Electrical Machines Tutorial Sheet #1

1) A magnetic circuit with a cross-sectional area of 15 cm2 is to be operated at 50Hz from a

230 V rms supply. Calculate the number of turns required to achieve a peak magnetic flux
density of 1.8 T in the core. [384 turns]

2) A 550 kVA, 60Hz 1-φ transformer with 13.8 kV primary winding draws 4.93 A and 3420
W at no load, rated voltage and frequency. Another transformer has a core with all its linear
dimensions √2 times as large as the corresponding dimensions of the first transformer. The
core material and lamination thickness are the same in both transformers. If the primary
windings of both transformers have the same number of turns, what no load current and
power will the second transformer draw with 27.6 kV at 60 Hz impressed on its primary?
[𝑰𝒏𝒍 = 6.97 A, 𝑷𝒏𝒍 = 9673.22 W]

3) A 1-φ, 11 kV/415 V, 50 Hz, 100 kVA core type transformer has an active core cross
sectional area of 400 cm2. The peak flux density of the core is 1.3 Wb/m2. Find (i) the
number of H.V. and L.V. turns (nearest integer) and (ii) the full load H.V. and L.V. phase
winding currents. [(i) 𝑵𝑯𝑽 = 953, 𝑵𝑳𝑽 = 36 (ii) 𝑰𝒓,𝑯𝑽 = 9.09 A, 𝑰𝒓,𝑳𝑽 = 240.96 A]

4) When a 20 kVA, 3300 V/220 V, 50Hz 1-φ transformer is operated on rated voltage at no
load, it’s power input is 160 watts at a p.f. of 0.15 lag. Under rated load conditions, the
voltage drops in the total resistance and total leakage reactance are, respectively, 1 and 3
percent of rated voltage. Calculate the input power and the H.V. side input voltage when
the transformer delivers 14.96 kW at 220V at (i) 0.8 p.f. lag and (ii) 0.8 p.f. lead to a load
on the LV side.
[(i) 𝑽𝑯𝑽 = 3380.556 V, 𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 15.3 kW, (ii) 𝑽𝑯𝑽 = 3275.911 V, 𝑷𝒊𝒏 = 15.3 kW]

5) A 5 kVA, 220/440 V, 50Hz single phase transformer gave the following test results:
Open Circuit Test (on LV side): 220 V, 0.8 A, 90 W
Short Circuit Test (on HV side): 18 V, 8 A, 80 W
Calculate the equivalent circuit parameters referred to the LV side and draw the exact
equivalent circuit referred to the LV side.
[𝑹𝒄 = 538.16 Ω, 𝑿𝒎 = 320 Ω, 𝑹𝒆𝒒,𝑳𝑽 = 0.312 Ω, 𝑿𝒆𝒒,𝑳𝑽 = 0.466 Ω]

6) A transformer has its maximum efficiency of 0.98 at 20 kVA at unity power factor. During
the day it is loaded as follows.
12 hours: 2 kW at 0.6 lagging power factor; 6 hours: 10 kW at 0.8 lagging power factor;
6 hours: 20 kW at 0.9 lagging power factor
Find the “All day Efficiency” of the transformer. [96.70 %]
7) Two single phase transformers, rated 1000 kVA and 500 kVA respectively, are connected
in parallel on both HV and LV sides. They have equal voltage rating of 11 kV/400V, 50
Hz and their per unit impedances are (0.02+j0.07) and (0.025+j0.0875) respectively. What
is the largest value of the unity power factor load that can be delivered by the parallel
combination at the rated voltage? [1400 kW]

8) A 600 kVA 50 Hz single phase transformer with a series impedance of (0.0039+j0.0194)Ω

is connected in parallel with another 300 kVA 50 Hz single phase transformer with series
impedance (0.009+j0.029)Ω. The two transformers have open circuit secondary voltages
of 445V and 455V respectively. The combination supplies a load which when connected
to a 440 V, 50 Hz single phase source draws 800 kVA at 0.8 lagging power factor. Find
how the two transformers share the load. What is the rms value of the secondary side
circulating current at no load? [𝑺𝟏 = 481.89 KVA, 𝑺𝟐 = 320.927 KVA, 𝑰𝒄 = 200 A]

9) The HV terminals of a 3-phase bank of three single phase transformers are connected to a
3 wire 3 phase, 11 kV (line-line) source. The LV terminals are connected to a 3 wire, 3
phase load drawing rated load of 1000 kVA and 2200V (line-line). Specify the voltage,
current and kVA rating of each transformer (both HV and LV windings) for the following
connections.
(i) HV-Y, LV-Δ; (ii) HV-Δ, LV-Y; (iii) HV-Y, LV-Y; (iv) HV-Δ, LV-Δ

[(i) HV side: 6.35 kV, 52.486 A. LV side: 2200.00 V, 151.515 A, 𝑺 = 333.33 kVA,
(ii) HV side: 11.0 kV, 30.303 A. LV side: 1270.17 V, 262.431 A, 𝑺 = 333.33 kVA,
(iii) HV side: 6.35 kV, 52.486 A. LV side: 1270.17 V, 262.431 A, 𝑺 = 333.33 kVA,
(iv) HV side: 11.0 kV, 30.303 A. LV side: 2200.00 V, 151.515 A, 𝑺 = 333.33 kVA]

10) A Δ-Y connected bank of three identical 100 kVA, 3300:220 V, 50 Hz single phase
transformers is supplied through a feeder whose impedance is 0.065 + j 0.87 Ω per phase.
The voltage at the sending end of the feeder is held constant at 3300 V line-to-line. The
results of a single-phase short-circuit test on one of the transformers with its low-voltage
terminals short-circuited are VH = 55 V, f = 50 Hz, IH = 30 A, P = 832 W. (i) Determine
the line-to-line voltage on the low-voltage side of the transformer when the bank delivers
rated current to a balanced three-phase unity power factor load. (ii) Compute the currents
in the transformer’s high- and low-voltage windings and in the feeder wires if a three-phase
short circuit occurs at the secondary line terminals.
[(i) 𝑽𝑳𝑽 = 376.86 V (ii) 𝑰𝑺𝑪,𝑳𝑽 = 11403.65 A, 𝑰𝑺𝑪,𝑯𝑽 = 760.24 A, 𝑰𝑺𝑪,𝑭𝒆 = 1316.78 A]
11) A 3 phase 50 kVA, 6.6/0.4 kV 50 Hz transformer is Δ/Y connected. It gave the following
test results.
Open Circuit Test: Input voltage: 400V, Input current: 4.21A, Input power: 520W
Short Circuit Test: Input voltage: 340V, Input current: 4.35A, Input power: 610W
Calculate the per unit equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer. Determine its
efficiency and voltage regulation at full load 0.8 lagging power factor. Also calculate the
maximum efficiency and the load (at 0.8 lagging power factor) at which it will occur.
[𝑹𝒄 = 96.16 pu, 𝑿𝒎 = 17.42 pu, 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 0.01233 pu, 𝑿𝒆𝒒 = 0.0503 pu, Regulation = 4 %,
Efficiency = 97.25%, Maximum Efficiency = 97.26 % @ 0.9232 pu load]

12) A Scott-connected transformer is used to convert a 415 V (Line-Line), 3 phase, 50 Hz

supply to two 120 V rms, 50 Hz single phase supplies – SPI and SPII. The phasor of SPI
voltage leads the phasor of SPII voltage by 90°. The load on SPI is 400 kW at 0.8 p.f.
(lagging) and the load on SPII is 900 kW at unity p.f. Calculate the line currents on the 3-
phase side and draw the corresponding phasor diagram taking supply voltage 𝑉 as
reference. Consider the A-B-C phase sequence.

[𝑰𝑨 = 1388.88∠ − 𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟔° A, 𝑰𝑩 = 1837.98∠ − 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟗° A, 𝑰𝒄 = 2644.35∠ − 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟕°A]

13) Consider a V-connected (open delta) 3 phase transformer with the following details:
6600V (Line-Line), 50 Hz three phase supply with A-B-C phase sequence. Star connected
415V (line-Line) load with (8+j6) Ω/phase of load impedance. The transformer impedance
may be neglected. Take supply voltage phasor 𝑉 as reference. (i) Calculate the phase
(coil) current of primary and secondary winding and show them in a phasor diagram. (ii)
What is the power delivered to the load under this condition? (iii) Calculate the phase (coil)
current of primary and secondary windings if it were a delta-delta connected transformer
and place them in the same phasor diagram as in (i).
[(i) 𝑰𝒑𝒉,𝑳𝑽 = 23.96 A, 𝑰𝒑𝒉,𝑯𝑽 = 1.506 A (ii) 𝑷𝑳 = 13.77 kW
(iii) 𝑰𝒑𝒉,𝑳𝑽 = 13.83 A, 𝑰𝒑𝒉,𝑯𝑽 = 0.869 A]

14) A star/zig-zag transformer is used to interconnect a 225 kV source to a 24 kV, 400 MVA,
0.93 pf lagging load. Consider the load terminal voltage to be 24 kV. The load terminal
voltage leads the source terminal voltage by 300. (i) Draw the winding connection required
to realize the transformer arrangement, (ii) Evaluate the current in each segment of the zig-
zag winding (iii) Calculate the relative number of turns of each segment of the zig-zag
winding considering number of turns in the star connected primary winding as reference.
[(ii) Current in the segments of zig-zag connected windings = 9622.50 A, 𝒏 = 0.0615]

15) Consider the auto-transformer shown in Fig 1. The leakage impedances of the portions AB
and BC are Z1 = (0.4 + j 0.6) Ω and Z2 = (0.8 + j 1.2) Ω. Also NAC = 100 and NBC = 80.
The load impedance is given as ZL = (6 + j 8) Ω. (i) Calculate V1, I1, I2 and the current IBC
if | V2 | = 470 V. (ii) Also calculate the equivalent impedance as seen by the source. (iii)
Calculate V2, I1, I2, and the current IBC if | V1 | = 600 V. Draw the phasor diagram and the
equivalent circuit referred to the source side.
[(i) 𝑽𝟏 = 617.95 V, 𝑰𝟏 = 37.6 A, 𝑰𝟐 = 47 A, 𝑰𝑩𝑪 = 9.4 A (ii) 𝒁𝒆𝒒 = 16.435∠53.28° Ω
(iii) 𝑽𝟐 = 456.34 V, 𝑰𝟐 = 45.63 A, 𝑰𝟏 = 36.504 A, 𝑰𝑩𝑪 = 9.126 A]

Fig 1