Carpentry: B. Marking

CARPENTRY
• Carpentry - an art or science
• Woodworking - a skill
Classification of Hand Tools
a. Measuring
b. Marking Lining
c. Edge Cutting
d. Testing
e. Tooth Cutting
f. Boring
g. Holding
A. Measuring
1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case
2. Ruler - it is used to take/make simple measurements.
3. Meter Stick - 1 meter
4. Try Square - squareness.
5. Caliper - diameter
B. Marking
6. 1. Pencil - layout or mark cutting lines.
7. 2. Marking Gauge - mark a line parallel to the grain of the wood.
8. 3. Chalk Line - straight line
9. 4. Divider - to lay-out an arc circle or step off division on a line.
10. 5. Compass - scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.

Edge Cutting
1. Chisel - trim and shape wood.
2. Plane - a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for working flat and
curved shapes
D. Testing
1. Try Square - squareness
2. Steel Square - roof framing and large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - horizontal surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - vertical surfaces
E. Boring
1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or plastics.
F. Holding
1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.
2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together while assembling or gluing.
Tooth Cutting Tools
1. Back Saw – making wood joint.
2. Coping Saw – irregular shape and curves
3. Crosscut Saw – across the grain
4. Hack Saw – cut metal
5. Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle shape in wood.
6. Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber

7. Rip Saw – along the grain
8. Dovetail saw-Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle ; cut
very fine joints
DRIVING TOOLS
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws
Wood Lathe Machine
An equipment use to form wood by mean of turning.
PARTS OF WOOD
TYPES OF WOODS
1. LUMBER
Softwood
(coniferous, 20%)
Hardwood
(deciduous trees, 6-12%)
2. Yard Lumber
Select grade-lumber of good appearance that can take different finishes such as stain, paint, and
enamel.
Common grade– suitable for rough carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (eg. Coco Lumber)
3. Manufactured wood
– Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets which are produced by
gluing wood layers or wood fibers together.
• Wood veneer –thin slices of wood
• Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer
• Pressed wood or Fiber wood –Medium-density fiber (MDF), made from woodchips
• Particle board – also known as Low-density fiber (LDF) or chipboard. It’s cheaper, denser and
more uniform than conventional wood and plywood
• Laminated wood – logs are processed by sawmilling and drying
Lumbers are sold following the description:
 Surfaced two side or S2S – planed or smooth on 2 sides.
 Surfaced four side or S4S – planed or smooth on 4 sides.
 Surfaced in two side and one edge or S3S – board has been surfaced S2S first, then one
edge is ripped straight.
 Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact dimension in T, W, L.
 Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch.
Board foot (unit measurement of lumber) (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board feet.
– 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
– (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
– 56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
– Php 616.00
Common Wood Joints

1. Dado Joint (across the grain) Groove that runs on board, commonly use for making
cabinets and bookshelves.
2. Rabbet Joint (along the grain) Commonly used for making frames to hold glasses in
drawers and other cabinetwork.
3. Mortise and Tenon (force fitting) Oldest and strongest kind of wood joint. This is
considered best for quality chairs, tables and benches.
4. Miter Joint Uses 45 degrees angle cut, intended for making frames.
5. Butt Joint- simple and easiest.

• WOODWORKING METHODS
• DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Purpose
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment
5. Prepare drawings
6. Make prototype
• Roof System
1. Shed or Lean-to-Roof – Simplest form of roof consisting of one single slope.
2. Gable or Pitch Roof – Most common type and economical form of roof
3. Hip Roof – Common form used in modern houses
4. Hip and Valley Roof – Combination of hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming T or L
shaped building.
5. Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip roof
6. Gambrel Roof – Modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.
7. Dome – Hemispherical form of roof

Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and stiffen the structure spacing
– Girts – the structural member that supports the rafters or truss of a building.
– Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite sides of roof.
– Purlins – the structural member placed on top of the rafter or top chord of a truss that
support the roofing materials.
The Stairs
• The length of the Stringer could be determined by either the use of Pythagorean theorem or by
actual measurement.
Formula:
L = (rise)^2 + (run)^2
L= length of the stringer
rise = height of the flight of the stairs.
run = horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of the stair flight.

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CARPENTRY

• Carpentry - an art or science

Classification of Hand Tools

1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case

2. Ruler - it is used to take/make simple measurements.

3. Meter Stick - 1 meter

4. Try Square - squareness.

6. 1. Pencil - layout or mark cutting lines.

7. 2. Marking Gauge - mark a line parallel to the grain of the wood.

8. 3. Chalk Line - straight line

9. 4. Divider - to lay-out an arc circle or step off division on a line.

10. 5. Compass - scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.

1. Chisel - trim and shape wood.

2. Plane - a smooth and flat surface.

1. Try Square - squareness

2. Steel Square - roof framing and large furniture.

3. Spirit Level - horizontal surfaces.

4. Plumb bob - vertical surfaces

1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.

2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.

1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.

2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place

Tooth Cutting Tools

1. Back Saw – making wood joint.

2. Coping Saw – irregular shape and curves

3. Crosscut Saw – across the grain

4. Hack Saw – cut metal

5. Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle shape in wood.

6. Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber

4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws

Wood Lathe Machine

An equipment use to form wood by mean of turning.

(deciduous trees, 6-12%)

• Wood veneer –thin slices of wood

• Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer

• Laminated wood – logs are processed by sawmilling and drying

Lumbers are sold following the description:

 Surfaced two side or S2S – planed or smooth on 2 sides.

 Surfaced four side or S4S – planed or smooth on 4 sides.

 Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact dimension in T, W, L.

– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board feet.

– 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.

– (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00

– 56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00

Common Wood Joints

5. Butt Joint- simple and easiest.

2. Draw a conceptual picture.

3. List the materials needed.

4. List the tools and equipment

3. Hip Roof – Common form used in modern houses

5. Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip roof

7. Dome – Hemispherical form of roof

– Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite sides of roof.

L= length of the stringer

rise = height of the flight of the stairs.

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