HSC – I CHEMISTRY NUMERICAL BANK

Chapter # 1 6 Acetic Acid contains C, H and O. 2.14gm of a sample

Introduction to the Fundamental Concepts in Chemistry of acetic acid on combustion give 3.105g of CO2 and
1 Give the number of significant values of the following. 1.27g of water. The molecular mass of it is 60 a.m.u,
(i) 68 Three S.F (ii) 9000 One S.F find molecular formula.
(iii) 0.58 Two S. F (iv) 0.004 One S. F Mass of Carbon
2 What is the molecular formula of a compound that 44g CO2 contains 12g Carbon
contains 80% carbon 20% hydrogen? Its molecular 12
1g CO2 contains g Carbon
44
mass is 30. 12
Simplest 3.105g CO2 contains x3.105 g Carbon = 0.85g C
44
Elements % Mole Ratio Percentage of Carbon
Ratio
0.85
80 6.67 %C= x100 = 39.5 %
C 80 % = 6.67 =1 2.14
12 6.67 Mass of Hydrogen
20 20 18g H2O contains 2g Hydrogen
H 20 % = 20 =3
1 6.67 2
1g H2O contains g Hydrogen
E.F = CH3 18
30 2
E. F Mass = 12 + 1x3 = 15 n= =2 1.27g H2O contains x1.27 g Hydrogen = 0.14g Hyd
15 18
M.F = (E. F)n = (CH3)2 = C2H6 Percentage of Hydrogen
0.14
3 A compound contains 2.4g of Mg and 1.6g of O. %H= x100 = 6.59 %
2.14
Determine the empirical formula of the compound. Percentage of Oxygen
Elements %
Mole Simplest % O=100–(% C+% H) = 100 – (39.5 + 6.59) = 53.91%
Ratio Ratio Mole Simplest
2.4 Elements %
x100 60 2.5 Ratio Ratio
Mg 4 = 2.5 =1 39.5
= 60 24 2.5 3.29
C 39.5% 12 =1
1.6 = 3.29 3.29
x100 40 2.5
O 4 = 2.5 =1 6.59
= 40 16 2.5 6.59
H 6.59% 1 =2
E.F = MgO = 6.59 3.29
4 On complete combustion of 2g sample of a 53.91
3.37
hydrocarbon produces 6.06g CO2 and 3.1g H2O. O 53.91% 16 =1
What will be the molecular formula of compound is = 3.37 3.29
molecular mass is 58. E.F = CH2O
60
Mass of Carbon E. F Mass = 12 + 1x2 + 16 = 30 n = = 2
30
44g CO2 contains 12g Carbon M.F = (E. F)n = (CH2O)2 = C2H4O2
12
1g CO2 contains g Carbon 7 54g of solid dinitrogen pentaoxide, N2O5 is
44
12
6.06g CO2 contains x6.06 g Carbon = 1.65g C decomposed on heating as: 2N2O5(g) ↔ 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
44
.Find the mass of NO2 produced at S.T.P. Also find the
Percentage of Carbon
1.65 volume of O2.
%C= x100 = 82.5 % 2N2O5(g) ↔ 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
2
Mass of Hydrogen Equation 216g 184g 22.4dm3
18g H2O contains 2g Hydrogen Question 54g ?g ? dm3
2
1g H2O contains g Hydrogen Mass of NO2
18
2 216g NO2 gives 184g NO2
3.1g H2O contains x3.1 g Hydrogen = 0.34g Hyd 184
18 1g NO2 gives g NO2
Percentage of Hydrogen 216
184
%H=
0.34
x100 = 17.2 % 54g NO2 gives x54 g NO2 = 46g NO2
216
2
Mole Simplest Volume of O2
Elements % 216g NO2 gives 22.4dm3 O2
Ratio Ratio 22.4
82.5 1g NO2 gives g O2
6.85 216
C 82.5% 22.4
12 =1 54g NO2 gives x54 g O2 = 5.6dm3 O2
= 6.85 6.85 216

17.2 8 Simplify according significant figures

2.4 x 8.123
17.2 4.95
H 17.2% 1 = 2.5
6.85 2.4 = Two S.F
= 17.2
8.123 = Four S.F
Multiply all simplest ratios by 2 to convert into whole
4.95 = Three S.F
number 2.4 x 8.123 19.4952
C=1x2=2 = = 3.9384
4.95 4.95
H = 2.5 x 2 = 5 Round off upto Two Significant figures (Least in the
E.F = C2H5 question)
E. F Mass = 12x2 + 1x5 = 29 3.9384 = Five S.F
58 3.938 = Four S.F
n= =2 3.94 = Three S.F
29
M.F = (E. F)n = (C2H5)2 = C4H10 3.9 = Two S. F
5 Calculate the mass in gm of 3.01 x 1023 molecules of
water. 9 In a collection of 24x1025 molecules of C2H5OH, What
N = n x NA is the number of moles?
m
N = x NA N = n x NA
M
m N 24 x 1025
3.01 x 1023 = x 6.02 x 1023 n=
NA
=
6.02 x 1023
18
3.01 x 1023 x18 n = 398.7 moles
m= = 9 grams
6.02 x 1023

Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 1
10 How many grams of Sodium thiosulphate Chapter # 2
(Na2S2O3) will be produced when 200g of each of Three States of Matter; Gases, Liquids and Solids
the three reagents (Na2S, Na2CO3, SO2) are 13 What will be the volume Solution
reacted together. Also find the Limiting and Excess occupied by 14gm of
reactant. nitrogen at 20 0C and 740 PV = nRT
torr.
2Na2S + Na2CO3 + 4SO2 → 3Na2S2O3 + CO2 V=? m
Eq. 156g 106g 256g 474g V= RT
m = 14g PM
Que. 200g 200g 200g ?g
M = 28amu 14
T = 20 OC=20+273=293K V= x0.0821x293
0.97x28
Mass of Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) from Na2S 740
P =740 torr = = 0.97 atm
760
V = 124 dm3
156g Na2S gives 474g Na2S2O3 R = 0.0821 dm3.atm/mol.K
474 14 A quantity of a gas Solution
1g Na2S gives g Na2S2O3 measured 500ml at 35 OC
156
and 600 mm Hg pressure. P1 V1 P2 V2
474 =
200g Na2S gives x200 g Na2S2O3 What would be the volume T1 T2
156
of the gas at 45 OC and 1.2
= 607.7g Na2S2O3
atm pressure? 600x500 912xV2
V1 = 500 ml =
308 318
T1 = 35 OC = 308 K
Mass of Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) from 600x500x318
P1 = 600 mmHg V2 =
Na2CO3 308x912
V2 = ?
T2 = 45 OC = 318 K
106g Na2CO3 gives 474g Na2S2O3 V2 = 339.6 ml
P2=1.2atm=1.2x760=912torr
474
1g Na2CO3 gives g Na2S2O3 15 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is often used for
106
preparation of carbon dioxide in industrial scale.
474 Calculate volume of carbon dioxide produced by heating
200g Na2CO3 gives x200 g Na2S2O3 375 grams of CaCO3 at 950 torr and 150 OC.
106
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
= 894.3g Na2S2O3 Equation 100g 22.4 dm3
Question 375g ? dm3
Mass of Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) from SO2 At S.T.P
100g CaCO3 gives 22.4dm3 CO2
256g SO2 gives 474g Na2S2O3 22.4
1g CaCO3 gives dm3 CO2
100
474 22.4
1g SO2 gives g Na2S2O3 375g CaCO3 gives x375 dm3 CO2
256 100

474 84 dm3 CO2

200g SO2 gives x200 g Na2S2O3 At 950 torr and 150 OC
256
P1 V1 P2 V2
V1 = 84 dm3 =
= 370.3g Na2S2O3 T1 T2
T1 = 0 OC = 273 K
1x84 1.25xV2
SO2 gives least amount of product so SO2 is P1 = 1 atm =
273 423
Limiting Reactant. V2 = ?
1x84x423
T2 = 150 OC = 423 K V2 =
Na2CO3 gives largest amount of product so Na2CO3 273x1.25
is Excess Reactant. P2 = 950 torr = 1.25 atm V2 = 104.1 dm3
16 500 ml of Oxygen gas was collected over water at 30 OC
Amount of Na2S2O3 formed = 370.3g and 777.5 torr pressure. Calculate the mass of oxygen.
11 What is the volume of 2.5 moles of N2 gas at (Vapour pressure of water at 30 OC = 27.5 torr)
S.T.P?
At S.T.P V1 = 500 ml = 0.5 L (dm3)
1 mol of N2 = 22.4 dm3 T1 = 30 OC = 303 K
2.5 mol of N2 = 2.5x22.4 dm3 PMoist O2 = 777.5 torr
= 56 dm3 m=?
12 M = O2 = 32 amu
The molecular weight of NaOH is 40 a.m.u, find: Its R = 0.0821 dm3.atm/mol.K
gram molecular weight, Weight of 3 molecules in
amu, Weight of 60,200 molecules in grams, Weight Solution
of 6gm mole. PDry O2 = PMoist O2 – PH2O
Gram Molecular weight of NaOH = 40g PDry O2 = 777.5 – 27.5
Weight of 3 molecules of NaOH in amu = 750
PDry O2 = 750 torr = = 0.99 atm
40x3 = 120amu 760
Weight of 60,200 molecules of NaOH in grams =
PV = nRT
m
N= x NA m
M
PV = RT
M
m
60,200 = x 6.02 x 1023
40 PVM 0.99 x 0.5 x 32
60,200 x 40 m= =
m= = 4x10–18 grams RT 0.0821 x 303
6.02 x 1023
m = 0.064 grams

Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 2
17 Compare the rates of Solution 23 380.0 cm3 of hydrogen gas Solution
diffusion of CH4 and He was collected over water P1 V1 P2 V2
r1 M2 =
gases. =√ at 23 OC and 613 torr. Find T1 T2
r2 M1 the volume of dry
M2 = MCH4 = 16amu hydrogen at S.T.P (vapour
rHe 16 4 2
M1 = MHe = 4amu =√ = = pressure of water at 23 592x380 760xV2
r2 = rCH4 = ? rCH4 4 2 1 OC=21 torr) =
296 273
r1 = rHe = ?
V1 = 380 cm3
18 Calculate the molecular Solution T1 = 23 OC = 296 K 592x380x273
V2 =
mass of a gas whose Pmoist H2 = 613 torr 296x760
r1 M2
rate of diffusion is twice =√ P1 = 613 – 21 = 592 torr
that of CH4? r2 M1
V2 = ? V2 = 273 dm3
2x 16 T2 = 273 K
M1 = MGas = ? =√ S.B.S
M2 = MCH4 = 16amu x MGas P2 = 760 torr
2
r2 = rCH4 = x Chapter # 3
2x 2 16 Atomic Structure
r1 = rGas = 2x ( ) = (√ )
x MGas
24 Calculate the radius and angular momentum of 3rd orbit
16 of hydrogen atom.
MGas = = 4 amu
4
Radius Angular Momentum
r = n2 x 0.529 OA nh
19 At certain temperature Solution mvr =
2 O 2π
and pressure NH3 r = 3 x 0.529 A 3x6.625x10−34
r1 d2 r = 4.761 AO mvr =
diffuses 1.48 times more =√ 2x3.14
than HCl. If the density of r2 d1 mvr = 3.16 x 10–34
NH3 is 0.66 g/litre, find 25 Calculate the wave Solution
the density of HCl? 1.48x dHCl 1 1
=√ S.B.S number of spectral lines of
x 0.66 =RH (𝑛12 − 𝑛22 )
2
hydrogen gas when the
d1 = dNH3 = 0.66 g/L electron jumps from n=4 to
1.48x 2 dHCl 1 1
d2 = dHCl = ? ( ) = (√ ) n=2. =109,678 (22 − 42 )
r1 = rNH3 = 1.48x x 0.66 n1 = 2
1 1
r2 = rHCl = x dHCl = 1.45 g/L n2 = 4 =109,678 (4 − 16)
RH=109,678 cm–1
20 Helium takes 5 seconds
r1 M2 = 20564.63 cm–1
to effuse from a hole of =√ =?
10dm3 container. How r2 M1 26 Calculate the wave Solution
long would it take for number of radiation
V1
oxygen gas to effuse t1 M2 emitted in Balmer series 1 1
from the same container =√ for hydrogen atom when =RH (𝑛12 − 𝑛22 )
V2 M1
at the same temperature t2 electron jumps from 3rd
and pressure? orbit. (RH=109678 cm–1) 1 1
=109,678 ( − )
V1 t 2 M2 NOTE: In Balmer Series 22 32
t1 = tHe = 5 sec x =√ ground state is n=2.
V1 = VHe = 10 dm3 t1 V2 M1 1 1
n1 = 2 =109,678 (4 − 9)
M1 = MHe = 4 amu n2 = 4
10 t O2 32
t2 = tO2 = ? x =√ RH=109,678 cm–1
V2 = VO2 = 10 dm3 5 10 4 = 15233.05 cm–1
M2 = MO2 = 32 amu
=?
tO2 = 2.8 x 5 = 14.1sec
27 Write the electronic configuration of the following.
2 2 6 1
21 A gaseous mixture First calculate PT from N2 11Na = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 1 5
contains 75grams of SF6 42Mo = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d
and 1.2 moles of pN2 nN2 +2 2 2 6 2
20Ca = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
6
= – 2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6
nitrogen gas. Calculate PT nT 35Br = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
partial pressure of SF6 if 29Cu = 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d
partial pressure of 400 1.2 28 What rules and Principles are violated in the following
= electronic configurations? Also write correct
nitrogen is 400 torr. PT 1.71
configuration.
mSF6 = 75g 400x1.71 1s2,2p5,2s2 Afbau Principle or
MSF6 = 146amu = PT
1.2 n+l Rule
nN2 = 1.2 moles PT = 570 torr 1s2,2s3 Pauli’s Principle
pSF6 = ? Now calculate pSF6 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3p4,4s3 Both Afbaue & Pauli’s
pN2 = 400 torr Principle
PT = pN2 + pSF6
3s2,3px2,3py1,3pz0 Hund’s Rule
m 75 PT – pN2 = pSF6
nSF6 = = = 0.51 Hund’s Rule
M 146 pSF6 = 570 – 400
pSF6 = 170 torr 29 Write the correct sequence of the following orbitals for
nT=1.2+0.51=1.71moles
the electronic configuration according to (n+ɭ) rule:
22 Name the crystal system which has the following
3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p
axes and angles:
a=b=c , = ==900 Cubic System Orbitals n ɭ n+ ɭ Correct Sequence
a=b≠c , = = 90 0 Tetragonal System 3d 3 2 5
a≠b≠c , = == 900 Orthorhombic System 4s 4 0 4 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 5p,4d
4p 4 1 5
a=b≠c , = 900, =1200 Hexagonal System
4d 4 3 7
5s 5 0 5
5p 5 1 6
Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 3
 Chapter # 5 Chapter # 6
Energetics of Chemical Reactions Chemical Equilibrium
30 A system absorbs 200J of heat from the 36 1 mole of HI is introduced in a container at constant
surroundings and does 120J of work on the temperature. When the equilibrium was attained, 0.1 mole of
surrounding by expansion. Find the internal energy iodine was present. Calculate Kc for the reaction;
change of the system. 2HI ↔ H2 + I2
Data Solution Initial mol 1 0 0
q = 200 J q = ΔE + w Eq. mol 1 – (0.2) 0.1 0.1
0.8 0.1 0.1
w = 120 J ΔE = q – w Eq. Conc.
V V V
ΔE = ? ΔE = 200 – 120 [H2 ][I2 ]
0.1
( V )( V )
0.1

ΔE = 80 J Kc = [HI]2
= 0.8 2
= 0.0156
( )
31 In a certain process, 500J of work is done on a V

system which gives off 200J of heat. What is the 37 A quantity of PCl5 was heated in 12 dm3 vessel at 250 OC. At
value of ΔE for the process? equilibrium, the vessel contains 0.21mole PCl 5, 0.32 mole of
Data Solution PCl3 and 0.32 mole of Cl2. Compute the equilibrium
q = –200 J q = ΔE + w constant KC.
w = –500 J ΔE = q – w PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2
ΔE = ? ΔE = (–200) – (–500) Eq. mol 0.21 0.32 0.32
ΔE = 300 J Eq. Conc ( )
n 0.21 0.32 0.32
V 12 12 12
32 600J of heat was given to a gas at 1.01x105 N/m2
=0.0175 0.027 0.027
pressure. The internal energy was increased by [PCl3 ][Cl2 ] (0.027)(0.027)
300J; Find the increase in volume. Kc = [PCl5 ]
= (0.0175)
= 0.042
Data Solution
q = 600 J q = ΔE + PΔV 38 When the equilibrium was attained for the reaction;
P = 1.01x105 N/m2 600 = 300 + 1.01x105 ΔV A+B ↔ 2C, the concentration of [A] = [B] was 4
ΔE = 300J ΔV =
600−300
moles/dm3 and that of [C] was 6moles/dm 3, Calculate
5
1.01x10
ΔV = ? Kc and the initial concentration of A and B.
ΔV = 0.003 m3 Kc of the reaction
OR ΔV = 3 dm3 [C]2 (6)2
Kc = [A][B] = = 2.25
33 Calculate the heat of formation of acetylene (C2H2) (4)(4)
from the following data: Initial concentrations of A and B
2C + H2 ↔ C2H2 Hf=? Reaction ratio shows that;
1 mol of A reacts with 1 mol of B, so
C + O2 ↔ CO2 H=–394 KJ/mole
6 moles of C shows that 3 moles of each A and B are
H2 + ½O2 ↔ H2O H=–286KJ/mole converted into C.
C2H2(g)+5/2O2 ↔2CO2 + H2O H=–1299KJ/mole Equilibrium concentrations of A and B
Solution = 4 mol/dm3 each
Multiply eq ii by 2 and eq iii by 1 then add, then Concentration of A and B converted into C
subtract eq iv from it. = 3 mol/dm3 each
2C + 2O2 ↔ 2CO2 H= –788KJ/mole Initial concentration of A and B = 4 + 3
H2 + ½ O 2 ↔ H2O H= –286KJ/mole = 7 mol/dm3 each
2C + H2 + 5/2O2 ↔ 2CO2 + H2O H= –1074KJ/mole 39 Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 produced at
C2H2 + 5/2O2 ↔2CO2 + H2O H= –1299KJ/mole equilibrium when 1 mol of PCl5 is heated at 250 OC in a
– – – – + vessel having a capacity of 10dm 3. At 250 OC,
Kc=0.041.
2C + H2 ↔ C2H2 Hf= 225KJ/mol PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2
34 Calculate the heat of formation of acetic acid Initial mol 1 mol -- --
(CH3COOH) from the following data: 1
Initial Conc.
2C + 2H2 + O2 ↔ CH3COOH Hf=? 10
=0.1mol/dm3 -- --
C + O2 ↔ CO2 H=–394 KJ/mole Change –x +x +x
H2 + ½ O 2 ↔ H2O H=–286KJ/mole Eq. Conc. 0.1–x x x
CH3COOH+2O2↔2CO2+2H2O H=–870.8KJ/mole
Solution [Cl2 ][PCl3 ] [x][x] x2
Multiply eq ii and iii by 2 then add and then subtract Kc = =≫ 0.041 = =
[PCl5 ] [0.1 − x] (0.1 − x)
eq iv from it. (0.1 – x)0.041 = x2
2C + 2O2 ↔ 2CO2 H= –788KJ/mole x2 + 0.041x – 0.0041 = 0
2H2 + O2 ↔ 2H2O H= –372KJ/mole Apply Quadratic formula to find value of x
2C + 2H2 + 3 O2↔ 2CO2 + 2H2O H= –1074KJ/mole Here; a = 1, b = 0.041, c = – 0.0041
CH3COOH+2O2 ↔2CO2 + 2H2O H= –870.8KJ/mole −b ± √b 2 − 4ac
x=
– – – – + 2a
2C + 2H2 ↔ CH3COOH Hf= –203.2KJ/mol −0.041 ± √(0.041)2 − 4x1x(−0.0041)
x=
35 Determine the H for the reaction. 2x1
x = –0.088 x = 0.047 so x = 0.047
2Na + H2O + 1/2O2 ↔ 2NaOH Hf=? Now equilibrium concentrations
2Na + ½O2 ↔ Na2O H= –50 K.Cal [PCl5] = 0.1 – x = 0.1 – 0.047 = 0.053 mol/dm3
Na2O + H2O ↔ 2NaOH H = –56 K.Cal [PCl3] = x = 0.047 mol/dm3
Solution [Cl2] = x = 0.047 mol/dm3
Add eq ii and iii Now equilibrium moles of Cl2
n
2Na + ½O2 ↔ Na2O H= –50 K.Cal Concentration =
V
Na2O + H2O ↔ 2NaOH H = –56 K.Cal n = Concentration x V = 0.047 x 10 = 0.47 moles
2Na + H2O + ½O2 ↔ 2NaOH H = –106 K.Cal

Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 4
40 0.2 mole of A and 0.4 mole of B were reacted at a 44 The solubility product of Lead Iodide (PbI2) at 25 OC is
certain temperature and were allowed to come to 1.00x10–9 mol3/dm9. Find out the solubility of PbI2.
equilibrium: A+B ↔ 2AB; The PbI2 ↔ Pb+2 + 2I–
equilibrium mixture contained 0.1 mole of A, find Kc if Conc. X X 2X
the volume of the container was 2.0dm 3.
m
A + B ↔ Ksp = [Pb+2 ][I − ]2 n= [PbI2=461amu]
M
2AB 1x10−9 = (X) (2X)2
m
In. mol 0.2 0.4 -- 1x10−9 = 4X 3 6.3x10−4 =
Eq. mol 0.1 -- -- 3 1x10−9
461
Moles 0.2–0.1 -- -- X= √ = 6.3x10–4 m = 6.3x10−4 x461 = 0.3𝑔
4
reacted =0.1 Molar solubility (Conc.) of
Eq. mol 0.1 0.4–0.1 2x0.1 Solubility of PbI2
PbI2 is 6.3x10–4 mol/dm3.
=0.3 =0.2 =0.3g/dm3
Covert it into g/dm3.
0.2 0.3 0.2
Eq. conc. =0.1 =0.15 =0.1 45
n 2 2 2
( ) mol/dm3 mol/dm3 mol/dm3 What is the solubility of PbCrO4 in moles per dm3 at
V 25OC? Ksp of PbCrO4 is 2.8x10–13 mol2/dm6.
[AB]2 (0.1)2
Kc = [A][B] = (0.1)(0.15)
= 0.67 PbCrO4 ↔ Pb+2 + CrO4–2
Conc. X X X
41 The Kc for the dissociation of Hydrogen Iodide at 356
OC is 1.3x10–2. If there are 0.5 mol/dm 3 Hydrogen, Ksp = [Pb+2 ][CrO4 −2 ]
1.5 mol/dm3 Iodine and 5 mol/dm 3 Hydrogen Iodide. 2.8x10−13 = (X) (X)
Predict the direction of reaction in which reaction will 2.8x10−13 = X 2
2
move in order to achieve equilibrium. X = √2.8x10−13
2HI ↔ H2 + I2 X = 5.3x10–7

Data [H2 ]initial [I2 ]initial Molar solubility (Conc.) of PbI2 is 5.3x10–7 mol/dm3.
K initial =
[HI]2 initial 46
Kc = 1.3x10–2 Will Mg(OH)2 precipitates if 50cm 3 of 0.01M NaOH is
[H2 ]initial =0.5mol/dm3 (0.5) (1.5) added to 130cm3 of 0.018M MgCl2? (Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is
[I2 ]initial =1.5mol/dm3 K initial = (5)2
= 3x10–2
2.0 x 10-11 mole3/dm9)
[HI]initial =5mol/dm3 2NaOH + MgCl2 → Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
Here Kinitial > Kc Conc. 0.01M 0.018M
So reaction will shift in Volume 50 cm3 130 cm3
reverse direction to
achieve equilibrium. [Mg+2] [OH–]
42 For the gaseous reaction; PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2; M1=0.018 M M1=0.01 M
ΔH=87.9 KJ/mol; Explain the effect upon the material M2=? M2=?
distribution ; V1=130 cm3 V1=50 cm3
(a) Increased Temperature: - V2=180cm3 V2=180cm3
Reaction will shift in forward direction. M1V1 = M2V2 M1V1 = M2V2
(b) Increased Pressure: - M1 V1 0.018x130 M1 V1 0.01x50
M2 = = M2 = =
Reaction will shift in reverse direction. V2 180 V2 180
(c) Higher concentration of Cl2: - M2 = 0.013M M2 = 0.003M
Reaction will shift in reverse direction.
(d) Higher concentration of PCl5: - Mg(OH)2 → Mg+2 + 2OH–
Reaction will shift in forward direction.
(e) Removing Cl2: - Ionic product of Mg(OH)2=[Mg+2] [OH–]2
Reaction will shift in forward direction. Ionic product of Mg(OH)2= 0.013 x (0.003)2
(f) Decreasing the volume of container: - Ionic product of Mg(OH)2=1.17x10–7 mol3/dm9
Reaction will shift in reverse direction. Now
(g) Presence of catalyst: - Ionic product > Ksp
Reaction time will be decreased but no effect at the So Mg(OH)2 will precipitate out of solution.
equilibrium position of the reaction. 47 Will cadmium hydroxide precipitate from 0.01 M
solution of CdCl2 at pH 9. Ksp of Cd(OH)2=2.5x10–14
43 The solubility of Mg(OH)2 at 25 OC is 0.00764 g/dm3. mol3/dm9.
What is the solubility product of Mg(OH)2? CdCl2 → Cd+2 + 2Cl–
0.01M 0.01M
Convert solubility into molar solubility (concentration) Now [OH–] will be calculated from pH=9
m 0.00764 pH + pOH = 14
n= = = 1.32x10−4 mol [Mg(OH)2=58 amu]
M 58 pOH = 14 – 9 = 5
Now [OH–] = Antilog (–pH)
Concentration of Mg(OH)2=1.32x10–4 mol/dm3 [OH–] = Antilog (–5)
[OH–] = 1 x 10–5 mol/dm3
Mg(OH)2 ↔ Mg+2 + 2OH–
1.32x10–4 1.32x10–4 2x1.32x10–4 Cd(OH)2 → Cd+2 + 2OH–
mol/dm3 mol/dm3 2.64x10–4 Ionic product of Cd(OH)2=[Cd+2] [OH–]2
mol/dm3 Ionic product of Cd(OH)2= 0.01 x (1x10–5)2
Ionic product of Cd(OH)2=1x10–12 mol3/dm9
Ksp = [Mg +2 ][OH − ]2 = (1.32x10−4 ) (2.64x10−4 )2 Now
Ksp=9.2x10–12 mol3/dm9 Ionic product > Ksp
So Cd(OH)2 will precipitate out of solution.

Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 5
 Chapter # 7 53 Balance the following equations by Ion-electron method:
Solutions and Electrolytes MnO4– + SO3–2 +OH– → Mn+2 + SO4–2 (Basic Medium)
48 Find the oxidation number of;
P in H3PO4 Split into two partial equations
O.N of H3 + O.N of P + O.N of O4 = 0 MnO4– → Mn+2 (+7 to +2) Reduction
(+1)3 + O.N of P + (–2)4 = 0 SO3 –2
→ SO4–2 (+4 to +6) Oxidation
O.N of P = +5
Mn in MnO4– Balance Oxygens by using OH–, Hydrogens by using H2O and
O.N of Mn + O.N of O4 = –1 charge by e–.
O.N of Mn + (–2)4 = –1 MnO4– + 4H2O + 4e– → Mn+2 + 8OH– Eq 1
O.N of Mn = +7 –2
SO3 + 2OH –
→ SO4–2 + H2O + 2e– Eq 2
N in NCl3
O.N of N + O.N of Cl3 = 0 Multiply equation 1 by 1 and equation 2 by 2, then add.
O.N of N + (–1)3 = 0
MnO4– + 4H2O + 4e– → Mn+2 + 8OH–
O.N of N = +3 –2
2SO3 + 4OH –
→ 2SO4–2 + 2H2O + 4e–
Fe in Fe2(SO4)3
O.N of Fe2 + O.N of (SO4)3 = 0 MnO4– + 2SO3–2 + 2H2O → Mn+2 + 4OH– 2SO4–2 Balanced
O.N of Fe2 + (–2)3 = 0
O.N of Fe2 = +6 54 How electrode potential of Zinc is determined?
+6
O.N of Fe = = +𝟑 • Zinc electrode dipped in 1M ZnSO4 solution will be
2 connected with standard hydrogen electrode (S.H.E)
Cr in Cr2O7–2 which has zero electrode potential.
O.N of Cr2 + O.N of O7 = –2
• Cell potential will be noted from the voltmeter
O.N of Cr2 + (–2)7 = –2
connected with two electrodes, i-e +0.76volts.
O.N of Cr2 = +12
+12 • Oxidation takes place at Zn electrode.
O.N of Cr = = +𝟔 • Zn(s) → Zn+2(aq)(1M)+2e–
2
49 The pH of a solution is 9.63. Calculate pOH, • Reduction takes places at S.H.E.
Hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxyl ion H+ (aq) (1M) + e– → ½ H2(g) 1atm
concentration. • Cell reaction is
𝑒−
pH + pOH = 14 [H+] = Antilog (–pH) Zn(s) ; Zn+2(aq)(1M) → H+(aq) (1M) ; H2(g) 1atm
pOH = 14 – pH [H+] = Antilog (–9.63) • Following formula will be used;
pOH = 14 – 9.63 [H+]=2.3x10–10 mol/dm3 Ereduction – Eoxidation = Ecell
pOH = 4.37 [OH–] = Antilog (–pOH) 0 – EZn = 0.76 volts
[OH–] = Antilog (–4.37) EZn = – 0.76 volts
[OH–]=4.3x10–5 mol/dm3
50 Calculate the pH and pOH of 0.1M H2SO4.
H2SO4 ↔ 2H+ + SO4–2
0.1M 2x0.1M 0.1M
0.2M
pH = – log [H+] pH + pOH = 14
pH = – log (0.2) pOH = 14 – pH
pH = – (–0.699) pOH = 14 – 0.7
pH = 0.7 pOH = 13.3
51 Calculate the pH of 0.5mol/dm 3 mono protic acid
(mono basic acid) which is 60% ionized. 55 How electrode potential of Copper is determined?
Mono Basic Acid ↔ H+ • Copper electrode dipped in 1M CuSO4 solution will be
0.5 mol/dm 3 0.5 mol/dm3 connected with standard hydrogen electrode (S.H.E)
which has zero electrode potential.
60 x 0.5
60% of 0.5 mol/dm3 = = 0.3 mol/dm3 H+ • Cell potential will be noted from the voltmeter
100
pH = – log [H+] connected with two electrodes, i-e 0.34volts.
pH = – log (0.3) • Reduction takes place at Cu electrode.
pH = – (–0.53) • Cu+2(aq)(1M)+2e– → Cu(s)
pH = 0.53 • Oxidation takes places at S.H.E.
52 Balance the following equations by Ion-electron ½ H2(g) 1atm → H+ (aq) (1M) + e–
method: • Cell reaction is
𝑒−
Cr2O7–2 + I2 + H+ → Cr+3 + IO3– + H2O (Acidic Medium) H2(g) 1atm ; H+(aq) (1M) → Cu+2(aq)(1M) ; Cu(s)
Split into two partial equations • Following formula will be used;
Cr2O7–2 → 2Cr+3 (+6 to +3) Reduction Ereduction – Eoxidation = Ecell
I2 → 2IO3– (0 to +5) Oxidation ECu – 0 = +0.34 volts
ECu = +0.34 volts
Balance Oxygens by using H2O, Hydrogens by using H+
and charge by e–.
Cr2O7–2 + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr+3 + 7H2O Eq 1
I2 + 6H2O → 2IO3– + 12H+ + 10e– Eq 2
Multiply equation 1 by 5 and equation 2 by 3, then add.
5Cr2O7–2 + 70H+ + 30e– → 10Cr+3 + 35H2O
3I2 + 18H2O → 6IO3– + 36H+ + 30e–
5Cr2O7–2 + 3I2 + 34H+ → 10Cr+3 + 6IO3– + 17H2O Balanced

Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 6
 Chapter # 8 62 Determine rate law and order of reaction from the
Chemical Kinetics following data:
56 Write rate expression of the following reactions: Rate
A B 3/S
S.No (mole/dm
2NO + O2→ 2NO2 Rate (R) = K [NO]2 [O2] (mole/dm3) (mole/dm3)
)
PCl5→ PCl3 + Cl2 dx
(R) = K [PCl3] [Cl2] 1 0.1 0.1 8x10–4
dt 2 0.2 0.1 16x10–4
57 Consider the reaction A + B → C and answer the 3 0.1 0.2 64x10–4
following: Write the rate expression for above reaction.
What are the units of the rate of reaction? When concentration of reactant ‘A’ was doubled the
Rate Expression Unit rate of reaction was also doubled, so
R = K[A] [B] Change in concentration Rate w.r.t A ∝[A] Eq1
R=
Time
mol.dm−3 When concentration of reactant ‘B’ was doubled the
R= rate of reaction increased by four times, so
Sec
R = mol. dm−3 . Sec −1 Rate w.r.t B ∝[B]2 Eq2
58 The rate constant for the decomposition of NO2 in the
By combining equation 1 and 2
equation 2NO2→ 2NO + O2 is 1.8 x 10–3 dm3/mole.sec.
Rate ∝[A] [B] 2
What is the initial rate when the initial concentration of
NO2 is 0.5M?
Rate = K[A] [B]2
Data R=K[NO2]2
–3 3
K=1.8 x 10 dm /mole/sec
R=1.8 x 10–3(0.5)2 Order of Reaction = 1 + 2 = 3
[NO2]=0.5 M
3rd Order Reaction
R=? R=4.5x10–4 mol.dm–3.S–1
63 For the reaction A → B, the threshold energy of
59 Calculate the rate constant for the reaction; reaction is 31 KJ/mol. The average internal energy
A + 2B → Product of A is 12 KJ/mol. Calculate activation energy of A.
Threshold energy=Average internal energy–Activation energy
when initial rate is 6x10–3 mole/dm3.sec while initial
concentrations of A and B are 2x10–3 mole/dm3 and 3x10– Threshold energy–Activation energy=Average internal energy
3mole/dm 3 respectively.

Average internal energy = 31 – 12 = 19 KJ/mol

Data R=K[A] [B] 64 Consider a reaction; A → B; for which at 400 OC,

R=6 x 10–3 mole/ dm3/Sec R rate constant K, has a value of 3x10–12 dm3.mol–1
K=
[A]= 2x10–3 mole/dm3 [A][B] .sec–1 at 450 oC. What can be the possible value of
[B]= 3x10–3mole/dm3 K at 450 OC?
K=? 6x10−3
K= Solution:-
[2x10−3 ][3x10−3 ]
K=1000 dm3/mole/sec Temperature increase = 50 OC
Rate Constant becomes almost double at every 10O
rise of temperature so K will increase by 5 times.
60 Consider the reaction A + B → C ; Calculate rate of
reaction when initial concentrations of each reactant is K at 450 OC = K at 400 OC x 5
0.2M and rate constant is 3.02x10–2 dm3/mol/S. Calculate K at 450 OC = 3x10–12 x 5
rate constant when initial concentration of A or B is K at 450 OC=15x10–12x5 dm3.mol–1.sec–1
doubled.
65 The decomposition of formic acid is catalyzed by
Rate of Reaction (R) Rate Constant (K) strong acids.
R=? K=? H+
HCOOH(l) → CO(g) + H2O(l)
[A] = 0.2M [A] = 0.4M
What is the effect on its rate if the formic acid
[B] = 0.2M [B] = 0.2M
concentration is doubled and catalytic acid
K = 3.02x10–2 dm3/mol/S R=2x1.21x10–3=2.42x10–3
concentration is doubled?
dm3/mol/S
• When concentration of formic acid is doubled,
R=K[A] [B]
rate of reaction will also be doubled.
R=3.02x10–2 (0.2)(0.2) R=K[A] [B]
Because R ∝ [Reactants]
R=1.21x10–3 R
mole/ dm3/Sec
K= • When concentration of Catalytic acid is doubled,
[A][B]
rate of reaction will remain unchanged because
2.42x10−3
K= rate does not depend upon the concentration of
[0.4][0.2] catalyst.
K=3.02x10–2dm3/mole/sec
66 The acid catalyzed reaction is as under;
NOTE: When conc. of reactant(s) H+
will be doubled, rate of reaction will CH3COCH3 + I2 → CH2ICOCH3 + H+ + I–
also be doubled. Propanone Iodine
61 Will the specific rate constant (K) increase, decrease or What will be the effect on rate of reaction if
remain unchanged if the concentration of reactants is concentration of propanone, iodine and acid all are
double? doubled?
Rate constant will remain unchanged on changing the Rate will be increased by 4X (2X by propanone and
concentration of reactant(s). 2X by iodine) and no change due to acid catalyst.
67 Sun Light
Write Rate expression; H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
Rate = K [Intensity of light]

Prepared By; Kamran Afzal (Lecturer in Chemistry) Numerical Bank Chemistry – I Page 7