Contents

Introduction

Why & When used Acidizing

Acidizing Techniques

Common Type of acids

Acid reaction time factor:

Acid Additives

Carbonate Acidizing

Sandstone Acidizing

Laboratory Testing

Acid Treatment Design

Possible Formation Damage Caused by Acidization

Reference
Introduction
An acid is defined as a chemical compound containing hydrogen
capable of being replaced by positive elements or radicals to form
salts.

Acid stimulation is a chemical treatment of increasing flow

capability to a well. Acid is used in order to dissolve minerals inside
formation rocks, which results in an increase in formation absolute
permeability around the well bore.

The use of acids to stimulate oil & gas production was first
introduced in 1894. The earlier treatments consisted of dumping raw
acid down the casing without applying pressure on the formation. It
was not until 1930 that improved materials and techniques were
developed and the process gained wide acceptance as an effective
way of increasing well productivity.

The primary purpose for acidizing a producing well is to increase

the drainage efficiency of the reservoir .acidizing is particularly
applicable to wells producing from formation that are predominantly
dolomites ,limestone or clastics in which the cementing material is
composed of carbonates. The acid when forced into the formation
through natural or induced fractures dissolves a portion of the fracture
faces this action plus the pore enlarging effect of that portion of the
acid that leaks- off through The pores in the fracture faces increase
permeability and porosity of the reservoir rock in the vicinity of the
Well bore. Since approximately 50% of the reservoir energy is
expended within a radius of eight feet of the well bore.

When using acid for removal of suspected damage, scale, clays, or

some formation rock may be dissolved from the existing flow

2
 channels. Only small increases in productivity will result unless
damage actually exists.

Why & When used Acidizing

 acidizing is a process that

uses reactive materials to
increase well
Production by dissolving either
the
Reservoir rock or damaging
materials blocking the pore
spaces of the rock.

 Acid is used to remove

drilling, completion, workover or
production damage.

 Washes remove other

dispersible soluble material
from formations, perforations
and casing.

 Acid increase permeability

in and around the wellbore by
dissolving corrosion products,
scale, mud, and/or a portion of
the formation.

3
Acidizing Techniques

There are three fundamental techniques used in acidizing

Treatments.

Well bore Clean

This entails fill-up and soak of acid in the wellbore. Fluid
movement is at a minimum, unless some mechanical means of agitation
is used
Matrix Acidizing
This is done by injecting acid into the matrix pore structure of the
formation, below the hydraulic fracturing pressure. Flow pattern is
essentially through the natural permeability structure.

Acid- fracturing
This is injection in to the formation above hydraulic fracturing
pressure. Flow pattern is essentially through hydraulic fractures :
however , much of the fluid does leak off in to the matrix along the
fracture faces.

Common Types of acid:

1) Hydrochloric acid – HCL.
Hydrochloric acid is used to acidizing carbonate rocks limestone,
calcium carbonates, CaCO3, dolomite, calcium and magnesium
carbonates, Ca Mg (CO3)2 _ HCL reactions with limestone is:

4
 2HCL + CaCO3 → CaCL2 + H2O + CO2

HCL reaction with dolomite is:

4HCL + Ca Mg (CO3)2 → CaCL2 +MgCL2 +2H2O+2CO2

2) Mud acid (HCL + HF).

Mud acid is used combination of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric

acids it used for sandstone acidizing as 3% HF and 12% HCL.

HF is used alone only to remove clay damage near the well bore
caused by drilling completion and workover fluid. Mud acid is
capable only of removing damage near the well bore. Because of its
very shallow penetration depth. It is incapable of providing reservoir
stimulation.

Sio + 6HF → H2 SiF6 + 2H2O

2

Silica sand fluosilic acid

4 HF + SiO2 → SiF4 + 2H2O
2 HF + SiF4 → H2SiF6

:Weak organic acids )3

Acetic (HAC) and formic (HCOOH) are examples of weak

organic acids. These acids are easy to inhibit against corrosion and
can usually be left in contact with tubing or casing for days without
danger of serious corrosion. These acids also are as perforating
fluid.

 Acetic acid reacts with calcium carbonates as follow:

2CH3 COOH + CaCO3 → Ca (CH3 COO) 2 + H2O + CO2

2HCH3CO2 + CaCO3 → Ca (CH3 CO2)2 + H2O +CO2

5
  The chemical reaction for formic acid is as follow:

2HCOOH + CaCO3 → Ca (HCOO) 2 + H2O + CO2

2HCo2H + CaCO3 → Ca (HCO2)2 + H2O + CO2

Acid reaction time factor:

There are two important chemical factors that should be taken

into account when selecting a type of acid:

1. Dissolving power.
2. Reaction rate.

1. Dissolving power

The acid dissolving power depended on the type of acid used and
the acid concentration.

2. Reaction rate

The major factors, which govern the reaction rate:

a) Pressure.
b) Temperature.
c) Flow velocity.
d) Acid concentration.
e) Area – volume ratio.

Acid Additives
 Corrosion inhibitors

6
 Inhibitors are used in order to prevent acid reaction with steel in
the well. Acetylene and organic nitrogen are kinds of inhibitors. Which
accomplish their purpose by forming a film on the steel and preventing
contact between the steel and the acid. Some factors that influence the
rate of reaction of acid on steel are:

1. Temperature
2. Time of contact
3. Type of acid
4. Pressure
5. Type of steel
6. Concentration of acid
7. Ratio of volume of acid to exposed steel surface

Corrosion inhibitors do not stop corrosion, but they will

.decrease the rate of the reaction of acid of steel

:Surfactants
Surfactants are chemicals
composed on an oil soluble group
/lipophilic group /and a water soluble
group /hydrophilic group. These
chemicals lower the surface tension of a
liquid by adsorbing at the interface
between the liquid and gas.

Surfactants are used in order to

prevent sludge, precipitate, flocculant, and emulsion formation.
Sludge is formed when the acid contacts heavy crude oil.

Suspending Agents
As hydrochloric acid reacts on limestone or dolomite
formation, the carbonates are dissolved by the acid. However,
because most formations are not 100% carbonate, many acid
insoluble fines may be released.

7
 When the spent acid is removed from the formation upon
completion of a job, these insoluble fines may be left in the
formation and can reduce the formation permeability. It is,
therefore, desirable to remove these fines with the spent acid.

Anti-sluding Agents
When acid is pumped into a well and
contacts crude oil, sludge may be formed at
the acid-oil interface, usually those containing
a high percentage of asphaltenes.

Once it forms it cannot be easily

redissolved into oil again. Hence, this material
can accumulate in the formation and result in
a decrease in permeability.

Penetrating Agents
These surfactants are most commonly used in acidizing tight gas
well formations and in scale removal treatment. Their main function is
to lower the surface tension of the acid.

Non-Emulsifier
Because crude oils contain natural surfactants, one of the major
problems encountered in acid treatment is emulsions of crude oil and acid
or emulsions of crude oil and spent acid.

Emulsion can be classified into groups depending on nature of the external

:phase

Water in oil emulsion

Oil in water emulsion

By adding specific surfactants to the acid before pumping,

emulsion can be prevented from forming during acid treatment. These
surfactants should also be soluble or readily dispersible and compatible
with corrosion inhibitors and other additives.

8
 Iron Retention Additive
During acidizing the contact of acid
with iron will form ferric hydroxide. Iron
can be present as an ore within the
formation, or can come from the action of
acid on steel. However as the acid is spent,
the Fe ferric complex iron ion (ferric
hydroxide) tends to precipitate and redeposit near the well bore causing
plugging of the formation pore.

Sequestering agents such as citric or lattice acids tend to prevent the

deposition of the ferric hydroxide by keeping it in solution.

Friction Reducers
A few materials have been found that are stable in acid and compatible
with other additives that provide friction reduction in the 65 to 85 percent
range, depending on the pump rate and pipe size.

Alcohol
This is injection into the formation
above hydraulic fracturing pressure. Flow
pattern is essentially through hydraulic
fracture: however, much of the fluid does leak
off into the matrix along the fracture faces.

Alcohols are used in acid treatment

for the following:

a) Removal of water blocks.

b) More rapid fluid recovery.
c) Retarding of acid reactivity.
d) Decreasing amount of water acid.

9
 Mutual Solvent
The use of a mutual solvent in acid
stimulation of sandstone reservoirs to aid in
maintaining the formation and fines released
during acidizing in a water wet condition and
improving the effectiveness of emulsion
.breakers

Scale Inhibitors
The acid containing the inhibitor will deposit some of the inhibitor
and feed the rest.

Clay Stabilizers
This process depends on the deposition
of a hydroxy aluminum film over the clay
minerals to minimize their swelling and / or
.stabilize them so that they cannot move

Aromatic Solvent
The aromatic solvent-surfactant
dispersions can be utilized in acid to
remove paraffin and asphaltenes at the
same time the acidizing treatment is being
conducted.

Foaming Agents
Foaming agents, liquid or solid, are used to remove water and oil
from producing gas wells.

Wettability Agents

10
 Certain surfactants are used to alter the wetting properties of a
producing formation.

Carbonate Acidizing

 The objective of acidizing limestone and dolomite wells is to

remove damage near the well bore or to create linear flow
channels by fracturing and etching.

 HCL acid is occasionally used in predominately sandstone

formation to dissolve carbonates in the form of sand grain
cementing materials, discrete particles, and carbonate scale.

 The time required for a specified volume and concentration of

HCL acid to spend to about 3.2 % in a selected formation under
given conditions is defined as acid reaction time.

 A major problem in fracture acidizing of carbonate formations is

that acids tend to react too fast with carbonates and spend near the
well bore

Limestone
Dolomite

11
Sandstone Acidizing
 The objective of acidizing sandstone
wells is to increase permeability by
dissolving clays and other pore
plugging materials near the well
bore .

 Clays may be naturally occurring

formations clays or those introduced
from drilling, completion, or
workover fluids.

 Hydrofluoric acid (HF) can dissolve carbonates, clays, feldspars,

micas, chart, quartz .However; the primary reason to use (HF) acid
is to remove clay.

 If any carbonates are present in sandstone, these should be

removed with preflush of (HCL).

 If a sandstone formation contains more than 20 % carbonate,

the well should be acidized with (HCL) only and the following
table shows the chemical composition of minerals that are typically
present in sandstones.

12
Laboratory Testing
The amount of acid required to dissolve a given Amount of
mineral is determined by the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction,
which describes the number of moles of
each species involved in the reaction. For
example:

 Mineral Acids

2 HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2+ H2O+ CO2

4HCl + CaMg(CO3)2 CaCl2+MgCl2 +2H2O+2CO2

4HF+ SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O

SiF4 + 2HF H2SiF4 (Fluosilicic Acid)

 Organic Acids
HCH3CO2 + CaCO3 Ca (CH3CO2)2 + H2O + CO2 2

13
 HCO2H + CaCO3 Ca(HCO2)2 + H2O + CO2 2

Mineral Acid Solubility

14
 Acid treatment Design

 Design Problem
The following data was obtained from a naturally flowing oil well
completed in a homogeneous dolomite formation having a reservoir
pressure above the bubble point pressure and it is underlined by strong
water drive aquifer. In order to increase the productivity of the well, the
completion engineer was asked to Prepare an acid design program. Given
the following data:-

Depth (Selected perforation interval) (5880-5970), Mid 5925 ft

Net Pay Thickness ( ft ) 90
Oil Viscosity (cp) 0.405
Oil Density (API), (sp. gr.) 36.7 0.841
Reservoir Average Permeability (md) 150
Wellbore radius ( in ) 4.2
Drainage radius ( ft ) 660
Separator pressure ( psi ) 50
Well flowing pressure ( psi ) 200
Gas liquid ratio ( scf/bbl ) 670
Bubble point pressure ( psi ) 1840
Formation volume factor (rbbl/stb) 1.538
Reservoir initial pressure ( psi ) 2017
Flow line length (meter) 4600
Flowline diameter ( in ) 4
Tubing diameter ( in ) 3
Reservoir temperature ( F ) 190
Water cut 2%
Average reservoir porosity 8%
Separator temperature ( F ) 90

15
 Wellhead temperature ( F ) 100
Acid specific gravity 1.08
Acid concentration 15%
Acid spending time (minutes) 60
Desired injection rate( ft3/ft.min ) 0.2
Xacid 0.082
Sor 25%
Specific gravity of dolomite 2.83

Given also the flowing production test from the well:

Qo (bbl/D) Pressure (psi)

2983 1387
2410 1488
1342 1622

Given also the following laboratory acid performance data (15 %) HCl
injected:

Qo (cc/min) Vs (cc) ks/ke Wt (gm)

0 0 1 15
0.15 7.6 1.2 14.877
0.16 8 1.4 14.769
0.16 8 1.6 14.661
0.16 8 1.8 14.553
0.15 7.68 2 14.445
0.16 8 2.2 14.337
0.16 8 2.4 14.229
0.16 8 2.3 14.121
0.16 7.92 1.8 14.013
0.15 7.84 1.4 13.905

16
Calculate:-
1. Construct the inflow performance curve and the tubing intake
curve for the well.
2. The maximum possible oil flow rate from the well and the
corresponding bottom hole flowing pressure and the required
wellhead pressure before acidizing
3. Construct the acid performance curve for field conditions
4. The maximum acid injection volume to produce the maximum
stimulation permeability.
5. The optimum oil flow rate and the corresponding bottom hole
flowing pressure and the wellhead pressure corresponding to the
maximum stimulation permeability.
6. The productivity ratio for the stimulated well at the maximum acid
injection volume.
7. The radius and the permeability of the stimulated zone after
acidzing.
8. The weight of dolomite dissolved and the resulting porosity of the
stimulated zone.
9. The wellhead surface acid injection pressure.

Solution:
 TPC calculation using vertical multiphase flow correlations and
THP calculation using horizontal multiphase flow correlations:

17
 Qo assumed
THP (psi) Pwf (psi)
(bbl/D)
1000 170 960
2000 265 1140
3000 370 1480
4000 500 1870

Qo (bbL/D) 2830
Pwf (psi) 1400
Pe (psi) 1820

TPC THP IPR curve before acidizing

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
si)
P
(p

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Qo (bbl/D)

Make a relationship between the percent core dissolved minerals by

acid as a function of time core exposed to acid (Ts-Ti).

18
 Ti Ts-Ti cum.(Ts-Ti) cum. wt
Qi (cc/min) Vs (cc) PVI ks/ke Wd (gm) Xmin
(min) (min) (min) PVI (gm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0
14.87
0.15 7.6 51 9 9 0.95 0.95 1.2 7 0.123 0.008
14.76
0.16 8 51 9 18 1 1.95 1.4 9 0.231 0.015
14.66
0.16 8 51 9 27 1 2.95 1.6 1 0.339 0.023
14.55
0.16 8 51 9 36 1 3.95 1.8 3 0.447 0.030
14.44
0.15 7.68 51 9 45 0.96 4.91 2 5 0.555 0.037
14.33
0.16 8 51 9 54 1 5.91 2.2 7 0.663 0.044
14.22
0.16 8 51 9 63 1 6.91 2.4 9 0.771 0.051
14.12
0.16 8 51 9 72 1 7.91 2.3 1 0.879 0.059
14.01
0.16 7.92 51 9 81 0.99 8.9 1.8 3 0.987 0.066
13.90
0.15 7.84 51 9 90 0.98 9.88 1.4 5 1.095 0.073
Table 1:
20
 0.080
0.070
0.060
0.050
mi
X

0.040
0.030 Xmin = 0.0008(Ts-Ti) + 0.001
0.020
0.010
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100
(Ts-Ti) min.

Figure.1

 The following equation is induced from the above curve which

will be used for calculation of percent mineral dissolved by acid in
the reservoir as function of rock exposure time.

Xmin = 0.0008(Ts-Ti) + 0.001

Table 2:

Assumed Ti (min) Ts-Ti (min) Xmin %

5 55 4.5
10 50 4.1
20 40 3.3
30 30 2.5
40 20 1.7
50 10 0.9
60 0 0.1
 Converting acid response curve in the laboratory to field
conditions.

The reservoir pore volume per foot invaded by acid is calculated

form the following equation:

Vp = π (rs2 –rw2). Ø. (1- Sor)

The total volume of required acid to dissolve certain amount of

rock in the reservoir is calculated from the following equation:
Vs = π. (rs2 – rw2). (1- Ø).Xmineral + π. (rs2-rw2). Ø. (1-Sor) + π. (rs2-rw2). (1-Ø).Xmin
Xacid

The Pore volume injected is calculated from the following

equation:

PVI = Vs
Vp

22
 Ti (min) 5 10 20 30
X' 4.50% 4.10% 3.30% 2.50%
Qi
Assumed Vs Vs Qi Vs PV Qi Vs PV
Vp (ft³/ft) PVI Qi (ft³/ft.min) PVI (ft³/ft.min
rs (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) I (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) I
)
1 0.17 1.67 10.10 0.33 1.54 9.30 0.15 1.27 7.68 0.06 1.00 6.06 0.03
1.5 0.40 4.05 10.10 0.81 3.73 9.30 0.37 3.08 7.68 0.15 2.43 6.06 0.08
2 0.73 7.39 10.10 1.48 6.79 9.30 0.68 5.61 7.68 0.28 4.43 6.06 0.15
2.5 1.16 11.67 10.10 2.33 10.74 9.30 1.07 8.87 7.68 0.44 7.00 6.06 0.23
3 1.67 16.91 10.10 3.38 15.55 9.30 1.56 12.85 7.68 0.64 10.14 6.06 0.34
3.5 2.29 23.10 10.10 4.62 21.25 9.30 2.12 17.55 7.68 0.88 13.85 6.06 0.46
4 2.99 30.24 10.10 6.05 27.82 9.30 2.78 22.98 7.68 1.15 18.13 6.06 0.60

Table 3:

Ti (min) 40 50 60
X' 1.70% 0.90% 0.10%
Assume Qi Vs Qi Qi
Vp (ft³/ft) Vs (ft³/ft) PVI PVI Vs (ft³/ft) PVI
d rs (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft.min)
1 0.17 0.73 4.44 0.02 0.47 2.82 0.01 0.20 1.20 0.00
1.5 0.40 1.78 4.44 0.04 1.13 2.82 0.02 0.48 1.20 0.01
2 0.73 3.24 4.44 0.08 2.06 2.82 0.04 0.88 1.20 0.01
2.5 1.16 5.13 4.44 0.13 3.26 2.82 0.07 1.39 1.20 0.02
3 1.67 7.43 4.44 0.19 4.72 2.82 0.09 2.01 1.20 0.03
3.5 2.29 10.15 4.44 0.25 6.45 2.82 0.13 2.75 1.20 0.05
4 2.99 13.29 4.44 0.33 8.44 2.82 0.17 3.60 1.20 0.06

The following table presents the related results of the table no. 3
Table 4:
Assumed rs 1 1.5 2 2.5
Ti Qi Qi
Qi Vs Vs Qi
(min PVI Vs (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min Vs (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
(ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
) )
5 10.10 1.67 0.33 4.05 0.81 7.39 1.48 11.67 2.33
10 9.30 1.54 0.15 3.73 0.37 6.79 0.68 10.74 1.07
20 7.68 1.27 0.06 3.08 0.15 5.61 0.28 8.87 0.44
30 6.06 1.00 0.03 2.43 0.08 4.43 0.15 7.00 0.23
40 4.44 0.73 0.02 1.78 0.04 3.24 0.08 5.13 0.13
50 2.82 0.47 0.01 1.13 0.02 2.06 0.04 3.26 0.07
60 1.20 0.20 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.88 0.01 1.39 0.02

Assumed rs 3 3.5 4
Ti Qi Vs Qi Vs Qi
PVI Vs (ft³/ft)
(min) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
5 10.10 16.91 3.38 23.10 4.62 30.24 6.05
10 9.30 15.55 1.56 21.25 2.12 27.82 2.78
20 7.68 12.85 0.64 17.55 0.88 22.98 1.15
30 6.06 10.14 0.34 13.85 0.46 18.13 0.60
40 4.44 7.43 0.19 10.15 0.25 13.29 0.33
50 2.82 4.72 0.09 6.45 0.13 8.44 0.17
60 1.20 2.01 0.03 2.75 0.05 3.60 0.06

24
 The stimulation ratios for different acid penetration radius are
presented in table no. 5.
Table 5:
Assumed
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
rs
Assumed
ks'
ks/ke
1 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
1.4 156.21 158.75 160.60 162.07 163.29 164.33 165.25
1.8 159.89 164.07 167.17 169.66 171.74 173.55 175.14
2.1 161.80 166.87 170.66 173.72 176.31 178.55 180.55
2.5 163.67 169.64 174.15 177.81 180.92 183.64 186.06
2.9 165.05 171.71 176.76 180.90 184.42 187.51 190.26
3 165.34 172.14 177.32 181.55 185.16 188.33 191.16

Construct the chart of design as shown in fig. no. 2

2 Laboratory acid performance curve for layer (C) 1

11 11.00 1.50
10 10.00 rs=1.5ft
9 9.00
Cum. Pore Volume Injected

8 8.00
1.00
7 7.00

qi (ft³/ft.min )
6 6.00
PVI

rs=1ft
5 5.00
4 4.00
0.50
3 3.00
2 2.00
1 1.00
0 0.00 0.00
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Stimulation Ratio (ks/ke) Ti (min)

3 Stimulation Ratio (ks/ke) 4

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Ti (min)
150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.00
155 rs=1 ft
rs=1.5ft 5.00
160
rs=2ft
Average Reservoir Permeability After Acidizing

10.00
165 rs=2.5ft
rs=1ft
Acid volume (ft³/ft)

15.00
170
rs=3ft
20.00
Ks' (md)

rs=1.5ft 175
rs=2ft rs=3.5ft 25.00
180
rs=2.5ft
rs=4ft 30.00
rs=3ft 185
35.00
rs=3.5ft
190
rs=4ft
40.00
195

Figure. 2
From the chart of design we find that:
 Injecting 9.8 ft3/ft of HCl acid for 31.9 minutes with 0.2
ft3/ft.min of injection rate, will lead the acid to penetrate 2.5 ft of the
formation and stimulation ratio of 2.17 to get maximum average
reservoir permeability of 175 md after acidizing.

Vs Qi
rs (ft) Ks/Ke k's Ti (min)
(gal/ft) (gal/ft.min)
73.3089 2.5 2.17 174.5 1.4961 31.9

 Construct IPR curve after acidizing , THP ,and TPC then find
(P'wf ,Qs).

Qs = Ks . (Pe - P'wf)
Qe Ke (Pe – Pwf)

Assumed Qs
Pwf'(psi) (bbl/D)
1000 11989.8
1200 9065.4
1500 4678.9
1800 292.4
1820 0.0

TPC THP IPR after acidizing IPR curve befor acidizing

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Figure.3
From figure 3 we find that:

26
Qs (bbl/D) P'wf (psi)
3300 1600
 qs
( )
p e − p'wf
PR=
qe
( )
p e − p wf

PR= 2.23

 The concentration of dissolved rock in the acid solution is

calculated from the following equation:
Cdissolved= ρrock.π.(rs2-rw2).(1-Ø). Xmin
π. (rs2-rw2).(1-Ø).Xmin + π.(rs2-rw2).Ø.(1-Sor)+π.(rs2-rw2).(1-Ø).Xmin
Xacid

C dissolved rock (lbs/gal) =13.096

 The increase in porosity due to dissolving rock by the acid is

calculated from the following equations :

. π .( r 2 −r 2 ) . ( 1−φ ). X min eral

s w
Δ φ=
π .( r −r 2 )
s2 w

27
 φ s= φe + Δφ
ΔØ = 2.16 %
Øs = 10.16 %

Design parameters:

Optimum volume of acid (gal/ft) 73.31

Optimum injection time (min.) 31.90
Desired injection rate (gal/ft.min) 1.50
Radial distance of acid penetration inside the formation (ft) 2.50
Stimulation ratio after acidizing 2.17
Maximum average reservoir permeability after acidizing (md) 174.53
Oil flow rate after acidizing (bbl/D) 3300
Bottom hole flowing pressure after acidizing (psi) 1600
Productivity ratio after acidizing 2.23
The concentration of dissolved rock in the acid solution (lbs/gal) 13.10
Increase in porosity after acidizing 2.2%
Porosity after acidizing 10.2%

28
Possible Damage caused by acidizatoin

 Numerous problems that may occur during acidizing

treatments include:-

1. By-products precipitated by the reaction of acids with formation

materials at high volume of acid injection.

2. Oil-wetting of the reservoir by surfactants, especially corrosion

inhibitors, which can create emulsion blocks.

3.Water blocks.
Formed due to the high capillary forces preset in the porous rock.
Another reason is formed is the reaction of acid with the wetting
phase saturation near the well bore.

4.asphaltene or paraffin deposition when large volumes of acid are

injected.

5.In addition to these common damaging processes

production impairment can result from poor design of an acidizing
treatment. Impairments include the following:

i. Sludges produced by the reaction between acids and

asphaltenes, especially in the presence of some additives
(particularly surfactants) or dissolved iron.

ii. Precipitates formed by the addition of certain sequestering

agents to acids to prevent iron problems when the acid is spent
and no iron is present.

29
iii. Permeability impairment by residues present in corrosion
inhibitors or produced through the thermal degradation of
polymers, such as friction reducers.

30
 Caused by
Treatment the reaction
by the
additive of acid
alcohols With wetting
phase
saturation
near the well
bore

Formed
when the Water
acid block
contacts
heavy crude

Formation Fines
Sludge damage by acid mobilisation

Iron
Precipitation

Caused by
Prevent by the reaction
the additive of acid
Surfactants
With wetting
phase
Pickle the saturation
tubing before near the well
pumping any
acid to bore
minimize
damaging ferric
irons in the
spent acid

31
Reference

1. Petroleum Engineering Hand book

2. Halliburton co. Presentations

3. Dr. Nasr M., course notes of ''well completions designs'', fall 2008.

32