Structure Analysis I

Chapter 8
Deflections
 Introduction
• Calculation
Calculation of deflections is an important part of 
of deflections is an important part of
structural analysis
• Excessive beam deflection can be seen as a mode of 
failure.
– Extensive glass breakage in tall buildings can be attributed 
to excessive deflections
– Large deflections in buildings are unsightly (and unnerving) 
and can cause cracks in ceilings and walls
and can cause cracks in ceilings and walls.
– Deflections are limited to prevent undesirable vibrations
 Beam Deflection
Beam Deflection
• Bending
Bending changes the 
changes the
initially straight 
longitudinal axis of the 
beam into a curve that 
is called the 
Deflection Curve
fl or 
Elastic Curve
 Beam Deflection
Beam Deflection
• To determine the deflection curve:
To determine the deflection curve:
– Draw shear and moment diagram for the beam
– Directly under the moment diagram draw a line for the 
beam and label all supports
– At the supports displacement is zero
– Where the moment is negative, the deflection curve is 
h h i i h d fl i i
concave downward.
– Where the moment is positive the deflection curve is 
Where the moment is positive the deflection curve is
concave upward
– Where the two curve meet is the Inflection Point
Deflected Shape
 Example 1
Draw the deflected shape for each of the beams shown
 Example 2
Draw the deflected shape for each of the frames shown
Double Integration Method
 Elastic‐Beam Theory

• Consider
Consider a differential element 
a differential element
of a beam subjected to pure 
bending.
g
• The radius of curvature ρ is 
measured from the center of 
curvature to the neutral axis
• Since the NA is unstretched, 
the dx=ρdθ
 Elastic‐Beam
Elastic Beam Theory
Theory
• Applying
Applying Hooke
Hooke’ss law and the Flexure formula, we 
law and the Flexure formula we
obtain:
1 M
=
ρ EI
 Elastic‐Beam Theory
• The
The product EI is referred to as the flexural rigidity.
product EI is referred to as the flexural rigidity
• Since dx = ρdθ, then
M
dθ = dx (Slope)
EI
„ In most calculus books
In most calculus books 
1 d 2 v / dx 2
=
ρ
[1 + (dv / dx ) ]
3
2 2

M d 2 v / dx 2
= (exactt solution
l ti )
[1 + (dv / dx ) ]
3
EI 2 2

d 2v M
2
=
dx EI
The Double Integration Method
The Double Integration Method
Relate Moments to Deflections

2
d v M
2
=
dx EI

dv M ( x) Do Not
θ ( x) = = ∫ dx Integration Constants
d
dx EI( x)
Use Boundary Conditions to 

M (x ) 2
Evaluate Integration 
Constants
v ( x ) = ∫∫ dx
EI ( x )
Assumptions and Limitations

™Deflections caused by shearing action negligibly small compared to bending

™Deflections are small compared to the cross‐sectional dimensions of the beam

™All portions of the beam are acting in the elastic range

™Beam is straight prior to the application of loads
 y
L Examples
x M = − PL + Px
PL x
d2y
P EI 2 = M
P dx
d2y
@ x EI 2 = − PL + Px
dx
dy x2
Integrating once EI = − PLx + P + c1
dx 2
dy
= 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = − PL(0) + P
(0)
2
+ c1 ⇒ c1 = 0
@ x = 0
dx 2
2 3
PL
PLx x
Integrating twice EIy = − + P + c2
2 6 3
@ x = 0 y = 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = −
PL 2 (0)
(0) + P + c2 ⇒ c2 = 0
2 6 PL3
@ x = L  y = ymax ∆ max =
3EI
PLx 2 x3
EIyy = − +P
2 6 PL L2 L3 PL3 PL3
EIymax =− +P =− ⇒ ymax = −
2 6 6 3EI
 y
W
M = − (L − x )
W 2
x 2
x 2
d y
WL2 L EI 2 = M
d2y dx
EI 2 = − (L − x )
2 WL W 2
@ x
dx 2

dy W (L − x )
3

Integrating once EI = + c1
dx 2 3

W (L − 0 )
3
WL3
= 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) =
dy
@ x = 0 + c1 ⇒ c1 = −
dx 2 3 6

WL3
= (L − x ) −
dy W
∴
3
EI
dx 6 6
 W (L − x ) WL3
4
twice EIy = −
Integrating twice
Integrating − x + c2
6 4 6
W (L − 0 ) WL3
4
WL4
@ x = 0 y = 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = − − (0) + c2 ⇒ c2 =
6 4 6 24

WL3 WL4
EIy = − (L − x ) −
W
x+
4

24 6 24

Max occurs @ x = L
Max. occurs @ x = L  

W L4 WL4 WL4 WL4

WL4
∆ max =
8 EI
 y x
Example

L
WL WL
2 WL x 2
M= x − Wx
2 2
2
d y WL x2
EI 2 = x −W
dx 2 2
dy WL x 2 W x 3
Integrating
g g EI = − + c1
d
dx 2 2 2 3
L dy
Since the beam is symmetric @ x= =0
2 3 2 dx
⎛L⎞ ⎛L⎞
⎜ ⎜
WL ⎝ 2 ⎠ W ⎝ 2 ⎠ WL3
EI (0 ) =
L
@ x= − + c1 ⇒ c1 = −
2 2 2 2 3 24
dy WL 2 W 3 WL3
∴ EI = x − x −
dx 4 6 24
 WL x 3 W x 4 WL3
Integrating
g g EIy = − − x + c2
4 3 6 4 24

WL (0 ) W (0 ) WL3
3 4
@ x = 0 y = 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = − − (0) + c2 ⇒ c2 = 0
4 3 6 4 24

WL 3 W 4 WL3
∴ EIy = x − x − x
12 24 24

5WL4
Max occurs @ x = L /2
Max. occurs @ x = L /2  EIymax =−
384

5WL4
∆ max =
384 EI
 y x
Example P
x

L/2 L/2
P P
2 L P 2
for 0 < x < M= x
2 2
2
d y P L
EI 2 = x f 0< x<
for
dx 2 2
dy P x 2
Integrating
g g EI = + c1
d
dx 2 2
L dy
Since the beam is symmetric @ x= =0
2 2 dx
⎛L⎞
⎜
P ⎝2⎠ PL2
EI (0 ) =
L
@ x= + c1 ⇒ c1 = −
2 2 2 16
dy P 2 PL2
∴ EI = x −
dx 4 16
 P x 3 PL2
Integrating
g g EIy = − x + c2
4 3 16

P (0 ) PL2
3
@ x = 0 y = 0 ⇒ EI (0 ) = − (0) + c2 ⇒ c2 = 0
4 3 16

P 3 PL2
∴ EIy = x − x
12 16

PL 3
Max occurs @ x = L /2
Max. occurs @ x = L /2  EIymax =−
48

PL3
∆ max =
48EI
Example
Example 5
Moment‐Area Theorems
 Moment‐Area Theorems
Theorem 1: The change in slope between any two points on
the elastic curve equal to the area of the bending moment
diagram between these two points, divided by the product EI.

d 2v M dv
2
= ⇒ θ=
dx EI dx
dθ M ⎛M ⎞
= ⇒ dθ = ⎜ ⎟ dx
dx EI ⎝ EI ⎠
B
M
θB A = ∫ dx
A
EI
dt = xd θ
⎛M ⎞
dθ = ⎜ ⎟ dx
⎝ EI ⎠
B B
M M
tB A = ∫x dx = x ∫ dx
A
EI A
EI
 Moment‐Area Theorems
Theorem 2: The vertical distance of point A on a elastic
curve from the tangent drawn to the curve at B is equal to
the moment of the area under the M/EI diagram between
two points (A and B) about point A .

B
M
tA B = ∫x dx
A
EI
B
M
tA B = x ∫ dx
A
EI
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
M/EI

‐30/EI
‐20/EI
‐

⎛ 20 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
tC / B = ⎜− ⋅ 2 ⎟ ⋅ (1) + ⋅ ⎜ − ⋅ 2⎟ ⋅⎜ ⋅ 2⎟
⎝ EI ⎠ 2 ⎝ EI ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
53.33
=− kN ⋅ m 3 = 0.00741 rad
EI
Another Solution
Conjugate-Beam Method
Conjugate-Beam Method

dV d 2M
=w 2
=w
dx dx
dθ M d 2v M
= 2
=
dx EI dx EI
Integrating
V = ∫wdx M = ∫ ⎡ ∫wdx ⎤dx
⎣ ⎦
⎛M ⎞ ⎡ ⎛M ⎞ ⎤
θ = ∫⎜ ⎟dx v = ∫ ⎢∫ ⎜ ⎟ dx ⎥dx
⎝ EI ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ EI ⎠ ⎦
C ugate--Beam
Conju m Sup
pportts
 Example 1
Find the Max. deflection Take E=200Gpa, I=60(106)
 562.5
θ B = VB ' = −
EI
562.5 − 14062.5
∆ B = M B' = (25) =
EI EI
 Example 2
Find the deflection at Point C

C
 27 63 − 162
∆C = M C ' = (1) − (3) =
EI EI EI
 Example 3
Find the deflection at Point D
 3600
∆ D = M D' =
720 360 EI
EI EI
 Example 4
Find the Rotation at A

10 ft
 33.3
θA =
EI
Example 5
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Example 6
Moment Diagrams and Equations for 
Maximum Deflection
 Example 4
Find the Maximum deflection for the following structure based on
The p
previous diagrams
g