Tutorial Sheet I, Session 2018-19

Electrical Machines I (EEC2110)

1. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-section area of the core is
60 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 50 Hz supply at 500 V, calculate (i) the peak value of the flux
density in the core and (ii) the voltage induced in the seconds winding.
Ans. 0.9384 T, 1250 V
2. The emf per turn of a single-phase 10 kVA, 2200/220 V, 50 Hz transformer is 10 V. Calculate (i) The number of
primary and secondary turns and (ii) the net cross-sectional area of the core for a maximum flux density of 1.5 T.
Ans. (i) 220, 22 (ii) 0.03 m2
3. The no-load current of a transformer is 5A at 0.25 power factor when supplied at 235 V, 50 Hz. The number of
turns on the primary winding is 200. Calculate (i) the maximum value of flux in the core (ii) the core loss and (iii)
the magnetizing component.
Ans. (i) 5.293 mWb, (ii) 293.75 W (iii) 4.84 A
4. A 100 kVA, 1100/230 V, 50-Hz transformer has an HV winding resistance of 0.1 Ω and a leakage reactance of
0.4 Ω. The LV winding has a resistance of 0.006 Ω and a leakage reactance of 0.01 Ω. Find the equivalent
winding resistance, reactance and impedance referred to the HV and LV sides. Convert these to pu values.
3.7 NK
5. A 50 kVA, 4400/220 V, single-phase transformer has r1=3.45 Ω, r2 = 0.009 Ω, x1 = 5.2 Ω and x2 = 0.015 Ω
respectively. Calculate the following:
(i) the equivalent resistance as referred to primary,
(ii) the equivalent resistance as referred to secondary,
(iii) the equivalent reactance referred to both primary and secondary,
(iv) equivalent impedance referred to both primary and secondary and
(v) Full-load Cu-loss.
[Ans. (i) 7.05 Ω, (ii) 0.0176 Ω, (iii) 11.2 Ω,0.028 Ω, (iv) 13.23 Ω, 0.0331 Ω, (v) 910 W
6. A 5 kVA, 400/200 V, 1 phase, 50 Hz transformer gave the following test results:
Open circuit: 400 V, 1A, 50 W
Short circuit: 12 V, 10 A, 40W.
The instruments are placed on the same side (which side?) during these two tests. Determine the following:
(i) the components of the no-load current,
(ii) the efficiency and voltage regulations at full-load and 0.8 power factor lagging.
[Ans. (i) Im= 0.125 A, Ic=4 0.922 A (ii) 98.15%, 3.13%]
7. A 50 kVA, 2200/110 V transformer when tested gave the following results:
OC test, measurements on the LV side: 400 W, 10 A, 110 V
SC test, measurements on the HV side; 808 W, 20.5 A, 90 V
Compute all the parameters of the equivalent circuit referred to the HV and LV sides of the transformer. Also
calculate % voltage regulation and efficiency at full load at 0.8 pf lagging. (3.8 NK)
8. A 20 kVA, 2000/200 V, 50 Hz transformer is operated at no-load on rated voltage, the input being 150W at 0.12
power factor. When it is operating at rated load, the voltage drops in the total leakage reactance and the total
resistance are, respectively, 2 and 1 per cent of the rated voltage. Determine the input power and power factor
when the transformer delivers 10 kW at 200 V at 0.8 pf lagging to a load on the LV side. (3.10 NK)
9. A 5-kVA, 400/80-V transformer has Req (HV) = 0.25 Ω and Xeq (HV) = 5 Ω and a lagging load is being supplied
by it resulting in the following meter readings (meters are placed on the HV side).
I1 = 16A, V1 = 400V, P1 = 5kW.
For this condition, calculate what a voltmeter would read if connected across the load terminals. Assume the
exciting current to be zero. (3.15 NK)
10. A 25-kVA, 230/115-V, 50 Hz transformer has the following data
R1 = 0. 12 Ω, R2 = 0. 04 Ω, X1 = 0.2 Ω, X2 = 0.05 Ω.
Find the transformer loading which will make primary induced emf equal in magnitude to the primary terminal
voltage when the transformer is carrying the full-load current. Neglect the magnetizing current. (3.16 NK)
11. A 20 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer has name plate leakage impedance of 8%. What voltage must be applied on
the HV side to circulate full-load current with the LV shorted?
3.21 NK
12. In a 25 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer, the iron and copper losses are 300 and 400 W respectively.
(a) Calculate the efficiency on unity power-factor at (i) full-load (ii) half-load.
(b) Determine the load for maximum efficiency and the iron- and the copper-loss in this case. (3.24 NK)
13. The efficiency of a 1000 kVA, 110/220 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is 9 8.5% at half full-load at 0.8 pf
leading and 98.8% at full-load upf. Determine:
(a) iron-loss, (b) full-load copper-loss, and (c) maximum efficiency at upf.
 3.25 NK
14. Open and short-circuit tests performed on a 500 kVA, 6600/2300 V, 50 Hz transformer yielded the following
data:
No-load loss = 3 kW, Full-load short circuit loss = 4 kW
(a) Calculate the load (kVA) at which the transformer efficiency would be maximum for a given power factor.
Calculate this efficiency for a pf of 0.85.
(b) The transformer supplies the following load cycle.
12 hours, full load 0.8 pf. 12 hours, half full load 0.9 pf.
Calculate the energy efficiency of the transformer. (3.26NK)
15. A transformer has its maximum efficiency of 0.98 at 20-kVA at unity power factor. During the day it is loaded as
follows:
12 hours; 2 kW at power factor 0.6
6 hours; 10 kW at power factor 0.8
6 hours; 20 kW at power factor 0.9
Find the ‘all-day’ efficiency of the transformer. (3.27 NK)
16. A 400/100 V, 10 kVA, 2-winding transformer is to be employed as an autotransformer to supply a 400 V circuit
from a 500 V source. When tested as a 2-winding transformer at rated load, 0.85 pf lagging, its efficiency is
0.97%.
(a) Determine its kVA rating as an autotransformer
(b) Find its efficiency us an autotransformer.
3.29 NK
17. A 20 kVA, 2000/200 V, two winding transformer is to be used as an autotransformer, with a constant source
voltage of 2000 V. At full load and unity power factor, calculate the power output, power transformed and power
conducted. If the efficiency of the two-winding transformer at 0.7 pf is 97%, find the efficiency of the
autotransformer. (3.30 NK)
18. A 200/400 V, 20 kVA, 50 Hz transformer is connected as an autotransformer to transform 600 V to 200 V. (a)
Determine the autotransformer ratio (b) Determine the kVA rating of the autotransformer. (c) With a load of 20
kVA, 0.8 pf lagging connected to 200 V terminals, determine the currents in the load and the two transformer
windings. (3.31 NK)
19. An ideal 3-phase step-down transformer, connected delta/star delivers power to a balanced 3-phase load of 120
kVA at 0.8 power factor. The input line voltage is 11 kV and the turn-ratio of the transformer, phase-to-phase is
10. Determine the line voltages, line currents, phase voltages and phase currents on both the primary and the
secondary sides. (3.36 NK)
20. A 2400/220 V, 300 kVA, 3-phase transformer has a core loss of 33 kW at rated voltage. Its equivalent resistance
is 1.6%. Calculate the transformer efficiency at 0.8 pf at (i) full load (ii) at half load. What is the load at which the
transformer efficiency would be maximum? Calculate its value at a pf of 0.8. Hint: Use the pu method.
3.39 NK.
21. A 500-kVA, 1 1/0.43-ky, 3-phase delta/star connected transformer has on rated load HV copper-loss of 2.5 kW
and LV loss of 2 kW. The total leakage reactance is 0.06 pu. Find the ohmic values of the equivalent resistance
and leakage reactance on the delta side. (3.46 NK)
22. Two 110-V, single-phase furnaces take loads of 500 kW and 800 kW respectively at a power factor of 0.71
lagging and are supplied from 6600 V, 3-phase mains through a Scott-connected transformer combination.
Calculate the currents in the 3-phase lines, neglecting transformer losses. Draw the phasor diagram.
3.48 NK
23. A 20 kVA, 4400/220 V transformer with an equivalent impedance of 0.01Ω is to operate in parallel with a 15
kVA, 4400/220 V transformer with an equivalent impedance of 0.015Ω. The two transformers are connected in
parallel and made to carry a load of 25 kVA. Assume both the impedances to have the same angle.(a) Find the
individual load currents. (b) What per cent of the rated capacity is used in each transformer? (3.33 NK)
24. Two single-phase transformers rated 1000 kVA and 500 kVA respectively, are connected in parallel on both HV
and LV sides. They have equal voltage ratings of 11 kV/400 V and their per unit impedances are (0.02 + j0.07),
and (0.025 +j 0.0875) Ω respectively. What is the largest value of the unity power factor load that can be
delivered by the parallel combination at the rated voltage? (3.34 NK)
25. Two single-phase transformers rated 600 kVA and 500 kVA respectively, are connected in parallel to supply a
load of 1000 kVA at 0.8 lagging power factor. The resistance and reactance of the first transformer are 3% and
6.5% respectively, and of the second transformer 1.5% and 8% respectively. Calculate the kVA loading and the
power factor at which each transformer operates. (3.35 NK)

Note: NK implies Text Book Electrical Machines by Nagrath and Kothari (III Edition). Number preceding
NK indicates Problem Number in the book.