CALLEJO, SR., J.

[1]
This is a petition for review of the Decision of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. CR No.
[2]
27215 affirming, with modification, the Decision of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Cavite, Branch
90, in Criminal Case No. 6962-99, entitled People of the Philippines. v. Esmeraldo Rivera, et al.
On April 12, 1999, an Information was filed in the RTC of Imus, Cavite, charging Esmeraldo,
Ismael and Edgardo, all surnamed Rivera, of attempted murder. The accusatory portion of the Information
reads:
That on or about the 3rd day of May 1998, in the Municipality of Dasmarias,
Province of Cavite, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the
above-named accused, conspiring, confederating and mutually helping one another, with
intent to kill, with treachery and evident premeditation, did then and there, wilfully,
unlawfully, and feloniously attack, assault and hit with a piece of hollow block, one
RUBEN RODIL who thereby sustained a non-mortal injury on his head and on the
different parts of his body, the accused thus commenced the commission of the felony
directly by overt acts, but failed to perform all the acts of execution which would produce
the crime of Murder by reason of some causes other than their own spontaneous
desistance, that is, the said Ruben Rodil was able to ran (sic) away and the timely
response of the policemen, to his damage and prejudice.
[3]
CONTRARY TO LAW.
Ruben Rodil testified that he used to work as a taxi driver. He stopped driving in April 1998 after
a would-be rapist threatened his life. He was even given a citation as a Bayaning Pilipino by the television
network ABS-CBN for saving the would-be victim. His wife eked out a living as a manicurist. They and
their three children resided in Barangay San Isidro Labrador II, Dasmarias, Cavite, near the house of
Esmeraldo Rivera and his brothers Ismael and Edgardo.
At noon of May 2, 1998, Ruben went to a nearby store to buy food. Edgardo mocked him for
being jobless and dependent on his wife for support. Ruben resented the rebuke and hurled invectives at
Edgardo. A heated exchange of words ensued.
At about 7:30 p.m. the next day, a Sunday, Ruben went to the store to buy food and to look for his
wife. His three-year-old daughter was with him. Momentarily, Esmeraldo and his two brothers, Ismael and
Edgardo, emerged from their house and ganged up on Ruben. Esmeraldo and Ismael mauled Ruben with
fist blows and he fell to the ground. In that helpless position, Edgardo hit Ruben three times with a hollow
block on the parietal area. Esmeraldo and Ismael continued mauling Ruben. People who saw the incident
shouted: Awatin sila! Awatin sila!Ruben felt dizzy but managed to stand up. Ismael threw a stone at him,
hitting him at the back. When policemen on board a mobile car arrived, Esmeraldo, Ismael and Edgardo
fled to their house.
Ruben was brought to the hospital. His attending physician, Dr. Lamberto Cagingin, Jr., signed a
medical certificate in which he declared that Ruben sustained lacerated wounds on the parietal area,
cerebral concussion or contusion, hematoma on the left upper buttocks, multiple abrasions on the left
 [4]
shoulder and hematoma periorbital left. The doctor declared that the lacerated wound in the parietal area
[5]
was slight and superficial and would heal from one to seven days. The doctor prescribed medicine for
[6]
Rubens back pain, which he had to take for one month.
Esmeraldo testified that at around 1:00 p.m. on May 3, 1998, Ruben arrived at his house and
banged the gate. Ruben challenged him and his brothers to come out and fight. When he went out of the
house and talked to Ruben, the latter punched him. They wrestled with each other. He fell to the ground.
Edgardo arrived and pushed Ruben aside. His wife arrived, and he was pulled away and brought to their
house.
For his part, Ismael testified that he tried to pacify Ruben and his brother Esmeraldo, but Ruben
grabbed him by the hair. He managed to free himself from Ruben and the latter fled. He went home
afterwards. He did not see his brother Edgardo at the scene.
Edgardo declared that at about 1:00 p.m. on May 3, 1998, he was throwing garbage in front of
their house. Ruben arrived and he went inside the house to avoid a confrontation. Ruben banged the gate
and ordered him to get out of their house and even threatened to shoot him. His brother Esmeraldo went out
of their house and asked Ruben what the problem was.
A fist fight ensued. Edgardo rushed out of the house and pushed Ruben aside. Ruben fell to the ground.
When he stood up, he pulled at Edgardos shirt and hair, and, in the process, Rubens head hit the lamp
[7]
post.
On August 30, 2002, the trial court rendered judgment finding all the accused guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of frustrated murder. The dispositive portion of the decision reads:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, all the accused are found GUILTY beyond
reasonable doubt and are sentenced to an imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to
eight (8) years of prision mayor as the prosecution has proved beyond reasonable doubt
the culpability of the accused. Likewise, the accused are to pay, jointly and severally,
civil indemnity to the private complainant in the amount of P30,000.00.
[8]
SO ORDERED.
The trial court gave no credence to the collective testimonies of the accused and their witnesses. The
accused appealed to the CA, which rendered judgment on June 8, 2004 affirming, with modification, the
appealed decision. The dispositive portion of the CA decision reads:
WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Regional Trial Court of Imus, Cavite, Branch 90, is
MODIFIED in that the appellants are convicted of ATTEMPTED MURDER and
sentenced to an indeterminate penalty of 2 years of prision correccional as minimum to 6
years and 1 day of prision mayor as maximum. In all other respects, the decision
appealed from is AFFIRMED.
[9]
SO ORDERED.
The accused, now petitioners, filed the instant petition for review on certiorari, alleging that the CA erred
in affirming the RTC decision. They insist that the prosecution failed to prove that they had the intention to
kill Ruben when they mauled and hit him with a hollow block. Petitioners aver that, based on the testimony
of Dr. Cagingin, Ruben sustained only a superficial wound in the parietal area; hence, they should be held
criminally liable for physical injuries only. Even if petitioners had the intent to kill Ruben, the prosecution
failed to prove treachery; hence, they should be held guilty only of attempted homicide.
On the other hand, the CA held that the prosecution was able to prove petitioners intent to kill Ruben:
On the first assigned error, intent to kill may be deduced from the nature of the wound
inflicted and the kind of weapon used. Intent to kill was established by victim Ruben
Rodil in his testimony as follows:
Q: And while you were being boxed by Esmeraldo and Bong, what
happened next?
A: When I was already lying [down] xxx, Dagol Rivera showed up
with a piece of hollow block xxx and hit me thrice on the head,
Sir.
Q: And what about the two (2), what were they doing when you were
hit with a hollow block by Dagol?
A: I was already lying on the ground and they kept on boxing me while
Dagol was hitting, Sir.
As earlier stated by Dr. Cagingin, appellants could have killed the victim had the hollow
block directly hit his head, and had the police not promptly intervened so that the brothers
scampered away. When a wound is not sufficient to cause death, but intent to kill is
evident, the crime is attempted. Intent to kill was shown by the fact that the (3) brothers
helped each other maul the defenseless victim, and even after he had already fallen to the
ground; that one of them even picked up a cement hollow block and proceeded to hit the
victim on the head with it three times; and that it was only the arrival of the policemen
[10]
that made the appellants desist from their concerted act of trying to kill Ruben Rodil.
The Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), for its part, asserts that the decision of the CA is correct, thus:
The evidence and testimonies of the prosecution witnesses defeat the presumption of
innocence raised by petitioners. The crime has been clearly established with petitioners as
the perpetrators. Their intent to kill is very evident and was established beyond
reasonable doubt.
Eyewitnesses to the crime, Alicia Vera Cruz and Lucita Villejo clearly and categorically
declared that the victim Ruben Rodil was walking along St. Peter Avenue when he was
suddenly boxed by Esmeraldo Baby Rivera. They further narrated that, soon thereafter,
his two brothers Ismael and Edgardo Dagul Rivera, coming from St. Peter
II, ganged up on the victim. Both Alicia Vera Cruz and Lucita Villejo recounted that they
saw Edgardo Dagul Rivera pick up a hollow block and hit Ruben Rodil with it three (3)
times. A careful review of their testimonies revealed the suddenness and unexpectedness
of the attack of petitioners. In this case, the victim did not even have the slightest warning
of the danger that lay ahead as he was carrying his three-year old daughter. He was
caught off-guard by the assault of Esmeraldo Baby Rivera and the simultaneous attack of
the two other petitioners. It was also established that the victim was hit by Edgardo Dagul
Rivera, while he was lying on the ground and being mauled by the other petitioners.
Petitioners could have killed the victim had he not managed to escape and had the police
not promptly intervened.
Petitioners also draw attention to the fact that the injury sustained by the victim was
superficial and, thus, not life threatening. The nature of the injury does not negate the
intent to kill. The Court of Appeals held:

As earlier stated by Dr. Cagingin, appellants could have killed the

victim had the hollow block directly hit his head, and had the police not
promptly intervened so that the brothers scampered away. When a
wound is not sufficient to cause death, but intent to kill is evident, the
crime is attempted. Intent to kill was shown by the fact that the three
(3) brothers helped each other maul the defenseless victim, and even
after he had already fallen to the ground; that one of them picked up a
cement hollow block and proceeded to hit the victim on the head with it
 three times; and that it was only the arrival of the policemen that made
the appellants desist from their concerted act of trying to kill Ruben
[11]
Rodil.
The petition is denied for lack of merit.
An essential element of murder and homicide, whether in their consummated, frustrated or attempted stage,
is intent of the offenders to kill the victim immediately before or simultaneously with the infliction of
injuries. Intent to kill is a specific intent which the prosecution must prove by direct or circumstantial
evidence, while general criminal intent is presumed from the commission of a felony by dolo.
[12]
In People v. Delim, the Court declared that evidence to prove intent to kill in crimes against
persons may consist, inter alia, in the means used by the malefactors, the nature, location and number of
wounds sustained by the
victim, the conduct of the malefactors before, at the time, or immediately after the killing of the victim, the
circumstances under which the crime was committed and the motives of the accused. If the victim dies as a
result of a deliberate act of the malefactors, intent to kill is presumed.
In the present case, the prosecution mustered the requisite quantum of evidence to prove the intent of
petitioners to kill Ruben. Esmeraldo and Ismael pummeled the victim with fist blows. Even as Ruben fell to
the ground, unable to defend himself against the sudden and sustained assault of petitioners, Edgardo hit
him three times with a hollow block. Edgardo tried to hit Ruben on the head, missed, but still managed to
hit the victim only in the parietal area, resulting in a lacerated wound and cerebral contusions.
That the head wounds sustained by the victim were merely superficial and could not have produced his
death does not negate petitioners criminal liability for attempted murder. Even if Edgardo did not hit the
victim squarely on the head, petitioners are still criminally liable for attempted murder.
The last paragraph of Article 6 of the Revised Penal Code defines an attempt to commit a felony, thus:
There is an attempt when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by
overt acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony
by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.
The essential elements of an attempted felony are as follows:
1. The offender commences the commission of the felony directly by overt acts;
2. He does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony;
3. The offenders act be not stopped by his own spontaneous desistance;
4. The non-performance of all acts of execution was due to cause or accident other than
[13]
his spontaneous desistance.
The first requisite of an attempted felony consists of two elements, namely:
(1) That there be external acts;
[14]
(2) Such external acts have direct connection with the crime intended to be committed.
[15]
The Court in People v. Lizada elaborated on the concept of an overt or external act, thus:
An overt or external act is defined as some physical activity or deed, indicating the
intention to commit a particular crime, more than a mere planning or preparation, which
if carried out to its complete termination following its natural course, without being
frustrated by external obstacles nor by the spontaneous desistance of the perpetrator, will
logically and necessarily ripen into a concrete offense. The raison detre for the law
requiring a direct overt act is that, in a majority of cases, the conduct of the accused
 consisting merely of acts of preparation has never ceased to be equivocal; and this is
necessarily so, irrespective of his declared intent. It is that quality of being equivocal that
must be lacking before the act becomes one which may be said to be a commencement of
the commission of the crime, or an overt act or before any fragment of the crime itself has
been committed, and this is so for the reason that so long as the equivocal quality
remains, no one can say with certainty what the intent of the accused is. It is necessary
that the overt act should have been the ultimate step towards the consummation of the
design. It is sufficient if it was the first or some subsequent step in a direct movement
towards the commission of the offense after the preparations are made. The act done need
not constitute the last proximate one for completion. It is necessary, however, that the
attempt must have a causal relation to the intended crime. In the words of Viada, the
[16]
overt acts must have an immediate and necessary relation to the offense.
In the case at bar, petitioners, who acted in concert, commenced the felony of murder by mauling the victim
and hitting him three times with a hollow block; they narrowly missed hitting the middle portion of his
head. If Edgardo had done so, Ruben would surely have died.
We reject petitioners contention that the prosecution failed to prove treachery in the commission of the
felony. Petitioners attacked the victim in a sudden and unexpected manner as Ruben was walking with his
three-year-old daughter, impervious of the imminent peril to his life. He had no chance to defend himself
and retaliate. He was overwhelmed by the synchronized assault of the three siblings. The essence of
[17]
treachery is the sudden and unexpected attack on the victim. Even if the attack is frontal but is sudden
and unexpected, giving no opportunity for the victim to repel it or defend himself, there would be
[18]
treachery. Obviously, petitioners assaulted the victim because of the altercation between him and
petitioner Edgardo Rivera a day before. There being conspiracy by and among petitioners, treachery is
[19]
considered against all of them.
The appellate court sentenced petitioners to suffer an indeterminate penalty of two (2) years of prision
correccional in its minimum period, as minimum, to six years and one day of prision mayor in its
maximum period, as maximum. This is erroneous. Under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended by Republic Act No. 7659, the penalty for murder is reclusion perpetua to death. Since petitioners
are guilty only of attempted murder, the penalty should be reduced by two degrees, conformably to Article
51 of the Revised Penal Code. Under paragraph 2 of Article 61, in relation to Article 71 of the Revised
Penal Code, such a penalty is prision mayor. In the absence of any modifying circumstance in the
commission of the felony (other than the qualifying circumstance of treachery), the maximum of the
indeterminate penalty shall be taken from the medium period of prision mayor which has a range of from
eight (8) years and one (1) day to ten (10) years. To determine the minimum of the indeterminate penalty,
the penalty of prision mayor should be reduced by one degree, prision correccional, which has a range of
six (6) months and one (1) day to six (6) years.
Hence, petitioners should be sentenced to suffer an indeterminate penalty of from two (2) years of prision
correccional in its minimum period, as minimum, to nine (9) years and four (4) months of prision mayor in
its medium period, as maximum.
IN LIGHT OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the petition is DENIED for lack of merit. The Decision of the
Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED WITH THE MODIFICATION that petitioners are sentenced to suffer
an indeterminate penalty of from two (2) years of prision correccional in its minimum period, as minimum,
to nine (9) years and four (4) months of prision mayor in its medium period, as maximum. No costs.

SO ORDERED.