Shakurs English Course Book 1

Table of Contents
Lesson One_____________________________________________________________________1
 The Alphabet
 Indefinite Article
 Definite Article
 Singular and Plural
 Numbers from 0 to 10
Lesson Two_____________________________________________________________________4
 Personal Pronouns
 Present Tense of the Verb to be
 Demonstrative Pronouns
Lesson Three____________________________________________________________________7
 Interrogative Pronouns Who and What

Lesson Four___________________________________________________________________10
 Adjectives
Lesson Five____________________________________________________________________15
 Present tense (do/does)

Lesson Six_____________________________________________________________________19
 Verb to have
 Ordinal Numbers
Lesson Seven__________________________________________________________________22
 Possessive Form
 Possessive Pronouns
 Possessive Adjectives
 Object Pronouns
Lesson Eight___________________________________________________________________25
 Prepositions
 Parts of the body
Lesson Nine___________________________________________________________________31
 Past tense of the Verb to be

 Relatives
 Present Progressive
Lesson Ten____________________________________________________________________35
 Future Tense
 The Time
Lesson Eleven__________________________________________________________________39
 Food
 Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Lesson Twelve_________________________________________________________________42
 Comparative and Superlative

Lesson Thirteen________________________________________________________________51
 Simple Past Tense

Lesson Fourteen________________________________________________________________55
 Past Progressive
 Subjunctive Mood
 Question Tags
 Number from 20000 to 1000000
Lesson Fifteen_________________________________________________________________59
 Auxiliary verbs Can, Could, May, Might and Must

 Too and Enough
Lesson Sixteen_________________________________________________________________64
 Price
 Height and Weight
Lesson Seventeen______________________________________________________________69
 Adverbs of Frequency
 Either, Or, Neither and Nor
Lesson Eighteen________________________________________________________________73
 Any, Some and No

 Reciprocal Pronouns
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Other and Another
Lesson Nineteen________________________________________________________________77
 The Weather
 Whether and If
Lesson Twenty_________________________________________________________________82
 Reading
Lesson One First(1st) Lesson
THE ALPHABET
Spell your full name.
Indefinite Article
The indefinite article is “a” or “an”. They are used with singular countable nouns only and/or with a non-
specific person or thing (singular). The rule to use it is really very simple. It depends on the sound at the
start of the following word. (It does not depend on the way we write the following word; it depends on the
way we say it.)
If the following word starts with a consonant sound, then we say “a”:
a cat
a game of golf
a human emotion
a Peruvian
a very nice lady
If the following word starts with a vowel sound, then we say “an”:
an apple
an easy job
an interesting film
an old man
an umbrella
Normally, we pronounce consonant letters with a consonant sound, and vowel letters with a vowel sound.
But there are some exceptions. The rule about a or an is still the same. You just need to think about the
sound, not the writing. Look at these examples:
Vowel letter but consonant sound: Consonant letter but vowel sound:
a European country an honest man
a one-day conference an hour
a university an FBI agent
A good beginning makes a good ending
1
Definite Article
The definite article(the) is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The
can be used with no count nouns.
Singular and Plural

Change each singular noun to its plural form and change each plural noun to singular form.
(1) bracket ________________________ (25) scene ________________________
(2) signals ________________________ (26) rivers ________________________
(3) monkey________________________ (27) curries ________________________
(4) fry ________________________ (28) elk ________________________
(5) screens ________________________ (29) locks ________________________
(6) copies ________________________ (30) lungs ________________________
(7) chore ________________________ (31) spring ________________________
(8) taxes ________________________ (32) guide ________________________
(9) ray ________________________ (33) barges ________________________
(10) digit ________________________ (34) party ________________________
(11) plays ________________________ (35) grips ________________________
(12) blue ________________________ (36) dreams ________________________
(13) inquiry ________________________ (37) journey ________________________
(14) stream ________________________ (38) belief ________________________
(15) tomb ________________________
(16) bells ________________________
(17) bakeries ________________________
(18) trial ________________________
(19) uniforms ________________________
(20) flowers ________________________
(21) monster ________________________
(22) bus ________________________
(23) prairie ________________________
(24) seams ________________________ Two is company, but three is a crowd.

2
Learn these numbers
What is your phone number and I.d. number.
Vocabulary
Duck: _______________________ Orange: _______________________
Ant: _______________________ Hamburger: _______________________
Bird: _______________________ Church: _______________________
Rabbit: _______________________ Cup: _______________________
Dog: _______________________ Boat: _______________________
Butterfly: _______________________ Bike: _______________________
Fish: _______________________ Truck: _______________________
Woman: _______________________ Building: _______________________
Man: _______________________ Flag: _______________________
Cat: _______________________ Lamp: _______________________
Bear: _______________________ Bridge: _______________________
Pig: _______________________ River: _______________________
Flower: _______________________ Monkey: _______________________
Girl: _______________________ Egg: _______________________
Boy: _______________________ Bee: _______________________
Airplane: _______________________ Pillow: _______________________
Car: _______________________ House: _______________________
Apple: _______________________ Toy: _______________________
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

3
Lesson Two Second(2nd) Lesson
Personal Pronouns and the verb to be (present tense)
A man who is his own lawyer has a fool for his client
4
Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence.
These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural.
When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or
time:
 Near in time or distance: this (este/a/o)

that (ese/a/o, aquél, aquello/a)
 Far in time or distance: these (estos/as)
those (esos/as, aquellos/as)
Learn these numbers
Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen
Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Ninteen Twenty
Vocabulary
Marker:______________________ Chair:______________________
Compass:______________________ Desk:______________________
Ruler:______________________ Table:______________________
Book:______________________ Math:______________________
Pencil:______________________ Science:______________________
Glue:______________________ Grammar:______________________
Notebook:______________________ Sport:______________________
Pen:______________________ Door:______________________
Backpack:______________________ Window:______________________
Student:______________________ Fan:______________________
Computer:______________________ Key:______________________
Teacher:______________________ Wall:______________________
Ceiling:______________________ A miss is as good as a mile

5
A) Make sentences following the example. Use the words from the previous page.
Marker: this is a marker/that is a marker.
B) Now change the sentences you made to questions.
This is a marker: is this a marker?
C) Answer these questions:
1) Are you a person? __________________________________________________________________
2) Is John a boy? _____________________________________________________________________
3) Are a bull and a hen animals? _________________________________________________________
4) Are the houses big? _________________________________________________________________
5) Is Mary a girl? ______________________________________________________________________
6) Am I a teacher? _____________________________________________________________________
7) Are Mike and Susan students? _________________________________________________________
8) Are you in a school? _________________________________________________________________
9) Is Jack in the car? ___________________________________________________________________
10) Am I in class? _____________________________________________________________________
11) Is the building in this city? ___________________________________________________________
12) Are the children in the park? _________________________________________________________
13) Are the animals in the zoo? __________________________________________________________
14) Is Jim a man? _____________________________________________________________________
15) Am I a human? ____________________________________________________________________
16) Are we good students? _____________________________________________________________
17) Are they on the bridge? _____________________________________________________________
18) Is the truck big? ____________________________________________________________________
19) Is the butterfly beautiful? ____________________________________________________________
20) is a butterfly beautiful? ______________________________________________________________
6
A fool and his money are soon parted
Lesson Three Third(3rd) Lesson
Who
The word “who” acts as a pronoun because it can take the place of a noun. It can be used to ask a question
about which person, or it can also start the clause that provides additional details regarding someone.
That is the woman who gave me the address.
The word “who” is used to introduce the clause that provides further information about the “woman.”
Definition:
a. what or which person or people
Example:
Who is that man?
b. used to introduce a clause giving further information about a person or people previously mentioned
Example:
Christopher plays the teenager who saved his own parents.
What
This “what” word is classified under pronouns because it replaces a thing or a noun.
Definition:
a. asking for information specifying something
Example:
What is beauty?
b. used to describe a question
Example:
What is this?
Answer these questions:
1) What are these? (pens)______________________________________________________

2) What are those? (students)___________________________________________________
3) What are Those? (rulers)_____________________________________________________
4) What is that? (bird)_________________________________________________________
5) What is this? (book)_________________________________________________________
6) Who are you? (boy/Girl) ______________________________________________________
7) Who is a teacher? (Mike)______________________________________________________
7
A poor workman always blames his tools
8) Is this a book or a notebook? __________________________________________________
9) Are these houses or churches? _________________________________________________
10) Are you a boy or a girl? _______________________________________________________
Learn these numbers
Twenty-one Twenty-two Twenty-three Twenty-four Twenty-five
Twenty-six Twenty-seven Twenty-eight Twenty-nine Thirty
Vocabulary
bed:______________________ laptop:______________________
sofa:______________________ flash drive:___________________
stove:______________________ person:______________________
closet:______________________ map:______________________
wastebasket:_________________ food:______________________
pot:______________________ love:______________________
blender:______________________ thing:______________________
candle:______________________ country:______________________
bulb:______________________ movie:______________________
brush:______________________ army:______________________
sink:______________________ paper:______________________
knife:______________________ child:______________________
bed:______________________ night:______________________
roof:______________________ day:______________________
box:______________________ road:______________________
toothpaste:___________________ You can lead a horse to water, but you

can't make it drink
eraser:______________________
8
Answer these questions negatively
1) Are you an animal?(person) ______________________________________________________________
2) Is Jim a girl?(boy) ______________________________________________________________________
3) Is this a book?(notebook) _______________________________________________________________
4) Are these apples?(oranges) _____________________________________________________________
5) Are those trucks? (cars)__________________________________________________________________
6) Is that a dog? (cat) _____________________________________________________________________
7) Is Math your favorite subject?(Grammar) ___________________________________________________
8) Is this a pen? (pencil) ___________________________________________________________________
9) Are those rulers? (chalks) ________________________________________________________________
10) Are they students? (teachers) ___________________________________________________________
Answer as you wish:
1) Is this a truck or a bike? _________________________________________________________________
2) Are those houses or schools? _____________________________________________________________
3) Is that an eraser or a pen? _______________________________________________________________
4) Are these laptops or printers? ____________________________________________________________
5) Is this a blender or a knife? ______________________________________________________________
Write a dialogue using the different ways of greetings and farewells.
Write the numbers from 0 to 30.
A friend in need is a friend indeed

9
Lesson Four Forth(4th) Lesson
Adjectives
The simplest definition of an adjective is that it is a word that describes or clarifies a noun. Adjectives
describe nouns by giving some information about an object’s size, shape, age, color, origin or material.
Learn these Adjectives:
ancient – modern old – new
artificial – natural old – young
bad – good wild – tame
bitter – sweet dangerous – safe
cheap – expensive deep – shallow
clever – stupid dim – bright
close – far dry – wet
hot-cold easy – hard
common – rare soft – hard
cruel – kind empty – full
tall – short gentle – rough
heavy – light healthy – sick
dark – light interesting – boring
fat – thin loose – tight
happy – sad low – high
expensive – cheap love – hate
strong – weak narrow – wide
small – big rich – poor
ugly – beautiful real – fake
slow – fast sober - drunk
A stitch in time saves nine

10
Learn these colors:
beige orange
black pink
blue purple
brown red
chestnut silver
fuchsia transparent
golden violet
green white
gray yellow
dark blue
deep blue
light blue
pale blue
Learn these numbers
Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty
Ninety One Hundred
A watched pot never boils
11
Describe yourself:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1) Are you tall? __________________________________________________________________________
2) Are you thin? _________________________________________________________________________
3) Is a ship heavy or light? _________________________________________________________________
4) Are you weak or strong? ________________________________________________________________
5) Is a gold ring expensive? _________________________________________________________________
6) Are snakes tame? ______________________________________________________________________
7) Is a lime sweet? _______________________________________________________________________
8) Is your grandmother young? _____________________________________________________________
9) Is the coffee cold? ______________________________________________________________________
10) Is a spider beautiful? __________________________________________________________________
Make questions:
1) This is an old car ___________________________________________________________________
2) This is an ugly spider ________________________________________________________________
3) This is a fast jet ____________________________________________________________________
4) This is a light boat (which) ____________________________________________________________
5) This is a cheap house (which) __________________________________________________________
6) Mike is a fat boy (who) _______________________________________________________________
7) Susan is a young person (who) __________________________________________________________
8) This car is new _______________________________________________________________________
9) The juice is sour ______________________________________________________________________
10) Jack is a strong man __________________________________________________________________
A person is known by the company he keeps

12
Lesson Five Fifth(5th) Lesson
To do (do/does)
Como verbo:
Significa “hacer”. No se debe confundir con “to make” que también tiene ese significado. El to do se utiliza
para acción y el to make para fabricación.
Como Auxiliar:
Se utiliza como auxiliar para formar la interrogativa y negativa de todos los verbos en presente simple,
menos con el verbo to be. También se utiliza como intensificador del verbo al que acompaña.
Conjugation:
All good things come to he who waits

13
Learn these verbs:
answer arrive ask be
borrow break buy catch
clean climb collect come
compose cook cut dance
describe discover do drink
drive eat enjoy fall
feel find fly forget
give go happen have
help hurt invent invite
kill know lend leave
lie like live look
love make meet miss
open pack pay phone
play prefer prepare push
put rain read remember
rent rescue return ring
save say search see
sell sit skate ski
sleep smell speak spend
start stay stop study
survive swim take talk
teach tell think throw
touch try understand use
visit wait walk want
wash watch wear work
write
He who fights and runs away, may live to fight another day
14
Learn to make questions.
Auxiliar (Do/Does) + Sujeto + Verbo + Complemento?
1) Do you go to school every day?

2) Do John and Mary work on the weekends?
3) Does John play baseball?
4) Does Mary study English every day?
What
Where
When + Auxiliar + Sujeto + Auxiliar + Complemento?
How
Why
1) Where do you go every day?

2) What do John and Mary do on weekends?
3) What does John play?
4) When does Mary study English?
Learn these numbers
Two Hundred Three Hundred Four Hundred Five Hundred Six Hundred
Seven Hundred Eight Hundred Nine Hundred One Thousand
Actions speak louder than words
15
Make questions and answer them affirmatively and negatively.
I eat a hotdog.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
John studies at the university
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mary goes to the movies
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The dog barks at the thief
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mike and Jack play in the park
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1) Where do you study? _____________________________________________________________
2) What do you do on weekends? _____________________________________________________
3) How does your father go to work? ___________________________________________________
4) Why do you study English? _________________________________________________________
5) Where do you live? _______________________________________________________________
6) When do you eat breakfast? ________________________________________________________
A leopard cannot change its spots
16
Lesson Six Sixth(6th) Lesson
Verb to have
As a main verb “to have” implies the meaning of possession. For example: “I have a job.” “I have a car.“ "I
don't have any time."
Repeat these sentences:
1) I have a car.
2) You have a car.
3) John has a car.
4) Susan has a car.
5) The dog has a bone.
6) John and Mary have a car.
7) We have a car.
8) You have a car.
How many cars do you have?
How many friends do you have?
A stitch in time saves nine
17
Clothes
Belt:_______________________________ Boots:_______________________________
Cap:_______________________________ Coat:________________________________
Dress:_____________________________ Gloves:_______________________________
Hat:_______________________________ Jacket:_______________________________
Jeans:______________________________ Pajamas:_______________________________
Pants:______________________________ Raincoat:_______________________________
Scarf:______________________________ Shirt:__________________________________
Shoes:______________________________ Skirt:__________________________________
Slacks:______________________________ Slippers:_______________________________
Socks:______________________________ Stockings:_______________________________
Suit:_______________________________ Sweater:________________________________
Sweater:____________________________ T-shirt:_________________________________
Tie:_______________________________ Trousers:_______________________________
Underclothes:_______________________ Underpants:_______________________________
Boxers:_____________________________ Briefs:____________________________________
Vest:_______________________________ Bras:______________________________________
Flip flops:___________________________ Uniform:___________________________________
Swimsuit:__________________________ Boots:_____________________________________
18
An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
Answer these questions affirmatively.
1) Do you have a pencil? ___________________________________________________________

2) Do you have a house? ___________________________________________________________
3) Does John have a car? ___________________________________________________________
4) Does the child have a toy? ________________________________________________________
5) Does Mary have a brother? _______________________________________________________
Answer these questions negatively.

1) Do you have nine brothers? ______________________________________________________
2) Does John have two fathers? _____________________________________________________
3) Do you have a red car? __________________________________________________________
4) Does Henry have a green horse? ___________________________________________________
5) Do you have a mountain of gold? ___________________________________________________

1) How many pencils do you have? ___________________________________________________
2) How many t-shirts do you have?
____________________________________________________
3) How many brothers do you have? __________________________________________________
4) How many cousins does Mary have? _______________________________________________
5) How many friends does john have? _________________________________________________
19
A golden key can open any door
Lesson Seven Seventh(7th) Lesson
Possessive Form
The possessive form is used with nouns referring to people, groups of people, countries, and
animals. It shows a relationship of belonging between one thing and another. To form the
possessive, add apostrophe + s to the noun. If the noun is plural, or already ends in s, just add an
apostrophe after the s.
EXAMPLES:
1) The car of John = John's car
2) The room of the girls = the girls' room
3) The boat of the sailors = the sailors' boat
Possessive Pronouns , Possessive Adjectives and Object Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives:
Possessive Adjective + Noun
Examples:
My dog is big.
Her cat is brown.
Their sister works downtown.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
20
Possessive Pronouns:
Noun + Possessive Pronoun
Examples:
The dog is mine.
The brown cat is its.
The car is ours.
Possessive adjectives go before the noun and possessive pronouns go after the noun. Here are
some examples:
1) This is my car. The car is mine.
2) Is that your pen? Is that pen yours?
Object Pronouns:
An object pronoun is a type of personal pronoun that is normally used as a grammatical object,
either as the direct or indirect object of a verb, or as the object of a preposition. The seven basic
pronouns take on different forms when used as object pronouns rather than as subject pronouns:
 I becomes Me
 You becomes You (this rule applies for singular and plural use)
 He becomes Him
 She becomes Her
 It becomes It
 We becomes Us
 They becomes Them
Here are some examples:
1) We gave them the money.
2) He knows me well.
3) She sees them on the bus.
4) He teaches us Math.
5) What is the matter with her today?
6) I explain the lesson to you every day.
7) We will divide the money between us.
8) She sent me a lot of presents.
9) He always helps me with my homework.
10) You need to talk with them.
Better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all
21
Change these sentences:
This is the pen of the student.
P.F.:____________________________________________________________________________
P.A.:___________________________________________________________________________
P.P.:___________________________________________________________________________
This is the computer of John.
P.F.:____________________________________________________________________________
P.A.:___________________________________________________________________________
P.P.:___________________________________________________________________________
These are the books of Jack.
P.F.:____________________________________________________________________________
P.A.:___________________________________________________________________________
P.P.:___________________________________________________________________________
These are the skirts of Sue.
P.F.:____________________________________________________________________________
P.A.:___________________________________________________________________________
P.P.:___________________________________________________________________________
These are the phones of Mike and Jake.
P.F.:____________________________________________________________________________
P.A.:___________________________________________________________________________
P.P.:___________________________________________________________________________
Answer these questions using object pronouns:
Do you go to the movies with John? __________________________________________________
Does the child play with his friends? __________________________________________________
Do you want to eat with Sue? _______________________________________________________
Do you walk with your feet? ________________________________________________________
A house is not a home

22
Lesson Eight Eighth(8th) Lesson
Prepositions of Place and Time
Preposition of
Explanation Example
place
 Inside  I watch TV in the living-room
 I live in New York
 Look at the picture in the book
 She looks at herself in the mirror.
In
 She is in the car.
 Look at the girl in the picture
 This is the best team in the world
 used to show an exact  I met her at the entrance, at the

position or particular place bus stop
 table  She sat at the table
 events  at a concert, at the party
At
 place where you are to do  at the
something typical (watch a movies, at university, at work
film, study, work)
 attached  Look at the picture on the wall

 next to or along the side of  Cambridge is on the River Cam.
(river)  The book is on the desk
 used to show that something  A smile on his face
is in a position above  The shop is on the left
something else and touching  My apartment is on the first floor
On it.  I love traveling on trains /on the
 left, right bus / on a plane
 a floor in a house  My favorite
 used for showing some program on TV, on the radio
methods of traveling
 television, radio
 not far away in distance  The girl who is by / next

by, next to,
to / beside the house.
beside, near
 in or into the space which  The town lies

separates two places, people halfway between Rome and
Between
or objects Florence.
 at the back (of)  I hung my coat behind the door.

Behind
 further forward than  She started talking to the man in

in front of someone or something else front of her
23
 lower than (or covered by)  the cat is under the chair.
Under something else
 lower than something else.  the plane is just below the cloud
Below
 above or higher than  She held the umbrella over both

something else, sometimes of us.
so that one thing covers the  Most of the carpets
other. are over $100.
Over  more than.  I walked over the bridge
 across from one side to the  She jumped over the gate
other.
 overcoming an obstacle
 higher than something else,  a path above the lake

Above but not directly over it
 from one side to the other of  She walked across the field/road.
something with clear limits /  He sailed across the Atlantic
Across getting to the other side

 from one end or side of  They walked slowly through the

Through something to the other woods.
 in the direction of  We went to Prague last year.

To  bed  I go to bed at ten.
 towards the inside or middle  Shall we go into the garden?

of something and about to
Into be contained, surrounded or
enclosed by it
 in the direction of, or closer  She stood up and

Towards to someone or something walked towards him.
 used to show movement into  I slipped as I stepped onto the

Onto or on a particular place platform.
 used to show the place  What time does the flight from
where someone or something Amsterdam arrive?
From
starts:
24
Preposition of
Explanations Example
time
 Days  Many shops don't
 weekend (American English) open on Sundays.
On  What did you do on the
weekend?
 months / seasons / year  I visited

 morning / evening / afternoon Italy in July, in spring, in 1994
 period of time  In the evenings, I like to relax.
In
 This is the first cigarette I've
had in three years.
 Night  It gets cold at night.

 weekend (British English)  What did you do at the
 used to show an exact or a weekend?
At
particular time:  There's a meeting at 2.30 this
afternoon / at lunch time.
 from a particular time in the  England have not won the

past until a later time, or until World Cup in
Since
now football since 1966
 used to show an amount of  I'm just going to bed for an

For time. hour or so.
 back in the past; back in time  The dinosaurs died out 65

Ago from the present: million years ago.
 at or during a time earlier than  She's always up before dawn.

Before
 used when saying the time, to  It's twenty to six.

To mean before the stated hour
 telling the time  five past ten

Past
 until a particular time, marking  It's only two weeks to

To end of a period of time Christmas.
 used to show the time when  The museum is open from 9.30
From something starts to 6.00 Tuesday to Sunday.
 up to (the time that)  We waited till / until half past

till / until six for you.
25
 not later than; at or before  She had promised to be
By back by five o'clock.
Parts of the body
A chain is only as strong as its weakest link

26
Learn these parts of the body:
Leg ankle butt
calf foot heel
heel bone instep knee
kneecap shin thigh
toe arm elbow
finger fingertip fist
forearm hand index finger
knuckle little finger middle finger
nail palm ring finger
shoulder thumb upper arm
wrist head bags under the eyes
beard brain canine tooth
cheek chin dimple
ear eye eyebrow
eyelash eyelid forehead
freckle gum hair
incisors lips jaw
molars moustache mouth
neck nose nostrils
palate premolars pupil
sideburns tongue tonsil
tooth throat wisdom tooth
wrinkles abdomen armpit
back belly bladder
breasts chest groin
heart hip kidney
Ask a silly question and you'll get a silly answer

27
liver lung navel
nipple stomach thorax
waist backbone eye socket
rib skull spine

1) What do you do with your eyes?
2) What do you do with your nose?
3) What do you do with your brain?
4) What do you do with your tongue?
5) What do you do with your ears?
6) What do you do with your teeth?
7) What do you do with your lungs?
8) What do you do with your mouth?
9) What do you do with your feet and legs?
10) What do you do with your lips?
Write a paragraph using at least 20 prepositions.

Write a paragraph describing your bedroom or your house using at least 10 prepositions.
Barking dogs seldom bite
28
Lesson nine ninth(9th) Lesson
The verb to be (past tense)
Better to light a candle than to curse the darkness
29
My Relatives
aunt brother brother-in-law

cousin daughter daughter-in-law
divorced father father-in-law
grandchild granddaughter grandfather
grandmother husband married
mother mother-in-law nephew
niece orphan parents
sister sister-in-law son
son-in-law stepchild stepfather
stepmother uncle widow
widower wife
Better to remain silent and be thought a fool that to speak and remove all doubt
30
Present Progressive
The present progressive is formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle. (The
present participle is merely the “-ing” form of a verb.)
I am studying.
I am studying with Mary.
In English, present progressive can be used to describe what is happening now.

I am studying now.
I am studying with Mary now
.
Don't count your chickens before they are hatched

31
What are you doing? ______________________________________________________________
What are the boys doing? __________________________________________________________
What is your teacher doing? ________________________________________________________
What are the students doing? _______________________________________________________
What are we doing? _______________________________________________________________
Give affirmative answer:
Are the boys playing in the park? ____________________________________________________
Is Mary dancing? _________________________________________________________________
Is the baby sleeping? ______________________________________________________________
Am I driving my car? _______________________________________________________________
Is my mother cooking dinner? _______________________________________________________
Give negative answers:
Am I driving a truck? ______________________________________________________________
Is the baby eating? ________________________________________________________________
Are my grandparents looking at the stars? _____________________________________________
Is Susan buying a new car? __________________________________________________________
Are we washing our clothes? ________________________________________________________
Write a paragraph describing your family.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Where were you born? ____________________________________________________________
Where was your teacher born? _____________________________________________________
Where were your parents born? ____________________________________________________
Where was Mary born? ____________________________________________________________
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing
32
Lesson 10 Tenth(10th) Lesson
Future tense
A very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE GOING TO when we refer the
future. Both refer to the future and there is a slight difference between the two though in most
cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning. Even if you misuse them, a
native speaker is going to understand you without any problems.
When to use GOING TO:
The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future but with some type of
connection to the present. We use it in the following situations:
1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future. (Prior Plan)
 The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.

 They're going to retire to the beach - in fact they have already bought a little beach house.
 I'm going to accept the job offer.
2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence)
Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.
 I think it is going to rain - I just felt a drop.

 I don't feel well. I think I'm going to throw up. (throw up = vomit)
3. When something is about to happen:
 Get back! The bomb is going to explode.
When to use WILL:

In other cases, where there is no implicit or explicit connection to the present, use WILL:
1. For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions)
 This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way.

 I'll buy one for you too.
 I think I'll try one of those. (I just decided this right now)
2. When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction)
 My team will not win the league this season.

 I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.
Note: You can use both Will and Going to for making future predictions.
Birds of a feather flock together

33
3. To make an offer, a promise or a threat.
 I'll give you a discount if you buy it right now.

 I promise I will behave next time.
4. You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something.
 I told him to take out the trash but he won't do it.

 My kids won't listen to anything I say.
 My car won't start.
The days of the week and the months of the year
Day Abbreviation
Monday Mon
Tuesday Tue
Wednesday Wed
Thursday Thu
Friday Fri
Saturday Sat
Sunday Sun
Month Abbreviation Month Abbreviation
January Jan July -
February Feb August Aug
March Mar September Sept
April Apr October Oct
May - November Nov
June - December Dec
Don't keep a dog and bark yourself

34
Don't put the cart before the horse
35
What will you do tonight? __________________________________________________________
What will your teacher do tomorrow? _________________________________________________
Will you go to the beach tonight? ____________________________________________________
Will you come to class next week? ____________________________________________________
Will Sarah have a party tomorrow? ___________________________________________________
What will you wear tomorrow? ______________________________________________________
Where will you go tomorrow? _______________________________________________________
Will you sleep tonight? ____________________________________________________________
Change these sentences to future tense:

I eat two hotdogs. ________________________________________________________________
You buy a t-shirt for your friend. _____________________________________________________
The dog barks at the thieves. _______________________________________________________
John studies English in London. _____________________________________________________
They go to the movies. _____________________________________________________________
Ann does her homework. ___________________________________________________________
Write the correct time:

05:00 _______________________________ 07:00 __________________________
01:00 _______________________________ 01:05 __________________________
01:10 _______________________________ 01:15 __________________________
01:20 _______________________________ 01:30 __________________________
01:35 _______________________________ 01:40 __________________________
01:45 _______________________________ 01:50 __________________________
01:55 _______________________________ 01:59 __________________________
02:00 _______________________________ 03:00 __________________________
A bad penny always turns up

36
Lesson 11 Eleventh(11th) Lesson
Food
Baked potatoes Cheese Dessert
French fries Hamburger Macaroni
Mashed potatoes Mayonnaise Noodles
Pizza Potato chips Salad
Sauce Scrambled eggs Soup
Spaghetti Beef Chicken
Fried chicken Ground meat Ham
Lamb Meatballs Pork
Pork chops Ribs Roast beef
Steak Stew Turkey
Eel prawn Lobster
Octopus Oyster Salmon
Sardines Shark Shrimp
Snail Squid Tuna
Beer Coke Champagne
Coffee Juice Lemonade
Tea Water Wine
Apple Banana Blackberry
Cherry Coconuts Fig
Grapes Lemon Lime
Mango Orange Peach
Pear Pineapple Plum
Raspberry Strawberry Tangerine
Watermelon Beans Beet
Bell pepper Cabbage Chick peas
An apple a day keeps the doctor away

37
Eggplant Garlic Lettuce
Mushrooms Onion Pumpkin
Spinach Tomato Avocado

1) What is your favorite food?_______________________________________
2) What do you eat for breakfast?____________________________________
3) What do you eat for lunch?_______________________________________
4) What do you eat for dinner?______________________________________
5) What is your favorite juice?_______________________________________
6) Do you prefer tea or coffee?_______________________________________
When do we use much and when many?
much: uncountable nouns (milk, money, time etc.)
many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
How much money do you have?
How many dollars do you have?
When do we use a little/little and when a few/few?

a little: non countable nouns (milk, money, time etc.)
a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, dollars, minutes etc.)
Examples:
He has a little money left.
He has a few dollars left.
We use few and little without the article a to point out a more negative meaning.
Examples:
A few students of our school know this. (There are some student who know it.)
Few students know this. (It is almost unknown.)
Ashes to ashes dust to dust

38
What do you like to eat for breakfast? _________________________________________________
What do you like to eat for lunch? ____________________________________________________
What do you like to eat for dinner? ___________________________________________________
Do you like to eat French fries? ______________________________________________________
Do you prefer a light meal or a heavy meal for dinner? ____________________________________
Do you like to drink beer or wine? ____________________________________________________
Are you hungry? __________________________________________________________________
Are you thirsty? __________________________________________________________________
Answer these questions with many, much, few, little and a lot of:
How many books are there in the library? ______________________________________________
How many cars are there on the highway? _____________________________________________
How many fishes are there in the sea? ________________________________________________
How many stars are there in the sky? _________________________________________________
How much money is there in the bank? ________________________________________________
How much water is there in the sea? __________________________________________________
How much dust is there on the floor? _________________________________________________
How much hair do you have on your head? _____________________________________________
A new broom sweeps clean

39
Lesson 12 Twelfth(12th) Lesson
Comparative and Superlative
Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify
(larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this
pattern:
Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
One and two syllable adjectives:
Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant + single
vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the ending.
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in front of the
adjective.
Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality
(the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is
compared to a group of objects.
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).
Adjectives with three or more syllables form the superlative by putting the most in front of the
adjective.
Behind every great man there's a great woman
40
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Angry Angrier angriest
Bad Worse worst
Big Bigger biggest
Bitter Bitterer bitterest
Black Blacker blackest
Bland Blander blandest
Bloody Bloodier bloodiest
Blue Bluer bluest
Bold Bolder boldest
Bossy Bossier bossiest
Brave Braver bravest
Brief Briefer briefest
Bright Brighter brightest
Broad Broader broadest
Busy Busier busiest
Calm Calmer calmest
Cheap Cheap cheaper
Chewy Chewier chewiest
Chubby Chubbier chubbiest
Classy Classier classiest
Clean Cleaner cleanest
Clear Clear clearest
Clever Cleverer cleverest
Close Closer closest
Cloudy Cloudier cloudiest
Clumsy Clumsier clumsiest
Coarse Coarser coarsest
Cold Colder coldest
Cool Cooler coolest
Crazy Crazier craziest
Creamy Creamier creamiest
Creepy Creepier creepiest
Crispy Crispier crispiest
Cruel Crueler cruelest
Crunchy Crunchier crunchiest
Curly Curly curliest
Curvy Curvier curviest
Cute Cuter cutest
Damp Damper dampest
Dark Darker darkest
41
Deadly Deadlier deadliest
Deep Deeper deepest
Dense Denser densest
Dirty Dirtier dirtiest
Dry Drier driest
Dull Duller dullest
Dumb Dumber dumbest
Dusty Dustier dustiest
Early Earlier earliest
Easy Easier easiest
Faint Fainter faintest
Fair Fairer fairest
Fancy Fancier fanciest
Far further/farther furthest/farthest
Fast Faster fastest
Fat Fatter fattest
Few Fewer fewest
Fierce Fiercer fiercest
Filthy Filthier filthiest
Fine Finer finest
Firm Firmer firmest
Fit Fitter fittest
Flaky Flakier flakiest
Flat Flatter flattest
Fresh Fresher freshest
Friendly Friendlier friendliest
Full Fuller fullest
Funny Funnier funniest
Gentle Gentler gentlest
Gloomy Gloomier gloomiest
Good Better best
Grand Grander grandest
Grave Graver gravest
Greasy Greasier greasiest
Great Greater greatest
Greedy Greedier greediest
Gross Grosser grossest
Guilty Guiltier guiltiest
Hairy Hairier hairiest
Handy Handier handiest
Happy Happier happiest
42
Hard Harder hardest
Harsh Harsher harshest
Healthy Healthier healthiest
Heavy Heavier heaviest
High Higher highest
Hip Hipper hippest
Hot Hotter hottest
Humble Humbler humblest
Hungry Hungrier hungriest
Icy Icier iciest
Itchy Itchier itchiest
Juicy Juicier juiciest
Kind Kinder kindest
Large Larger largest
Late Later latest
Lazy Lazier laziest
Light Lighter lightest
Likely Likelier likeliest
Little Littler littlest
Lively Livelier liveliest
Lonely Lonelier loneliest
Long Longer longest
Loud Louder loudest
Lovely Lovelier loveliest
Low Lower lowest
Mad Madder maddest
Mean Meaner meanest
Messy Messier messiest
Mild Milder mildest
Moist Moister moistest
Narrow Narrower narrowest
Nasty Nastier nastiest
Naughty Naughtier naughtiest
Near Nearer nearest
Neat Neater neatest
Needy Needier neediest
New Newer newest
Nice Nicer nicest
Noisy Noisier noisiest
Odd Odder oddest
Oily Oilier oiliest
43
Old older/elder oldest/eldest
Plain Plainer plainest
Polite Politer politest
Poor Poorer poorest
Pretty Prettier prettiest
Proud Prouder proudest
Pure Purer purest
Quick Quicker quickest
Quiet Quieter quietest
Rare Rarer rarest
Raw Rawer rawest
Rich Richer richest
Ripe Riper ripest
Risky Riskier riskiest
Roomy Roomier roomiest
Rough Rougher roughest
Rude Ruder rudest
Rusty Rustier rustiest
Sad Sadder saddest
Safe Safer safest
Salty Saltier saltiest
Sane Saner sanest
Scary Scarier scariest
Shallow Shallower shallowest
Sharp Sharper sharpest
Shiny Shinier shiniest
Short Shorter shortest
Shy Shyer shyest
Silly Sillier silliest
Simple Simpler simplest
Sincere Sincerer sincerest
Skinny Skinnier skinniest
Sleepy Sleepier sleepiest
Slim Slimmer slimmest
Slimy Slimier slimiest
Slow Slower slowest
Small Smaller smallest
Smart Smarter smartest
Smelly Smellier smelliest
Smoky Smokier smokiest
Smooth Smoother smoothest
44
Soft Softer softest
Soon Sooner soonest
Sore Sorer sorest
Sorry Sorrier sorriest
Sour Sourer sourest
Spicy Spicier spiciest
Steep Steeper steepest
Stingy Stingier stingiest
Strange Stranger strangest
Strict Stricter strictest
Strong Stronger strongest
Sunny Sunnier sunniest
Sweaty Sweatier sweatiest
Sweet Sweeter sweetest
Tall Taller tallest
Tan Tanner tannest
Tasty Tastier tastiest
Thick Thicker thickest
Thin Thinner thinnest
Thirsty Thirstier thirstiest
Tiny Tinier tiniest
Tough Tougher toughest
True Truer truest
Ugly Uglier ugliest
Warm Warmer warmest
Weak Weaker weakest
Wealthy Wealthier wealthiest
Weird Weirder weirdest
Wet Wetter wettest
Wide Wider widest
Wild Wilder wildest
Windy Windier windiest
Wise Wiser wisest
Worldly Worldlier worldliest
Worthy Worthier worthiest
Young Younger youngest
Failing to plan is planning to fail

45
Ancient more ancient most ancient
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
Careful more careful most careful
Careless more careless most careless
Cheerful more cheerful most cheerful
Comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
Dangerous more dangerous most dangerous
Delightful more delightful most delightful
Difficult more difficult most difficult
Enjoyable more enjoyable most enjoyable
Foolish more foolish most foolish
Forgetful more forgetful most forgetful
Frightening more frightening most frightening
Generous more generous most generous
Handsome more handsome most handsome
Helpful more helpful most helpful
Ignorant more ignorant most ignorant
Important more important most important
Intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
Interesting more interesting most interesting
Pleasant more pleasant most pleasant
Powerful more powerful most powerful
Prosperous more prosperous most prosperous
Sensible more sensible most sensible
Terrible more terrible most terrible
Thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful
Unusual more unusual most unusual
46
Useful more useful most useful
Valuable more valuable most valuable
Wonderful more wonderful most wonderful
Zealous more zealous most zealous
As …As
We use as + adjective/adverb + as to make comparisons when the things we are comparing are
equal in some way:
 The world’s biggest bull is as big as a small elephant.

 The weather this summer is as bad as last year. It hasn’t stopped raining for weeks.
 You have to unwrap it as carefully as you can. It’s quite fragile.
Learn these numbers
Two Thousand Three Thousand Four Thousand Five Thousand Six Thousand
Seven Thousand Eight Thousand Nine Thousand Ten Thousand
Faith will move mountains
47
Make sentences:
John, Tom and Jack (tall, short, intelligent, handsome)

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
London, New York and Caracas (dangerous, developed, big, clean)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Hellen, Susan and Karla (pretty, fat, successful, beautiful)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Make sentences using less than and the least.

Jack, Tom and John (intelligent, handsome)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Hellen, Susan and Karla (successful, beautiful)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
April showers bring forth May flowers
48
Lesson 13 Thirteenth(13th) Lesson
Simple Past Tense
The simple past tense, is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. The simple
past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or
the distant past and action duration is not important.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with
certain past time expressions
frequency: often, sometimes, always
 I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.

 I often brought my lunch to school.
A definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
 We saw a good film last week.

 Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
 She finished her work at seven o'clock
 I went to the theatre last night
An indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long
time ago.
 She played the piano when she was a child.

Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the
period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Affirmative
Subject + verb + ed
I played.
Negative
Subject + did not + infinitive without to
They didn't go.
Interrogative
Did + subject + infinitive without to
Did she arrive?
If the mountain won't come to Mohammed, then Mohammed must go to the mountain
49
Learn these regular and irregular verbs:
Infinitive Simple Past Infinitive Simple Past
Answer answered arrive arrived
Ask asked be was / were
Borrow borrowed break broke
Buy bought catch caught
Clean cleaned climb climbed
Collect collected come came
Compose composed cook cooked
cut cut dance danced
describe described discover discovered
do did drink drank
drive drove eat ate
enjoy enjoyed fall fell
feel felt find found
fly flew forget forgot
give gave go went
happen happened have had
help helped hurt hurt
invent invented invite invited
kill killed know knew
lend lent leave left
lie lay like liked
live lived look looked
love loved make made
meet met miss missed
open opened pack packed
If wishes were horses, beggars would ride

50
Infinitive Simple Past Infinitive Simple Past
pay paid phone phoned
play played prefer preferred
prepare prepared push pushed
put put rain rained
read read remember remembered
rent rented rescue rescued
return returned ring rang
save saved say said
search searched see saw
sell sold sit sat
skate skated ski skied
sleep slept smell smelled
speak spoke spend spent
start started stay stayed
stop stopped study studied
survive survived swim swam
take took talk talked
teach taught tell told
think thought throw threw
touch touched try tried
understand understood use used
visit visited wait waited
walk walked want wanted
wash washed watch watched
wear wore work worked
write wrote
Necessity is the mother of invention

51
What did you eat for breakfast? _____________________________________________________
When did you do your homework? ___________________________________________________
When did you go to school? _________________________________________________________
How did you come to class? _________________________________________________________
How many pens did you have? ______________________________________________________
How many t-shirts did you have last year? _____________________________________________
What did you drink today? __________________________________________________________
What did you see in the sky? ________________________________________________________
When did you brush your teeth? _____________________________________________________
Answer these questions affirmatively:

Did you study your lesson? _________________________________________________________
Did you sleep last night? ___________________________________________________________
Did you have two cars last year? _____________________________________________________
Did your mother cook yesterday? ____________________________________________________
Did your father drive his car yesterday? _______________________________________________
Did john eat an apple? _____________________________________________________________
Answer these questions negatively:

Did you play soccer yesterday? ______________________________________________________
Did you buy a car last week? ________________________________________________________
Did your uncle fly an airplane last month? ______________________________________________
Ask no questions and hear no lies

52
Lesson 14 Fourteenth(14th) Lesson
Past Progressive
The past progressive describes an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. It can
be used:
To describe an action that started in the past and was interrupted by another action:
 He was writing an e-mail when the phone rang.

 When the phone rang, he was writing an e-mail.
 While he was writing an e-mail, the phone rang.
To describe two actions that were in progress at the same time in the past:
 I was preparing dinner while Melanie was working upstairs.

 While Melanie was working upstairs, I was preparing dinner.
The past progressive is formed using was or were and the ing (present participle) form of the verb.
Subject a form of be + verb(ing) rest of sentence
I / He / She / It was finishing the exam when the bell rang
You / We / They were paying the bill while I was waiting to be seated
The Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive mood indicates a hypothetical state or a state contrary to reality, such as a wish,
a desire, or an imaginary situation. By far the most common use of the subjunctive is the use of
the subjunctive after "if" clauses that state or describe a hypothetical situation.
 "If I were a butterfly, I would have wings."
Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today

53
Question Tags
Question tags are short questions at the end of statements. They are mainly used in speech when
we want to:
1. confirm that something is true or not, or
2. to encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to.
A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag.
 Jack is from Spain, isn't he?

 Mary speaks English, doesn’t she?
A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.
 They aren't funny, are they?

 He won’t go home, will he?
When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be
positive.
 He hardly ever speaks, does he?

 They rarely eat in restaurants, do they?
Learn these numbers
Twenty Thousand Thirty Thousand Forty Thousand Fifty Thousand
One hundred thousand One Million
One good turn deserves another
54
Parts of a car
Antenna back seat
battery bodywork
brake bumper
clutch dashboard
door driver's seat
engine exhaust pipe
gas gauge gas pedal
gas tank gear shift
glove compartment handbrake
headlight heater
hood horn
ignition license plate
lighter muffler
passenger seat radiator
rear light rear-view mirror
seat belt steering wheel
temperature gauge tire
windshield windshield wiper
Once bitten, twice shy

55
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct past progressive.
1 The phone rang while I (have) _______________________ breakfast.
2 It (get) __________________________dark when I left them at home.
3 The thief didn´t steal me because I (look) ___________________________ at him.
4 Tom didn´t ride his bike to school yesterday because he (feel) ________________________bad.
5 You (watch) ______________________________________TV yesterday night.
6 It (rain) _______________________________all the day.
7 They couldn´t sleep because they (drink) __________________________coffee all the afternoon.
8 His son (play) ___________________________________computer games yesterday afternoon.
9 We (sit) _______________________________on the grass while having a picnic.
10 You (sleep) ________________________________________more than ten hours.
Fill in the blank spaces.
1 She is collecting stickers, ________________?
2 We often watch TV in the afternoon, _____________________?
3 You have cleaned your bike, _____________________________?
4 John and Max don't like math, ________________________?
5 Peter played handball yesterday, ______________________________?
6 They are going home from school, ______________________________?
7 Mary didn't do her homework last Monday, ________________________________?
8 He could have bought a new car, ______________________________________?
9 Kevin will come tonight, _________________________________?
10 I'm clever, __________________________________________?
Write 20 parts of a car in your notebook.
A fish always rots from the head down

56
Lesson 15 Fifteenth(15th) Lesson
Auxiliary Verbs "Can/Could" and "May/Might/Must"

Can:
Used to express ability (to be able to do something):
 I can bake a cake.

 He can’t speak English.
 Can you open this window?
Used to ask for permission:
 Can I use your bathroom?

 Can I go now?
 Can I have a seat?
Used to make requests or suggestions:
 Can I have more juice?

 Can I have the bill?
 You can take this spot if you like.
 You can do whatever you want.
Could (past form of can):
Describes an ability that someone had in the past:
 I could swim when I was young.

 You could see the boat sinking.
 They could tell he was nervous.
Often used in auxiliary functions to express permission politely:
 Could I take this jacket with me?

 You could borrow my umbrella.
 Could you please let me pass you?
 Could I get you more water?
Used to express possibility:
 All of them could ride in the van.

 You could always stay at our house.
 This plan could really work out.
You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar

57
May:
Used to ask for formal permission:
 May I come in?

 May I say something now?
 May I ask one question?
Used to suggest something that is possible:
 She may agree with this plan.

 They may not be happy about what happened.
 It may shower tonight.
Might (past form of may):
Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does (actually, might is more common than may in
American English):
 He might have finished it.

 I might go see a doctor.
 I might not come this time.
 It might be right.
 You might have lost it.
Must:
Used to express something formally required or necessary:
 I must complete the project by this week.

 The government must provide health care for everybody.
 Everyone must save the natural resources of the earth.
 The building must have a fire alarm.
 You must answer my question right now.
Used to show that something is very likely:
 He must be a genius.
 You must be joking!
 There must be an accident.
 She must be very tired.
You can't judge a book by its cover

58
Too and Enough
Too and enough indicate degree. They are used with adjectives. Too means more than what is
needed. Enough means sufficient.
Examples
 He is too old to play football with the kids.

 Dave is intelligent enough to do the right thing.
 You're not working fast enough
 I don't have enough time.
 He has too many friends.
 She has too much patience.
Use of too and enough

1.Enough precedes adjectives and adverbs:
 He isn't old enough to watch this program.

 We're not walking quickly enough.
2.Enough may also precede nouns:
 We have enough money.

 I have not got enough money to buy this computer.
3.Too comes before adjectives and adverbs:
 It's too hot to wear that coat.

 I was driving too fast.
4. Too may also come before nouns when it is used with the expressions too much and too many.
a. Too much is used before uncountable nouns.
 There is too much salt in this food.

b. Too many is used before countable nouns
 There are too many students in this classroom.
You can't teach an old dog new tricks

59
Accountant actor
Actress air traffic controller
Architect artist
Attorney banker
Bartender barber
Bookkeeper builder
Businessman businesswoman
Businessperson butcher
Carpenter cashier
Chef coach
Dentist designer
Doctor economist
Editor electrician
Engineer Lawyer
Apply application
Benefit bonus
Boss career
Employee employer
Fire full-time
Interview job
Layoff manager
minimum wage part-time
promotion raise
reference salary
sick leave training
vacation
You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs

60
Fill in the blank spaces using can/could
1. Bob ________________________, but he doesn't have a car. (drive)
2. When she was in school she ____________________farther than anyone else. (jump)
3. I ________________________ Bill. (not / understand)
4. He ______________________________football well when he was a kid. (play)
5. I _______________________________________this exercise yesterday. (not / do)
6. Ask Jim, he ___________________________you. (help)
7. Some years ago I _______________________________________ ten miles. (run)
8. He had hurt his leg, so he ______________________________ very well. (not / walk)
9. I ____________________________ her at her office at the moment. (not / contact)
10. I _____________________________________ Bob on the corner. (see)
Write sentences using may/might/.
Fill in the blank spaces using too and enough.

1 I left the coffee for a minute to cool because it was _____________ hot to drink.
2 He wasn't strong ____________________ to lift that heavy box.
3 There aren't __________________________ policemen in our town.
4 Do you have ___________________________ information to help me with this problem?
5 It is _______________________ difficult to do for a little child.
6 I do not have ___________________________ much time to prepare dinner.
7 I didn't buy the car because it was ______________________ expensive.
8 He didn't work hard ________________________ to pass the exam.
9 My mom can't sleep because she drinks ________________________ much coffee.
10 She isn't old ____________________________ to start driving.
All publicity is good publicity

61
Lesson 16 Sixteenth(16th) Lesson
How much does it cost?
The following examples are of when you need to enquire the cost of something before ordering or
paying for goods or services.
 How much does it cost to catch a bus to London? The price of a ticket is $20.
 How much does it cost to own your own car?
 How much does it cost to go to a football training camp? Prices start from $30.
 How much does it cost to for a new motorbike? A small bike will cost you Two thousand
dollars
 How much does it cost to repair my computer?
How to ask a friend or someone about how much something cost
 How much would it cost me to buy an iPhone 5? Some shops are selling them for four
hundred dollars
 How much would it cost me to stay in a hotel in London? Prices start from fifty pounds to
several hundred pounds.
 How much would it cost me paint my house?
 How much would it cost me to rent a house in NY? You can rent a house from as little as
one hundred dollars.
 How much would it cost me to eat in restaurant for 5 people?
How to ask how much something cost in a shop:
 How much are the tomatoes? They are fifty cents a kilo.
 How much are the grapes? They are sixty cents a bunch
 How much are those apples? A bag of apples costs seventy cents.
 How much is the chicken? Chickens are one pound a kilo, what size do you want?
 How much is the beef? Beef is one dollar twenty a kilo.
 How much is the pork? Pork steaks are seventy cents for 2 steaks.
 How much are the oranges? These oranges are fifty cents a kilo.
You can't have your cake and eat it

62
Height and Weight
Height
To learn the height of a thing or things:

Singular Plural
How tall are
How tall is it?
they?
How high are
What's the height?
they?
How many stories is it? (for
---
one building)
To learn the height of a person:
Singular Plural
How tall are
How tall are you?
they?
What's your height? ---
Read and learn these questions and answers.
1. What's your height? I'm 5 feet, 4 inches tall.

2. How tall are you? I'm 5 feet, 11 inches tall.
3. What's his height? He's six one.
4. How tall is she? She is 5 feet tall.
5. How tall is that apartment building? It's three stories tall.
6. How high is that wall? It is 10 feet tall.
You can choose your friends but you can't choose your family
63
Weight
To learn the weight of a thing or things:

Singular Plural
How much does this How much do these
weigh? weigh?
What does this weigh? What do these weigh?
How heavy is this? How heavy are these?
To learn the weight of a person:
Singular Plural
How much do you weigh?
How much does he/she How much do they
weigh? weigh?
What's your weight? What's their weight?
Read and learn these questions and answers.
1. How much do you weigh? I weigh 191 pounds.

2. What does he weigh? He weighs about 175 pounds.
3 How heavy is this? It's about 10 pounds.
4. How much does Mary weigh? She weighs 150 pounds.
5. How much do these apples weigh? They're almost four pounds.
Why keep a dog and bark yourself?
64
Alligator ant
bee beetle
butterfly caterpillar
centipede cricket
crocodile dragonfly
earthworm eel
firefly flea
fly frog
grasshopper iguana
ladybug leech
lice lizard
locust louse
mantis mosquito
moth rattlesnake
roach salamander
scorpion snake
spider tarantula
termite tick
toad tortoise
turtle viper
wasp worm
bat bear
bull goat
wolf deer
horse lamb
seal tiger
Walnuts and pears you plant for your heirs

65
1. What's your height? ____________________________________________________________
2. How tall are you? ______________________________________________________________
3. What's John’s height? __________________________________________________________
4. How tall is Mary? ______________________________________________________________
5. How tall is that building? ________________________________________________________
6. How high is that tree? __________________________________________________________
7. How much do you weigh? _______________________________________________________
8. What does John weigh? _________________________________________________________
9. How heavy is this box? __________________________________________________________
10. How much does Mary weigh? ____________________________________________________
11. How much do these pears weigh? ________________________________________________
12. How much is your t-shirt worth? _________________________________________________
13. How much does your t-shirt cost? ________________________________________________
14. What is the price of your t-shirt? _________________________________________________
15. How long is this road? __________________________________________________________
16. How much are your shoes worth? ________________________________________________
17. How much do your shoes cost? __________________________________________________
18. What is the price of your shoes? _________________________________________________
Write the names of 20 animals:
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

66
Lesson 17 Seventeenth(17th) Lesson
Adverbs of Frequency
We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity. These are called adverbs of
frequency and include:
Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence
100% Always I always go to bed before 11pm.

90% Usually I usually have cereal for breakfast.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
50% Sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.
30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% Seldom I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% Never I never swim in the sea.
* Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.
The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).
Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.

He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.
Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.
After a storm comes a calm

67
Either/or and neither/nor
1.Either/or are used in a sentence in the affirmative sense when referring to a choice between two
possibilities.
We can either eat now or after the movie - it's up to you.
2. Neither/nor are used in a sentence in the negative sense when you want to say that two or more
things are not true.
Neither my mother nor my father went to university.
Singular or plural
When using either/or and neither/nor, note the following rules:
1. If both elements are singular, then the verb is singular too.
 Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting. (father and mother are singular;
so the verb has is singular too)
 Neither Leila nor Nancy is going to write the report. (Leila and Nancy are singular; so the
verb is is singular too)
2. However, if one of the elements is plural, then use a plural verb.
 Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight. (the girls is plural; so the verb
are is plural too)
 Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom this morning. (the students is
plural; so the verb were is plural too)
All good things must come to an end

68
Learn these new words:
Arrival baggage
to board boarding pass
cockpit connection
crew customs
declare departure
duty-free first class
flight attendant flight
gate itinerary
jet engine jet lag
jumbo jet landing
luggage one-way
overbook oxygen mask
ache to book
allergy appetite
bandage blood
bone broken
bruise cold
contagious cough
cut diarrhea
dizzy fever
first aid flu
headache pain
infection runny nose
sneeze throw up
All that glisters is not gold

69
Make sentences using these words:
Always _________________________________________________________________________
Usually _________________________________________________________________________
Generally _______________________________________________________________________
Frequently _______________________________________________________________________
Often ___________________________________________________________________________
Sometimes _______________________________________________________________________
Fill in the blank spaces using either, or, neither, nor.
1. In this game, you ______________ win _____________ lose. It depends on you.
2. ________ Sue _________ Sara will help you with your homework. They are both busy at the moment.
3. This is my offer. You _________________ take it ________________ leave it.
4. When I go to the restaurant, I eat __________ fish ___________ roast chicken.
5. His father believed _____________ his son ___________ his friend. He thought that both were lying.
6. I need __________ your help ______ your compassion. I can perfectly handle my problems all alone.
7. _______________ Charlie ______________ Bill will write the report. Just ask one of them.
8. ________________ you return the money you had stolen _________________ I'll call the police.
9. My mom can __________________ read __________________ write. She is illiterate.
10. You can use _______________ this computer _______ the other one. Someone must fix them first.
Bad news travels fast
70
Lesson 18 eighteenth(18th) Lesson
Some, Any and No
Some
Some and its compounds – somebody, someone, something, somewhere are normally used in
affirmative sentences:
 There is some wine in the cellar.

 We have some chocolate cake left from last night.
 There is someone at the door.
Some and its compounds are also used in interrogatives (questions) which are used to make an
offer or a request:
 Would you like some tea?

 Do you want something to eat?
 Can you ask someone to come and repair the TV?
Any
Any and its compounds – anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere etc. are used in interrogative
sentences:
 Did anyone see my mobile?

 Do we have anything in the fridge?
No
No and its compounds can be used instead of not any in negative sentences:
 He didn’t do anything. He did nothing.

With some, any and no we use singular verbs.
Would you like some more coffee?

Would you like any more to eat?
Here the difference is very small. The speaker is thinking of a limited amount in the first question, and
an unlimited amount in the second question. In both questions we could use some or any.
Sometimes we use some when we expect the answer to be “yes”. We use any when we don’t know
what the answer will be; we are asking whether something exists.
Can I have some sugar? (I know there’s some sugar)

Is there any cake left? (I don’t know whether there’s any cake)
Are you waiting for somebody? (I think you are)
Is anybody coming to meet you? (I don’t know)
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

71
Reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another
We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or more people do the
same thing. Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one another refers to more than
two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern English.
 Peter and Mary helped one another.

 Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.
 We sent each other Christmas cards.

 We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card.
 They didn’t look at one another.

 He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him.
We also use the possessive forms each other’s and one another’s:
 They helped to look after each other’s children.

 We often stayed in one another’s houses.
NOTE: We do not use reciprocal pronouns as the subject of a clause.
Reflexive Pronouns
We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause.
Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). There are eight reflexive pronouns:
Another day, another dollar
72
Other and Another
Another:
another + singular nonspecific countable noun
Examples:
 “Let’s meet another day.”

 “I’d like another piece of cake.”
The nouns (“day” and “piece”) in both sentences are countable and singular (e.g. not with an ‘s’)
nouns.
The nouns in both sentences are also not specific. This means that the speaker doesn’t care which
day or piece of cake he gets; he just wants a different one. He wants another one, but he hasn’t
said (or it isn’t clear or important) which one.
If you understand English articles (“a/an/the”), then think of “another” as “an + other.” You can
use “another” before a noun whenever you can use “a(n)” before a noun. The rules are the same.
Another = an other!
Other:
other + plural or uncountable nonspecific noun
Examples:
 “Other people have problems, too.” [people = plural noun]

 “This book has other information.” [information = uncountable noun]
The nouns in both sentences are not specific, just like with “another”. The speaker doesn’t specify
which other people have problems, or what other information the book has. The rules are the
same as “another” except that “other” is used before plural or uncountable nouns.
Hint: If we think about articles (a/an/the) again, then remember that we use “other” before a noun
that would NOT need an article.
Beggars should not be choosers

73
Fill in the blank spaces:
1. Would you like ___________________ to eat?
2. It was really dark and I couldn't see _____________________.
3. Does ______________________ live in that house?
4. It doesn't matter where we go. We can go __________________ we want to.
5. This is boring. There's __________________ to do.
6. The shop is closed. _____________________ has gone home.
7. ______________________ done their homework?
8. The guidebook says there's a good hotel ________________________ near here.
Fill in the blank spaces using reflexive pronouns:

1. Robert made this T-shirt________________________.
2. Lisa did the homework __________________________.
3. We helped ___________________________________ to some cola at the party.
4. Emma, did you take the photo by _____________________________?
5. I wrote this poem ______________________________________.
6. He cut ________________________________ with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
7. The lion can defend ________________________.
8. My mother often talks to ______________________________.
9. Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help _____________________________.
10. Alice and Doris collected the stickers ______________________________________.
Learn these rules:
We use some for talking about a limited number or amount; and we use any for an unlimited
number or amount. For example, imagine you are talking about different kinds of cake. All these
sentences are possible:
A I like any kind of cake. (= all kinds of cake, unlimited)

B I don't like any kind of cake. (= 0 kinds of cake, unlimited)
C I like some kinds of cake. (= a limited number of kinds of cake)
D I don't like some kinds of cake. (= a limited number of kinds of cake)
Better safe than sorry
74
Lesson 19 nineteenth(19th) Lesson
Questions about the weather
People commonly ask about the weather by saying:
 What's it like out(side)?

 How's the weather?
 What's the weather like?
 What's the temperature?
 What's the weather forecast?
In English, we usually use it is when we talk about the weather. This is normally: It is + adjective OR
It is + verb-ing
It is + adjective = A description of the weather
 It is sunny today.
 It's hot and humid today.
 It's a nice day today.
We can also say:
It is a + adjective + day (or morning/afternoon/night)
 It's a fine day.

 It's a windy afternoon.
It is + verb-ing = This type of weather is happening now.
 It's drizzling outside.

 It's snowing.
 Take an umbrella, it's raining.
You can also use it is in different tenses
 It was cold yesterday.

 It will be cloudy tomorrow.
Better late than never

75
shower drizzle
to drizzle rain
to rain downpour
to pour down to hail
hailstone snow
to snow frost
ice thunderstorm
thunder lightning
cloud fog
breeze dew
heat wave wind
hurricane tornado
Whether and If
Whether:
In the following circumstances, whether should be used:
To present two alternatives (neither of which is a condition).
 Inform the clerk whether Mark needs a seat.

(In this example, the two alternatives are Mark needs a seat and Mark does not need a seat. The
clerk is to be informed in either case.)
 Inform the clerk if Mark needs a seat.

(This sentence is not grammatically wrong, but it does not mean the same as the first example. In
this example, the clerk is only to be informed if Mark needs a seat. Therefore, Mark needing a seat
is a condition. This is a conditional sentence. See the section on If below.)
 Let Anna know whether the boss is able to go to Miami.

(In this example, the two alternatives are going and not going. Anna needs to know the answer
regardless of which is chosen.)
 Let Anna know if the boss is able to go to New Jersey.
76
(This sentence is not grammatically wrong, but it does not mean the same as the one above. In this
example, Anna needs only to be told if the boss is going to Miami.)
After prepositions.
 I would like to talk about whether you are going to California. (The word about is a
preposition.)
At this point, the flight attendant makes the decision on whether the passenger stays on the
aircraft. (The word on is a preposition.)
Before infinitive verbs starting to (e.g., whether to ask..).
 I have been thinking whether to grow my own tomatoes this year. (To grow is an infinitive
verb)
When whether starts a clause that is the sentence subject or complement.
 Whether you sink or swim is not my concern. (Whether you sink or swim is the subject of
this sentence.)
 I don't care whether you sink or swim. (Whether you sink or swim is the complement of
the verb to care.)
In formal writing. (When if and whether are interchangeable, choose whether in formal writing.)
 I doubt whether the team will succeed.

 Please establish a committee to determine whether the proposed funding lines are
appropriate.
If
Use if to introduce a condition (i.e., in a conditional sentence). In a conditional sentence, a
condition has to be satisfied before something occurs.
Examples:
 If you sing, I'll pay you ten pounds.

 Peter will catch you if you fall.
Better the Devil you know than the Devil you don't
77
1. What's your favorite season and why?
2. Are there any special traditions associated with different seasons in your country?
3. Have you ever been caught in bad weather? If so, what did you do?
4. What crops are produced in which seasons in your country?
5. Do you think weather patterns are changing? If so, why do you think this is?
6. Do you have many disasters in your country which are caused by weather?
7. Do you know any interesting myths or stories about weather?
8. Do you like snow?
9. Which do you like better hot weather or cold weather?
10. Do you have snow in your country?
11. Do you have hail?
12. Do you have typhoons?
13. What month gets the most rain in your country?
14. What month gets the most rain around here?
15. What's the average temperature in your country in the summer time?
16. How about in the winter?
17. Do you think that in recent years we are losing our four distinct seasons?
18. What kind of climate do you prefer when choosing a place to go on vacation?
19. What is the best season to get married?
20. Can you think of other activities in which one season may be better than another?
21. What are the seasons?
22. What is the hottest season?
23. What is the coldest season?
24. In your opinion, which season is the most beautiful?
25. Which season is the most comfortable for you?
26. Why do you think spring (or another season) is the most beautiful season?
Cowards may die many times before their death

78
27. What is the weather like today?
28. Do you think weather affects the way people feel?
29. How can extreme weather conditions affect the economy and social life in countries?
30. Do you think weather patterns are changing?
31. If so, what do you think is causing these changes?
32. What are the different kinds of weather?
33. What is the weather like in your country for each season?
34. What some of the different kinds of weather?
35. What is the weather like in your country for each season?
36. How does weather affect your lifestyle?
37. Why is it important to know future weather conditions in advanced?
38. When would knowing tomorrow's weather change you plans?
39. Have you ever checked the weather for your city on the Internet?
40. What time of year is the best weather where you live?
41. Have you ever seen snow?
42. Have you ever been in a typhoon?
43. Where do you get your weather information?
44. What is your favorite winter activity?
45. What is the hottest natural temperature (not in a sauna) you have experienced? Where and
when was it and what did it feel like?
Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise
79
Lesson 20 Twentieth(20th) Lesson
Reading
The Alchemist
The Alchemist is an easy story with a deep message. It is a message to follow your heart and search
for your dreams. The book is about a young man named Santiago who lives in Spain and works as
a shepherd. He begins to have strange dreams so he goes to a Gypsy to find out what they mean.
The Gypsy tells him that he needs to go to the Egyptian pyramids to find his treasure. Of course he
does not believe her. But later he meets another person who tells him the same thing. At last
Santiago decides to give up his life as a shepherd and go find his treasure.
Santiago encounters many problems as he goes on his journey. He meets many people and learns
a lot along the way. He also learns to listen to and trust the Soul of the World. Does he ever find
his treasure? And why is the book called The Alchemist? I can't tell you. You will have to read the
book if you want to find out.
The Alchemist was originally written in Portuguese by Paulo Coelho, a Brazilian author. It has been
translated into many languages, including, of course, English. It is a good book for people who are
learning English because most of the sentences are fairly short and you will recognize a lot of the
vocabulary. There are definitely words you will not know at first, but with a little patience and
study you should be able to finish (and maybe enjoy) the book. And hopefully you will be able to
follow your dreams as well.
Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day is a very old holiday. It goes back to the times of Ancient Rome. One of the
characters we often see on Valentine's Day is Cupid. He was the son of Venus, the goddess of love.
He shoots people with arrows of love. When a man and a woman are hit by his arrows, they will
fall in love.
Today people celebrate Valentine's Day on February 14. Men and women who are in love give each
other gifts. The most popular gifts include flowers (especially roses) and chocolates. Couples may
also go to a restaurant for a very nice dinner or plan something else romantic.
In the United States, Valentine's Day is not just for lovers. Children make special Valentine's cards
for their classmates. Families and friends may give candy or other small gifts to each other. It can
be a fun day.
Blood is thicker than water
80
Improving Your English
A lot of people are always asking, "How do I improve my English?" There are many possible
answers, but here are just a few pieces of advice.
Be responsible for your own learning
Sure you have teachers, reading materials, and websites to help you with your English, but who is
really responsible for making sure you learn English well? Nobody but you. Make sure you are the
one who is taking charge of your own learning. There is a good article about the subject on the 5
Minute English website. It's at www.5minuteenglish.com/articles. Check it out.
Immerse yourself in English as much as possible
Immerse means to be surrounded by something. If you are immersed in English, it is all around
you. Of course this isn't always possible, but you can do some things to surround yourself in English
from time to time.
Listen to the radio in English. If there are no English radio stations where you live, listen to one on
the internet.
Watch TV and movies in English. If you have English channels on your TV, watch them. If they have
subtitles (the words written in your language) underneath the picture, see if they can be turned
off. Some people even tape paper across the bottom of the screen so they can't see the words.
Most DVD's are great because you can choose the language you want to hear.
Speak English to your friends. Get a conversation buddy (friend) and speak in English as much as
possible. If it is a person whose native language is the same as your own, you may feel silly speaking
in English at first. But don't worry. Continue to do it and it will become more natural to you. Finding
friends whose native language is English is even better. Ask your friend to correct you when
needed.
Study or travel to an English-speaking country. Of course the best way to immerse yourself in the
English language is to live in an all English environment. You'll find yourself surrounded with the
language everywhere you turn. It can be a more difficult and expensive choice, but you may find it
to be a very valuable and helpful experience.
Other ideas. Take an English class, join an English group, find a tutor, read English magazines. Do
whatever you can to immerse yourself in the language.
Monitor yourself
This means to pay attention to how you use English. Think (a little) about how you are going to say
something before it comes out of your mouth. But don't think about all of the problems you have
in English at the same time. Just choose something you know you are having difficulty with and
work on using it correctly. For example, if you know that you have problems remembering to use
Charity begins at home

81
a, an, and the, spend a few days trying to put them into sentences as you speak. Don't worry about
anything else. Concentrate on that. When you feel that you are improving, choose something else
to work on. Just keep trying and little by little, your English will get better every day.
Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar was a South American soldier who was instrumental in the continent's revolutions
against the Spanish empire. Born into wealth, Bolívar was sent to Spain for his education, soon
deciding to immerse himself in the political sphere in Europe. After France invaded Spain in 1808,
he became involved in the resistance movement and played a key role in the Spanish American
fight for independence. In 1825, the "Republic of Bolivia" was created in honor of the inspirational
leader, hailed by many as El Libertador (The Liberator). He died on December 17, 1830 in Colombia.
Simón José Antonio de la Santísma Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios was born on July 24, 1783 in Caracas,
New Granada (now Venezuela). Bolívar was born into a prosperous family who took their money
from rich gold and copper mines they owned in Venezuela. Young Bolívar moved to Spain in 1799
after the deaths of his parents. In Spain, he continued his education, begun in Venezuela with
tutors, and married María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa in 1802. When the young couple
returned to Venezuela to visit in 1803, however, María Teresa sickened and died of yellow fever.
After her death, Bólivar returned to Europe and kept company with Napoleon. Bolívar returned to
Venezuela in 1807. When Napoleon named Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain and its colonies, which
included Venezuela, Bolívar joined the resistance movement. The resistance group based in
Caracas gained independence in 1810, and Bolívar traveled to Britain on a diplomatic mission. The
fight for control of Caracas, Venezuela and most of South American continued on back home.
Finally, Bolívar returned to Venezuela and began a campaign to wrest control of that country from
the Spanish. He and his followers invaded Venezuela on May 14, 1813; this marked the beginning
of his "Campaña Admirable" (Admirable Campaign), which resulted in the formation of the
Venezuelan Second Republic later that year. Bolívar was hailed as El Libertador (The Liberator),
though civil war soon erupted in the republic, forcing him to flee to Jamaica and seek foreign aid.
There he wrote his famous "Letter From Jamaica," detailing his vision of a South American republic
with a parliamentary setup modeled after England and a life-long president. His idea of being a
nation's chief who could not be removed from power would be heavily critiqued by other leaders
and intellectuals.
Gaining support from Haiti, Bolívar returned to his home continent and became involved in a
number of military battles, eventually able to claim several territories.
Translate the above paragraphs to Spanish.
Empty vessels make the most noise

82
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Shakurs English Course Book 1

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Shakurs English Course Book 1

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Table of Contents

 Interrogative Pronouns Who and What

 Present tense (do/does)

 Past tense of the Verb to be

 Comparative and Superlative

 Simple Past Tense

 Auxiliary verbs Can, Could, May, Might and Must

 Any, Some and No

Spell your full name.

A good beginning makes a good ending

Singular and Plural

(1) bracket ________________________ (25) scene ________________________

(2) signals ________________________ (26) rivers ________________________

(3) monkey________________________ (27) curries ________________________

(4) fry ________________________ (28) elk ________________________

(5) screens ________________________ (29) locks ________________________

(6) copies ________________________ (30) lungs ________________________

(7) chore ________________________ (31) spring ________________________

(8) taxes ________________________ (32) guide ________________________

(9) ray ________________________ (33) barges ________________________

(10) digit ________________________ (34) party ________________________

(11) plays ________________________ (35) grips ________________________

(12) blue ________________________ (36) dreams ________________________

(13) inquiry ________________________ (37) journey ________________________

(14) stream ________________________ (38) belief ________________________

(15) tomb ________________________

(16) bells ________________________

(17) bakeries ________________________

(18) trial ________________________

(19) uniforms ________________________

(20) flowers ________________________

(21) monster ________________________

(22) bus ________________________

(23) prairie ________________________

(24) seams ________________________ Two is company, but three is a crowd.

What is your phone number and I.d. number.

A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

 Near in time or distance: this (este/a/o)

Learn these numbers

Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen

Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Ninteen Twenty

Ceiling:______________________ A miss is as good as a mile

Marker: this is a marker/that is a marker.

B) Now change the sentences you made to questions.

This is a marker: is this a marker?

C) Answer these questions:

1) Are you a person? __________________________________________________________________

2) Is John a boy? _____________________________________________________________________

3) Are a bull and a hen animals? _________________________________________________________

4) Are the houses big? _________________________________________________________________

5) Is Mary a girl? ______________________________________________________________________

7) Are Mike and Susan students? _________________________________________________________

8) Are you in a school? _________________________________________________________________

9) Is Jack in the car? ___________________________________________________________________

10) Am I in class? _____________________________________________________________________

11) Is the building in this city? ___________________________________________________________

12) Are the children in the park? _________________________________________________________

13) Are the animals in the zoo? __________________________________________________________

14) Is Jim a man? _____________________________________________________________________

(1) bracket (25) scene

(2) signals (26) rivers

(3) monkey (27) curries

(4) fry (28) elk

(5) screens (29) locks

(6) copies (30) lungs

(7) chore (31) spring

(8) taxes (32) guide

(9) ray (33) barges

(10) digit (34) party

(11) plays (35) grips

(12) blue (36) dreams

(13) inquiry (37) journey

(14) stream (38) belief

sofa:____ flash drive:_