
cases, you can write one main idea for multiple paragraphs particularly of a
research paper.
7. Never copy in verbatim a single sentence from the original text.
8. Combine the main ideas to form one paragraph. Use appropriate
transitional devices to improve cohesion.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the ideas presented
in the text.
10. Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy.
C. Guided Practice
Original Text
Summarized Text
According to Barrot (2013), reading is a complex cognitive process of

decoding written symbols. It is complex because it involves interactive and
problem-solving processes. Reading can be developed through constant
practice. It is a two-way communication between readers and texts. It
involves the transmission of messages using optic nerves. It has purpose. It is
the foundation of good writing and speaking. You learn vocabulary through
reading. Reading also includes reading fluency. Fluency means the number
of words that you can read in a certain period of time. The average reading
speech is 200 words per minute. However, there are people who can read
higher that 280 words per minute.
Rubric for an Abstract, Précis, or Summary
VGE GE SE LE N
5 4 3 2 1
CONTENT (35%)
Paper accurately reflects the content of the
original text while incorporating only the key
ideas.
Key ideas from the original text are reworded
without compromising accuracy or content.
Proper incorporates the name of the author
and title of the text at the start of the summary.
Specific examples are excluded in the abstract,
précis, or summary
This paper is free from personal comments or
opinions.
Proper uses appropriate length.
ORGANIZATION (25%)
Paper employs an organizational pattern and
structure appropriate for the genre.
Cohesive devices are effectively used.
Ideas are correctly placed which improves the
paper’s organization.
Flow of ideas is smooth and easy to read.
STYLE (20%)
Paper showcases the writer’s voice
Proper uses a variety of sentence structures
Paper eliminates sexist language
Paper uses language appropriate to context
Paper eliminates wordiness.
GRAMMAR AND MECHANICS (10%)
Grammar is accurate.
Spelling, capitalization, and punctuations are
correctly used.
Word Choice is appropriate.
Sentences are well-structured.
Legend: VGE – To a very great extent

GE – To a great extent
LE – To a little extent
N- Not at all
Write an abstract, précis, or summary. Assume the persona of a

professor who is writing an abstract for a recently completed research paper.
A. Find a partner. Complete the given information to come up with a writing

situation for your abstract, précis, or summary.
Title of text:
________________________________________________________________
Author of the text: _________________________________________________________
Purpose: __________________________________________________________________
Target Outputs: ___________________________________________________________
Audience: ________________________________________________________________
Writer’s Persona: __________________________________________________________
Tone/Formality: ___________________________________________________________
B. Within 15 minutes, read the following text before writing your own abstract,
précis, or summary. Keep the following questions in mind while reading.
1. What is the purpose of the given text?

2. Who is the target reader?
3. Has the writer achieved his/her purpose?
IV. EVALUATION
Write E if the statement shows an effective strategy in writing an

abstract, précis, or summary and N if not.
__________ 1. Kip adds his own explanations to some of the key ideas he writes
in his summary.
__________ 2. Joey copies in verbatim some of the sentences from the original
text.
__________ 3. Rachel highlights the key ideas in the original text while reading
it.
__________ 4. Monica includes the specific examples that the original text
while reading it.
__________ 5. Janice presents her summary in bullet form.
__________ 6. Mona reads her summary and compares it to the original text.
__________ 7. Emily reads the original text several times until she fully
understands it.
__________ 8. Gunther writes a research abstract without any major findings in
it.
__________ 9. Ross writes in his summary how he feels after reading the text to
be summarized.
__________ 10. Candace write the name of the author, year of publication,
and title of the text at the beginning of the summary.
V. ASSIGNMENT
Hone your skills in writing an abstract, précis or summary by checking

the website below:
 https://yuwritingcenter.wikispaces.com/file/view/Writing+an+abs
tract_exercise.pdf
VI. REFLECTION
lesson?

Week 1-3 (Reading Academic Texts)

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A SEMI-DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND

PROFESSIONAL PUSPOSES (EAPP)

At the end of the lesson students should be able to:

A. Determine the structure of a specific academic text

II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: From Hand to Mouth by Michael C. Corballis (English for

C. Teaching Materials: Power Point Presentation, Projector, Texts

1. Students will be grouped into 5

2. The teacher will read passages from different texts.

 There are 10 persons died in the accident last June 10,

3. The students will identify if the text came from a publication or a

Structure of Academic Text

Academic texts are typically formal. They have clearly structured

Based on their previous groups, the students will be asked to go to the

Students will answer the following questions:

1. What were your misconceptions about the topic prior to taking up

(6) One possible advantage of vocal language is its arbitrariness. Except in

(8) In the naming and transmission of such detailed information, iconic

(9) I would be on dangerous ground, however, if I were to insist too strongly

(10) Another advantage of speech over gesture is obvious: we can use it in

(11) It is not only a question of being able to communicate at night. We can

(12) Speech does have one disadvantage, though: it is generally accessible

(13) In the evolution of speech, the alerting component of language might

(15) Speech has another, and subtler, attentional advantage. Manual

At the end of the lesson students should be able to:

A. Differentiate language used in academic texts from various

II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: From A Brief History of English by Paul Roberts (English for

C. Teaching Materials: Power Point Presentation, Projector, Texts

The teacher will ask:

What did the students observe on the language used on

Based on the text entitled ‘From A Brief History of English by Paul

In a one whole sheet of paper, students will answer the following

1. Does academic writing requires concentration and comprehension?

Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.

1. Authors of academic texts usually present facts to support their main

2. Authors do not usually state critical questions and ideas.

3. Academic writers list references.

4. Academic writers take a subjective point of view.

Students will answer the following questions:

1. What were your misconceptions about the topic prior to taking up

(1) No understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory

(11) All this is pre-history, so far as the language is concerned. We have no

(18) It is supposed also-indeed, it must be true-that the Norsemen influenced

Faeder ure [thorn] u[eth]e eart on heofonum si [thorn] in nama gehalgd.

At the end of the lesson students should be able to:

A. Explain the specific ideas contained in various academic texts

II. SUBJECT MATTER

B. References: Wrigley’s Chewing Gum (English for Academic and

C. Teaching Materials: Power Point Presentation, Projector, Texts

The teacher will ask the students to:

1. Within five minutes, write their idea about love.

2. Exchange with their classmates work. Read their classmate’s

3. After reading each work, return to the owner then evaluate if

Thesis statement presents or describes the point of an essay. In a

Topic Sentence presents or describes the point of a paragraph. In other

Wrigley’s Chewing Gum

(1) Wrigley’s chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given

Students will answer the following questions: