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Classification of Elementary Particles: Leptons

Particles are classified into leptons and hadrons. Leptons include electrons, muons, and neutrinos. Hadrons include baryons like protons and neutrons, and mesons like pions and kaons. Baryons are made of three quarks, while mesons contain a quark and antiquark. The quark model proposes that hadrons are made of more fundamental particles called quarks, which come in six flavors. Quarks combine to form baryons and mesons according to specific rules. This model explains the properties and interactions of elementary particles.

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138 views

Classification of Elementary Particles: Leptons

Particles are classified into leptons and hadrons. Leptons include electrons, muons, and neutrinos. Hadrons include baryons like protons and neutrons, and mesons like pions and kaons. Baryons are made of three quarks, while mesons contain a quark and antiquark. The quark model proposes that hadrons are made of more fundamental particles called quarks, which come in six flavors. Quarks combine to form baryons and mesons according to specific rules. This model explains the properties and interactions of elementary particles.

Uploaded by

Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTARY

PARTICLES
Particles are classified into two groups basically these groups
are further more divided into sub groups with more particles in
them that have same properties.

LEPTONS:

Leptons, are subject to the weak nuclear force (they do not feel
the strong nuclear force). See the examples below.

 electron
 muon
 neutrino

Electrons:

Electron is a subatomic particle, whose electric charge is


negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first
generation of the lepton particle family and are generally
thought to be elementary particlesThe electron has a mass that
is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Electrons
participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak
interactions.

Muon:

The muon from the Greek letter mu (μ) is an elementary particle


similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin
of 1/2, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton.

Neutrino:

A neutrino denoted by the Greek letter ν is a fermion. The


neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and
because its rest mass is so small that it was long thought to be
zero. The mass of the neutrino is much smaller than that of the
other known elementary particles.

Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic


flavors: electron neutrinos (νe), muon neutrinos (νμ), or tau
neutrinos (ντ).

HADRONS:

In particle physics, a hadron is a composite particle made of two


or more quarks held together by the strong force in a similar
way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic
force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two
hadrons, the proton and the neutron.

Hadrons are categorized into two families: baryons and anti


baryons

 BARYONS
Baryons, the proton is the only stable baryon all other baryons
eventually decay into a proton. All baryons contain three quarks.
See the examples below.

 Proton
 Neutron

 Protons:

A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p+, with a positive


electric charge of +1e elementary charge and a mass slightly
less than that of a neutron. The number of protons in the
nucleus is represented by the symbol Z.

 NEUTRONS:

The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, with no net


electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.
Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Neutrons
are produced in nuclear fission and fusion. The neutron is
essential to the production of nuclear power.

 ANTIBARYONS:

Antibaryons include:

 antiproton
 Antineutron

 Antiproton:

The antiproton, p’ (p-bar) is the antiparticle of the proton.


Antiprotons are stable, but they are typically short-lived, since
any collision with a proton will cause both particles to be
annihilated in a burst of energy. The existence of the
antiproton with −1 electric charge, opposite to the +1 electric
charge of the proton

 Antineutron:

The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron with symbol


n’(n-bar) It differs from the neutron only in that some of its
properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. It has the
same mass as the neutron, and no net electric charge, but has
opposite baryon number (−1 for the antineutron).

 MESONS:

Mesons, all mesons contain a quark and an antiquark. See the


examples below:

 kaon
 pion

 Kaon:

In particle physics, a kaon also called a K meson and denoted by


K, is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum
number called strangeness. In the quark model they are
understood to be bound states of a strange quark and an up or
down antiquark.

The four kaons are:

 K− negatively charged (containing a strange quark and an


up antiquark)
 K+ positively charged (containing an up quark and a strange
antiquark)
 K0 neutrally charged (containing a down quark and a
strange antiquark)
 K_0,neutrally charged (containing a strange quark and a
down antiquark)

 Pion:

Pions are the lightest mesons and, more generally, the lightest
hadrons. They are unstable, with the charged pions π+ and π−.
Charged pions most often decay into muons and muon neutrinos,
while neutral pions generally decay into gamma rays.
THE QUARK MODEL
Quark Model was proposed by Gell-Mann and Zweig
independently in 1964.

They proposed that Hadrons are composed of further more


particles which were named as Quarks. Quarks come in three
types or flavors forming a triangular Eightfold way Pattern.

Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the


most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components
of atomic nuclei
Quark Model Asserts that:

 Every Baryon id composed of three quarks (qqq) and ever


anti-baryon is composed of three anti-quarks (q’q’q’).
 Every meson is composed of a quark and anti-quark (qq’).

With these two rules it’s a matter of Arithmetic to construct


the baryon decuplet and meson octet. Many combinations of
quark can make number of different particles.

Δ+, puud

π+, ρud’

 Quark model solved from one profound embaressimat in


spite of the diligent search over a period of 20 years no
one has ever seen individual quark.
 Quarks Model violates Pauli Exclusion Principle. Green
Berg proposed a way that quark not only come in flavors
but also come in three colors red, green and blue. To
make a baryon simply take one quark of each color then
the three U’s in Δ++ is no longer identical.
 All naturally occurring particles are colorless. Colorless
means either the total amount of each color is zero or all
colors are present in equal amount.
 The only colorless combination is meson (qq’), baryon (qqq)
and anti-baryon (q’q’q’).

TYPES OF QUARKS

There are six types, or flavours, of quarks that differ from one
another in their mass and charge characteristics. These six
quark flavours can be grouped in three pairs: up and down,
charm and strange, and top and bottom
The following table summarizes the key properties of the
quarks.The baryon number (B) is +1⁄3 for all quarks, as baryons
are made of three quarks. For antiquarks, the electric charge
(Q) and all flavor quantum numbers (B, I3, C, S, T, and B′) are of
opposite sign.
SUBMITTED BY :

NOOR UL AIN AHMED

BSP01153029

SUBJECT :

APPLIED AND
NUCLEAR PHYSICS

CLASS:
BS (PHY) 8TH SEM

TOPIC:

CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
AND QUARK MODEL

SUBMITTED TO :

SIR BAIG

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