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Jacek Polewczak: N 1 n+1 N N N N N N N N N

The document provides two examples of incomplete metric spaces: 1. The set of rational numbers Q with the usual metric is incomplete, as shown by the Cauchy sequence {xn} that converges to the irrational number √2, which is not in Q. 2. The set X of continuous real-valued functions on [0,1] with the defined metric d is incomplete. The sequence {xm} of functions is Cauchy but does not converge in X.

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106 views

Jacek Polewczak: N 1 n+1 N N N N N N N N N

The document provides two examples of incomplete metric spaces: 1. The set of rational numbers Q with the usual metric is incomplete, as shown by the Cauchy sequence {xn} that converges to the irrational number √2, which is not in Q. 2. The set X of continuous real-valued functions on [0,1] with the defined metric d is incomplete. The sequence {xm} of functions is Cauchy but does not converge in X.

Uploaded by

Vikram kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETE METRIC SPACES

MATH. 501, SPRING 2017

JACEK POLEWCZAK

Example 1

Let Q be a the set of all rational numbers with the metric given by
d(x, y) = |x − y|,
1 + xn
for x, y ∈ Q. Consider the sequence {xn } of rational numbers such that x1 = 1 and xn+1 = 2 , for
2 + xn
1 + xn
n ≥ 2. The sequence {xn } is an increasing sequence of rational numbers such that xn = 2 ≤ 2,
√ 2 + xn
for n ≥ 1. (Can you check it? ) Next, one shows (Can you do it? ) that lim xn = 2 6∈ Q and thus {xn }
n→∞
is a Cauchy sequence in Q that is not convergent in Q. Thus (Q, d) is not a complete metric space.

Example 2

Let X be the set of all continuous real-valued functions on [0, 1] and define a metric on X by
Z1
d(x, y) = |x(t) − y(t)| dt,
0

for x, y ∈ X. The metric space (X, d) is not complete.

Proof. Define the sequence xm (t) of continuous functions on [0, 1] by



0,
 if 0 ≤ t ≤ 21 ;

xm (t) = m x − 12 , if 21 < t < am = 12 + 1
m
;

1, if am ≤ t ≤ 1.
{xm } is a Cauchy sequence. Indeed, d(xm , xn ) is the area of the shaded triangle in the figure below,

1
1 m
m

1
n
1 1

xn

xm xm

1
am 0 1 1
0 1
2 2
t t
1
2 JACEK POLEWCZAK

and
d(xm , xn ) < ǫ, when n, m > 1/ǫ.
Next, we show that xm does not converge in X. For every x ∈ X we have
Z1 Z1/2 Zam Z1
d(xm , x) = |xm (t) − x(t)| dt = |x(t)| dt + |xm (t) − x(t)| dt + |1 − x(t)| dt.
0 0 1/2 am

The integrands above are nonnegative, so is each integral on the right hand side. Therefore d(xm , x) → 0
as m → ∞ would imply that each integral approaches zero, and, since x(t) is continuous, we should have
x(t) = 0 if t ∈ [0, 1/2) and x(t) = 1 if t ∈ (1/2, 1].
But this is impossible for a continuous function. Hence {xm } does not converge. This proves that (X, d)
is not a complete metric space. 

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