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    ٣٢٥ Molecular biology Sabah Linjawi ١

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    Zainab Raik
    Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that serve structural and functional roles in cells. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins, each containing a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and unique side chain. Amino acids bond together in chains called peptides or polypeptides that take on three-dimensional shapes to form proteins. Proteins are classified by their function, such as enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, and protein hormones.

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    ٣٢٥ Molecular biology Sabah Linjawi ١

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    Zainab Raik
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    Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that serve structural and functional roles in cells. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins, each containing a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and unique side chain. Amino acids bond together in chains called peptides or polypeptides that take on three-dimensional shapes to form proteins. Proteins are classified by their function, such as enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, and protein hormones.

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    Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that serve structural and functional roles in cells. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins, each containing a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and unique side chain. Amino acids bond together in chains called peptides or polypeptides that take on three-dimensional shapes to form proteins. Proteins are classified by their function, such as enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, and protein hormones.

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    50 views13 pages

    ٣٢٥ Molecular biology Sabah Linjawi ١

    Uploaded by

    Zainab Raik
    Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds that serve structural and functional roles in cells. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins, each containing a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and unique side chain. Amino acids bond together in chains called peptides or polypeptides that take on three-dimensional shapes to form proteins. Proteins are classified by their function, such as enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, and protein hormones.

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    Lecture 1

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ١


    Proteins

    „ Proteins are polymers of


    amino acids covalently linked
    through peptide bonds into a
    chain.
    „ Within and outside of cells,
    proteins serve a myriad of
    functions, including structural
    roles (cytoskeleton), as
    catalysts (enzymes),
    transporter to ferry ions and
    molecules across membranes,
    and hormones.
    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٢
    Amino Acids

    „ Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined together by


    peptide bonds.
    „ There are 20 different amino acids that make up essentially all
    proteins on earth
    „ Each of these amino acids has a fundamental design composed
    of a central carbon (also called the alpha carbon) bonded to:
    „ a hydrogen
    „ a carboxyl group
    „ an amino group
    „ a unique side chain or R-group

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٣


    Amino Acids

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٤


    Amino Acids

    „ The characteristic that distinguishes one amino acid from


    another is its unique side chain, and it is the side chain that
    dictates an amino acids chemical properties .
    „ The amino acids are shown with the amino and carboxyl
    groups ionized, as they are at physiologic pH.

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٥


    Amino Acids

    „ Except for glycine, which has a hydrogen as its R-


    group, there is asymmetry about the alpha carbon in
    all amino acids.
    „ Because of this, all amino acids except glycine can
    exist in either of two mirror-image forms.
    „ The two forms - called stereoisomers - are referred to
    as D and L amino acids.
    „ With rare exceptions, all of the amino acids in
    proteins are L amino acids.

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٦


    Peptides and Proteins
    „ Amino acids are covalently bonded together in chains by
    peptide bonds.
    „ If the chain length is short (say less than 30 amino acids) it is
    called a peptide
    „ longer chains are called polypeptides or proteins.
    „ Peptide bonds are formed between the carboxyl group of one
    amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid.
    „ Peptide bond formation occurs in a condensation reaction
    involving loss of a molecule of water.

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٧


    Types of Proteins

    „ Based upon chemical composition, proteins are divided into


    two major classes:
    „ 1- simple proteins, which are composed of only amino acids
    „ 2- conjugated proteins, which are composed of amino acids
    and additional organic and inorganic groupings, which are
    called prosthetic groups.
    „ Conjugated proteins include:
    „ glycoproteins, which contain carbohydrates
    „ lipoproteins, which contain lipids
    „ nucleoproteins, which contain nucleic acids

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٨


    Classified by biological function

    „ proteins include the enzymes, which are responsible for


    catalyzing the thousands of chemical reactions of the living
    cell
    „ keratin, elastin, and collagen, which are important types of
    structural, or support, proteins
    „ hemoglobin and other gas transport proteins; ovalbumin,
    casein, and other nutrient molecules
    „ antibodies, which are molecules of the immune system
    „ protein hormones, which regulate metabolism
    „ proteins that perform mechanical work, such as actin and
    myosin, the contractile muscle proteins.

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ٩


    Conjugated proteins

    „ These proteins consist from protein and other compounds,


    which are called according to the group associated with it,
    such as:
    „ 1- Nucleoproteins: protein and nucleic acid which are found in
    the nucleus
    „ 2- Chromoproteins: Proteins and colored compounds such as
    hemoglobin in the blood is associated with an iron (Fe +2), as
    well as chlorophyll, the green protein is associated with the
    element magnesium (Mg +2) and may not contain an element
    of the group such as proteins associated with melanin in hair

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ١٠


    Conjugated proteins

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ١١


    Conjugated proteins

    „ 3- Phosphoproteins: Proteins and the phosphate group such as


    Casein in milk and Vitellin in the egg yolk
    „ 4- Glycoproteins :Protein and sugars,the carbohydrates part
    consists of short-chain branching, and plays an important role
    in the cell, such as some enzymes, hormones and antibodies
    „ 5- Lipoproteins : Protein and fat which are found in cell
    membranes and blood plasma and egg yolk

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ١٢


    References
    „ www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/.../prostruct.html
    „ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure
    „ www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/.../proteinstruct.html
    „ www.rothamsted.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/prot.htm
    „ www.friedli.com/herbs/phytochem/proteins.html
    „ themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/protein-structure.html
    „ Molecular Biology. P.C. Turner, A.G. Mclennan, A.D. Bates &
    M.R.H. White.School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool,
    Liverpool, UK. Second edition. BIOS Scientific Publishers, 2000.

    Molecular biology ٣٢٥ Sabah Linjawi ١٣

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