ISSN: 2277-9655

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IJESRT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGY
IMPLEMENTATION OF IEEE BUS SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMUM PLACEMENT
OF PHASE MEASUREMENT UNIT (PMUS) USING PSAT TOOLBOX
Sarabjeet Singh*1 & Preet Kanwal Kaur2
*1
Research Scholar, LCET Katani Kalan
2
Assistant Professor, LCET Katani Kalan

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1116734

ABSTRACT
In the recent years many of the world’s powers has seen the days in which a major power outages has occurred.
Even the world has seen the powerless days and nights. To overcome this blackout PMU is used. Phase
Measurement Unit (PMU) emphasize on the synchronization of voltage & current. To find optimized location
for placement of PMU is one of major requirement of an efficient network. In this paper, Depth First & Graph
Theory algorithms are used to find the optimal placement of PMU. MATLAB 2016b is used for this purpose.
PSAT toolbox in the MATLAB is used. IEEE 14 buses are used in this research.

KEYWORDS: Phase Measurement unit (PMUs), Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT).

I. INTRODUCTION
PMU basically works on the synchronization of voltages and currents with a continuously available clock
frequency signal that may be received from a global network such as geo – satellite or GPS systems. Voltage is
a vital characteristic to be looked after. Any variation of increase or decrease in voltage may lead to critical
situations worsen to blackout. With the use of a precisely synchronized Phasor in real time environment, the
detection of imbalances in voltage levels may be help in controlling the situation before it may become
alarming. So voltage measurement plays a vital role in stabilizing a transmission system. Power is directly
related to voltage. Any variation in voltage may lead to consecutive power flow variation in a system. In this
concern, even SCADA systems may mislead the controller as it just indicate and don’t measure the parameters.
So power measurement is also vital for stable grid system.

In power distribution systems, generally frequency is same all over for example in India it is 50Hz. But due to
some unavoidable circumstances such as heavy lightning or other natural or unnatural disturbances, there might
be a recognizable variation in frequency of the power that flows in a system. This shifted frequency may be
harmful for the end users as the supply might be connected to a major or expensive or even lifesaving equipment
or machinery. In such a case, a measurement of frequency is one of a major requirement along with voltage or
power measurement.

Integration of PMUs with GPS trans-receiver, the base station may be able to send and receive the data with
synchronization from each PMU in real time. A system should be design so that the location of the breakdown
or problem over transmission can be identified in a real time and detection of phase difference between different
PMUs is incorporated. Phase angle between the voltage phase and current phase as the basic measuring
function of PMU has been utilized to monitor the condition of power networks.

Theoretically, the active (real) power flow in a distribution line is proportional directly to the trigonometric sine
of the angle difference between voltages that are at the two terminals of the line. In that case, the angle
difference was deemed as a special consideration to manage and operate the power network. In the early 1980s,
novel phase angle measurement equipment was introduced.

The communication channel that is based on LORAN-C, GOES satellite Communication system and the HBG
radio trans-reception was intensively used to maintain the reference signal for the purpose of synchronization.
Researchers established the local phase angle with respect to the time reference for resolving zero crossing of

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the phase voltage. The phase voltage was referred to the common reference signal and the differences between
the phase angle between two sets were computed.

In a very large power distribution system, the placement of PMUs is done strategically so that they are dispersed
all over the grid. As there are multiple data inputs from various PMUs, these data are guided to a Phasor Data
Concentrator. It is also called PDC. A PDC is generally followed by a Master PDC. The data from Master PDC
is further collected at Super PDC. Likewise the data from various PMUs is collected at a single place. Hence a
database is compiled from data received from different PMUs at different locations in real time within a very
less time span. Then this collective data can be utilized for various software applications to generate specific
controls over the transmission system. This also helps the controller to decide necessary action to stabilize
power system and maintain uninterrupted power flow. PMUs are numerically nomenclature to differentiate from
one another so that the decision on data analyzed is vectored back to the respective network or Bus.

II. METHODOLOGY
The phase measurement units have a very vast area of application due to their accurate, precise and quick
operation. But as discussed earlier, due to its high cost, phase measurement unit cannot be placed at each bus of
transmission system. Hence it is very important to know the optimum position of placing phase measurement
units over system which may use minimum number of units with maximum observability of distribution system
estimating its state parameters within the permissible economical limits.

In this research IEEE 14 bus test systems are taken for studying the various optimal PMU placement methods
and comparing their results. Ideal number of PMUs & their location will be detected in the test bus system. To
fulfill this purpose test IEEE- 14 bus system. The different systems are modeled & simulated using PSAT. Then
different techniques and algorithms such as depth first method & annealing methods are applied. Optimal
location of PMUs is found exercising the following methods. Algorithms for different methods are given
below:-

1. Depth First Search

In this method zero injections are not taken into account. Steps are taken into account i.e. in the beginning PMU
is employed at the bus having maximum number of coupled buses/branches and the process can be further
repeated till the complete system becomes observable. The algorithm shown in the Fig1.

Fig1: Algorithm of Depth First Method

2. Graph Theoretic Procedure

Graph Theoretic method is similar to Depth First search method (DeFS), except that it takes into account zero
injections. The process and flow of methods is very much similar to that of depth first method. The algorithm is
shown in the Fig2.

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Fig2: Algorithm for the Graph theory method

MATLAB is a technical language that has extended the limits of researchers and researches. The calculations
are performed at a higher speed and accuracy as compared to other computational software available. In this
research, Matlab R2016b version is used. This research has been done using PSAT toolbox.

Power System Analysis Toolbox is a versatile tool of MATLAB for power system analysis of a design and
controlling environment as per the measurements. Many of the operations are performed by a Graphical User
Interface of the toolbox that provides its SIMULINK library of components for design. For performing the
operations in PSAT, a Power flow of the system is firstly performed which can easily be done using GUI screen.
The Fig. 3(a), (b) shown below is window of PSAT toolbox and the library of toolbox which used to be design
the power system components.

Fig3 (a): Window of PSAT toolbox

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Fig3 (b): Toolbox Components of PSAT

III. RESULTS
IEEE Bus systems of 14 Buses are designed in PSAT toolbox and the design was keenly observed along with
voltage ratings. Fig.4 shows the mesh diagram of 14 Bus systems are design in Matlab, describe the complete
observablity of the network. A repetitive and iterative analysis of the layouts is performed and results are
recorded.

Fig4: IEEE 14 Bus Systems

The Table1, 2 is shown below describe the PMU placement by Depth First Search & Graph Theoretic Procedure
with time taken for complete the process.

Table1: PMU placement by Depth First Search method

Buses 14
Lines 20
PMU 6
PMU Sets 1
Meas. Current 16
Pseudo meas. Current 0
Elapsed Time: 0H 0m 0.02669s

Table 2: PMU placement by Graph Theoretic Procedure method

Buses 14
Lines 20
PMU 5
PMU Sets 1
Meas. Current 15
Pseudo Meas. current 5
Elapsed Time: 0H 0m 0.030596s

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The values and measurements of Real Power (P), Reactive Power (Q), Voltage Magnitude (V), and Voltage
Phase (Ө) are plotted for each bus and the results of 14 Bus systems are shown below

Fig5: Graphical Representation of Real Power (P)

Power in an electric circuit is the rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. The portion of power
that averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is
known as active power (more commonly called real power to avoid ambiguity especially). The portion of power
due to stored energy, which returns to the source in each cycle, is known as reactive power. Fig5. show the
graphical representative real power of individual buses of IEEE 14 Bus system. In this graph the active power is
active power above the 3 per unit & reactive power is negative 1 per unit

Fig6: Graphical Representation of Reactive Power (Q)

Fig6. show the representation of Reactive power at individual buses for an IEEE 14 Bus system.
Reactive power Q, (Sometimes called the wattles power) is the power consumed in an AC circuit that does not
perform any useful work but has a big effect on the phase shift between the voltage and current waveforms.
Reactive power is an AC circuit when the current waveform is out of phase with the waveform of the voltage.
The graph describe the current waveform is out of phase in positive direction approximately 0.8 & in negative
direction is above 0.2.

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The voltage magnitude, (is also called the amplitude) of an AC quantity is to measure the peak height on
waveform graph. Fig.7 represents the voltage magnitude that has been induced in the individual bus for an IEEE
14 Bus system. The graph shows that voltage magnitude is equal to 1.

Fig7: Graphical Representation of Voltage Magnitude (V)

Fig8: Graphical Profile of Voltage Phase (θ)

The phase difference is <= 90 degrees. It is customary to use the angle by which the voltage leads the current.
This leads to a positive phase for inductive circuits since current lags the voltage in an inductive circuit.
The phase is negative for a capacitive circuit since the current leads the voltage. The graphical profile of Voltage
phase of IEEE14 BUS systems is shown in the Fig8.

The results of IEEE 14 BUS systems were compared with the literature. It is found that by carefully choosing
the voltage magnitude of each BUS in the system, the phase differences from different sources may be
minimized such that the number of Phase Measurement Units (PMU) that may be used for efficient transmission
are reduced hence reducing the installation cost.

The results of IEEE 14 BUS systems were compared with the literature. It is found that by carefully choosing
the voltage magnitude of each BUS in the system, the phase differences from different sources may be
minimized such that the number of Phase Measurement Units (PMU) that may be used for efficient transmission
are reduced hence reducing the installation cost. The Table 3 below shows the optimum placement of PMU in
IEEE 14 BUS system.

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Table 3: Number of PMU to be place in IEEE 14 BUS System
BUS
Number of PMU to be place
System
IEEE 14 5

Above is of the power flow detail of 14 BUS systems. These values shown are of Real Power, Reactive Power,
Voltage and Phase profile of each bus in the system. These values are calculated for error free transmission of
the power and hence in real time, these values are helpful in maintaining minimum phase difference at each bus
to avoid blackout.

TOTAL GENERATION
REAL POWER [p.u.] 3.1964
REACTIVE POWER
[p.u.] 0.2284
TOTAL LOAD
REAL POWER [p.u.] 3.15
REACTIVE POWER
[p.u.] 1.15
TOTAL LOSSES
REAL POWER [p.u.] 0.04641
REACTIVE POWER
[p.u.] 0.9216

IV. CONCLUSION
As per the results obtained after application of different algorithms, it is concluded that highest number of
PMUs are to be implemented minimum when Graph Theoretic method is used. But It is also seen that the Graph
Theory method has take more time to implement the PMU placement. Thus it is concluded that for a cost
effective implementation of PMUs, Graph Theory and Depth First Search methods provide good deal of
stability in system. However, it is seen while simulation that the ability to observe overall flow of power is
better using Depth First Search method. Hence it is further concluded that the best method for placement of
PMU is Graph Theoretic method.

A dire need of a system is a PMU to be present in it that certainly avoids the chances of complete blackout.
Using PSAT the methods were used to find minimum number of PMUs because this equipment is of a very high
cost. Further the research can be extended to find other algorithms that may provide a better solution against
PSAT algorithms

V. REFERENCES
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[3] T. L. Baldwin, L. Mili, M. B. Boisen, Jr, and R. Adapa (1993), "Power system observability with
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[7] Phadke, A. and Thorp, J. (2008) ‘Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Application’. Springer
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CITE AN ARTICLE
Singh, S., & Kaur, P. K. (n.d.). IMPLEMENTATION OF IEEE BUS SYSTEMS WITH
OPTIMUM PLACEMENT OF PHASE MEASUREMENT UNIT (PMUS) USING PSAT
TOOLBOX. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGY, 6(12), 369-376.

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