Scribd
Upload
621 views

Boundary Layer Notes PDF

The document discusses boundary layer flows over surfaces. It defines the boundary layer as the region near the surface where fluid velocity reduces from the free stream velocity. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer, where heat transfer is controlled, may differ from the velocity boundary layer thickness. The boundary layer equations are derived using approximations for steady, incompressible laminar flow over flat plates, resulting in self-similar velocity and temperature profiles dependent on a similarity parameter involving boundary layer thickness.

Uploaded by

HassanKM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
621 views

Boundary Layer Notes PDF

The document discusses boundary layer flows over surfaces. It defines the boundary layer as the region near the surface where fluid velocity reduces from the free stream velocity. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer, where heat transfer is controlled, may differ from the velocity boundary layer thickness. The boundary layer equations are derived using approximations for steady, incompressible laminar flow over flat plates, resulting in self-similar velocity and temperature profiles dependent on a similarity parameter involving boundary layer thickness.

Uploaded by

HassanKM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Boundary Layer Flows

On a micro-scale, the fluid particles in contact with a surface will have zero
velocity whilst, at a certain distance away from the surface, the fluid
particles will be moving with the free stream velocity. The region of reduced
velocity is known as the boundary layer.
The edge of the fluid dynamic boundary layer is DEFINED to be where the
fluid velocity reaches 99% of the free stream velocity.
It is within the boundary layer that convection heat transfer is controlled
and therefore, knowledge of boundary layer flows is necessary.
The Thermal Boundary Layer
In the same way that the solid surface influences the fluid velocity, it will
also influence the fluid temperature. For example, the fluid temperature
near to the surface will increase or decrease depending upon the surface
temperature.
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer is not necessarily the same as
the velocity boundary layer.
Boundary Layer Approximations
$ ∂u ∂u ∂u ' ∂p ∂2u ∂2u
ρ& + u + v ) = − + 2 + 2
% ∂t ∂x ∂y ( ∂x ∂x ∂y
$ ∂v ∂v ∂v ' ∂p ∂2 v ∂2 v
ρ& + u + v ) = − + 2 + 2
% ∂t ∂x ∂y ( ∂y ∂x ∂y
€
∂cPT ∂cPT ∂cPT ∂p ∂p ∂p $ ∂2T ∂2T '
ρ + ρu + ρv = + u + v + k& 2 + 2 ) + q˙*** +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y % ∂x ∂y (
€ $ + ∂u .2 + ∂v .2 + ∂u ∂v .2 2 + ∂u ∂v .2 '
+µ&2.- 0 + 2.- 0 + - + 0 − - + 0 )
&% , ∂x / , ∂y / , ∂y ∂x / 3 , ∂x ∂y / )(

1. Steady-state & no heat generation


€ 2.Velocities & velocity gradients: u >> v v
u
Consider y ~ δ For the same reason
∂u ∂ u ∂v ∂v ∂u u u ∂u ∂ 2u u u ∂ 2u
>> ; ; ≈ >> ≈ 2 ≈ 2 >> 2 ≈
∂y ∂ x ∂y ∂x ∂y €
δ x ∂x ∂y δ x ∂x 2
Boundary Layer Approximations
$ ∂u ∂u ' ∂p ∂2 u
ρ&u + v ) = − + µ 2 u >> v
% ∂x ∂y ( ∂x ∂y
$ ∂v ∂v ' ∂p ∂2 v ∂p
ρ&u + v ) = − + 2 =0
% ∂x ∂y ( ∂y € ∂y ∂y
€
2
∂cPT ∂cPT ∂p ∂p $∂2T ∂2T ' * ∂u -
ρu + ρv = u + v + k& 2 + 2 ) + µ, /
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y % ∂x ∂y ( + ∂y .
€ €
∂p 1 ∂p ∂u ( x )
=0 p( x) + ρu∞2 ( x) = const + ρu∞ ( x) ∞ =0
€ ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x

∂T ∂T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
3. Temperature gradients >> >> 2
€ € ∂y € ∂ x ∂y 2 ∂x

4.Viscous dissipation (heat gen.) << advective & diffusive energy rate
€ €
Boundary Layer Equations
∂u ∂v
+ =0 mass
∂x ∂y
$ ∂u ∂u ' ∂2 u
ρ&u + v ) = µ 2 momentum
% ∂x ∂y ( ∂y
€
$ ∂T ∂T ' ∂2T
ρcP &u +v )= k 2 energy
% ∂x ∂y ( ∂y
€

€
Flat plate in parallel flow
Laminar flow
Steady-state
Incompressible
Const. properties
No dissipation
dp/dx = 0

Mass ∂u ∂v
+ =0 Velocity and temperature profiles are
∂x ∂y self-similar: use only one variable
(similitude parameter)
Momentum
∂u ∂u µ ∂ 2 u
u +v =
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y 2 Constant properties: the fluid
dynamic and thermal boundary
∂T ∂T ∂ 2T layers are independent
Energy u +v =α 2 (coefficients do not depend on T)
∂x ∂y ∂y

Solve fluid dynamic b.l. è use results to get thermal b.l. è find h

€
Similarity solution (Blasius)
1) Use the mass equation (introduce stream function Ψ)

∂ψ ∂ψ ∂u ∂v ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ
u= ; v=− ⇒ + = − ≡0
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y∂x
2) Define the similarity parameter and the similarity function

y y Nondimensional df u Nondimensional
€ η ≡ * =€ coordinate ≡ velocity
δ νx dη u∞
u∞ δ* ~ δ (B.L. thickness)

Using the stream function


€
€ df €1 ∂ψ 1 dψ ∂η 1 dψ ψ ψ
= = = f (η) ≡ * =
dη u∞ ∂y u∞ dη ∂y u∞δ * dη u∞δ νx
u∞
u∞

€
Similarity solution (Blasius)
3) Calculate the terms in the momentum equation

∂u ∂u µ ∂ 2 u y ψ νx
u +v = η≡ * f (η) ≡ *
δ =
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y 2 δ u∞δ * u∞

df ∂ψ ' * ∂f u ∞ * 1 νu∞ ' df *


u = u∞ v = − € = −)u∞δ + * f,= )η − f,
€ dη ∂x ( € ∂x 2δ + 2
€ x ( dη +

∂u u∞ d 2 f ∂u u∞ d 2 f ∂ 2u u∞2 d 3 f
=− η 2 = u∞ 2 =
€ ∂x 2x dη ∂y νx dη 2 ∂y νx dη 3
€
Boundary conditions:
d3 f d2 f df df
€ 2 3+ f € 2 =0 = f€(0) = 0 =1
dη dη dη 0 dη ∞
Similarity solution (Blasius)

0.99
y
η=
νx
u∞

νx 5x
y0.99 ≡ δ = 5 =
u∞ Re x
€
∂u u∞ d 2 f
τ =µ = µu ∞
∂y y=0
νx dη 2 0
€
ρµu∞
τ = 0.332u∞
x
€

€
Example 8.1
Consider a 150 mm long flat plate oriented parallel to a uniform flow of
water (ρ = 997 kg/m3; µ = 0.00085 Pa s) with free stream velocity of 2 m/s.
Calculate the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of
the plate.

1) Calculate the Reynolds number

ρu L 997 × 2 × 0.15 ReL < 5x105


Re L = ∞ = = 351700
µ 8.5 ×10 −4
Laminar flow

2) Calculate the B.L. thickness at the required position


€
νL 5L 5 × 0.15
δ=5 = = = 0.0013 m
u∞ Re L 351700

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy