Solanaceae: Distribution-And-Types/48409

SOLANACEAE
The family belongs to the order Solanales, in the asterid group dicotyledons
(Magnoliopsida). The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species with a
great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology. Eight genera, Solanum, Lycianthes,
Cestrum, Nolana, Physalis, Lycium, Nicotiana, Brunfelsia contain more than 60% of the species.
The name Solanaceae derives from the genus Solanum, "the nightshade plant". The etymology of
the Latin word is unclear. The name may come from a perceived resemblance of certain
solanaceous flowers to the sun and its rays. At least one species of Solanum is known as the
"sunberry". Alternatively, the name could originate from the Latin verb solari, meaning "to
soothe". (Griffin et al, 2002)
Distribution:
Although Solanaceae are found on most continents, the majority of the species in the family
occur in Central and South America. Other centers of species diversity include Australia and
Africa. (Heywood, 1978)
Ecology
A cosmopolitan family, but main areas of distribution occur in tropical and subtropical regions.
Solanaceae are often found in secondary vegetation in disturbed areas, but species can occupy a
variety of habitats, from deserts to tropical rainforests. (Heywood et al, 2007)
Characteristic features:
1. Habit : Herbs, shrubs, trees and vines.

2. Complex chemistry with solanaceous tropane alkaloids (belladonna, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.)
3. Leaves
Cauline, ramal, exstipulate, petiolate or sessile, alternate sometimes opposite, simple,
entire pinnatisect in Lycopersicurn, unicostate reticulate venation. Source :
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/angiosperm/dicotyledons/solanaceae-characters-
distribution-and-types/48409.
The leaves vary greatly in shape but are usually simple, although sometimes highly
lobed. They are alternate and never have stipules. The inflorescence is generally cymose and
axillary, but may be reduced to a single flower. Prickles (often called spines) are a hallmark
of the Leptostemonum clade. These most often occur on the stems, leaves, and calyx and can
be straight or recurved, thin and needle-like or broad-based. Hair and spine morphology are
diagnostic for many species and groups within Solanum and are very important characters in
taxonomy. (Rocha P et al, 2002)
4. Flowers
The flowers are bisexual, usually radially symmetric, and usually 5-merous. The calyx is
united, at least at the base, and sometimes becomes inflated in fruit. The corolla is also united
but its shape varies from long and tubular to rotate or campanulate. It is usually radially
symmetric, but there are some bilaterally symmetric genera. There are 5 (rarely 4-8)
epipetalous stamens that alternate with the corolla lobes. The anthers are sometimes touching
but are never fused. The gynaecium consists of a single pistil, usually with 2 locules and
numerous ovules. (Matsuda J et al, 1991)
5. Fruits
The fruit is a usually a berry but quite frequently a dry capsule. (Rocha P et al, 2002).
Mature fruits can contain high levels of glycoalkaloids (as in many species of the
Leptostemonum clade) or may virtually lack them and have a sweet or bland taste (e.g.,
Solanum section Solanum). Solanum forms assume several common forms:
a. soft, brightly-colored juicy berries (e.g., S. dulcamara),brightly colored relatively dry
berries (e.g., S. pseudocapsicum),
b. soft greenish berries (e.g., S. mite),
c. hard greenish or yellowish berries (e.g., S. carolinense), or
d. dry berries often enclosed in an accrescent calyx (e.g., S. rostratum).
6. Stems
Aerial, erect, climbing (Solanum jasminoides), herbaceous, or woody, cylindrical,
branched, solid or hollow, hairy, or glabrous, underground stem in Solanum tuberosum.
Source : http://www.biologydiscussion.com/angiosperm/dicotyledons/solanaceae-characters-
distribution-and-types/48409.
Cork cambium present; initially deep-seated, or initially superficial. Nodes unilacunar
(with 2 or 3 traces). Primary vascular tissues in a cylinder, without separate bundles;
bicollateral. Internal phloem universally present (as strands, or a continuous ring). Secondary
thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring (usually), or anomalous. The
anomalous secondary thickening when present, via concentric cambia, or from a single
cambial ring. (Kokate, 2012)
7. Root
This plants have a tap root system in fibrous or tuberous.
Lignified, Cork cambium of 2‐4 diffused rows of cells, Secondary cortex about twenty
layers of compact parenchymatous cells, Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma, Cambium 4‐5 rows of tangentially elongated cells, Secondary xylem
hard forming a closed vascular ring separated by multiseriate medullary rays, a few xylem
parenchyma, Vessels with bordered pits and horizontal perforations. Fibres aseptate with
pointed ends. Starch grains abundant, simple, mostly spherical, reniform – oval with central
hilum. Microcrystals in parenchyma cells. (Aldunate et al, 1983)
Some of Solanaceae Family
A. Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)
B. Solanum melongena (Eggplant)
C. Solanum torvum Swartz

D. Capsicum annuum L.( Sweet and chili peppers)
E. Capsicum frutescens L. (Tabasco pepper)
F. Physalis angulata L.
References
Aldunate et al. Ethanobotany of pre-altiplanic community in the Andes of northen chile.
Economic botany 1983; 37(1): 120-135.
Griffin W, Lin G. Chemotaxonomy and geographical distribution of tropane alkaloids.
Phytochemistry 2002; 53(6): 623-37.
Heywood, V. H. (1978). Flowering plants of the world. OUP, Oxford.
Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A., & Seberg, O. Solanaceae. Pp. 305-307. In:
Flowering Plant Families of the World. New York, Firefly Books (2007).
Kokate CK. Pharmacognosy. Nirali prakashan ,fourty seventh edition, 2012.
Matsuda J et al. Molecular cloning of hyoscyamine-6β-hydroxylase, a 2- oxoglutarate
dependent dioxygenase, from cultured roots of hyoscyamus niger. Journal of
biological chemistry, 1991; 266(15): 9460-9464.
Nee, M. Solanaceae. Pp. 355-357. In: Smith, N. et al. (eds), Flowering Plants of the
Neotropics. Princeton, Princeton University Press (2004).
Rocha P et al. Functional expression of tropinone reductase 1 (tr1) & hyoscyamine-6β-
hydroxylase (h6h) from Hyoscyamus niger in Nicotiana tobacum. Plant science 2002;
162(6): 905-913.

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What are some of the characteristic features of Solanaceae plants?

What are the typical structures of Solanaceae flowers?

SOLANACEAE

1. Habit : Herbs, shrubs, trees and vines.

A. Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)

B. Solanum melongena (Eggplant)

C. Solanum torvum Swartz

E. Capsicum frutescens L. (Tabasco pepper)

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