EME 109 Equations, Figures, and Tables (25 July 2018)

Population Statistics:
N
∑ x i − Nµ x
2 2 ⎧ (x + x ) / 2 N even
1 N 1 N ⎪
( )
2 N/2 ( N+2)/2
µx = ∑ xi σ 2x = ∑ x i − µ x = i=1
xm = ⎨
N i=1 N i=1 N ⎪ x ( N+1)/2 N odd
⎩
Sample Statistics:
N

1 N
1 N ∑x 2
i
− Nx 2
s2
⎧ (x + x
⎪ ) / 2 N even
x = ∑ xi ∑ x −x ( )
2 N/2 ( N+2)/2
s = 2
= i=1
s = x
2
xm = ⎨
N i=1 N −1 i=1 i
x
N −1 x
N ⎪ x ( N+1)/2 N odd
⎩
z max
xi − x 1
∫
2
Chauvenet’s Criterion: P = 1−1/ (2N) ≥ z max e −β /2 dβ = P / 2
(2π)
1/2
sx 0

t ( N −1)
ν,P
Modified Thompson τ Technique: δ i = x i − x ≥ τs x τ= ν= N−2
(
N N − 2 + t 2ν,P )
(n − n′ )
2
K j j
Goodness of Fit Test: χ 2
=∑ n ′j = Pj N χ 2max = χ 2ν,α ν = K −1− r
obs
j=1 n ′j

Standard Uncertainty of a Measurand: u x = s 2x + b 2x b 2x = b12 + b 22 + ...

Standard Uncertainty of the Mean of a Measurand: u x = s 2x + b 2x b 2x = b12 + b 22 + ...

Reading Error Standard Deviation: Analog: s = Resolution/4 Digital: s = (Least Significant Digit)/4

Digitization Error Standard Deviation: b = Δx Full Scale / 2 N+2 N = # of bits

Standard Uncertainty of a Calculated Result (Kline-McClintock):

( ) ∂r
2

( )
L
u r = ∑ θx u x θx = r = r x1 ,x 2 ,...,x L
i=1i i i
∂x i x1 =x1 ,x 2 =x 2 ,...

Standard Uncertainty of the Mean of a Calculated Result (Kline-McClintock):

2

∑( )
L
∂r
ur = θx u x
i i
θx =
i
∂x i
(
r = r x1 ,x 2 ,...,x L ) (
r = r x1 , x 2 ,..., x L )
i=1 x1 =x1 ,x 2 =x 2 ,...

P% Expanded Uncertainty: U = ku k = t ν,P ν >> 1 Typically Assumed

P% Uncertainty Intervals: x = x ± Ux µx = x ± Ux r = r ± Ur µr = r ± U r

Static Sensitivity: S = dy / dx
R R ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
Linear RTD:
R0
= 1+ α(T − T0 ) Thermistor:
R0
= exp ⎢β ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ (
Simple TC Circuit: Vo = Vo T − Tref )
⎢⎣ ⎝ T T0 ⎠ ⎥⎦

( ) ( )
1/4
Greybody Radiation Temperature: T = ⎡⎣ E / εσ ⎤⎦ σ = 5.67 ×10 −8 W / m 2 K 4
Wien’s Displacement Law: λ max T = 2898 µm K

Steel Color Temperatures (Approx.): Dull Red – 922 K, Bright Red – 1089 K, Orange – 1200 K, Bright Yellow – 1366 K

Hg Barometer: pabs = ρHg gh U-Tube Manometer: Δp = ghΔρ Inclined Manometer: Δp = gLsin(θ)Δρ

( ) ( )
1/2
Pitot-Static Probe: V = 2(p0 − ps ) / ρ LDV: V = δ / Δt = f δ δ = λ / ⎡⎣ 2sin θ / 2 ⎤⎦

Obstruction Meter: Q = K 0 A 0 2Δp / ρ1 ( )

1/2
Y (
K 0 = K 0 Re d ,β
1
) Re d = 4ρQ / (π µd1 )
1
β = d 0 / d1
EME 109 Equations, Figures, and Tables (25 July 2018)

1/2
⎡ 2
⎤
p1A ⎢ 2k ⎛ 2 ⎞ k−1 ⎥
! =C
Sonic Nozzle: m 1/2 ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Vortex Shedding Meter: V = f D / St
⎣
( )
RT1 ⎢ k + 1 ⎝ k + 1⎠ ⎥
⎦

Probability*Values*for*the*Error*Function:*One7Sided*Integral*Solutions*for*

z1 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
Infinity 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000

2
Values2for2"

!
1 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 0.455 3.84 5.02 6.64
2 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 1.39 5.99 7.38 9.21
3 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 2.37 7.82 9.35 11.3
4 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.06 3.36 9.49 11.1 13.3
5 0.554 0.831 1.15 1.61 4.35 11.1 12.8 15.1
10 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 9.34 18.3 20.5 23.2
15 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 14.3 25.0 27.5 30.6
20 8.3 9.6 10.9 12.4 19.3 31.4 34.2 37.6
30 15.0 16.8 18.5 20.6 29.3 43.8 47.0 50.9

Student's8t8Distribution

! t50 t90 t95 t99

1 1.000 6.314 12.706 63.657
5 0.727 2.015 2.571 4.032
10 0.700 1.812 2.228 3.169
15 0.691 1.753 2.131 2.947
20 0.687 1.725 2.086 2.845
30 0.683 1.697 2.042 2.786
40 0.681 1.684 2.021 2.704
50 0.680 1.679 2.101 2.679
Infinity 0.674 1.645 1.960 2.576
EME 109 Equations, Figures, and Tables (25 July 2018)