e/m By Thomson Method

NV6103

Learning Material
Ver 1.1

Designed & Manufactured by:

141-B, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India, Tel.: 91-731- 4211500,
Telefax: 91-731-4202959, Toll free: 1800-103-5050, E-mail: info@nvistech.com
Website: www.nvistech.com
NV6103

e/m By Thomson Method

NV6103
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 3

2. Features 4

3. Technical Specifications 5

4. Theory 6

5. Measurement Unit 12

6. Experiment 13
Determining the value of specific charge e/m of an electron by Thomson
Method.
7. Warranty 20

8. List of Accessories 20

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Introduction
NV6103 e/m By Thomson Method setup is very useful for physics and basic
science laboratories. This is used to find the specific charge ratio of an electron
particle in a CRT by Thomson method using bar magnet. This system is provided
with a Power Supply unit for CRT and Deflection Magnetometer with stand
arrangement and mounting stand for CRT. NV6103 have a microcontroller based
instrument with LCD display for displaying deflection voltage. It is highly secure and
stable system. J.J Thomson was the first scientist who measured charge to mass ratio
(e/m) of an electron. When a narrow beam of charged particles are projected at
constant speed (v) across a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the field,
the beam of particles experiences a force, which make them move in a circular path.
It consists of a highly evacuated glass tube, fitted with electrodes. Electrons are
produced by heating a tungsten filament electrically. Electrons are made to accelerate
and form a beam by passing through the plates. They are passed through electric and
magnetic field. Finally they fall on zinc sulphide screen.

Complete Setup
Figure 1

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Features
 Microcontroller Based Measurement and Power Supply
 LCD display to measure Deflection Voltage
 Focusing Adjustment
 Intensity Adjustment
 Cathode Ray Tube mounting on Acrylic Stand
 Deflection Magnetometer provided
 Provided with Pair of Bar Magnet
 2 Years Warranty

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Technical Specifications
Cathode Ray Tube:
Distance between plates (d) : 1.4 cm

Length of plates ( l ) : 3.23 cm

Distance between screen and plates (L) : 14.5 cm

CRT connection with power supply : Octal socket
Deflection voltage : Variable 0 to 55 Volt

Scale : 0 to 25 cm each side

LCD : 16×2 Characters

Deflection magnetometer : 0 to 900 (Four Quadrant)

Mains : 230 VAC ± 10%, 50 Hz

Fuse : 500 mA

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Theory
CRT :
The cathode-ray tube (CRT) is one of the main elements of an oscilloscope. The tubes
are produced with electrostatic and electromagnetic control, where electrostatic or
magnetic fields deviate the electron beam respectively. CRT consists of the glass bulb
evacuated to a high vacuum, the cathode (a source of electrons), cathode heater,
electrodes for brightness and focus control, several accelerating anodes, the pairs of
horizontal and vertical capacitor plates deviating the electron beam, and fluorescing
screen. One of anodes, which accelerate the electrons, is placed close to the screen.
The high positive voltage is applied to this electrode. Under the action of the applied
voltage the electrons move with acceleration from cathode to anode. In the absence of
the voltage applied to deviating plates of the capacitor the electron beam will be
incident on the screen in the center brightening a point in the fluorescing layer. In
oscilloscope the analyzed signal after amplification is applied to vertical deviating
plates, while the periodic sawtooth signal is applied to horizontal plates. As a result
the electron beam "draws" the dependence of the investigated signal on time on the
screen of the tube. Reaching the right side of the screen the beam has to be returned to
an initial point at the left side. Thus, if CRT is not blanked during this retrace, then the
beam will leave a track crossing the image of investigated signal. For this reason,
during retrace a negative voltage is applied to control electrode situated near to
cathode and electrons are locked by such a way at the electron gun.

Figure 2
The earliest version of the CRT was a cold-cathode diode, a modification of the
Crookes tube with a phosphor-coated screen, sometimes called a Braun tube. The first
version to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson (who gave his name
to the term Johnson noise) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric, and
became a commercial product in 1922. The cathode rays are now known to be a beam
of electrons emitted from a heated cathode inside a vacuum tube and accelerated by a
potential difference between this cathode and an anode. The screen is covered with a
phosphorescent coating (often transition metals or rare earth elements), which emits
visible light when excited by high-energy electrons. The beam is deflected either by a
magnetic or an electric field to move the bright dot to the required position on the
screen. In television sets and computer monitors the entire front area of the tube is
scanned systematically in a fixed pattern called as raster. An image is produced by
modulating the intensity of the electron beam with a received video signal (or another
signal derived from it). In all CRT TV receivers except some very early models, the
beam is deflected by magnetic deflection, a varying magnetic field generated by coils
(the magnetic yoke), driven by electronic circuits, around the neck of the tube.

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Figure 3
Electron gun :
The source of the electron beam is the electron gun, which produces a stream of
electrons through thermionic emission, and focuses it into a thin beam. The gun is
located in the narrow, cylindrical neck at the extreme rear of a CRT and has electrical
connecting pins, usually arranged in a circular configuration, extending from its end.
These pins provide external connections to the cathode, to various grid elements in the
gun used to focus and modulate the beam, and, in electrostatic deflection CRTs, to the
deflection plates. Since the CRT is a hot-cathode device, these pins also provide
connections to one or more filament heaters within the electron gun. When a CRT is
operating, the heaters can often be seen glowing orange through the glass walls of the
CRT neck. The need for these heaters to 'warm up' causes a delay between the time
that a CRT is first turned on, and the time that a display becomes visible. In older
tubes, this could take fifteen seconds or more; modern CRT displays have fast-starting
circuits which produce an image within about two seconds, using either briefly
increased heater current or elevated cathode voltage. Once the CRT has warmed up,
the heaters stay on continuously. The electrodes are often covered with a black layer,
a patented process used by all major CRT manufacturers to improve electron density.
The electron gun accelerates not only electrons but also ions present in the imperfect
vacuum (some of which result from out gassing of the internal tube components). The
ions, being much heavier than electrons, are deflected much less by the magnetic or
electrostatic fields used to position the electron beam. Ions striking the screen damage
it; to prevent this the electron gun can be positioned slightly off the axis of the tube so
that the ions strike the side of the CRT instead of the screen. Permanent magnets (the
ion trap) deflect the lighter electrons so that they strike the screen. Some very old TV
sets without an ion trap show browning of the center of the screen, known as ion burn.
The aluminum coating used in later CRTs reduced the need for an ion trap.
When electrons strike the poorly-conductive phosphor layer on the glass CRT, it
becomes electrically charged, and tends to repel electrons, reducing brightness (this
effect is known as "sticking"). To prevent this the interior side of the phosphor layer
can be covered with a layer of aluminum connected to the conductive layer inside the
tube, which disposes of this charge. It has the additional advantages of increasing
brightness by reflecting towards the viewer light emitted towards the back of the tube,
and protecting the phosphor from ion bombardment.
Oscilloscope tubes :
For use in an oscilloscope, the design is somewhat different. Rather than tracing out a
raster, the electron beam is directly steered along an arbitrary path, while its intensity
is kept constant. Usually the beam is deflected horizontally (X) by a varying potential
difference between a pair of plates to its left and right, and vertically (Y) by plates
above and below, although magnetic deflection is possible. The instantaneous position

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of the beam will depend upon the X and Y voltages. It is most useful for the
horizontal voltage, repeatedly, to increase linearly with time until the beam reaches
the edge of the screen, then jump back to its starting value (sawtooth waveform,
generated by a timebase). This causes the display to trace out the Y voltage as a
function of time. Many oscilloscopes only function in this mode. However it can be
useful to display, say, the voltage versus the current in an inductive component with
an oscilloscope that allows X-Y input, without using the timebase.
The electron gun is always centered in the tube neck; the problem of ion production is
either ignored or mitigated by using an aluminized screen.
The beam can be moved much more rapidly, and it is easier to make the beam
deflection accurately proportional to the applied signal, by using electrostatic
deflection as described above instead of magnetic deflection. Magnetic deflection is
achieved by passing currents through coils external to the tube; it allows the
construction of much shorter tubes for a given screen size. Circuit arrangements are
required to approximately linearize the beam position as a function of signal current,
and the very wide deflection angles require arrangements to keep the beam focussed
(dynamic focussing).
In principle either type of deflection can be used for any purpose; but electrostatic
deflection is best for oscilloscopes with relatively small screens and high performance
requirements, while a television receiver with a large screen and electrostatic
deflection would be many meters deep.
Some issues must be resolved when using electrostatic deflection. Simple deflection
plates appear as a fairly large capacitive load to the deflection amplifiers, requiring
large current flow to charge and discharge this capacitance rapidly. Another, more
subtle, problem is that when the electrostatic charge switches, electrons which are
already part of the way through the deflection plate region will only be partially
deflected. This results in the trace on the screen lagging behind a rapid change in
signal.
Extremely high performance oscilloscopes avoid these problems by subdividing the
vertical (and sometimes horizontal) deflection plates into a series of plates along the
length of the "deflection" region of the CRT, and electrically joined by a delay line
terminated in its characteristic impedance; the timing of the delay line is set to match
the velocity of the electrons through the deflection region. In this way, a change of
charge "flows along" the deflection plate along with the electrons that it should affect,
almost negating its effect on those electrons which are already partially through the
region. Consequently the beam as seen on the screen slews almost instantly from the
old point to the new point. In addition, because the entire deflection system operates
as a matched-impedance load, the problem of driving a large capacitive load is
mitigated.
It is very common for oscilloscopes to have amplifiers which rapidly chop or swap the
beam, blanking the display while switching. This allows the single beam to show as
two or more traces, each representing a different input signal. These are properly
called multiple-trace (dual trace, quadruple trace, etc.) oscilloscopes.

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Much rarer is the true dual beam oscilloscope, whose tube contains an electron gun
that produces two independent electron beams. Usually, but not always, both beams
are deflected horizontally by a single shared pair of plates, while each beam has its
own vertical deflection plates. This allows a time-domain display to show two signals
simultaneously.
Many modern oscilloscope tubes pass the electron beam through an expansion mesh.
This mesh acts like a lens for electrons and has the effect of roughly doubling the
deflection of the electron beam, allowing the use of a larger faceplate for the same
length of tube envelope. The expansion mesh also tends to increase the "spot size" on
the screen, but this tradeoff is usually acceptable.
When displaying one-shot fast events the electron beam must deflect very quickly,
with few electrons impinging on the screen, leading to a faint or invisible display. A
simple improvement can be attained by fitting a hood on the screen against which the
observer presses his face, excluding extraneous light, but oscilloscope CRTs designed
for very fast signals give a brighter display by passing the electron beam through a
micro-channel plate just before it reaches the screen. Through the phenomenon of
secondary emission this plate multiplies the number of electrons reaching the
phosphor screen, giving a brighter display, possibly with a slightly larger spot.
The phosphors used in the screens of oscilloscope tubes are different from those used
in the screens of other display tubes. Phosphors used for displaying moving pictures
should produce an image which fades very rapidly to avoid smearing of new
information by the remains of the previous picture; i.e., they should have short
persistence. An oscilloscope will often display a trace which repeats unchanged, so
longer persistence is not a problem; but it is a definite advantage when viewing a
single-shot event, so longer-persistence phosphors are used. An oscilloscope trace can
be any colour without loss of information, so a phosphor with maximum effective
luminosity is usually used. The eye is most sensitive to green: for visual and general-
purpose use the P31 phosphor gives a visually bright trace, and also photographs well
and is reasonably resistant to burning by the electron beam. For displays meant to be
photographed rather than viewed, the blue trace of P11 phosphor gives higher
photographic brightness; for extremely slow displays, very-long-persistence
phosphors such as P7, which produce a blue trace followed by a longer-lasting amber
or yellow afterimage, are used. The phosphor screen of most oscilloscope tubes
contains a permanently-marked internal graticule, dividing the screen using Cartesian
coordinates. This internal graticule allows for the easy measurement of signals with
no worries about parallax error. Less expensive oscilloscope tubes may instead have
an external graticule of glass or acrylic plastic. Most graticules can be side-
illuminated for use in a darkened room.
Oscilloscope tubes almost never contain integrated implosion protection . External
implosion protection must always be provided, either in the form of an external
graticule or, for tubes with an internal graticule, a plain sheet of glass or plastic. The
implosion protection shield is often coloured to match the light emitted by the
phosphor screen; this improves the contrast as seen by the user.

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The glass envelope :

The outer glass allows the light generated by the phosphor out of the monitor, but (for
colour tubes) it must block dangerous X-rays generated by high energy electrons
impacting the inside of the CRT face. For this reason, the glass is leaded. Colour tubes
require significantly higher anode voltages than monochrome tubes (as high as 32,000
volts in large tubes), partly to compensate for the blockage of some electrons by the
aperture mask or grille; the amount of X-rays produced increases with voltage.
Because of leaded glass, other shielding, and protective circuits designed to prevent
the anode voltage from rising too high in case of malfunction, the X-ray emission of
modern CRTs is well within approved safety limits.
CRTs have a pronounced triode characteristic, which results in significant gamma (a
nonlinear relationship between beam current and light intensity). In early televisions,
screen gamma was an advantage because it acted to compress the screen contrast.
However in systems where linear response is required (such as when desktop
publishing), gamma correction is applied. The gamma characteristic exists today in all
digital video systems. CRT displays accumulate a static electrical charge on the
screen, unless preventive measures are taken. This charge does not pose a safety
hazard, but can lead to significant degradation of image quality through attraction of
dust particles to the surface of the screen. Unless the display is regularly cleaned with
a dry cloth or special cleaning tissue (using ordinary household cleaners may damage
anti-glare protective layer on the screen), after a few months the brightness and clarity
of the image drops significantly. The high voltage (EHT) used for accelerating the
electrons is provided by a transformer. For CRTs used in televisions, this is usually a
flyback transformer that steps up the line (horizontal) deflection supply to as much as
32,000 volts for a colour tube, although monochrome tubes and special CRTs may
operate at much lower voltages. The output of the transformer is rectified and the
pulsating output voltage is smoothened by a capacitor formed by the tube itself (the
accelerating anode being one plate, the glass being the dielectric, and the grounded
(earthed) Aquadag coating on the outside of the tube being the other plate). Before
all-glass tubes, the structure between the screen and the electron gun was made from a
heavy metal cone which served as the accelerating anode. Smoothing of the EHT was
then done with a high voltage capacitor, external to the tube itself. In the earliest
televisions, before the invention of the flyback transformer design, a linear high-
voltage supply was used; because these supplies were capable of delivering much
more current at their high voltage than flyback high voltage systems – in the case of
an accident they proved extremely deadly. The flyback circuit design addressed this:
in the case of a fault, the flyback system delivers relatively little current, improving a
person's chance of surviving a direct shock from the high voltage anode.
High voltage :
CRTs operate at very high voltages, which can persist long after the device containing
the CRT has been switched off and/or unplugged, sometimes for years. Residual
charges of hundreds of volts can also remain in large capacitors in the Power Supply
circuits of the device containing the CRT; these charges may persist. Modern circuits
contain bleeder resistors, to ensure that the high-voltage supply is discharged to safe
levels within a couple of minutes at most. These discharge devices can fail even on a

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modern unit and leave these high voltage charges present. The final anode connector
on the bulb of the tube carries this high voltage.
Compass (deflection magnetometer):
A compass is an extremely simple device. It consists of a small, light weight magnet
balanced on a nearly frictionless pivot point. The magnet is generally called a needle.
One end of the needle is often marked "N," for north, or coloured in some way to
indicate that it points toward north. Generally red colour is used to indicate north.
The reason why a compass works is more interesting. It turns out that you can think
of the Earth as having a gigantic bar magnet buried inside. In order for the north end
of the compass to point toward the North Pole, you have to assume that the buried bar
magnet has its south end at the North Pole, as shown in the figure 4. If you think of
the world this way, then you can see that the normal "opposites attract" rule of
magnets would cause the north end of the compass needle to point towards the south
end of the buried bar magnet. So the compass points towards the North Pole.

Bar Magnet imagined as buried inside Earth

Figure 4
To be completely accurate, the bar magnet does not run exactly along the Earth’s
rotational axis. It is skewed slightly off center. This skew is called the declination,
and most good maps indicate what the declination is in different areas (since it
changes a little depending on where you are on the planet).
The magnetic field of the Earth is fairly weak on the surface. After all, the planet
Earth is almost 8,000 miles in diameter, so the magnetic field has to travel a long way
to affect your compass. That is why a compass needs to have a light weight magnet
and a frictionless bearing. Otherwise, there just isn’t enough strength in the Earth’s
magnetic field to turn the needle.
It turns out that because the Earth’s magnetic field is so weak, a compass is nothing
but a detector for very slight magnetic fields created by anything. That is why we can
use a compass to detect the small magnetic field produced by a wire carrying a
current.
The “big bar magnet buried in the core” analogy works to explain why the Earth has a
magnetic field, but obviously that is not what is really happening.

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Measurement Unit
Front Panel Controls:

Rear Panel Control:

Figure 5
1. Power: It is used to switch on/off the instrument.
2. Intensity: It controls the intensity of spot.
3. Focus: it controls the sharpness of the spot.
4. Deflection Voltage: With the help of it Y – plate deflection voltage can be adjusted.
5. Polarity: It is three position rotary switches to select direction of spot deflection. It
has three positions, + for upward – for downward and 0 in centre position.
6. To CRT: Octal base provided to connect CRT.
7. Liquid Crystal Display: To display DC voltage value applied to plates.
8. X-Plate Deflection Voltage: With the help of it X- plate deflection voltage can be
adjusted.

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Experiment
Objective:
Determining the value of specific charge e/m of an electron by Thomson Method
Equipments Needed:
1. Deflection Magnetometer
2. Two Bar Magnets
3. CRT
4. Stand Arrangement
Theory:
In this method cathode ray tube is used in which cathode emits electrons, anode
accelerate them, passes through a small hole, to another anode which concentrate
them into a fine beam. Then passes through between two parallel plates, which can
deflect the beam in a vertical plane by an electric field E applied between both the
plates. The beam of electron can also be deflected in same plane applying a magnetic
field B perpendicular to the plane of plates. This narrowed collimated beam of
accelerated electrons than strikes the fluorescent screen to produce a glowing spot.
Three terms arise as,
1. If an electric field E applied by a potential difference of V volts between plates
the electrons experience a force F in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
motion of the beam.
Fe = E e …1
2. If B be the uniform magnetic field applied in the region P-P in a horizontal
direction perpendicular to the direction of electrons beam, the force experienced
by electrons is,
F mag = B e v …2
Where e is the electron charge, v is the velocity of electron and Fmag is the
magnetic force.
This force Fmag acts perpendicular to the direction of B as well as in the original
direction of electron motion (in accordance to Fleming’s left thumb rule). The
speed of electrons remains unchanged, but its path becomes circular providing
the amount of centripetal force.
mv 2
Fmag = B ev = …3
r
Where m is the mass of an electron and r is the radius of circular path.
e v
Thus  …4
m Br

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3. If an electric field E applied to deflect the beam in OO’ direction, than a

magnetic field B is applied to bring beam back to O. It means that the force of
electrostatic field is equal and opposite to applied magnetic field, so Fe = Fmag,
and two forces nulled each other to bring beam back to original position.
Thus Ee = B e v …5
E
or v= …6
B
Substituting values of v from 6 into 4
e/m = E/B2 r …7
Radius ‘r’:
According to the figure 6, the original electron beam is preceding straight path
G, M, O and impressed upon screen at a point O. In the presence of magnetic
field, the beam travels along a circular arc G, D whose radius is r. beyond point
D, the beam leave magnetic field and proceeds straight in direction along with
the tangent K, DO’ (drawn on the circular arc at point D). Drawing GN normal
to GKO and MDN normal to KDO’. Let these normal meet at point N. Than GN
= ND = r = the radius of circular arc. Let GND = OK 0' = 0
00'
Then in angle KOO’…… tanθ = and the angle θ is small enough,
K0

Figure 6
y
θ = tan θ =
L
Where L is distance of the screen from mid point of magnetic field region
(generally mid point of electric field too).
arc GD GM
Again θ = tanθ = = since GD is nearly equal to GM.
r r
l
Or θ =
r

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Where l is the length of the region of magnetic field equals to electric field too. By
comparing both values of θ
l y lL
= , so r = …8
r L y
Substituting values of r into …7,
e Ey
= …9
m B2l L
If a potential difference of V volts is applied between the plates P-P, and d is the gap
between both plates than, the electric field is given by, E = V / d
e Vy
Therefore,  2 … 10
m B lLd
Where y = distance between spot positions displayed on the screen of CRT in
centimeters.
l is the length of the deflection plates. L is the distance between screen and plates, d is
the distance between plates, V is applied DC voltages across plates and B is magnetic
field strength determined by B = H tan  where H is the Horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field at that place.

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Procedure:
Note: While performing experiments keep other electronics equipment away from
the e/m setup.
1. Using compass needle, find and note North – South and East – West directions.
Place CRT in between stand in such a way that its screen is faced towards North
and both arms of stand to East – West direction.
2. Adjust the Intensity and Focus potentiometer in its mid position.
3. Connect the CRT to octal socket of instrument (socket provided upon the panel).
Care should be taken while inserting CRT plug.
4. Keep instrument to south direction far from CRT.
5. Select Polarity selector switch at ‘0’ position.
6. Set the Deflection Voltage potentiometer at anti clockwise direction.
7. Switch on the Power Supply and wait for some times (3-5 minutes) to warm up
the CRT. A bright spot appears on the screen.
8. Adjust intensity and focus controls to obtain sharp spot.
9. Bring the spot at the middle position of the CRT by the help of X-plate deflection
voltage pot given to back side of the instrument.
10. Set polarity selector to ‘+’ position, adjust Deflection Voltage to deflect the spot
1cm away towards upward. Note the deflection voltage from the meter as V1
and spot deflection as y.
11. Now place the bar magnets (on the stand arm) to both sides of CRT such that
their opposite pole faces each other.

12. Adjust position of magnets to get spot back downward to original position.
13. Note the distances of bar magnet (poles facing the screen) as r1 and r2 from the
scale.
14. Now remove magnets from the arms of stand.

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15. Select ‘–‘ position from polarity switch. Apply DC voltage to deflect the spot
1 cm away in downward direction. Note deflection voltage from display as V2
and deflection as y.
16. Place bar magnets again and adjust the position of magnets to bring spot back to
original position. Note the distance of the magnets (poles facing the screen) as
r1’ and r2’.
17. Remove CRT and magnets. Place Magnetometer arrangement in between stand
such that its centre lies on the center of the stand arm.
Note: Position of stand should not be disturbed.
18. Rotate Magnetometer and adjust the needle to read 0º - 0º.
19. Now place magnets at a distance equal to r1 & r2 as previous polarity adjusted.
The pointer deflects along the scale. Note the deflections as θ1 and θ2.
20. Repeat similar procedure placing magnets at r1’ and r2’ distances. Note the
deflection of compass needle as θ3 and θ4.
21. Now we know that magnetic field
θ
B = H tan
Where
θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + θ4
θ=
4
H = ~0.37x10-4 Tesla
22. Calculate e / m using following formula
e Vy
 2
m B lLd
Where
Distance between plates d = 1.4 cm
Length of plates l = 3.23 cm
Distance between screen and plates L = 14.5 cm
Deflection Voltage V = (V1+V2)/2
Deflection in cm y = 1cm
23. Take more readings by repeating experiment and deflecting spot to other
distances.
24. Calculate the % error as
Standard value – calculated value x 100
Standard value

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Precautions and sources of error:

 The cathode ray tube should be handled carefully. There should not be any
magnetic substance nearby the place of experiment.
 Axis of magnets and axis of tube should lie perpendicular to each other in same
horizontal plane. To correct it loose the neck clamp of CRT and rotate CRT so
the spot deflects right up/down with deflection voltage.
 When magnets are place upon the arms. It is better to move stand slightly back
& forth to obtain maximum magnetic field at deflecting plates. It should be done
before bringing spot back to original position.
 Rotate magnet (s) on there axis if spot does not come back to its original position.
 When direction of spot is reversed the direction of magnets should also be
reversed.
The magnets should move tight to the scale in closest possible distances.
 The electric field between plates cannot be uniform due to shorter distance
between them.
 The given constants are generally taken from data; there may be slight variations
to produce error.

Specification of given CRT:

 Distance between plates, : d = 1.4 cm
 Length of plates : l = 3.23cm
 Distance between screen and plates (edge) : L = 14.5 cm

Standard Value of e/m:

e/m = 1.75888x1011 C/Kg

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Cathode ray tube used in Thomson method

Figure 7

Way to place cathode ray tube

Figure 8

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Warranty
1) We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are not
covered under warranty.
2) The guarantee will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the learning material.
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3) The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type,
serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4) The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

List of Accessories
1. Bar Magnet………………………………………………………………2 Nos.
2. Learning Material CD.…………………………………………………..1 No.
3. Magnetic Deflection Meter………………………………………………1 No.
4. Measurement Unit ………………………………………………………1 No.
5. CRT………………………………………………………………………1 No.
6. Stand Arrangement ...................................................................................1Nos.
7. Mains Cord………………………………………………………………1 No.

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 1. Positive (+) direction

Direct field
Applied Position of spot Magnetic pole and distance
Sr.
Voltage
no Deflection
(
 ) Final
Initial D in Pole R1 Pole R2
(cm)
meter
1 V1= N S

2. Negative (-)direction

Reverse field
Applied Position of spot Magnetic pole and distance
Sr.
Voltage
no Deflection
(
 ) Final
Initial D in Pole R1’ Pole R2’
(cm)
meter
1 V2= N S

Applied Reading of two ends of points when Reading of two ends of points when
Sr. Voltage magnetic pole are at R1 and R2 magnetic pole are at R1’ and R2’ Mean
B = H tan 
No (
 
 /) 
   

1 V=