Agoncillo’s Tejeros (Secondary Source) President’s Cap

Where: Cavite - Sun with Golden Rays on White BG

Factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo - with K (Katipunan)
——————————————————————— - middle part: ANB (Anak ng Bayan)
—— - with insignia on the sleeves
Magdiwang:
 Towns: Nasugbu, Tuwi, Look For the Minister of War:
 Capital: Noveleta (Gen. Blanco to San Francisco - Red K on white BG
Malabon and Naik) - sun on cap
 The initiator of revolution - sun on left breast
1. Mariano Alvarez - President ———————————————————————
2. Pascual Alvarez - Executive Secretary ——
3. Emiliano Riego De Dios - Minister of the Interior  Not bowing down to each other and had no unity
4. Mariano Trias - Minister of Grace (led to their defeat in Polavieja)
5. Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War  Montalban and Mariquina - places where they
6. Santiago Alvarez - Commander in Chief searched for the Supremo (he was invited by the
7. Diego Mojica - Minister of Finance Magdiwang; but he refused)
8. Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Riego De Dios -  Artemio Ricarte - wrote the third invitation
Military Commanders (Brigadier General) which was accepted by Bonifacio.
9. Santiago Rillo  December 1896 - Bonifacio left in Cavite with
10. Pablo Mojica wife and two brothers: Ciriaco and Procorpio
11. Luciano San Miguel ———————————————————————
12. Capt. Mariano San Gabriel ——
——————————————————————— People who met Bonifacio at Zapote:
—— 1. Emilio Aguinaldo
Magdalo: Talisay, Batangas; Kawit, Bakood, Imus 2. Candido Tirona
 Capital: Kawit (Imus, San Francisco de 3. Edilberto Evangelista
Malabon, Naik, and Maragondon became its seat ———————————————————————
when it fell) ——
1. Baldomero Aguinaldo - President  Misunderstanding arose between Magdalo and
2. Candido Tirona - Minister of War Bonifacio - because Bonifacio felt ―Superior‖
3. Cayetano Topacio - Minister of Finance and ―King‖
4. Emilio Aguinaldo - Commander in Chief  Juan Castaneda’s House in Imus - where
5. Edilberto Evangelista - Lieutenant General Bonifacio was brought
6. Vito Belarmino and Crispulo Aguinaldo - Military  Visitors: Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel
Commanders (Brigadier General) Tirona, Vicente Fernandez
———————————————————————  He ordered to arrest Vicente Fernandez
—— Reasons:
 Andres Bonifacio - Supremo, Head of - He promised to attack the Spaniards (he never carried
Katipunan it out)
 Election was done independently per faction. - Blamed for the defeat in San Juan

UNIFORM Insignias  The Magdalo refused to give him

- Did not push through because they had no means to buy  Bonifacio realized his little influence in the
Magdalo area

Pag
 January 2, 1897 - wrote to Mariano Alvarez Magdalo insisted on the election but the
(Uncle-in-law) in San Francisco de Malabon discussion was adjourned because of the heat
about what happened in Magdalo. between the two.
 Esteban San Juan - invited Bonifacio to attend ———————————————————————
demonstration of Magdiwang Rebels in ——
Noveleta.  The factions suspected each other of courting the
 3:00 pm - Bonifacio‘s parade took place with favor of the Spaniards.
Magdiwang Soldiers  January 1897
 Santos Nocon’s House - a house in Malabon - Fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon.
where - Rifle shots were heard while gaming
he was first quartered  Ariston Villanueva and Santiago Alvarez
 Mrs. Estefania Potente’s House - where he - Gathered their men and prepared for attack
stayed until Spaniards‘ capture  Capt. Mariano San Gabriel
 April 1897 - when Spaniards captured Malabon. - His soldiers fired shots.
———————————————————————  Alvarez tried to disarm them but they were the
—— ones disarmed instead and then left for Noveleta.
 Mutual suspicion and jealousies rose among the  Ricarte was the one who brought them together
followers of the two factions. as comrades.
 To address the misunderstanding, a
convention/assembly was called at Imus  Estate House of Tejeros - where the leaders of
 Bonifacio seated at the head of the table and Magdiwang planned another convention.
called the Magdiwang to sit on his right (Magdiwang Territory).
 It was expected that they should show - Where the first election was held.
impartiality (as head of Katipunan) - Former summer resort of friars
 Emilio Aguinaldo planned to nominate - 2KM from San Francisco de Malabon
Edilberto Evangelista for President, believing he - 0.5KM from town of Salinas
was best educated.  Emilio Aguinaldo - faced spaniards in Salitran
 Bonifacio got hurt because he wanted the together with Magdalo soldiers
presidency as head of Katipunan  Salitran - a barrio between Imus and Dasmariñas
———————————————————————  March 22, 1897 - battle raged
—— - Tejeros assembly
 Bonifacio was chairman when the assembly - Aguinaldo‘s birthday
opened.  Delegates - Barefoot; wore Buri Hats,
 Baldomero Aguinaldo proposed to establish a Barong Tagalog
revolutionary government. - From Kawit, Noveleta, Imus (North)
 Magdalo: ―Cavite was small and should not be - From Tanza (West)
divided between the factions.‖ - From San Francisco de Malabon
 Magdiwang: ―The establishment of a new (N.E.)
government is unnecessary because the
Katipunan already had a constitution and by-laws Magdiwang’s who attended the meeting:
approved.‖ 1. Andres Bonifacio
 Ariston Villanueva – ―If a new government will 2. Mariano Alvarez
be established, Andres Bonifacio should be 3. Pascual Alvarez
president. He should be given blanket authority 4. Santiago Alvarez
to appoint ministers.‖ 5. Luciano San Miguel

Pag
6. Mariano Trias
7. Severino De Las Alas Officers who won:
8. Santos Nocon  President: Emilio Aguinaldo
9. Jacinto Lumbreras - acting President - *Severino De Las Alas suggested Bonifacio
10. Teodoro Gonzales - acting Secretary to be VP because he had the 2nd largest
vote*
Magdalo’s who attended the meeting:  Vice-President: Mariano Trias
1. Baldomero Aguinaldo  Captain General: Artemio Ricarte
2. Daniel Tirona - Ricarte: ―None better than I know my
3. Cayetano Topacio limitations and fitness: the position with which
4. Antonio Montenegro this assembly honors me is beyond my scant
ability and strength.‖
 2pm - opening of meeting  Director of War: Emiliano Riego De Dios
 Jacinto Lumbreras - opened the convention  Director of Interior: Andres Bonifacio
 Severino De Las Alas - ―agree upon the kind of
government.‖  Daniel Tirona - ―The position is an exalted one
 Jacinto Lumbreras - ―government had already and it is not meet that a person without lawyer‘s
been established upon founding Katipunan and diploma should occupy it. Let us vote for Jose
meeting was called to adopt defensive measures‖ Del Rosario! ‖
 Andres Bonifacio - supplement Lumbreras‘  Bonifacio whipped out Pistol
explanation; ―K embodied the ideal of  Bonifacio: ―As chairman and president, declare
revolutionists - liberty‖ this assembly dissolved and annul all that has
 Severino De Las Alas - ―K in the flag did not been approved and resolved.‖
identify the government they had‖  He wrote to Mariano Alvarez again.
 Andres Bonifacio - ―Katipuneros recognized  He explained to his friend Emilio Jacinto, in
principles of Unity, Fraternity, Equality. The Laguna.
government of the association of the sons of the
people is Republican.‖ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 Antonio Montenegro - ―If we don‘t act upon the ------
suggestion of De Las Alas, we, the rebels, will be Information from Santiago Alvarez’s Account:
likened to a mere pack of highway robbers… like March 25, 1897 - Tejeros was convened
animals w/o reason.‖ Jacinto Lumbreras - signed the invitations
 Santiago Alvarez - ―we, the rebels of Cavite,
recognize the Gov‘t organized by the Association Seated at the Presidential Table:
of the Sons of the People….‖ 1. Andres Bonifacio
 Jacinto Lumbreras - called for a recess to cool 2. Mariano Alvarez
off angry men. 3. Pascual Alvarez
 Jacinto Lumbreras - did not preside anymore, 4. Ariston Villanueva
Bonifacio took place. 5. Mariano Trias
 Andres Bonifacio - ―We respect and obey the 6. Diego Mojica
will of the majority‖ 7. Emiliano Riego De Dios
- ―Whoever would be elected should be 8. Santiago Alvarez
RECOGNIZED and RESPECTED 9. Artemio Ricarte
regardless of his social condition and 10. Santos Nocon
education.‖ 11. Luciano San Miguel

Pag
12. Pablo Mojica
13. Severino De Las Alas
14. Santiago Rillo

 Ariston Villanueva - received confidential

information (Mr. Daniel Tirona);
- acting Secretary
 Antonio Montenegro - ―They who were in the
revolution were no better than a pack of bandits
or wild animals‖
 Artemio Ricarte - appointed as Secretary
 Mr. Diego Mojica - ―Ballots distributed were
already filled out‖
 Baldomero Aguinaldo - wanted election done
before
it gets dark.

Pag
1. First Voyage Around the World About the book…
Antonio Pigafetta (1490 – c.1534)  Antonio Pigafetta was one of the survivors who
 Born sometime in 1490 in Vicenza, Venice, Italy kept a journal that became the main source about
 Eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta to second wife the first encounter of the Spaniards and the
Angela Zoga Filipinos.
 Studied astronomy, geography and cartography  The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive
 Worked in the ships owned by the Knights of in history and what was handed down to us are
Rhodes. copies of the manuscript that never came out of
 Well educated young man, possessing an avid the press during his life time.
curiosity of the world around him  Three of them were in French and two are kept in
 Joined the delegation of Monsignor Francesco the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
Chieregati when he was assigned as Papal  The third one was originally owned by the
Nuncio to Spain in 1519 British Collector Sir Thomas Phillipp.
 Due to this, he became acquainted with the  Later, Beinecke Rare Book bought it and it is
lucrative spice trade and heard the news of the now kept in the Manuscript Library of Yale
voyage to be undertaken by Ferdinand Magellan University in New Haven.
 As described by his biographers  The fourth copy was written in mixed Italian,
 Papal nuncio – diplomatic representative of the Spanish and Venetian language and could be
Holy See (Vatican or the Pope) found in Ambrosian Library in Milan.
 Magellan approached Charles I of Spain when
 In 1800, Carlo Amoretti published an Italian
King Manuel of Portugal refused to support his version of it and the following year a French
expedition version came out in Paris.
 Presented his credentials to Magellan and to the
 Pinkerton of his part translated it to English and
Casa de la Contratacion, the office in charge of
published it in 1819.
voyages to ―New World‖
 James A. Richardson made his own English
 He was admitted as one of the sobresalientes
version of the Ambrosian copy and it appeared in
(supernumeraries)
The Philippine Islands.
 Survived the challenges and catastrophes that the
 This is the copy the is widely circulated in the
expedition encountered along the way and he
Philippines.
even got wounded in the Battle of Mactan.
 Pigafetta‘s travelogue contributed immensely to
*Old world – Europe
the enrichment of Philippine historiography.
New World – outside europe, especially the
 His writing described vividly the physical
Americas (North and South)
appearance, social life, religious beliefs and
*men coming from a prominent family who‘ll
cultural practices of the people they encountered
join the voyage for love of adventure and
in the islands of Samar, Leyte and Cebu.
military career advancement
 His account also contains information about the
 Only 18 survived and returned to Spain
economic activities of the local folks and the
 Returned to Spain on September 6, 1522 aboard
goods they offered for trade.
the Victoria with Juan Sebastian Elcano and
 He got all this information through the help
more than a dozen more survivors
Enrique de Malaccca, Magellan‘s
 He presented himself to Charles V along with a
slave/interpreter.
handwritten account of their journey
 Lastly, Pigafetta gave us an eyewitness account
 Unfortunately, his account was not published
of the Battle of Mactan which resulted to the
during his lifetime because he was not able to
death of Magellan and him getting wounded.
find a financer

Pag
Historical Background of the Document  With only two ships, the survivors of Magellan
 Spices became the most expensive and in were able to reach the Spice Island and on
demand commodity among Europeans because of September 7, 1522, Juan Sebastian Elcano and 17
their numerous uses. Originally, they used them more mighty survivors arrived in Spain aboard
to preserve foods and keep them from spoiling. the ship Victoria.
Later, they found out that spices have medicinal *Charles I of Spain sponsored Magellan when Manuel I
uses and may also be used for flavoring, coloring of Portugal did not support Magellan‘s plan.
and as food additives.
 Since it was a very lucrative commodity, many Content Presentation and Analysis of Important
merchants aspired to monopolize its supply and Historical Information
distribution in the European markets.  All information that can be gleaned from the
*The crusades led to the discovery of products not account of Antonio Pigafetta in his book, ― First
available in europe (euro-centric POV). Ex. Porcelain, Voyage Around the World‖ is written from the
silk, spices, incense, ―oriental‖ products in general). perspective of the writer/author who is a
Spices – most in demand European (Italian in particular) and therefore a
 The rivalry between Spain and Portugal in the view from the outsider and it should be
Iberian Peninsula was exacerbated by trade as understood in the context of the time. Some
both were interested in exploring and developing descriptions of our ancestors; the way the treat
trade visitors, their homes, their customs and
 Both were located in ideal places to start traditions, foods, and others, are explicitly
exploring Africa and trying to find a way to the described and others are not for these are new to
Spice Islands in Asia the knowledge of the colonizers. For this, one
 The competition between Spain and Portugal should be careful for some of these information
became heated enough that the two countries had are described in a way that it needs to be
to get the pope to divide up the New World into analyzed using both perspectives, European and
parts that would be Spanish and parts that would our own
be Portuguese. *It should be noted that the work was written from an
*Inter caetera (1493) – papal bull issued by pope outsider‘s perspective. This affected how was the PH and
alexander Vi (pope borgia, spanish); grants spain and its inhabitants were portrayed; euro-centric, SPN POV
portugal the right to explore, colonize, and christianize
(enslave?) newly discovered territories; SPN west and Important personages cited in the document
South  Ferdinand Magellan (Portugese – Fernao de
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Magalhaes) – captain-general (leader) of the
 The Royal Crown of Spain supported the plan of expedition
Ferdinand Magellan to go to the east by sailing  Antonio Pigafetta (Italian) – official chronicler of
westward, a proposal that was not supported by the expedition
Portugal  Raia Colambu (Raja Kulambu) – king of
 Along the way the expedition suffered natural Mazaua (Limasawa)
and man-made challenges and out of the five  Raia Siaui (Raja Siagu) – king of Butuan
ships that left Spain only three reached the  Raia Humabon – king of Zubu (Cebu)
Philippines  Raia Cilapulapu and Raia Zula - chiefs (kings)
 Magellan‘s voyage was instrumental in of Matan (Mactan)
introducing Christianity in the Philippines but it
also cost his life after the Spaniards lost in the Chronology of Dates
Battle of Mactan  March 16, 1521 (dawn of Saturday) –
the Spanish colonizers arrived at Zamal
Pag
 (Samar) [no need to add one day for this  Some are painted (tattooed)
is not yet covered by the International  Wore gold earrings
Date Line]  Some have black hair and hung to shoulders
 March 17, 1521 – their captain-general  Head covered with silk (kerchiefs)
desired to land at Humunu (Homonhon)  Wore cotton cloth all embroidered with silk
and which he named, Acquada da li buoni which covered him from the waist to the knees
Segnialli (―the Watering-place of Good Signs) and  Some have spots of gold on every tooth
later the entire group of  Some are perfumed
island as Archepalago of St. Lazaro
 Wore armlets and other rings for the feet
 March 18, 1521 – they met and exchanged goods
 Wore necklace of great value
with our ancestors from the island of Zuluan
 March 25, 1521 – they weight anchored and
changed course toward west southwest
 March 28, 1521, they anchored near the island of
Customs,Traditions and more…
Mazaua (Limasawa) and they met the king who
 Trade
came in balanghai
-Our ancestor have a custom that all ships that
 March 29, 1521 (Holy Friday) – they finally met
will enter their port should pay tribute
the king who entered their ship
 Festivities
 March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) – they went
-Our ancestor are heavy drinkers
ashore to say mass and set up cross on the
-Before the king drinks, he raised his clasped
summit of the mountain
hands towards the sky and then towards the
 April 7, 1521 (Sunday) – they entered the port of
person he is drinking with and the former extends
Zubu (Cebu)
his fist of the left hand towards the latter
 Monday – their notary together with their
-Sometimes they have a meal that would last for
interpreter went ashore to met with the king of
six hours
Zubu
 Tuesday – the king of Mazaua and later the  Entertainment
-Our ancestor played musical instruments like
prince of Zubu went aboard their ship
 Wednesday – they consecrated the place and drums, metallic discs, gongs and bells
-Also, our ancestors can dance
buried their two dead crews
 Friday – they showed our ancestors with different  Religion
merchandise -Our ancestors don‘t have formal religion but
 April 14, 1521 (Sunday) – they baptized our they have God which they call ―Abba‖
ancestors from Zubu and few from neighboring -Although, no religion they have idols made of
islands wood, hollow and lack of back parts
 April 26, 1521 (Friday) – Raia Zula came to seek  Food
help to fight the other chief of Matan, Cilapulapu Our ancestors eat umay (rice), coconut, meat and
 April 27, 1521 (Saturday) – the Spaniards wave fish, and drink uraca (arrack) – a wine taken
ashore in the island of Mactan and fighting from palm (coconut)
commenced between them and men of Raia  Animals and Other Produce
Cilapulapu and led to the death of Magallanes Dogs, cats, swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger,
 May 1, 1521 (Wednesday) – 21 Spaniards were coconuts, figs (banana), oranges, lemons, millet,
massacred by the Zubuanos thus forcing the panicum, sorgo, wax and gold
remaining Spaniards to depart Zubu immediately  Dwellings
Built up from the ground on huge posts of wood
Descriptions of Our Ancestors and thatched with fig and palm leaves
Pag
 story of the image of the Sto. Nino were mostly taken
Terminologies from Pigafetta‘s book.
 uraca (arrack) – palm wine, this resembles tuba
at present 2. Customs of the Tagalogs
 (h)umay – rice Juan de Plasencia, O.F.M.
 caphri – heathen
 anime – a gum of a tree wrapped in palm or fig About the Author:
(banana) leaves for lights Fray Juan de Plasencia (real name is Joan de
 baloto – small boat Portocarrero) is one of the seven children of Pedro
 balanghai – big boat (resembles fusta in Spanish) Portocarrero
 aghon – gongs (resembles bells in Spanish) He grew up in the region of Extremadura during the
 laghan – a large sea snails which kills whales by Golden Age (Siglo de Oro) of Spain
eating whale‘s heart During this period there was an upsurge of men
entering religious life with the intention of suiting up
Contribution and RELEVANCE for missionary works in the newly discovered
 The Pigafetta document gave a detailed chronicle territories
of the significant events of the exploration of Plasencia belonged to the Franciscan order and came
Ferdinand Magellan. together with the first batch of Franciscan
 It provided a description, location and distances missionaries who arrived in the Philippines on July 2,
of the places visited thereby enhancing the 1578
knowledge of cartography at that time. He and Fray Diego de Oropresa were assigned to do
 The chronicle contributed immensely to mission works in Southern Tagalog area; helped in
European historiography because it preserved the foundation of numerous towns in Quezon,
and popularized the achievements of the Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan
Magellan-Elcano expedition. Aside from performing sacerdotal and missionary
 There was an evidence of agricultural activities functions, Plasencia also helped in the foundation and
based on their produce. organization of numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna,
 They engaged in trade with neighboring Rizal and Bulacan
countries such as China. His continuous interaction with the people he
 As described, Filipinos have their unique musical converted to Christianity enabled him to write a book
instruments; entitled Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos
 They have arts as seen in their bodies being (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589)
tattooed (in some villages); It vividly describes the political, social, economic
 Performed rituals during dining and some and cultural practices of the Filipinos before they
gatherings; were Christianized.
 They have a lot of burial practices; His biggest challenge at that time was how to make
 Worship of anitos (wooden idols) and ritual for the articles of faith comprehensible to people who
healing of ill persons. have never heard of Christ nor the Catholic Church
 The documents narrated the conversion of early In 1593, he published the book Doctrina Christiana
Filipinos into Christianity en Lengua Espanola Y Tagala, the first printed book
 at present….. in the Philippines
textbook writers use his book as their source He used it as reading material for those Filipinos who
of historical information every time they discuss the wanted to deepen their faith in the newly accepted
beginning of Christianity in the Philippines. Their religion
accounts about the first mass in the Philippines, the
conversion of Rajah Humabon and his wife and the
Pag
After several years of converting the natives and Many of the what we know about Philippine history
teaching catechism, the Franciscan Order honored during the first century of the Spanish period were
him with the title "Venerable." derived from the accounts of the Spanish friars.
Plasencia died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590
Miguel de Loarca
Historical Context: • Arrived in 1576 and became an
During the first century of Spanish rule, colonial encomendero of Panay.
officials had the hard time running local politics • He wrote Relación de las Islas Filipinas
because of the limited number of Spaniards who (1582) and his work described the way of
wanted to live outside Intramuros life of Filipinos living in Western
This situation forced them to allow Filipinos to hold Visayas area.
the position of gobernadorcillo Antonio de Morga
To ensure that the gobernadorcillos would remain • He came to the Philippines in 1595 as
loyal to the Crown, they instructed the friars assigned Asesor and Teniente General.
in the parishes to supervise and monitor the activities • His Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas gives
of the gobernadorcillo us a lot of information about the state of
Hence, the friars ended up performing the the Philippines at the latter part of the
administrative duties that colonial officials should 16th century.
have been doing in the local level Other Spanish missionaries who continued the
Supervised local elections of executives, helped in historiographical tradition initiated by Loarca
the collection of taxes, and were directly involved in and Plasencia were:
educating the youth. • Fr. Pedro Chirino S.J. (Relación de las
Due to this, the friars ended up the most Islas Filipinas, 1604;
knowledgeable and influential figure in the • Fr. Juan Delgado S.J. (Historia General,
pueblo. 1751);
Some duties of friars assigned in mission • Fr. Francisco Colin S.J. (Labor
territories: Evangelica, 1663);
 inform periodically their superiors of • Francisco Ignacio Alcina S.J. (Historia
what was going on in their respective natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad de
assignments las Islas e Indios de Bisayas, 1668); and
 report the number of natives they • Fr. Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga O.S.A.
converted, the people‘s way of life, their (Historia, 1803).
socio-economic situation and the
problems they encountered About the Text:
 some submitted short letters while The work of Plasencia is considered by many
others who were keen observers and historians as an example of a friar account.
gifted writers wrote long dispatches. This kind of writing is one of the most common
On top of the regular reports they submit, they also contemporaneous account during the early part of the
shared their personal observations and experiences Spanish period.
Plasencia‘s Relacion de las Costumbres de Los The original text of Plasencia‘s Customs of the
Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalog, 1589) is an Tagalogs is currently kept in Archivo General de
example of this kind of work. Indias (A.G.I.) in Seville, Spain.
Other friars and colonial officials who wrote about There is also a duplicate copy of it in the Archivo
the Filipinos that could further enrich our knowledge Franciscano Ibero-Oriental (A.F.I.O.), in Madrid,
of Philippine history during the early part of the Spain.
Spanish period.
Pag
In the Philippines, an English version of it appeared  He would keep their status for a lifetime
in volume VII of the Blair and Robertson collections however, this can be taken if he/she marries a
Another English translation of it was published as slave.
part of the volume for pre-Hispanic Philippines of the  In this case, the kids would be divided and they
Filipiniana Book Guild series and what will be would inherit the status of their mother or father.
presented below is from this version  Maharlica (husband) + Alipin (wife; Namamahay
Content Presentation and Analysis of the Important or Saguguilir) = 1st, 3rd, and 5th belongs to the
Historical Information Found in the Document father (maharlica) whilst the 2nd, 4th, and 6th
1. Community (Barangay, Dato, Three Castes) belongs to the mother (Alipin); regardless of sex
2. Property  Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from
3. Marriage Customs one barangay to another unless they pay a certain
4. Worship (Religion) amount of gold. Failure to pay might result to a
 12 Priests of the Devil war between the barangay that he left and the one
5. Superstition he entered
6. Burying the Dead    The land area was divided among the whole
Community barangay, especially the irrigated portions.
 Barangay – tribal gathering ruled by chiefs  No one from a different barangay could cultivate
 It is called a ―barangay‖ because they land unless they inherit or buy the land
associate themselves with the ―Malay‖  The lands on the tingues, or mountain ridges,
who are one of the first people to arrive are not divided but owned by the barangay as a
in the Philippines through a boat in whole.
which they call ―barangay‖  At the time of rice harvest, any individual
 Some consisted of around 30 - 100 (regardless of their barangay) that starts to clear
houses any land area may sow in it.
 Barangays also have some sort of Property
diplomacy  Fisheries of chiefs had established limits, and
 All barangays were equal in terms of sections of the rivers for markets
status  Unless you were a member of the
Datu/Dato chief‘s barangay, you had to pay for the
 the chiefs of the village; they governed the privilege of fishing or selling in the
people as captains even in wars, were obeyed, chiefs‘ fisheries
and revered; any subject who committed any Justice system
offense against them, or spoke to their wives and • Investigations and sentences made by the Dato
children, were severely punished. should be in the presence of those in his barangay
Social Hierarchy • Arbiter must be selected unanimously from
 There are three status/castes within a barangay: another barangay; dato or not
Maharlica, Aliping Namamahay, Aliping sa • Condemns no one to slavery unless the accused
Guiguilir. got the death penalty
 Maharlica are those who are born free; • Fines in gold, if not paid, servitude should be
 Aliping Namamahay are those who done
serve their masters; they can have their Marriage Customs
own properties    In the case of a divorce, if the wife would leave
 Aliping sa Guiguilir are those her husband for the sake of marrying another
considered to be slaves who serve their man, all her belongings plus a certain amount
masters or can be sold off would be given to her former husband however,
if she chooses to leave and do not have any plans
Page
 to marry, then all of her dowry will be returned to them; they offered a portion of what they carried
her. in their boats to them
 In the case of an adoption, the children would ‘12 Priests of the Devil’
receive double the value of how much they were 1. Catolonan
bought to be adopted; o Priest from a people of rank
 Investigations and sentences for the accused o Officiates the offering sacrifice
shall be presented and read in front of the tribe. for a feast and the food to be
 There were no temples or sacred places in which eaten being offered to the devil
Filipinos would worship 2. Mangagauay
 The word simbahan means a place to worship o They pretend to heal the sick in
which is constructed at a large house of the chief order to deceive others
where people of the tribe go to celebrate festivals 3. Manyisalat
(aka pandot or worship) o They can cast remedies to
 They beat large and small drums successively couples for them to abandon one
during the feast which usually lasted four days another
• 4. Mancocolam
Worship and Belief (Religion) o Can emit fire from himself
 nagaanitos - worship; (anito - soul or spirit of which cannot be extinguished
ancestors) 5. Hocloban
 sibi - a temporary shed, made on each side of the o Much more powerful than a
chief‘s house, for the assembled people. mangagauay in which they can
 Bathala - one of their many idols, whom they kill anyone without the use of
primarily worshipped. any medicine. They can also heal
   They worshipped the sun, the moon, and even those who are ill.
the stars or a particular dead man with special 6. Silagan
capabilities who fought bravely or protected o They would tear out and eat the
them in their time of need liver of those they saw were
• Worship and Belief (Religion) wearing white
 sun - almost universally respected and honored 7. Magtatangal
because of its beauty; o They would go out at night
 moon - they would rejoice, especially when new without their heads and put it
 stars - they did not name them except for the back into their bodies before the
morning star, which they called Tala sun rise
  ―Seven little goats‖ - the Pleiades; a star cluster 8. Osuang
 Balatic - the Greater Bear constellation o Tribesmen reported that they
 Mapolon - the change of seasons saw the ―osuang‖ who can fly
and murdered a man and ate his
Worship and Belief (Religion) flesh.
 lic-ha - idols; images with different shapes; 9. Mangagayoma
  Dian masalanta - an idol; patron of lovers and o They would seduce their partners
generation with charms and other
 Lacapati and Idianale - idols; patrons of the accessories so they can deceive
cultivated lands and husbandry; them.
 buaya - crocodiles; were respected by the 10. Sonat
Tagalogs due to their fear of being harmed by o This devil helped people to die.
They can also know if the soul
Page
 they helped to die can either be Political scientists for instance find it useful because
saved or not. it contains a lot of information about the social
11. Pangatahojan classes, political stratifications and legal system of
o They can predict the future. the Tagalog region.
12. Bayoguin Many of what we know about the duties and
o These are men who are in the responsibilities of the datus, maharlikas and alipins
nature of a woman. came from Plasencia‘s account.
 Placencia‘s referred to certain ‗devil-ish belief‘s Moreover, it also talks about property rights,
e.g. the mangagauay and mangagayoma. marriage rituals, burial practices and the manner in
 He regarded them both as ―witches‖ who which justice is dispensed.
performed deceitful healing procedures, a Plasencia also preserved and popularized the
judgment made by an outsider who knew nothing unwritten customs, traditions, religious and
about the complexity of indigenous psyche. superstitious beliefs of the Filipinos.
 What he failed to realize is that in traditional One can also say that our historical knowledge about
cultures, these so-called ―evil‖ practices were an the manananggal, aswang, hukluban, gayuma, etc.
integral part of Filipino folk beliefs came from Plasencia‘s works.
Superstition Priests and missionaries also read Plasencia‘s
 They find omens in events they witness Customs of the Tagalogs and Doctrina Christiana
 (i.e. when someone sneezed, met on because they get a lot of insights that help and inspire
their way a rat or serpent, or the them to become effective evangelizers.
Tigmamanuguin bird sang they would go One insight they got from Plasencia is the the
home in fear that evil would befall them realization that one needs to master the local
if they continued their journey) language and study the culture of the people if you
   The Tigmamanuguin bird‘s (a blue bird want to be a successful missionary.
as large as a turtle-dove) song had two They also learned from him that preaching should be
forms: a good omen, and a bad omen. accompanied with reading materials that contain the
Burying the Dead basic elements of faith.
 In burying the dead, the corpse would be placed These readings serve as their guide and reference
beside its house and be mourned at for 4 days. when the missionaries are no longer around.
 It will then be laid on a boat which serves as a All these insights from Plasencia are applicable not
coffin which is guarded by a slave. only to missionaries but to other professions as well.
 The grief of the relatives of the deceased is Plasencia‘s historical writings also disprove the claim
followed by eating and drinking. of some Spaniards that when they arrived in the
Contribution and Relevance of the Document Philippines, Filipinos were still uncivilized and
It contains numerous information that historians lacking in culture.
could use in reconstructing the political and socio- It is clear in the excerpts quoted above that at the
cultural history of the Tagalog region time Plasencia was assigned in the Tagalog region,
His work is a primary source because he personally Filipinos were already politically and economically
witnessed the events and that he discussed in his organized.
account They have a functioning government, tax system, set
Plasencia‘s Customs of the Tagalogs is a very of laws, criminal justice system, indigenous calendar
popular primary source because it vividly described and long-standing customs and traditions.
the situation of the Philippines before it was tainted Moreover, they have already a concept of supreme
with Spanish and Christian influences. being (Bathala), practiced burial customs and
Scholars like it because it covered numerous topics believed in life after death.
that are relevant in many disciplines.
Page
 Lastly, Plasencia also mentioned that the people he established La Liga Filipina. However, he
met were wearing garments, gold ornaments and their was arrested and soon deported to Dapitan
houses were decorated with idols.  Rizal’s deportation was a sign that reforms
All of these lead to the conclusion that prior to the were no longer attainable
coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were already  Before the revival of the Liga, Andres
civilized and maintained a lifestyle that was at par or Bonifacio had conceptualized a new secret
even better than other countries in Southeast Asia. society called the Katipunan which
3. Kartilya ng Katipunan advocated separation from Spain.
 Emilio Jacinto  Content Presentation and Analysis of
 KKK Important Historical Information
Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang  The teachings in the Kartilya has 14 points
Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan  To Those Who Want to Join this Association
 KKK  Full understanding and knowledge of its
Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang guiding principles
Katipunan ng Mga Anak ng Bayan  Most worthy and momentous objective: unite
 Recruitment process followed the Masonic the hearts and minds of the Tagalogs by
initiation rights means of an oath
Author’s Background  Strong enough to tear apart the thick wall
 Joined the KKK at the age of 18; took the that obscures thought, reason, and
symbolic name of Pingkian enlightenement
 Developed nationalistic ideals; he became  Love of native land and genuine compassion
the guiding light of the Katipunan for one another
 Wrote the Kartilya and the Oath of the  To Those Who Want to Join this Association
Katipuneros  All are equal whether you are poor, rich,
 Editor of Kalayaan, official newspaper of the educated, or not
Katipunan  Renounce vices and submit to KKK authority
 Pen-name of Dimas-ilaw; was an author of  Contrary acts (not noble and clean) will be
literary pieces investigated
Historical Background of the Document  Those that are not true to the objectives
• Most of the prominent persons in the shall not join
Katipunan were members of the Masonry.  To Those Who Want to Join this Association
The influence of this fraternity to the  Only actions are demanded and esteemed;
members were very evident in the Kartilya those not willing to act shall not enter
written by Emilio Jacinto.  Duties of the members will be hard
• During the revolution, the Spanish Friars  If an applicant only desires financial relief
believed that the root of all the problems was and the like, he shall not enter since this
Masonry and Katipunan. Katipunan was association will encounter weighty tasks
considered by the friars as “Huwad sa (protection of the oppressed and relentless
Masonerya.” fight against evil)
• Jesuit Francisco Foradada wrote in his book  To Those Who Want to Join this Association
that Filipino filibusterism (subversion) was  Suffering brought by the colonizers
not the son of righteousness, morality, or  One peso upon entry twelve and a half
justice; but of Masonry – the enemy of God. centavos per month
 La Liga Filipina  Thought over and deliberated calmly
 In 1892, Jose Rizal arrived home and with  For the upliftment of mind and virtue, read
the support of the Masonic Leaders, he the following (14 teachings)
Page
Contribution and Relevance • It was at the close of 1963 when Aguinaldo,
 Not just the teachings of an association, but after much deliberation, decided to publish his
a guiding principle for the society memoirs
 Teachings that embody moral and • Translated by Luz Colendrino Bucu, the
nationalistic principles; enhances a sense of Secretary of the Graduate School of Education
nationalism and Faculty Member of the University of the
 Principles of nationhood East
 Advocates anti-slavery • Published in 1967
 Promotes the spread of liberal ideas
 Kartilya is a source of moral beacon for self Historical Background of the Document
transformation for the contemporary times. It Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan
can be used as a guide: He was instrumental in the revolution in Cavite
 To institutionalize good governance among
our government officials.

4. Mga Gunita ng himagsikan Content and Context

Emilio Aguinaldo Aguinaldo stated in the preface of this book why he
He attended high school at the Colegio de San Juan de wrote it:
Letran, but had to stop in his fourth year because of his To help our historians fill in the gap of the past and to
father's death. connect the scattered parts of our history; To preserve the
He then took up the responsibility of helping his mother past of our nation for the generations to come;
run their farm. Awakening the inherent heroism and nationalistic spirit
At 25, he became Cavite Viejo‘s first gobernadorcillo of the Filipinos against any foreign invaders that we may
capitan municipal preserve our hard-earned freedom.
In 1895, he became a Freemason, joining Pilar Lodge In addition, the book shows as whole, the cruelty of the
No, 203, Imus, Cavite by the codename ―Colon‖ Spaniards, the different types of government under
He joined the Katipunan and used the nom de guerre Aguinaldo, and even the struggles of the Filipinos in the
Magdalo attainment of freedom.
He became the President of the Biak na Bato Republic
(Hong Kong Junta) and First Philippine Republic My Bloodiest Fight
*Magdalo – from St Mary Magdalene • Under Aguinaldo‘s command, the Filipino
March 7 1895 revolutionaries defeated the Spanish troops in
Cavite
BATTLES FOUGHT • The whole province of Cavite was liberated
• Philippine Revolution from the Spaniards
• Spanish – American War
• Philippine - American War Chapter 30: Magdiwang Council Reorganized
*Emilio Aguinaldo died in Quezon on February 6, 1964 Magdiwang Council Reorganized
from cardiovascular disease. He was 94 years, 10 Cavite was liberated through the efforts of both the
months and 15 days old when he died. Magdiwang and Magdalo.
About the Book Magdiwang
• The original memoirs in Tagalog was prepared  King - Andres Bonifacio
by Aguinaldo in his own handwriting between  Said to be Monarchial in form
1928 to 1946  Noveleta, San Francisco de Malabon, Rosario,
Tanza, Naic, Ternate, Maragondon, Magallanes,
Bailen, Alfonso, Indang and San Roque
Page
Magdalo
 President- Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Republican in form 5. Act of the Declaration of Philippine
 Cavite el Viejo, Imus, Dasmarinas, Silang, Independence
Amadeo, Mendez, Nunez, Bacoor, and  Acta de la Proclamacíon de independencia del
Carmona Pueblo Filipino
 Documents on the 1898 Declaration of Philippine
Chapter 38: My Election to the Presidency Independence, the Malolos Constitution and First
Aguinaldo was at Pasong Santol in Dasmariñas on Philippine Republic
March 22, 1897. He learned of his election as President Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
of the new revolutionary government  Cause: He was suspected of being involved in the
Aguinaldo‘s brother, General Crispulo Aguinaldo Philippine Revolution
persuaded him to go to Tejeros to take his oath of office  Result: He managed to defend himself and was
At 7:00 in the evening, Aguinaldo, Trias and Riego de eventually released
Dios took their oaths of office  Became the first adviser to President Emilio
Aguinaldo in 1898
 Contrary to common belief, it was Bautista, and
not Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippine flag
My Election to the Presidency before the jubilant crowd.
• On March 24, 1897, Aguinaldo received news
that Bonifacio and his ministers met in a council Historical Background of the Document
as passed a resolution declaring null and void 1898 (April) Outbreak of Spanish-American War
the meeting at Tejeros.  result of U.S. intervention in Cuban War of
Chapter 42: Military Court Independence
• Five charges were made against the Bonifacio  One immediate cause of the SPN-AM war was
brothers the explosion of the USS Maine which was
• A military court was created with Colonel Jose docked in Cuba
Lipana as presiding judge  U.S. attacked Spain‘s Pacific Possession which
Chapter 44: Death of the Bonifacio Brothers led to the involvement in the Philippine
Death sentence Revolution
Contribution and Relevance  Commodore George Dewey aboard the U.S.S.
• It gives us an insight into the personal thoughts Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay
and feelings of Aguinaldo which will help in a
and led the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy
deeper understanding of Philippine History
1898 (May)Battle of Manila Bay
• It is an attempt of Emilio Aguinaldo to wash his
 Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the
hands on the tragic death of Andres Bonifacio;
Philippines and help the Americans defeat the
• thus it is a way of vindicating himself from
Spaniards
negative aspersions against him
 Spaniards were defeated
*INTERPRETATION by some scholars; this one is not
 Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite (unofficially
stated in the preface as a reason for the creation of the
allied with the USA)
document!
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Act on the
Relevance of the Document
Declaration of Independence
• Issues affecting contemporary leaderships were
• There was still fighting between the Filipinos and
caused by, or rooted from the past
Spaniards in various places and the Act was
– Power struggle
– Lack of unity
Page
 written to encourage, motivate more Filipino D. Filipino revolutionary forces under General
people to fight against the Spaniards. Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty
 Series of Events that lead to the Declaration and independence of the Philippine Islands from
of the Act of Independence the colonial rule of Spain.
 Lost of independence and sovereignty:  The Philippine Flag
i. Ferdinand Magellan landed on the shores  The Philippine Flag
of Cebu and occupied said island by • The three stars, signifying the three principal
means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief islands of this Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao
Tupas, although he was killed in the and Panay where this revolutionary movement
battle that took place in said shores to started.
which battle he was provoked by Chief • The sun, representing the gigantic steps made by
Kalipulako of Mactan. the sons of the country.
 • The eight rays, signifying the eight provinces
ii. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed on the Island of that were placed under Martial Law during the
Bohol by entering into a Blood Compact with its outbreak of the Revolution - Manila, Cavite,
Chief Sikatuna, and later went to Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
winning the friendship of Chiefs Soliman and Laguna and Batangas.
Lakandula, and later taking possession of the city • And the colors of Blue, Red and White,
and the whole archipelago in the name of Spain commemorating the flag of the United States of
by virtue of an order of King Philip II. America, as a manifestation of our profound
iii. International law does not recognize such vicious gratitude towards this great nation for its
acquisition of private property. disinterested protection which it lent us and
 INEQUALITY BETWEEN THE SPANISH continues lending us.
AND FILIPINOS The Philippine Flag
*Pact of Biak na Bato: agreement signed by Gen.  The white triangle signifies the distinctive
Aguinaldo and Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera which emblem of the famous society of the
temporarily ceased hostilities wherein certain ―Katipunan‖
reforms and financial payments were promised in  The three stars, signifying the three principal
exchange for the exile of Aguinaldo. Pedro islands of this Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao
Paterno was the mediator and Panay where this revolutionary movement
started.
B. Establishment of Biak-Na-Bato to gain  The sun, representing the gigantic steps made by
independence and sovereign: the sons of the country.
 Purpose: To Liberate Philippines  The eight rays, signifying the eight provinces
from the yoke of Spanish that were placed under Martial Law during the
dominion outbreak of the Revolution - Manila, Cavite,
ii. Liberation from: abuses and unjust Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
execution of Rizal and others for Laguna and Batangas.
opposing the friars‘ Machiavellian ends  And the colors of Blue, Red and White,
iii. Religious corporation abuses such as commemorating the flag of the United States of
execution of GOMBURZA America, as a manifestation of our profound
iv. Oppressions gratitude towards this great nation for its
C. Conferring to Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all disinterested protection which it lent us and
the powers necessary to enable him to discharge continues lending us.
the duties of government, including the
prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty
Page
  The first Philippine flag was sewn by Dona JOSE ABAD SANTOS
Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Delfina Herbosa de Natividad in Hong Kong • Finished LAW , Northwestern University in
 It was first flown in battle on May 28, 1898 Evanston, Illinois (PENSIONADO) & passed
 Formally unfurled during the declaration of the bar in 1911
Philippine Independence • GOVERNMENT POSTS:
 Music composed by Julian Felipe • 1911- ASSISTANT ATTORNEY, Bureau of
 Did not use lyrics during the declaration of Justice & later rose to the rank of Attorney
Philippine Independence in June 12, 1898. General
 Lyrics was from Jose Palma from his poem • 1921- UNDERSECRETARY OF JUSTICE
Filipinas in 1899 but gave up the position at the height of the
 Final Filipino lyrics was revised in 1960s cabinet crisis in 1923
• CHIEF LEGAL COUNSEL, Office of the
Dambanang Aguinaldo Senate President and the Speaker of the House of
 Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite Representative (It was during this time when he
 June 12, 1898 joined the Anti-Wood campaign.)
 Solemnize and proclaim Philippine • 1932- ASSOCIATE JUSTICE of the Supreme
Independence. Court and became CHIEF JUSTICE 9 years
 98 persons signed the Declaration of later
Independence • 1942- ACTING PRESIDENT of the
Commonwealth Government
Contribution and Relevance of the Document JEORGE BOCOBO
1. Most significant achievement of Aguinaldo‘s EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT::
Dictatorial Government • Finished LAW , Indiana University
2. The Philippine was proclaimed independent after (PENSIONADO)
decades of being a colony. GOVERNMENT POSTS:
3. The Philippines earned its own identity. • 1911- LAW CLERK in the Executive Bureau
• CLOSE ASSOCIATE of Manuel L. Quezon
and served as one of his speech writers
Affirmation of the following: • 1942-1944- ASSOCIATE JUSTICE of the
1. Atrocities of the Spaniards towards Supreme Court
Filipinos.
2. Struggles of the Filipinos for
independence OTHER EXPERIENCES:
3. Dictatorial government under • FULL PROFESSOR of Law and ACTING
Aguinaldo. DEAN of the College and PRESIDENT of the
a. It was a major step in creating the Filipino Identity. University of the Philippines from 1934 to 1939
b. The very first and solid proof of the struggle of the
Filipinos for independence.
c. It serves as a culmination of our existence as a • From the time the Americans arrived in the
nation and a state. Philippines in 1898, Filipinos persistently
d. It marks the start and beginning where Filipinos had demanded to give them independence. American
these constitutional rights. colonial officials did not say no to them because
it would surely derail their effort to pacify them.
Instead, they appointed Filipino politicians to key
6. Filipino Grievances against Governor Wood
Page
 government positions hoping that by doing so • Months after President Warren Harding was
they will forget their desire for independence. sworn into office, he sent Leonard Wood and
• The appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as William Cameron Forbes (Wood-Forbes
governor general and the passage of the Jones mission) to the Philippines to check if the
Law in 1916 change the political landscape in the Filipinos have already satisfied the conditions set
Philippines. by the Jones law.
• Jones Law categorically stipulated that the • The team conducted an exhaustive investigation
American government would give the Filipinos and visited 48 provinces and 449 municipalities.
independence once they have established a stable The report they submitted was not favorable to
government. No specific date was given but for the cause of the Filipino politicians.
Quezon and other officials the written promise • It exposed the corruption and patronage system
was already a significant achievement. that became prevalent in government owned and
• They were further elated when the Retirement controlled corporations during the Harrison era.
Act was passed in 1915 which offered attractive It singled out particularly the anomalous
financial package to Americans who would transactions in the administration of public lands
voluntarily give up their positions in the and the banking malpractices that resulted to the
Philippines. This paved the way for the bankruptcy of the Philippine National Bank
Filipinization of the bureaucracy. (P.N.B.).
• Except for the position of governor general, vice • Quezon and other members of the Nationalista
governor, Secretary of Public Instruction and a Party were offended by the report because it
few more sensitive positions, all other positions insinuated that Filipino leaders were corrupt and
were offered to Filipinos. Local politicians were incompetent and therefore do not deserve yet to
allowed to hold cabinet positions and top notch be given independence.
Filipino lawyers were appointed justices of the
supreme court. Moreover, forty-five provinces • The anti-Wood sentiment of Filipino politicians
and more than eight hundred municipalities were ruptured on July 21, 1923 and the event that
put under Filipino governors and mayors triggered it was the decision of Wood to reinstate
respectively. Ray Conley, the chief of the vice squad of the
• The Jones law also created a bicameral congress Manila police force who was accused of
that gave opportunities to politicians based in the receiving money from gambling lords.
provinces to participate in policy making. • The case was spearheaded by Mr. Almario, the
Quezon led the Senate and the House of secretary of the City Mayor, who presented a
Representatives elected Sergio Osmena as their faked telephone conversation between Conley
speaker. While holding key positions in the and some gamblers.
government, Filipinos tried to prove to the • When Manila Mayor Ramon Fernandez referred
Americans that they are now competent and the case to Gov. Wood, the latter advised the
ready to manage their own affairs. mayor to bring the case in court.
• They were expecting that in the coming years • The court acquitted Conley and to save their face,
American officials would be convinced that Mayor Fernandez and Justice Secretary Jose P.
Filipinos are now compliant with the Laurel requested Wood to allow them to conduct
requirements of the Jones Law and therefore an administrative investigation on Conley.
must be given independence. • Instead of granting their request, Wood created a
• The defeat of the Democrats in the 1920 board composed on the Civil Service Director,
presidential election had devastating effects on the undersecretary of Justice and an American
the aspiration of the Filipinos to be given Colonel of the Constabulary.
independence.
Page
• The board found Conley not guilty and that Wood work for Philippines‘ political
recommended his reinstatement. Wood emancipation as what he did in Cuba, his conduct
personally believes that Conley is innocent and of government has been characterized by a train
the charges against him were just fabrications of of usurpations and arbitrary acts, resulting in the
influential and well connected personalities who curtailment of our autonomy, the destruction of
were affected by this anti-gambling campaign. our constitutional system, and the reversal of
After he was acquitted, Conley resigned and America‘s Philippine policy.
Wood accepted it. Wood found him innocent of • The third paragraph of the document states that
bribery but he found him is guilty of keeping a what prompted them to write the resolution was
mistress and for making false statements. Wood‘s issuance of Executive Order No. 37. It
• Manila Mayor Ramon Fernandez and Justice abolished the Board of Control that Gov. Gen.
Secretary Jose P. Laurel felt insulted when they Francis Burton Harrison created during his term.
learned that the Board created by Wood acquitted This development stripped the power of Filipino
Conley. legislators to oversee the sale and management of
• The decision put them in bad light because it government-owned and controlled corporations.
implied that the case they filed against Conley • The Board of Control was important to Filipinos
was weak. As a counter measure, they explained because they were given voting powers and they
to the people that Conley was acquitted not could even outvote the governor if they will vote
because he was innocent but because he was an as a block. For them, the Executive Order was
American. illegal because it violates the principle of
• Fernandez and Laurel tendered their resignation separation of powers.
and Senate President Quezon and Speaker • Moreover, they claimed that the governor general
Manuel Roxas also resigned as members of the has no power to abolish it.
Council of State in support of Laurel and in • Aside from E.O. 37, they also raised more than
protest of Wood's handling of the Conley case. twenty one other abuses and unjust acts of the
• Gov. Wood tried to win back the support of those governor general.
Filipino officials who gave up their position in • These acts are clustered into political, social, and
his government. His gesture was not economic.
reciprocated and this prompted him to accept • They characterized Wood as ―arbitrary,
their resignation and replace them with their oppressive and undemocratic.‖
deputies. At the height of the crisis, various • Many of the current historical literatures about
accusations were raised against Wood. the American period deal with the first two
• Quezon and his allies also sent a cable to decades of American rule. Their favorite topics
President Harding informing him of the reasons were the Filipino-American War, McKinley‘s
why they resigned en masse. They also told the benevolent assimilation policy, the political,
president that they were planning to send a economic and social transformations that
delegation to the United States that will explain happened during the Taft era and the gradual
to him Wood‘s blatant disregard of the rights and inclusion of Filipino politicians in the colonial
privileges granted to Filipinos by the previous bureaucracy during Harrison‘s time. Many of
administration. them were written by American historians or by
• The document that will be presented below their Filipino students. Recently, there is a
basically summarizes the grievances and disgust growing interest among Filipino scholars to
of Filipino politicians who were affected by move away from American-oriented
Wood‘s reforms and management style. historiography and rewrite Philippine history
• The second paragraph states the underlying cause from Filipino point of view. They paid lesser
of the grievance. Contrary to their expectations attention to the policies and programs of the
Page
 colonial administrators and focus instead on the government even if Filipinos of proven capacity
reactions and achievements of Filipino leaders. were available. For them, the re-
This trend paved the way to the growing interest Americanization of the bureaucracy would make
of Filipino historians to examine the them irrelevant and it would surely delay the
contributions of Manuel Quezon, Sergio Osmena, giving of independence. These developments
Jose P. Laurel, Manuel Roxas and other forced Filipinos to set aside their personal and
personalities who joined the campaign for political interests and formed a united stand
independence. against the Wood administration.
• The struggle for independence is a constant and • The document presented is also relevant in the
unifying political issue among Filipinos during study of Philippine history because it exposes the
the whole American period. From the time other side of the Harrison administration. Much
Aguinaldo proclaimed it in 1898 until the of what people know about this era centered on
passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934, the Filipinization of the bureaucracy and the
Filipinos demanded it from the Americans using gradual ascension of local politicians to key
various means and strategies. Early attempts to positions in the government. When Wood came
win it used violent means but they failed because in, he exposed the negative effects of Harrison‘s
they were not able to overcome the superior failure to put up safety measures that will prevent
military firepower of the Americans. During the newly appointed and elected Filipinos from using
middle part of the American period, younger their position to enrich themselves at the expense
Filipino politicians worked for independence of the government and other people. He did not
using the American political system as their hesitate to veto the poorly crafted legislative
platform. They got themselves elected in public outputs of both houses of congress and he also
office and campaigned for independence using publicized the true financial state of the
their respective positions. Americans preferred Philippine National Bank and other government
this kind of strategy because it is non-violent and owned and controlled corporation. Wood
easier to manage. specifically explained that the P.N.B. debacle
• The document presented shows that by the was the result of the illegal transfer of deposit
1920‘s Filipinos had already the confidence to from New York to Manila, inexperienced
debate on equal footing with top ranking management, dishonestly and reckless extension
American colonial officials like Gov. Wood. of credit to well connected Filipino businessmen.
Despite his military background and despotic It appears that Filipinos hated Wood not because
tendencies, Quezon and his allies did not hesitate he was pro-American but because he
to raise their grievances against him. The implemented measures that prevented wasteful
complaints that they enumerated in the document politicians from making extravagant
clearly show that the root cause of the anti-Wood appropriations. It also insinuates that not all
campaign was the decision of the latter to lessen critics of Wood‘s administration were clean and
the autonomy of the Philippine legislature and with noble intention when they campaigned for
the increasing interference of the governor- Philippine independence. Some were just
general on some functions that were turned over employing diversionary tactics to direct the
already to Filipino officials during the Harrison attention of the Filipinos away from their corrupt
era. Many Filipinos felt upset when all of a practices.
sudden they lost control and jurisdiction on
certain government functions that for several
years were already part of their regular function.
They also felt offended when Wood appointed
Americans to occupy key positions in the
Page
Page