Memorandum-3: TO - Dr. Budhaditya Das FROM - Jayesh Sharma DATE - 22/9/19 Topic - Gudgil & Guha Modes of Resources Used'

MEMORANDUM-3
TO – Dr. Budhaditya Das
FROM – Jayesh Sharma
DATE – 22/9/19
Topic – Gudgil & Guha ‘Modes of Resources Used’

This chapter discuss the aspects of technology, economy, social
organization, ideology, and the ecological impact of gathering, nomadic
pastoralism, settled cultivation, and industry. It then reviews the trait of social
conflict between and within different modes. Apart from huge break of social
conflict, the encounter between the different modes also signals a spurt in rates of
ecological destruction. While the conflict between different modes of resource use
at the most basic level is a struggle for control over productive resources, most of
the tie it goes along with an ideological debate legitimizing the claims of the
various modes. The forms of intra-modal conflict presented, and the ways in which
they are resolved, clarify the interlinkages between modes of production and their
corresponding modes of resource use. Nomadic pastoralism is best treated as being
included with the peasant mode of resource use, within whose ecological zone it
occupied a special place.
Gadgil and Guha - MODES OF RESOURCES USED. In this what these two
writers are saying is that there are 4 main Historical Modes and all these 4
historical modes have 5 aspects common in them.
The 4 Historical modes
1. Gathering (including shifting cultivation)

2. Nomadic Pastoralism
3. Settled cultivation
4. Industry
And the 5 aspects that are common are
1. Aspects of technology- this includes sources of energy, materials used and

basic knowledge of resource used.
2. Aspects of Economy – this includes geographical scale flow of resource and
the modes of resource investment.
3. Aspects of social organization- this includes size of the social group,
division of labor, and what mechanism are used to keep a control over these
resources and access to resources.
4. Aspects of ideologies – this includes broad knowledge of man-nature
relationship and some practices promoting resource conservation or
destruction.
5. Ecological Impacts
Karl Marx- MODE OF PRODUCTION - The Mode of Production is the

unity of the productive forces and the relations of production. Production begins
with the development of its agreed on aspects – the productive forces – which,
once they have reached a certain level, come into conflict with the relations of
production with which they have been developing. This leads too predictable
change in the relations of production.
BACKGROUND According to Marx –“The first historical act is the production

of material life”. Mode of production theory of Marx makes little attempts to
explain the direction of the history of mankind. It says that all human societies
necessarily pass through following stages of development. In Marx’s writings, the
stages of social history are differentiated not by what human beings produce but by
how, or by what means, they produce the material goods for subsistence. In this
way, we can say that historical periods are founded and differentiated on the basis
of the modes of material production. Marx has given four different modes of
production, under which there are some categories namely;
1. Primitive Mode of production
Primitive society
No classes
Structured around kinship
Very low division of labor
No private property
All worked together for common good
2. Ancient (slave) Mode of production

Aristocracy and slaves
Ancient Greece and Rome
Salves did most of the work
Concept of private property started to develop.
3. Feudal Mode of production
Dark ages of European society
Feudal lords and vessels came to forefront
Exploitation of peasant class
Changing technology
Renaissance came into being.
4. Capitalist mode of production
Taking Nomadic Pastoralism as a example for Modes of resources used
Technology aspect- Climatic and vegetational changes promoted human

population to intensify resource use and to initiate agriculture and animal
husbandry. Over large geographical areas where agriculture was not easy, it was
also difficult to maintain herds of domestic animals within singular locality,
because maintain a herd needed lot of fodder which came from agriculture. Thus
nomadic pastoralism evolved as distinctive mode of resource use, a mode that
moved from one place to another for several centuries over large regions
particularly in Central Asia and North and Central Africa. Pastoral had access to
animal muscle power an important additional source of energy, especially for
transport, Animals were also used as a source of food.
Economic Aspect- Nomads moved over large distances with their access to animal
energy. They were critical in creating flow of resources over distances. The
resources they moved were high bulk commodities like salt and high value low
bulk luxury items like precious stones and musk. they also served as carrier of
information of resources of distant regions and of technologies used by other
societies. Pastorals not only used hunting gathering while moving but also
produced meat milk and wool from their animals and most importantly acquired
resources especially from settled agricultural societies in exchange of materials and
information.
Social organization aspects- The social groups of nomadic patoral remained in
limited kin groups of few 1000 however they came in contact with large number of
there groups over extensive terrains.
The division of labor was fairly limited in pastoral groups it was based on age sex
and leadership qualities. Women may be more involved in feeding milking and
taking care of the animals, while men decided migration routes and heading
animals.
Ideology Aspect – Nomadic pastorals were the first societies to perceive human
communities as separate from nature. Pastoral Nomads rejected ideologies of
sacred values like Judaism , Christianity and Islam in Middle east. White said 1967
such religions sometimes deliberately destroyed sacred trees and groves
The ritual life of nomads placed importance on livestocks and nature.
Ecological Impacts- Postorals contributed to overgrazing.
Contributed to ecological degradation through organization of trade and diffusion
of technologies over large distances and most importantly disseminating the belief
in man’s mastery over nature.

Memorandum-3: TO - Dr. Budhaditya Das FROM - Jayesh Sharma DATE - 22/9/19 Topic - Gudgil & Guha Modes of Resources Used'

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Memorandum-3: TO - Dr. Budhaditya Das FROM - Jayesh Sharma DATE - 22/9/19 Topic - Gudgil & Guha Modes of Resources Used'

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Memorandum-3: TO - Dr. Budhaditya Das FROM - Jayesh Sharma DATE - 22/9/19 Topic - Gudgil & Guha Modes of Resources Used'

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MEMORANDUM-3

TO – Dr. Budhaditya Das

FROM – Jayesh Sharma

Topic – Gudgil & Guha ‘Modes of Resources Used’

The 4 Historical modes

1. Gathering (including shifting cultivation)

And the 5 aspects that are common are

1. Aspects of technology- this includes sources of energy, materials used and

Karl Marx- MODE OF PRODUCTION - The Mode of Production is the

BACKGROUND According to Marx –“The first historical act is the production

1. Primitive Mode of production

2. Ancient (slave) Mode of production

4. Capitalist mode of production

Taking Nomadic Pastoralism as a example for Modes of resources used

Technology aspect- Climatic and vegetational changes promoted human

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.