Matrix Acidizing Course PDF

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017
StimPt Course
Course Content
2
 Advantage and Disadvantage of StimPro Software
 Matrix Acidizing Experiment and Analysis of the Data

 Upscaling from Experiment to Field
 Matrix Acidizing Design
 SharifStim
2
3

Advantage and Disadvantage of
StimPro Software
3
What Can You Do with StimPro
4
select the proper fluids associated with

the type of damage in the well, and then
the proper pump schedule to achieve
the required penetration depth
evaluate skin reduction using bottom-

hole pressure matching from previous
job-design data
production response from the 2-D

FraPS reservoir simulators
determine the economically optimal size

for the reservoir
4
StimPro’s Advantages
5
 Complete matrix acid design, simulation and scheduling for:

 Single Layer /Multi-layer reservoir
 Vertical /deviated /horizontal wells

 Matching of real-time pressure data
 Transient pressure and skin calculation even the job is being executed
 Treatment monitoring using Paccaloni plots
 Online graphics and reports
 Preloaded libraries of stimulation fluids, lithologies and formations
 Complex clays/HF reactions modeling in sandstone formations
 Filter cake modeling, foam modeling and scheduling
5
StimPro’s Disadvantages
6
 Specific acid/additive library
 Consider simple carbonate acidizing and wormhole modeling
 Simple candidate selection capabilities

 2-D reservoir simulation
 Modeling VES, gelled and in-situ gelled acids same as foam by considering
all as non-Newtonian fluids
 Inability to predict exploration/appraisal wells when there might not be

acidized job exist
 Inability to show how wormholes propagate around wellbore
 Consideration a few damage types
6
7

Matrix Acidizing Experiment and
Analysis of the Data
7
Case study
8
Acidizing in Canada from the 1960’s to the present day
Very little science or

applied technology

Almost no acid
1970’s testing.
Pumped “bare-bones”
acid packages.
Bare-bones: acidic groups that can form salts with metals or other cations
8
Case study
9
Technology applied to acidizing - found that many of the acid

packages pumped could cause formation damage such as
sludge and viscous emulsions.  Study took about two years
to produce conclusive results.

Determined that damage
1980’s
was caused by a
combination of Asphaltic
Sludge and Spent Acid
Emulsion
9
Case study
10
Swan Hills 1983 - 1987

Newly developed non-damaging acid stimulations ramp up
production. New life to 30 year old oil field.

10
Case study
11
They concluded…
QC acid testing to verify acid package for each job

Non-emulsifying Thermally Stable
Water Wetting Devoid Of All

Sludges And
Precipitates
11
Case study
12
Many of the acid package design features are listed below:
Acid and ferric iron-

induced asphaltic Emulsion blocks.
sludges.

Fines liberation and
Formation oil wetting.
precipitates.
Load fluid and drilling

Acid additive
mud additive
separation.
compatibility.
Particulates from Aqueous phase

tubing. trapping.
12
Acid / Oil Compatibility Testing
13
Live acid emulsion test
Spent acid emulsion test

Live and spent acid sludge tests
Dispersion/Stability test
Live and spent acid wetting action
Reaction with drilling muds (if required)
Acid blend must pass all required tests before pumping.
13
HPHT Visual Cell
14

HPHT Visual Cell
14
‫‪HPHT GOALS‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫سازگاری و بر هم کنش کلیه افزایههای انگیزشی در اسید زنده‪ ،‬نیم واکنش داده و‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫مصرف شده‬
‫بررسی افزایه کنترل یون آهن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017‬‬

‫بررسی افزایه امولسیفایر و اسیدهای امولسیونی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫بررسی افزایه معلق نگهدارنده‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫عملکرد افزایه ضد تشکیل امولسیون‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬بررسی افزایه ضد لجن‬
‫بررسی جدایش فازی منحرف کننده های پلیمری و سورفکتنتی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
16
StimPro
16
Well Stimulation Lab. - Acid Core Flood
17

17
Well Stimulation Lab. - Acid Core Flood
18

18
Acid Core Flood - Specification
19
• 2x Hastelloy Core holder

• 4x Fluid Accumulator
• 1x Refill Tank
• 2x Backpressure

• Core Diameter: 1.5’’
• Maximum Core Length: 6’’
• Maximum working Pressure:400 bar
• Maximum Confining Pressure:700 bar
• Maximum Temperature:150ᵒ C
• Online Date Acquisition
• Smart Confining Pressure Control
• 2x High Pressure Pumps
• 3x Ranges Pressure measurement
• Dual Core Injection
19
Coreflood Studies
20
1. Prepare the core samples

2. Scan the cores before exp.
3. Conduct the acidizing exp

4. Collect effluent samples
5. Measure the Δp, k, 𝜙, 𝜌
6. Scan the cores after exp.
7. Analyze the sample for Ca++,
pH, HCl concentration
8. Image processing
9. Generate plots (Analyze the
date …)
20
Coreflood Studies - HCL
21
Help us to determine
exact optimum injection
rate that causes to
design better acidizing
job

Face Dissolution
Uniform Dissolution
wormhole
21
Coreflood Studies - HCL
22

Maybe Causes
frac in formation
22
23
StimPro
23
Coreflood Studies - VES
24
Rheology test help us to determine flow behavior index (n) and consistency index
(K) in any simulation special in StimPro

No Additives 6% VES With Additives 8% VES
24
25
StimPro
25
Coreflood Studies - Single VES Flood
26

Maybe Causes
frac in formation
26
Coreflood Studies - Dual VES Flood
27
Test#6 Ratio=2.4 Test#7 Ratio=4.6

27
HCl vs. Alternate Systems
28
 Different type of acids have different reaction rate

 Additives change reaction rate of acid

28
Rotating Disk Apparatus
29

Rotating Disk
Apparatus (RDA)
29
‫‪RDA GOALS‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫اندازهگیری ثابت واکنش‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اندازهگیری انتقال جرم‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اندازهگیری میزان خوردگی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫این دستگاه تمامی پارامترهای تاثیرگذار در واکنش اسید با سنگ و فلز مانندد سدر ت‬
‫چرخش اسید‪ ،‬دما‪ ،‬فشار‪ ،‬سطح تماس موثر و ‪ ...‬را در نظر میگیرد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬این دستگاه همچنین قابلیت اندازهگیری اثر هدر پدارامتر روی میدزان ندرک واکدنش را‬
‫دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تعیین نرک واکنش در سیاالت ویسکوز مانند اسیدهای حاوی افزایههای منحرف کننده‬
‫شیمیایی نیز یکی دیگر از قابلیتهای دستگاه به شمار میرود‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬از این دستگاه همچنین می توان برای انحدلل اندوام ملتلدر قدرا مدواد جامدد در‬
‫حضور سیاالت غیر اسیدی مانند آب نیز استفاده نمود و به راحتی پارامترهدای انتقدال‬
‫جرم را برای این سیستمها تعیین نمود‪.‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
31
 Concentration of calcium measured in the reacted acid sample.

 At higher rotational speeds, the rate of dissolution becomes independent of
RPM indicating surface reaction limited regime.
Use for determining diffusion coefficient Constant reaction rate

31
32
The calcium concentration in mg/L is plotted versus time and the dissolution rate
is determined from the slope of a given set of experimental data. The dissolution
rate is plotted versus the disk angular velocity to determine the limiting step of
the reaction.

32
StimPro
33
The Mineral Reaction tab is the second tab on the Mineral Properties - Shift + F8
screen in StimPro dialog.

33
StimPro
34
Fluid Diffusivity: Each fluid must have an Acid Diffusivity, which is the key
parameter in Carbonate Acidizing mode.

34
‫‪Booking Acidizing Standards‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫استاندارد های تزریق انواع سیاالت انگیزشی‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی افزایه ضد خوردگی‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫استاندارد تست های رئولوژی مد چرخشی‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی افزایه کمکی ضد خوردکی‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫استاندارد تست های رئولوژی مد نوسانی‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی افزایه حالل دوگانه‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫استاندارد سازگاری منحرف کننده های اسیدی پلیمری و سورفکتانتی‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی امولسیفایر‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫استاندارد تزریق منحرف کننده های اسیدی ویسکوز شونده‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی آنتی ایمالشن‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫استاندارد منحرف کننده های جامد های ذره ای‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی دی امولسیفایر‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫استاندارد های کلی افزایه های منحرف کننده‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی افزایه کنترل یون آهن‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫استاندارد های سازگاری افزایه ها با یکدیگر‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی ‪H2S Scavenger‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫استاندارد های محاسباتی در تزریق اسید‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی افزایه ضد لخته‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫استاندارد نگه داری افزایه های اسیدی‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫کنترل کیفی افزایه معلق نگه دارنده‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫استاندارد مخلوط کردن محلول های گوناگون‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫روش کلی بررسی سیستم های تغییر ترشوندگی شرایط محیط‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫استاندارد بررسی افزایه های سیستم شکافدار‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫روش کلی بررسی سیستم های تغییر ترشوندگی شرایط مخزن‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫استاندارد تزریق محلول های منحرف کننده به سیستم های شکاف دار‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫روش کلی بررسی سیستم های تغییر دهنده کشش بین سطحی شرایط محیط (‪)Pendant & Spinning‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫استاندارد آنالیز یونی برای روش های مورد استفاده‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫روش کلی بررسی سیستم های تغییر دهنده کشش بین سطحی شرایط مخزن (‪)VIT‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫استاندارد تعیین نرخ واکنش سنگ و انواع سیاالت خورنده به همراه استاندارد های محاسباتی‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫روش کلی بررسی سیستم های امولسیونی‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫استاندارد اندازه گیری ‪ph‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫استاندارد های آماده سازی نمونه سنگ‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫استاندارد تزریق اسید های امولسیونی(حالل اسید)‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫استاندارد آماده سازی نمونه سنگ قبل و بعد از تزریق برای ‪ CT‬اسکن‬ ‫‪17‬‬
‫استاندارد کلی تزریق سیاالت انگیزشی‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫استاندارد شست و شوی نمونه مغزه در حالت های مختلف (اشباع از نفت‪-‬آب‪-‬اسید مصرفی‪-‬سیال منحرف کننده‪-‬امولسیون ها)‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫استاندارد تبدیل نتایج آزمایشگاهی تزریق دینامیک به مغزه به نتایج میدانی‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫استاندارد آزمایش و تهیه نمونه برای آزمایش ‪XRD‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫استاندارد تهیه و اماده سازی انواع مختلف محلول های اسیدی و غیر اسیدی پرکاربرد‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫استاندارد های اندازه گیری خواص عمومی مغزه‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫استاندارد نحوه اندازه گیری نمونه وزن و نحوه جداسازی و خشک کردن جامدات از محلول های مختلف‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫استاندارد های آماده سازی محلول و سیاالت تزریقی‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫استاندارد نحوه میکس کردن مخلوط ها و نحوه ‪ disperse‬کردن جامدات درون محلول‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫استاندارد های آماده سازی اشباع نمونه سنگ‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫استاندارد اندازه گیری خواص نفت خام و تعیین درصد اجزا‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫استاندارد های ایجینگ سنگ توسط آب‪ ،‬نفت یا هر سیال دیگری‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫استاندارد نحوه اندازه گیری ترکیب اسفالتین و رزین موجود در نفت خام‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫استاندارد های تزریق سیال پیش تزریق‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫استاندارد اندازه گیری سایز ذرات پراکنده درون یک محلول‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫استاندارد های تزریق اسید همزمان با سیال پیش تزریق‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
36

Upscaling from Experiment to
Field
36
Most Common Causes For A Failure Of Acidizing Treatment
37
Daccord et al. found
where rwh is the radius of wormhole penetration, b is a constant, and df is

the fractal dimension, found to be equal to about 1.6. Again substituting qt
for V and differentiating with respect to time yield
• Diffusion limited model (Does not consider fluid loss)

• Is based on the water/plaster experiment
• Overestimate the distance of the wormhole penetration
37
38

38
39
Matrix Acidizing Design
39
40
1. Using the wrong type of acid;

2. Using improper acid volumes ;
3. Using improper acid concentrations for the formation
minerology;

4. Over/mis-using additives;
5. Inadequately perforated wells;
6. Too long acid treatment before reproduction;
7. Wrong identification of the cause of formation damage;
8. The rate of corrosion increase. Thus, the effect of elevated
temperatures on fluid properties and on various steps of
the acidizing treatment has to be determined.
40
Matrix Stimulation Methodology by ExxonMobil
41
The technology of
carbonate matrix
stimulation has
advanced significantly
over the past 10 years
through innovative
laboratory testing,

new fluid
developments, and
advanced computer
models to simulate
the process.
However, the
existing approaches
are not sufficient to
meet the challenges
of optimized
stimulation of wells
in massive
carbonate
reservoirs.
41
Reservoir Objectives - Completion Strategy
42
From a resource standpoint, the ultimate objective is

to economically extract the maximum amount of
hydrocarbon from the reservoir. In order to
accomplish this, the optimum production flow
profile for reservoir depletion is required.

Well completion strategy must be developed to
achieve an optimum flow profile. Geological
characterization is necessary to understand the
variability in rock type from layer to layer and well
to well. Distribution of rock types, magnitude and
distribution of permeability and porosity, and
expected reservoir pressures provide important
input into the completion and stimulation design.
42
43
 Below picture shows thin section photomicrographs of limestone and dolostone

with similar permeability, but much different porosity structure.
 Formation and rock characteristics not only affect the acid rock interactions,
but can also affect the susceptibility of the rock to formation damage.
 Testing of individual zones with a single dominant mineralogy has provided a

range of pre-stimulation skin (damage) for different rock types.
 Higher fluid leakoff during drilling dolostone intervals.
stimulation design must

be sufficiently robust to
ensure both rock types
are stimulated to the
desired extent,
consistent with
reservoir objectives.
43
44
The variability in kh
distribution and location
of high permeability
streaks have significant
impact on the

stimulation design. A
single stimulation design
or "cookie-cutter"
approach is not possible.
By following the
integrated carbonate
matrix stimulation
methodology,
stimulation designs
tailored to each well can
be developed,
44
Stimulation Design - Productivity Modeling
45
In many cases, the capabilities of the equipment are

pushed to the limit (rates, volumes, horsepower,
etc.) during the stimulation of very thick reservoirs.
The use of mechanical isolation can provide added
assurance that certain zones are stimulated;
however, additional operational risks and costs can

prohibit its use.
Once the stimulation treatment is performed, it is

critical to evaluate the effectiveness of the
treatment and the ability of the well to meet the
reservoir objectives. Well testing has proven to be a
powerful. The effectiveness of the treatment cannot
be determined by well testing alone. Production
logging provides the flow distribution along the
completion and, when used in combination with
single-well and reservoir modeling, can provide
insight into the effectiveness of the stimulation.
45
Completions and Perforation Strategy
46
 To improve acid distribution and ensure

optimum stimulation of low permeability
layers, selective perforating is utilized.
 By selective perforating, treatment is
reduced to levels that allow more effective
stimulation.

 Selective perforating involves initial
perforation and stimulation of the lower
permeability intervals followed by
perforation and stimulation of the higher
permeability intervals.
 Significant volumes of stimulation fluids
were predicted to be lost into the high
permeability layers. Additionally, the
anticipated flux rates designed to generate
optimum wormholes in the low
permeability rock were greatly reduced
46
Mineralogy Analysis
47
To improve the
success of acidizing,
the detail mineral
composition of the
target formations
must be known.

Otherwise, problems
with clay swelling,
fines migration, gel
formation, and
precipitation can be
encountered.
A workflow chart for laboratory petrographic analysis
47
Samples Preparation
48

To prevent a laboratory-induced damage, the core handling, cleaning and
preparation procedures should be specified with a complete understanding of the
mineralogy of the tested samples.
(1) Plug drilling that need to be performed with a compatible plug drilling fluid to
avoid fluid/rock and/or fluid/fluid reactions;
(2) Sample cleaning that need to be adjusted to the rock characteristics, i.e. low flow
rate cleaning for formations having delicate mineral morphology;
(3) Sample drying procedures to remove the fluids and prepare samples for the
flooding tests.
48
49
Carbonate Formation
49
Flowchart For Recommending Remedies
50
All of these
damage types
are treated in
the pre-flush

stage. This figure
illustrates the
types of damage
accounted for,
and the
corresponding
treatment
methods
50
51
Pre-flush Stage
51
52
Main Acid Stage
52
53
Diversion Stage
53
54
Post-flush Stage
54
55
Additives
55
56
Case Study
56
57
Main Acid Stage
57
Case Study
58
The relatively clean limestone formation at a

relatively high temperature of 250 ˚F requires the
use of a mixture of HCl and a retarded acid
(10% Acetic). The large vertical permeability
heterogeneity (10–1400 md) in the absence of any

significant iron content necessitates the use of
VDA as a diverting agent. Diesel and mutual
solvents are included in the post-flush because
VDA is used as a diverting agent. The existence of
relatively low amount of CO2 in these crudes does
not affect the main acid selection. In fact, CO2 acts
to assist in the back-flow process at the end of the
stimulation job. Nevertheless, a corrosion
inhibitor is added as a precaution since CO2 is
corrosive.
58
59
Sandstone Formation
59
Solubility of Sandstone Minerals in HCl And HCl-HF
60

The target formations are rarely
homogeneous porous mediums,
being a blend of i.e. silicate,
carbonate, and clay minerals.
Based on the mineralogy, its
minerals solubility formation
related factors and the
composition of the acid
injected varies
60
61
Sharif Stim
61
62
Wormhole Simulation
62
63
CT-Scan
63
64
Effect of Injection Rate
64
65
Acidizing Curve
65
Effect of Injection Rate - Radial
66

66
Comparison of the acid efficiency curves
67

67
Comparison of model output with experimental results
68

68
Comparison of model output with experimental results
69

69
The Stimulation Cycle
70
Select
Identify Identify Treatment
Evaluate Matrix
Potential Formation Fluid
Stimulation Stimulation Compositions,
Stimulation Damage (type
Economics Suitable Additives +
Candidate + location)
Volumes

Select Treatment
Type, Diversion
Modify
Techniques and
Stimulation Specify Injection
Guidelines Rates and
Pressure
Operational
Stimulation
Evaluate Return
Treatment Site and Job Program
Treatment Well to (including well
Execution Preparation
Success Production clean-up
strategy)
70
Screening and Data Gathering
71
 Which well?
 Damage type?
 Damage location?
 Fluid type?

 Is Acid needed?
 Fluid composition?
 Fluid additives?
 Fluid volume?
 Is Diversion needed?
 Pre-flush, post-flush?.
 ...
71
Successful Well Acidizing
72
The success percentage

Lithology
Fluids can be increased through
Temperature a better evaluation and
control both in the study
and application stages

(Gidley, 1985)
Pumping
rate
other
phenomena
Other phenomena that

affect reactions of the
acid with the rock
72
Stimulation Software
73
Wellbore/log/layer Info. Treatment Data Production Data

Acidizing Analysis
Acidizing Design Production Analysis
Treatment Schedule Estimated Skin Reduction Production Forecast
Save and Optimization
73
74
74
Thanks
74

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Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

 Advantage and Disadvantage of StimPro Software

 Matrix Acidizing Experiment and Analysis of the Data

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

 Matrix Acidizing Design

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

select the proper fluids associated with

evaluate skin reduction using bottom-

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

production response from the 2-D

determine the economically optimal size

 Complete matrix acid design, simulation and scheduling for:

 Vertical /deviated /horizontal wells

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

 Treatment monitoring using Paccaloni plots

 Online graphics and reports

 Preloaded libraries of stimulation fluids, lithologies and formations

 Complex clays/HF reactions modeling in sandstone formations

 Filter cake modeling, foam modeling and scheduling

 Specific acid/additive library

 Consider simple carbonate acidizing and wormhole modeling

 Simple candidate selection capabilities

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

 Inability to predict exploration/appraisal wells when there might not be

 Inability to show how wormholes propagate around wellbore

 Consideration a few damage types

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Acidizing in Canada from the 1960’s to the present day

Very little science or

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Technology applied to acidizing - found that many of the acid

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Swan Hills 1983 - 1987

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Water Wetting Devoid Of All

Many of the acid package design features are listed below:

Acid and ferric iron-

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Load fluid and drilling

Particulates from Aqueous phase

Live acid emulsion test

Spent acid emulsion test

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Live and spent acid wetting action

Reaction with drilling muds (if required)

Acid blend must pass all required tests before pumping.

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

‫بررسی افزایه کنترل یون آهن‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017‬‬

‫بررسی افزایه معلق نگهدارنده‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫عملکرد افزایه ضد تشکیل امولسیون‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬بررسی افزایه ضد لجن‬

‫بررسی جدایش فازی منحرف کننده های پلیمری و سورفکتنتی‬ ‫‪‬‬

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

• 2x Hastelloy Core holder

Sharif Well Stimulation, 2017

1. Prepare the core samples