The Effects of Global Connections: Draft

Unit 2 Geographies of
interconnection
The effects
of global
connections
5
The increased movement of goods, services, people
and ideas across the world has the potential to
T
improve the lives of millions of people and bring
people and cultures closer together. It also has the
potential to degrade natural environments and to
deepen the divide between the wealthy and the poor.
AF
These men are employed as ship breakers at the
chapter
Chittagong ship breaking yard in Bangladesh,
south of the capital Dhaka. They pull apart old
container ships and oil tankers by hand so the steel
in them can be recycled and reused. Many of the
ships are owned by the wealthiest multinational
companies in the world. It is dirty and dangerous
R
work and there are virtually no health and safety
regulations to protect workers.
Source 1 Bangladeshi ship breakers at the Chittagong ship breaking yard pull apart
D old container ships and oil tankers by hand so the steel can be recycled.
5A
How does global trade affect
5B
How does global tourism affect
people? people and places?
1 There are about 100 000 people in Asia employed 1 Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries. What
as ship breakers. In what ways do these workers areas
benefit from their employment? of Australia and the world are most visited by
2 Brainstorm the threats to health and safety for the tourists?
workers at the Chittagong ship breaking yard. 2 In what ways does tourism change the natural
environment in these places?
170 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 9 western australian curriculum chapter 5 the effects of global connections 171
5A How does global trade affect people?
5.1 An interconnected world

As you have learned, we live in an increasingly
interconnected world. Ideas, people, goods and
services move more quickly, more often and in
larger quantities than ever before.
Benefits and drawbacks

of globalisation
As with all changes, there are winners and
losers. Consumers are obvious winners. We now
have access to goods produced all around the
T
world. Our homes are filled with goods made Source 3 Steven, a Mooi child, squats in front of what used to
by people we will never meet in places we may be the forest that supported his community. The Mooi are one
never visit. We now have access to the skills, of the Indigenous people who live off the forests of West Papua. Check your learning 5.1
expertise and labour of billions of people to Their ancestral lands are being devastated by logging and taken
AF
away for palm oil plantations. Palm oil is used in many processed
supply our needs and wants. Some companies, foods in Australia.
Remember and understand
industries and countries are also winners. 1 How has Australia’s place in the global
China, for example, has become increasingly marketplace changed over the last 50 to 60 years?
wealthy and powerful by making and supplying From ‘riding on the sheep’s back’ 2 What Australian products make it important in the
goods and services for the global marketplace.
Many people believe that having better trade
to ‘riding on the dragon’s tail’ global marketplace?
between nations also spreads the world’s wealth. Australia today is part of the global marketplace. Apply and analyse
Despite the many winners, there are also Billions of dollars’ worth of goods and services are 3 Examine Source 1. Can you imagine how
clear losers. Workers in developing countries traded between Australia and the rest of the world every you might feel if you went to a McDonalds or
R
are sometimes exploited for their cheap labour Source 1 Sharing culture, food and language are just some ways year. For much of the last century, most of Australia’s other fast-food store in another country? What
and are paid much less than those in the global trade has influenced the experiences of people around the world. exports came from the farming sector and our major similarities and differences might you find?
wealthier countries who are buying the goods trading partner was the United Kingdom. Products such
4 Examine Source 3.
they produce. Their working conditions are as wool, butter and meat were shipped around the world
a Do you think the child shown in this picture has
often much worse as well. and sold to British consumers. Australia was known as
Globalisation can also lead to the loss of
traditional skills and customs. Additionally,
small local businesses can find it difficult to
D ‘Britain’s farm’, and because our prosperity largely came
from the sale of wool, Australia was said to be ‘riding on
the sheep’s back’.
benefited from global trade in any way?
b What possible local benefits could there be
from the logging that takes place in this area?
compete with large multinational companies. This century has seen dramatic changes in our main 5 Examine Source 2. What point is the cartoonist
The closure of these businesses can lead to job exports and trading markets. Less than 10 per cent of making about the relationship between China and
losses for local workers and negative effects for our total exports now come from the farming sector Australia?
societies and communities. and the United Kingdom is only our fifth biggest Evaluate and create
The environment is also often a loser trading partner. Over half of our total exports now
6 Design a political cartoon based on the phrase
when it comes to globalisation. As more and come from the mining sector (mainly iron ore, coal
and gold) and our two biggest trading partners are ‘riding on the sheep’s back’ or ‘riding on the
more raw materials such as timber, land and
China and Japan. China is by far our leading supplier of dragon’s tail’. Before you begin, think about the
minerals are used to feed the world’s factories,
natural environments are changed forever (see imported goods (A$41 billion a year) and buyer of our message you want to convey about this phrase.
Source 3). The need to transport these goods exports (A$64 billion a year). This change has led many 7 What benefits do you experience from the global
to countries all around the world also adds observers to remark that Australia is no longer riding increase in trade links between people and places?
to major environmental problems such as air on the sheep’s back – instead we are riding on the In what ways are you worse off because of these
Source 2 Cartoonists often portray a complex issue using a simple dragon’s tail. links? Are you a globalisation winner or loser?
and water pollution, deforestation and climate
image, employing the device of humour to do so.
change.
5.2 Benefits of global trade

If, for example, you can
buy cheap cars from other
places then you don’t have
for people
to make your own. You can
focus on producing another
product such as clothing or
electronics. If you are able to
make these better or cheaper
than any other country then
you will capture the market.
Benefits for individuals There is also movement
Global trade means that you are now linked to of money, ideas, knowledge
manufacturers all over the world. This means that you and technology between
can buy a wider range of products at cheaper prices countries. Ideas and advances
than ever before. You are not restricted to paying for in medicine, education
services or buying goods made in your local area, or and business can move
even in your own country. Because of an intricate web quickly around the world.
This can help to remove
T
of connections involving people from many countries
you now have access to the global marketplace. cultural barriers that often
Source 3 The Indian film industry, part of which is known as Bollywood, is the largest in
exist between countries, the world. India has a comparative advantage in film-making based on its large population,
Online trade is spreading fast. As just one example,
Source 2 Nike employs more than 1 million people in 777 including language and technical knowledge and fine weather.
Australians have embraced online shopping for clothes
factories in 43 countries, including China. It began as a single religious differences. Sharing
AF
at a remarkable rate. A single company, the British factory in the United States but now only one per cent of its knowledge and ideas in this way also helps us move from employment in the industry. Businesses reap the
fashion site ASOS, racks up a purchase from Australia workers are employed in that country.
towards what is known as the ‘global village’. rewards on both small and large scales. Supporting
every six seconds, and is flying four jumbo jets of
Some aspects of globalisation benefit people, businesses (catering, or lighting businesses for example)
clothing into Australia every single week.
Not only do the buyers of goods and services benefit
Benefits for businesses businesses and entire nations. Bollywood, the Hindi- enjoy employment and, on a wider scale, the film
language part of the Indian film industry, is an example industry at large benefits from the continued success
from global trade – there are also enormous benefits Businesses are now linked to buyers from around
of this. The volume of movies produced means that of Bollywood films. The nation benefits, too, in many
for the people that supply them. Employment and the world. This means they may be able to sell more
individual actors (both Indian and international), ways, just one of which is the increased awareness of
wealth has been created for hundreds of millions of products to more people. They may also be able to
dancers, musicians, and other film professionals benefit Indian culture on a global level.
people. This has improved living standards and life access cheaper raw materials such as coal, iron and
R
expectancies in many places and helped to pull people cotton from other places. These interconnections allow
out of poverty. It is estimated, for example, that there them to keep their costs down and sales up which
are 600 million fewer people living in poverty in China creates higher profits. Check your learning 5.2
today than was the case 30 years ago. This is largely As well as accessing cheaper materials from other
because China has been transformed from an economy countries many companies have moved much of their Remember and understand Evaluate and create
based on farming, supplying itself, to one based on
manufacturing, supplying the world.
D
manufacturing base to other countries. This is often
done to take advantage of lower labour costs in these
countries. Many products in Australian stores carrying
1 What are some of the ways in which you benefit
from global trade?
2 In what ways does the increasing globalisation of
7 Many businesses that use cheaper labour in
developing countries are often reluctant to reveal this.
a Explain why you think this is the case.
the labels of Australian companies, for example, are
trade benefit other people? b Nike is a notable exception to this trend. Explore
made in places such as Vietnam, China, Bangladesh
the interactive map at http://nikeinc.com/pages/
and Fiji. Apply and analyse manufacturing-map to find out where Nike
3 Explain how global trade can help to reduce poverty. products are made. Which country has the largest
Benefits of global trade 4 What is comparative advantage? In which goods or number of Nike employees, which has the most
for nations services do you think Australia has a comparative
advantage?
Nike factories and how many Australians are
employed in Nike factories?
Most nations around the world have welcomed the 5 How does the Indian film industry help to break 8 Draw a diagram or find an image that sums up
opportunities that closer links between nations have down cultural barriers? the concept of a global village to be displayed on
brought. Many have found that the benefits are greater your classroom wall. Examine the range of images
6 In what ways has the Chinese economy transformed
if they specialise in a particular product or service. submitted by your class and discuss the different
over the last 40 years?
This is known as comparative advantage. ways you and your classmates have chosen to
Source 1 Australian shoppers have access to goods from represent the idea.
all over the world.
5.3 Benefits of global trade

Philippines, Singapore and China. The head office is in From an economic perspective, a successful
Berlin, Germany. A key factor of the brand’s success has multicultural society makes Australia an attractive
been the high level of international sales, with stores destination for tourism, education and business.
for people in Australia

supported by online sales and distributors in many other
countries as well.
Crumpler has 1500 Twitter followers and almost
10 000 likes on Facebook, extending its global reach
and consolidating its urban ‘street’ image.
Australia is an active participant in the movement of countries improve the level of skills in those countries Benefits of global trade for
goods and services around the world. We are the 55th and often help to improve levels of wellbeing.
largest country in terms of our population but the 23rd
the Australian nation
biggest exporter and the 21st biggest importer. Each
year, around $500 billion worth of goods and services
Benefits for Australian businesses It is difficult to work out exactly how much individual
countries benefit from increasing trade links. Most
move between Australia and other countries. This trade Many Australian businesses have been able to take researchers, however, agree that Australia has gained
brings many benefits to Australian individuals and advantage of the increasing trade connections between much from our greater interconnections since the 1970s.
businesses and to the country as a whole. people and places to become major players on the world From this time we began to expand our range of trading
T
stage. This includes Australian mining companies that partners from traditional markets such as the United
Benefits for individuals have dominated world trade in minerals such as iron ore,
coal and gold, as well as smaller companies that have
Kingdom and New Zealand to markets throughout the
world, particularly in Asia. Australian governments
Millions of Australians are employed in industries that developed uniquely designed products. Australian surf continue to try and reduce barriers to trade around the Source 3 There are many benefits that come with the
AF
export goods and services. These include agriculture, wear brands are a good example of this. world and have done so for decades. interconnection that accompanies global trade. Learning about
mining and tourism. Many others work in industries other cultures and food traditions are just a couple of them.
About one in every seven Australian workers is now
such as retail and manufacturing that rely on
imported goods and services. This trade creates wealth
Case study: Crumpler employed in the production of exports. The figures are
particularly high for those in mining (seven in every Check your learning 5.3
and prosperity for these people and for the nation The Australian brand, Crumpler, most famous as the
10), farming (four in every 10) and manufacturing metal
as a whole. designer and supplier of distinctive messenger bags, is
products (three in every 10). This brings extra revenue to Remember and understand
Australia’s largest service export is education. There an example of an Australian business that has benefited
the whole country through taxes and levies on workers
are more than 400 000 citizens of other countries from the interconnections of global trade. The Crumpler 1 In what ways can Chinese citizens studying in
and companies and has the potential to improve the
enrolled in Australian universities and other education business had humble beginnings in a shed in Ballarat, Australia bring benefits to both countries?
wellbeing of many Australians. This has been particularly
R
providers. This generates more than $16 billion of export outside Melbourne, where the first prototype bag was 2 How did Australia’s global trade connections
significant for many Indigenous Australians who have
earnings for Australia every year. As well as the financial made by Stewart Crumpler himself. From there, the change during the 1970s?
traditionally worked in agriculture. Many have also
benefits, Australia also receives other benefits. Many of company grew rapidly and achieved success and has sold
found employment in the booming mining sector.
these students apply to stay in Australia when they have millions of products all over the world, reaching a wide Apply and analyse
finished their education and this leads to an increased global marketplace.
Multiculturalism 3 Australia has a comparative advantage in providing
number of people in many occupations, including
medicine and education. Those that return to their home
D
Crumpler has stores across Australia and all over the
world, including in Japan, the United States, Canada, the The interconnections that come with global trade
can bring many benefits apart from financial ones. As
people move to or communicate with those from other
a university education when compared to many
other countries. Work with a partner to brainstorm
the reasons for this and then discuss this with your
class.
places, there is a natural sharing that occurs. This can
4 Read the case study about Crumpler.
enrich the cultural landscape, as aspects of life such as
language, religious tradition, art and food are shared and a Use the key concept of ‘interconnection’ to
integrated with or added to the existing culture. explain the business operations of Crumpler.
Sharing a different range of experiences and learning b List five ways that Crumpler benefits from being
about different ways of doing things can have many interconnected with places all around the world.
positive results. Multiculturalism can broaden our outlook, 5 Examine Source 3.
lead us to interests or hobbies we wouldn’t have otherwise a Can you think of other examples of the positive
heard about, or create opportunities to do further study effects of multiculturalism apart from the ones
or travel. This kind of sharing can do more than just shown?
provide an interesting experience – it also has the benefit b Have you ever had an exchange student from
Source 1 These overseas students are studying at the Source 2 Crumpler is an example of an Australian company of promoting mutual understanding and accepting others’ another country visit your school? If so, what
University of Sydney. Chinese students are the largest group of that has achieved global success.
overseas graduates there followed by those from India, South differences (see Source 3). This in turn may lead to a did you learn about their country?
Korea, Malaysia and Brazil. more harmonious society which is accepting of diversity.
5.4 Benefits of global trade for

enjoy an average wealth greater than the
average European citizen, as measured by the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person.
people in the Asia–Pacific region

Since 1960, the average life expectancy in
South Korea has increased from 54 years to
81 years.
This amazing transformation is due largely
to the country’s growing importance as a
28 000 trading nation. It has chosen to concentrate on
those industries such as electronics and motor
Trade in the Asia–Pacific region is 25 000
vehicles that require a large, highly skilled
thriving, and interconnection with other
labour force. The nation invests heavily in
countries through trade has brought
GDP per person $US

20 000
educating young people and providing them
many benefits to the region. The boom
15 000 with the skills they need in these industries. As
in the demand for information and
a result, South Korea is now the world’s sixth
communications technology equipment
10 000 largest exporter of cars and the fourth largest
in particular (such as smartphones, tablets
and computers) has accounted for much 5000 manufacturer of electronic goods.
T
growth, while places such as Indonesia
and Vietnam have driven exports of 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
The Korean Wave
manufactured goods such as clothes
and shoes. Machinery and transport are 0403_22167
Year Riding the crest of increased prosperity
and electronic communication via the
AF
strong growth areas, and industries such 90
Source 3 Korean pop, known as K-Pop, is growing in popularity.
as shipbuilding are expected to provide 85 Internet, South Korean culture is spreading The musical sensation Psy had a massive worldwide hit in 2012.
Life expectancy (years) South Korea
continued benefits to some Asia–Pacific 80 around the world. The push to promote His single, Gangnam Style, topped the music charts in more than
local culture actually began in the 1990s, 30 countries around the world, including Australia.
economies, such as South Korea. Benefits 75
that accompany global trade activity 70 when the South Korean government became
include a buoyant economy, higher 65 concerned that cultural traditions were
employment levels, a higher standard of 60 in danger of being over-run by influences Check your learning 5.4
living, better access to health care and 55 from China, Taiwan and Japan. They
began to encourage the growth of local Remember and understand
increased life expectancy. 50
1 What social and economic changes have occurred in South
R
45
cultural expression in movies, television
programmes and music. Korea since 1960?
Case study: South Korea 40
Some of the nation’s largest businesses, 2 What links do you have to South Korea?
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
South Korea is an example of a nation Year including LG, Hyundai and Samsung, were 3 What are the ‘Asian Economic Tigers’?
that has embraced global trade and encouraged to invest in these industries and
Source 1 The increase in the average life expectancy of South Koreans
Apply and analyse
the benefits that it can bring. It has
transformed itself from a poor nation
with a large rural peasant population
D
presents an interesting picture when compared to the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). These graphs, which show the data for the country from 1960, could be
used as secondary sources for a geographical inquiry.
continue to do so. Korean television dramas
have become the most watched programs
throughout much of Asia and Korean pop
4 Examine Source 1.
a Describe the change over time in life expectancy and GDP
50 years ago to a modern, urbanised (K-Pop) bands have become hugely popular per person in South Korea.
society with one of the highest levels of throughout much of Eastern Europe and the b Explain the links between these two measures of South
wellbeing in the world. Along with Hong Middle East. In 2011, K-Pop YouTube clips Korean society.
Kong, Taiwan and Singapore it is known were viewed 2.28 billion times, with Japan,
5 What is K-Pop? Explain how it is an example of the growing
as an Asian Economic Tiger. These four United States and Thailand topping the list
interconnection of people around the world.
countries are now seen as a role model of most frequent viewers.
for other expanding economies including The South Korean government has Evaluate and create
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, continued to encourage the spread of 6 Draw a flow map that shows the movement of goods and
and Thailand (known as the Tiger Cub Korean culture (known as the Korean Wave) services between South Korea and other nations. Use arrows
Economies). as it is seen as a way of promoting South to show the direction of these movements.
In 1960, South Korea was considered Korean views and encouraging a positive
7 K-Pop is an example of the ways in which one country’s
one of the world’s poorest nations. It is Source 2 Samsung is one example of a South Korean company that view of the country. This is regarded as
culture can influence cultures in other places. Can you think of
now Asia’s fourth largest economy and has achieved massive global success. Samsung Electronics is the largest important in continuing to build South
company in South Korea and the world’s largest producer of smart phones, other examples of this principle?
the world’s 15th largest. South Koreans Korea’s reputation as an important player on
computer chips and televisions.
the global stage.
5.5 Drawbacks of global trade Drawbacks for businesses

The interconnections that link the consumer
for people
to the person who made their product have, in
some cases, become so complex that businesses
lose control of the process. In Asian countries
such as India and Bangladesh, for example, it is
common practice for manufacturing plants to
‘outsource’ parts of their operations to smaller
factories. They, in turn, may also outsource
Global trade has the potential to bring benefits to The demand for cheap labour and high levels
parts of the operations. The company
people and to places. It is a leading contributor to of poverty means that child labour is used in some
executives in an office on the other side of
reducing poverty and provides wealth and prosperity countries. There are estimated to be over 200 million
the world then have little idea of the factories
for countless people. However, these benefits often children working in the world. Most of these children
they are actually using, or whether they are
come at significant economic and social cost to other work on small family farms in developing countries
involved in unsafe work practices. It also makes
people in other countries. This takes place at individual, but around 160 000 of them work in manufacturing.
it difficult to maintain quality controls on the Source 2 These protesters in South Korea are campaigning against a
business and national levels. Countries with high levels of child labour tend to products. Additionally, there may be a backlash G20 meeting of the leaders of the world’s wealthiest nations. Many people
share similar characteristics. These include: from consumers in the developed world once are concerned that increasing global trade results in a widening gap
T
Drawbacks for individuals • high fertility rates and a large percentage of the these practices become known to them.
between rich and poor countries.
population being under the age of 15
Many companies that are based in developed countries Check your learning 5.5
actually manufacture their goods in developing
• low rates of school attendance and low levels of
literacy
Drawbacks for nations
countries. This is usually to take advantage of the Remember and understand
AF
• low levels of technology in comparison to other Many critics of the growth in trade between countries
cheaper labour that is available in these developing
countries with whom they are competing believe that it benefits the people and businesses of the 1 Why do many children in developing countries
countries. While this provides jobs and income for
• a lack of government policies to deal with child developed world at the expense of those in developing work rather than go to school?
millions of people, manufacturing in developing
labour countries. These poorer countries are seen only as a 2 What is outsourcing? How can it negatively affect
countries does come at a cost. Workers are paid much
• large numbers of people living in poverty. source of cheap raw materials and labour. This, they people and businesses?
less than those who perform similar tasks in developed
argue, tends to widen the gap in wellbeing between
countries and they often work in appalling conditions. 3 Factories such as the one in Source 1 are often
wealthy and poor countries.
called ‘sweat shops’. Why do you think this is the
Another criticism of increased globalisation in case?
trade is that problems in one place can affect many
R
other places very quickly. In 2008, a dramatic fall in Apply and analyse
house prices in the United States triggered a global 4 Examine Source 1.
financial crisis and caused banks and investment a Estimate the number of workers in this room.
companies to collapse throughout the developed
b Estimate the percentage of women workers.
world. Many companies were forced to close and
D spending on consumer goods fell dramatically.
As developed countries reduced their consumer
spending, imports went down and hundreds of
c What are the roles of men in this factory?
What does this tell you about gender roles in
this place?
thousands of people in developing countries were 5 Imagine that you work in the clothing factory in
also plunged into poverty. Source 1. Describe a day at work.
Financial problems are not the only things to Evaluate and create
spread quickly. Greater global trade may also result
6 Examine Source 2 showing a protest group
in the spread of infectious diseases between regions
in South Korea. Create a table listing both the
of the world as people travel more frequently for
benefits and the costs of global trade. Discuss
trade. In 2002–2003, a respiratory disease, SARS, was
spread by tourists from its origins in China to many which groups in society are likely to be opposed to
other countries. By the time the epidemic finished globalisation and which would support it.
it had killed more than 8000 people in 17 countries. 7 Research the global financial crisis (GFC) or the
Outbreaks of bird flu and other health concerns like SARS epidemic and construct a flow diagram
norovirus can also be spread quickly by people who showing its spread within and between countries.
are travelling around the world for business. How were global trade connections involved?
Source 1 Workers in a clothing factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh
5.6 Drawbacks of global trade

American clothing manufacturers began to outsource
to Bangladesh in much greater numbers in 2005,
following the end of an agreement that had kept a
for people in Asia

percentage of clothing production in the United States.
In the rush, clothing factories were hastily installed
in Bangladesh. Building regulations were overlooked
and poorly controlled and factories were set up in
buildings unsuitable for thousands of workers and their
heavy machinery. Many lacked suitable fire exits and
ventilation, making conditions in them both dangerous
Asia is the world’s largest continent and home to three-
fifths of the world’s people. Its 48 countries contain a
Case study: Clothing factories and uncomfortable. Hundreds of workers have died in
wide diversity of cultures, languages and ways of life. in Bangladesh fires in these factories as a result.
Perhaps most disturbingly, a survey by engineers
In some Asian countries, most of the population live
The clothing industry is the largest in Bangladesh, found that three-fifths of the clothing factories
in small villages and depend on their food-growing
accounting for about 80 per cent of all exports. It are vulnerable to collapse. In 2013, concrete pillars
skills for their livelihood and to feed their families.
employs about 3.5 million people, most of them young supporting an eight-storey building on the outskirts of
In other parts of Asia, more and more people are
women. Working conditions and wages vary Dhaka collapsed (see Source 1). The building was home
working in industries such as agriculture, tourism and
a great deal within the Bangladeshi clothing industry but to five clothing factories and thousands of workers. More
T
manufacturing. This growing involvement in industry Source 2 Twelve-year-old Reena works five hours a day,
a worker can typically earn about $50 a month. Workers than 1100 people were killed, making this one of the seven days a week to stitch together balls for Australian
has led to some alarming work practices. These include
officially usually work 10-hour days, but there are many world’s worst industrial accidents. The building’s owner children. She thinks she has fallen three years behind her
using child labour, unsafe working conditions and
reports of workers being locked into factories for much only had permission to construct a five-storey building classmates in her schoolwork as a result.
working hours that include factory shifts of up to 19
longer hours, sometimes from 7.00 a.m. to well past but illegally added three more floors to fit in more
AF
hours a day.
midnight, seven days a week. workers. He also installed heavy generators to counter
Check your learning 5.6
the frequent disruptions to the electricity supply.
Case study: Ball stitching in India 1 Why did the Rana Plaza building collapse?
Many Australian companies that supply the leather and 2 Calculate how much workers in Bangladeshi
synthetic balls you use for sport have their balls stitched clothing factories are paid a week. Compare this to
in India. A newspaper investigation in 2012 found that the minimum wage in Australia which is $656.90.
many of the balls are being stitched by children who How does this help to explain why more clothes
R
have been taken out of school by their parents to help are made in Bangladesh than in Australia?
earn money to support the family (see Source 2).
Apply and analyse
While Australian companies use factories that have
signed agreements stating they will not use child labour, 3 Examine Source 2. Explain how Reena is linked to
the reality is that many of them do. During busy times, people in Australia. How has this interconnection
D when the factories are overloaded with work they
use other smaller companies to help meet the labour
demand. These companies employ children, most of
impacted on her?
4 Why do you think workers in developing countries
such as India and Bangladesh are more vulnerable
them young girls, to stitch the balls. to low wages and poor working conditions than
Ten million balls are made in India and shipped those in developed countries?
to Australia every year in an industry worth about
Evaluate and create
$1 billion. Each worker in India receives about eight
cents per ball. It takes about an hour to hand stitch each 5 The people who died in the Rana Plaza collapse
ball, a task that is hard on fingers and eyes. have been called ‘victims of globalisation’. Do you
For people living in poor villages, however, sending think this is a fair description? Give some reasons
their children to work doing such intense labour – at the for your answer.
expense of an education – is often the only option for 6 Some clothing companies have decided to close
the family’s income. their factories in Bangladesh due to poor publicity
following the building collapse. Do you think
this is a good thing or a bad thing for workers in
Bangladesh? Discuss this with your class.
Source 1 Rescue workers search for survivors in the rubble of the collapsed Rana Plaza building – Dhaka, in Bangladesh.
5.7 The effects of globalisation
1 The Saami 2 The Masai
The Saami are the Indigenous people The Masai are the semi-nomadic people
of Northern Europe, living in parts of of East Africa, and live in southern Kenya
Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
on Indigenous peoples
and northern Tanzania. The Masai
The Saami are traditionally semi- have been subjected to eviction and
nomadic reindeer herders, but today, to opposition to their semi-nomadic
many Saami have modernised and lifestyle over many years. Masai lands
now use snowmobiles and helicopters in Kenya were reduced by 60 per cent
to herd the reindeer. However, pasture at the beginning of the 20th century,
land for the reindeer is becoming when the British took the lands to build
limited as oil and gas mining are ranches, then later, wildlife reserves and
developed on traditional Saami lands. national parks. Today, loss of land to
The original inhabitants of a region or country are become a minority in their own country and suffer The Saami are facing other environmental threats from dam large-scale private farms and game parks for international tourists
known as its Indigenous people. These communities from widespread prejudice and discrimination. As building, logging and the effects of climate change. has made nomadic grazing impossible for the Masai. Many Masai
often developed a way of life suited to the natural a result, their unique culture is threatened and may now live in towns or depend on tourism for survival.
environment in which they lived without influence become extinct. 3 The Karen
4 The Vedda
and interference from the outside world. The United Nations estimates that there are almost The Karen is an Indigenous group
from Myanmar (Burma) who have long The Vedda people are Indigenous to
With increased links between people and places, 5000 Indigenous groups in the world today. In total,
fought for their own homeland. Located Eastern Sri Lanka, and were originally
Indigenous peoples and their cultures have been this accounts for about 370 million Indigenous peoples forest-dwellers. The Vedda people
in a political hotspot, the culture and
threatened by the expansion of dominant cultures, or living in 70 countries. Australia is home to two groups lifestyle of the Karen have long been have been exploited for centuries
T
from the arrival of new people and cultural groups. of Indigenous peoples – Aboriginal Australians and under threat from political tensions and by outsiders wanting their land. This
military action in Myanmar (Burma). land has been turned from forest to
As people from different cultures have moved Torres Strait Islanders.
There are estimated to be 200 000 housing developments and government
around the world and settled in new places, they have The world map (see Source 1) and the information Karen hiding in the jungle from the parkland. The Vedda have been banned
often come into contact with the Indigenous peoples. provided in on the following page give examples of Burmese army, and many Karen have from the parkland areas. Those who
AF
In some cases this first contact has been friendly, while some of the Indigenous cultures currently threatened fled across the border to Thailand. Here, do still try to hunt risk being arrested or
they find themselves in refugee camps, or in villages where they even shot by park guards.
in other cases conflict has broken out. Whatever the by new global links, and explains how they have been
are little more than a tourist attraction.
nature of the first contact, the long-term effects are 6 The Mentawi
largely negative for Indigenous peoples. They often affected. The Mentawi are the native people of
5 The Yolngu
the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia. The
WORLD: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory Mentawi have traditionally relied on the
of Australia, is owned solely by the rainforests of the Mentawai Islands for
Indigenous Yolngu people. They are all their needs. Today, rapid change
ARCTIC OCEAN
attempting to balance the needs of has led to the clearance of forests,
Kalaallit their traditional Aboriginal heritage with replacing the forests with profitable
Inupiat
R
1 Saami Nenet the demands of the mining industry, an palm oil plantations. As a result, the
Arctic Circle Saami Nenet Inuit Inuit Kalaallit
Yakut Inuit industry which is a huge business for Indonesian government has relocated
Evenk Chukchi
Inuit Australia. Some argue that while there many Mentawi to villages where they
Cree Cree are serious problems within their own are unable to follow their traditional
EUROPE Cree Cree communities – health, poverty and ways. They now suffer high rates of poverty and disease.
Gypsy ASIA Nez Perces Sioux
Mongol Chippewa substance abuse – Yolngu manage a The Mentawi have found themselves the unlikely
Basque Northern Cheyenne Mohawk
Uigur Ainu
Tropic of Cancer
Berber
Tuareg
Kurd
Santal
Tibetan
Miao Zhuang
Bhil Chakma 3
Mongol
D Navajo
Hopi
NORTH
Apache AMERICA
Huichol
AT L A N T I C
OCEAN
way of life that blends Western technology with traditions that
have been passed through generations.
beneficiaries of Internet connections via groups like Surfaid,
which aims to help people in isolated areas Surfaid’s members
are connected to through surfing.
Bedouin Mazatec Maya

Fulani AFRICA Karen Bontoc PA C I F I C Zapotec
Lenca Arhuaco Check your learning 5.7
Dinka Vedda
4 6 Mentawi Bribri
Pygmy Iban OCEAN Yanomami
Tutsi 2
Equator Acehnese Secoya
Masai Dayak
Penan
Dayak Amungme Kayapo
Remember and understand 5 Give an example of how technology has changed
AT L AN T IC Pygmy Hutu I N D I A N East Timorese SOUTH the way of life of one Indigenous group.
Torres Strait Islander Quechua 1 Why do Indigenous populations often decline when
Yolngu 5
O C EAN AMERICA settlers from other places arrive?
Tropic of Capricorn Bushmen
OCEAN
Aborigine Kanak
Fijian Quechua Evaluate and create
Rapa Nui Wichi 2 In what type of environment do the Saami live? 6 Make a list of the ways in which Indigenous cultures
AUSTRALIA
Mapuche Apply and analyse are changing. Construct a flow diagram showing
Maori
how some or all of these changes are connected to
3 List one forest-dwelling Indigenous group. What
LEGEND each other.
Qawaskar threats to their way of life do forest-dwelling
Nomadic herding Subsistence farming Gypsy
Indigenous groups face? 7 Select one of the Indigenous groups described on
Shifting cultivation Indigenous group these pages. Research the issue described and
0 2000 4000 km 4 What do the Masai and the Mentawi have in
report back to your class on the ways in which this
common?
Source 1 Source: Oxford Atlas group is changing.
5A rich task
skilldrill: Data and information Extend your understanding
The global coffee Describe, explain and compare patterns 1 Many coffee producing countries rely very heavily on 2 Do some further reading or use the Internet to research
trade on maps
Geographers often use maps to interpret and analyse
this single crop for their export income. What are the
possible dangers for countries in this situation?
the coffee industry in one of the top producing
countries. How has this changed in the last 10 years
What kinds of risks does relying on a single crop and who has been impacted by these changes?
Coffee is one of the world’s most traded complex information and reach some conclusions. While a expose them to?
commodities. About $17 billion worth of coffee single map is a useful tool for describing a pattern, we can Source 3 This table shows the top ten coffee-
is traded between producing and importing compare several maps to help explain these patterns. WORLD: TOP TEN COFFEE PRODUCING AND CONSUMING COUNTRIES producing and importing nations in the world
countries every year. This makes it the second Follow these steps to describe, explain and compare the Country Annual Country Annual
most valuable commodity (after oil) in the patterns on maps. production imports
(in 000s of (in US
world. It is a particularly important crop to Step 1 Examine the first map carefully. Look at the title and United bags*) $ 000s)
many developing countries as it accounts for the legend so that you know precisely what the map is Kingdom Canada
Belgium Germany Brazil 43 484 USA 4 121 228
showing. Take note of any patterns that you notice. These Austria
as much as one-third of their entire export Spain Italy
Japan
United States
may be a cluster of similar features located close together of America Vietnam 20 000 Germany 3 344 098
earnings. More than 25 million people are
T
Tropic of Cancer
or other patterns such as features in a rough line (lineal India Mexico Indonesia 8250 Italy 1 382 895
employed in the coffee industry, many of pattern) or spreading out like spokes on a wheel (radial
Vietnam Guatemala
Honduras
Ethiopia
them small farmers. Equator Colombia Colombia 7800 France 1 381 309
pattern). Indonesia
Peru Brazil Ethiopia 6500 Japan 1 272 614
Step 2 Repeat Step 1 for the next map and for any other Tropic of Capricorn
AF
maps you are using. Peru 5443 Belgium 1 204 122
The overall demand for coffee is growing rapidly and 0 2500 5000 km
this is causing many changes in its production and Step 3 Look for similarities between the maps. You can do India 5333 Canada 789 431
processing. Many small farmers in developing countries this by using your notes and by scanning the maps with LEGEND
Honduras 4500 Spain 752 415
Top ten coffee producers (million bags per year) Top ten coffee importers (US$million per year)
are finding it difficult to compete with large plantations your eyes. You are looking for sets of data on the maps
Over 20 5 to 7 Over 2000 750 to 1000 United
which are often owned by companies from developed that seem to roughly follow similar patterns. Make a note 7 to 20 Under 5 1000 to 2000 Under 750 Mexico 4300 631 785
Kingdom
countries. The demand for coffee is also creating of these similarities.
Source 2 Source: Oxford University Press Guatemala 3750 Austria 454 791
environmental problems, particularly the clearing of Step 4 Use your observations to find a logical explanation for
rainforest to make way for new plantations and an these similarities. For example, when comparing maps of * 1 bag weighs 60 kilograms. Figures, 2008
R
increased demand for fresh water. altitude and temperature it is logical that temperatures will WORLD: CLIMATES
The coffee that ends up in your cup begins as a fall as altitude increases. Similarly, it is logical that tropical LEGEND
bean grown on plants in tropical countries, often on rainforests are found in warm areas with high rainfall. ARCTIC OCEAN Polar: extremely cold all year; nearly
all snowand ice; less than 250 mm
hillsides. The beans are picked, washed, dried, sorted precipitation per year
and packed into 60 kilogram bags for export. Once Apply the skill Arctic Circle
Cold wet: cold winters, cool to hot
summers; moderate rain all year
transported the beans are roasted and ground before

being packaged and sold to the consumer.
D
1 Examine Source 2, showing the world’s top coffee
producers and coffee importers. Describe the distribution
of the world’s top coffee producers. Pay particular
E URO PE
A SI A
N O RT H
AMERICA
Cold dry winter: cold dry winters, cool
to hot summers; moderate rain all year
Cold semi-desert: hot in summer,
cold in winter; 250 mm to 500 mm
rain per year
Cold desert: hot in summer, cold in
winter;less than 250 mm rain per year
ATLANTIC
attention to the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. OCEAN
Mild wet: mild;
rain all year
Tropic of Cancer
2 Examine Source 4, showing the world’s climates. A FR I C A
Highlands: cool to cold occuring in
mountains and high plateaus; snow
Describe the main climate types found in the tropics. PACIFIC OCEAN cover increases with altitude
Subtropical wet: warm;
Equator rain all year
3 Compare your answers to the previous questions and ATLANTIC Subtropical dry winter: warm
INDIAN SOUTH all year; dry winter
explain the distribution of the world’s top coffee producing OCEAN AME R I C A Subtropical dry summer: warm
OCEAN
countries. Tropic of Capricorn
all year; dry summer
Hot semi-desert: hot all year;
AUST R A L I A 250 mm to 500 mm rain per year
4 Use Source 2 to describe the distribution of the world’s Hot desert: hot all year; less
than 250 mm rain per year
top coffee importers. Tropical wet and dry: hot all
year; wet summers, dry winters
5 Having examined the maps in Sources 2 and 4, what 0 2000 4000 km Tropical wet: hot; wet for most
of the year
Source 1 Brazil is the world’s largest coffee producer and climate factors do you think influence the growing of
exporter. Coffee farms range from large plantations owned by Source 4 Source: Oxford Atlas
transnational companies, such as this one, to small plots owned
coffee? What climate factors are apparent in the areas
by a single farmer. that import large amounts of coffee?
5B How does international tourism affect people and places?
5.8 Different types of tourism Wilderness tourism

Wildeness tourists enjoy the challenge of visiting wild
Ecotourism
Ecotourists typically travel to natural areas that
places such as the Amazon rainforest, Antarctica or are relatively undisturbed, and possibly fragile, to
the Himalaya. For these travellers, the lure of remote learn more about these special places in a socially
lands, rugged landscapes and even challenging weather responsible manner. Ecotourists try to minimise their
conditions is much more attractive than a cosy hotel impact and avoid damaging the environment in
It is estimated that tourists spend around $A1
and a bit of sightseeing. The chance to visit places that which they travel. They may even aim to improve the
trillion annually (i.e. $A1000 billion). This revenue
relatively few others have and be exposed to the people wellbeing of the land and those that live there. Some
makes a valuable contribution to the economies of
and cultures of these remote places makes wilderness ecotourism raises funds for conservation (see Source 4),
most countries around the world.
tourism an attractive option for many, despite the or goes to directly benefit the local communities in the
The United Nations World Tourism Organization
potential risks involved. places visited by tourists.
(UNWTO) now estimates that the total number of
tourists travelling each year will reach 1.8 billion
by 2030. Asian countries such as India, Malaysia
and Indonesia are expected to see the most rapid
increase in tourist numbers over this time.
Tourists travel for many different reasons. Some
T
simply want to relax on a beach, while others are keen
to experience the culture, language and history of the
places they visit. In order to understand the decisions
different types of tourists make, and analyse the
AF
impacts that their decisions have on the environment,
geographers tend to classify tourists into a number of
groups. In this section, we will examine four of the
most popular types of tourism and investigate the
impacts that each is having on environments around
the world.
Source 3 Climbers on Mount Everest wait for their turn to Source 4 In Central Africa, ecotourism brings about
reach the summit. Climbers like these must wait up to two $20 million a year to the region – much of this used to preserve
Recreational tourism Source 1 Times Square in New York City is among the most
hours to reach the top of the mountain. the habitat of mountain gorillas.
R
Recreational tourism is perhaps the most well-known popular destinations in the world for recreational tourists because
and popular type of tourism. Recreational tourists
of the many attractions there. Check your learning 5.14
travel to have a good time, to relax, and to enjoy the
attractions and activities on offer in the places they Remember and understand c Classify these into the positives and negatives.
are visiting. Many recreational tourists spend their 1 How many tourists travel to a different country each d Identify the places where the impact was felt.
time relaxing on the beach, eating in restaurants,
shopping or attending shows. Each year, around 39
million tourists flock to New York City to enjoy all of
D year?
2 Which countries are expected to see the most
rapid growth in the number of tourists over the next
5 Which of the four types of tourism outlined do you
think is the most popular amongst the world’s
tourists? Give some reasons for your answer.
the recreational activities on offer there (see Source 1). 15 years or so? Evaluate and create
Apply and analyse 6 One method to reduce the impacts of tourism is
Historical tourism to give tourists a code of behaviour that outlines
3 As a class, brainstorm examples of experiences and
Historical tourists are generally interested learning destinations under each of the four tourism types. a number of rules and guidelines to follow.
more about important events that may have taken Which one did your class know the most about? a As a class, discuss the kinds of rules and
place in the past, by visiting the places where they Which did they know the least about? Why do you guidelines that would reduce the impact of
happened. They visit important buildings, view think this is the case? tourism on mountain gorillas such as those
artefacts and monuments and sometimes listen to shown in Source 4.
4 Think about your last experience as a tourist.
stories from local experts. The Great Pyramid in b In pairs or small groups, design a brochure that
a Classify your experiences into one of the four
Egypt, Stonehenge in England and Machu Picchu in you could give to tourists to educate them about
tourism types discussed on these pages.
Peru (see Source 2) are all popular destinations for the code of behaviour your class has come
Source 2 Machu Picchu in Peru attracts visitors because of its b Write a list of all the ways your last holiday had an
historical tourists. up with.
historical significance. Up to 2000 people visit every day. impact on the places you visited.
5.9 Impacts of recreational

CANCUN, MEXICO: TOURIST AREA
To Puerto Jaurez Blue Bay Getaway
Aquamarina Beach Hotel Casa Maya
tourism
Riu Caribe
All Inclusive Fiesta Americana Villas
Presidente InterContinental Camino Real
Cancun Resort Hyatt Regency
Le Blanc Spa Resort
LEGEND
Sierra
Hotel/resort
Gran Caribe Real Resort Hyatt Cancun Caribe
Flamingo Beach
ME by Melia Aqua Cancun
Sheraton Resort & Towers
While some forms of tourism, such as ecotourism, destination, Cancun was a barrier island enclosing a Caribbean Village
may not appeal to everyone, travelling for recreation massive shallow lagoon, the Nichupte Lagoon, which was Nichupte Lagoon
Great Parnassus Resort
Golden Parnassus Resort
is massively popular. There are many destinations that an important nesting site for sea turtles and seabirds. Ritz Carlton
Golden Crown Paradise Caribbean Sea
people choose to visit for recreation, so the impacts The lagoon was fringed by mangroves, which acted Cancun Palace
JW Marriott Cancun
vary widely. Some places become extremely popular as a nursery for fish and other marine animals (see Marriott Casa Magna
Gran Melia
as tourist destinations, and the concentrated number Source 2). As more tourists began to visit, causeways Fiesta Americana Condesa
of visitors can have significant impact on both the were built at both ends of the island to join it to the Grand Oasis 0 1 2 km
natural and built environments there. For example, a mainland. The causeways restricted how much fresh Hilton Cancun Golf & Spa Resort
T
beachfront that once attracted people for its sunshine water was able to flow into the lagoon, changing the Omni Cancun Hotel & Villas
Source 3 While tourists enjoy luxury accommodation in
and clean sandy beaches can all too quickly become conditions of the ecosystem. In addition, sections of the GR Solaris Cancun purpose built resorts, living standards are very different for
overcrowded, and polluted if it is not carefully managed Crown Paradise Club many of Cancun’s workers and their children.
lagoon were filled in, and 60 000 hectares of rainforest Westin Resort Cancun
Rio Ingles
and cared for. and mangroves were removed to make way for the Lagoon Royal Solaris
Yalmakan Area of map
AF
development of hotels and resorts. Sun Palace
Case study: Cancun, Mexico

Westin Regina
Native plants that once protected the coast and
prevented erosion were replaced with non-native plants. Remember and understand
Many areas that were once wilderness have been changed There are far fewer fish and shellfish due both to the loss
To Tulum
1 Why do many tourists visit Cancun?
to provide the things that tourists need and want such of their habitat and overfishing to feed the tourists. Large Source 2 Source: Oxford University Press
2 How has tourism benefited local people?
as hotels, airports, swimming pools and roads. On the areas of coral reef are now dead or damaged as a result of The increased numbers of tourists and residents
Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, for example, lies the the snorkelling and scuba diving. Boats and jet skis create Apply and analyse
(who work in hotels and restaurants and run tour
tourist town of Cancun (see Source 1). Blessed with a pollution, while boat anchors can drag along the seabed, 3 Investigate the natural environment of Cancun.
companies) have also resulted in waste management
spectacular coastline and warm temperatures, it attracts damaging coral and stirring up sediment, all of which problems. The lagoon has become polluted with sewage, a Describe the current environment. Use Source 1
R
about 2 million visitors a year. Before it became a tourist have negative impacts on marine life. petroleum products, heavy metals and chemicals from to help you.
stormwater run-off and the boating marinas in the b How has tourist development changed this
lagoon. environment? Use Source 1 as a source of
In addition to these negative environmental information.
consequences, there are also negative social c How have the activities and behaviours of
D consequences. The rapid development in Cancun has
put pressure on local resources, meaning the prices of
food, energy, raw materials and land have risen. There is
tourists impacted on the Cancun region? Refer
to particular places and activities in your answer.
4 Cancun has been described as ‘a victim of its own
also increasing pressure to use agricultural land for the popularity’. What does this mean? Do you agree
booming tourism industry. with this statement?
When tourist infrastructure for Cancun was built, 5 Examine Source 3. What does this picture reveal
little provision was made for the additional residents about living conditions in the workers’ villages?
needed to work in the industry. As a result, there are
many slums that surround the area. People living in Evaluate and create
the slums have poor living conditions, with a lack of 6 Imagine that a new tourist development has been
drinking water, waste management and other services. proposed for a stretch of coastline in Queensland
Although the industry provides employment, that has a similar natural environment to Cancun.
tourism workers are often poorly paid. This leads to What lessons could the developers of this new
inequalities between resident workers and tourists, with resort take from the experiences at Cancun in
Source 1 Tourist some workers feeling resentment towards tourists and order to reduce impacts on natural and built
development in being forced into other illegal means of earning an environments?
Cancun, Mexico income, such as selling drugs or prostitution.
5.10 Impacts of historical tourism Case study: The Great Wall, China
The Great Wall of China was declared one of the Seven In some heavily visited sections virtually every
Wonders of the World in a public vote in 2007, and China stone has been defaced with graffiti and some tourists
is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in even take pieces of the wall as souvenirs. Cars are
the world. Rapid economic growth and rises in living sometimes driven along the wall, rave parties are
standards in China are allowing millions of Chinese held on it, and parts have been torn down to use
While many modern-day tourist attractions such as
people to own cars and visit places they could not for building materials or to create space for other
theme parks and museums are built specifically to cater
previously access. These two factors are bringing even developments. It has been estimated that only one-
for tourists, most historic sites built long ago were never
more people to the Great Wall every year. Unfortunately third of the wall still stands, the rest having been torn
designed to cope with the demands of the growing
this is creating many problems for this ancient structure. down or eroded away.
numbers of visiting tourists. The interconnection
between tourists and ancient buildings, for example, is
having a disastrous effect on many of these historic sites
in many locations.
Case study: Angkor Wat,

Cambodia
T
Cambodia’s 1000-year-old temples at Angkor Wat lay
hidden from tourists for hundreds of years by the thick
tropical jungle. Today, nearly 3 million tourists visit
AF
Cambodia every year, most of whom go to Angkor Wat.
In 1995, there were eight hotels in the nearby town of
Siem Reap. By 2013, there were more than 350, virtually
all of them owned by foreigners. Many of the stone
statues and steps of Angkor Wat are crumbling under
the stress of millions of footsteps, and entire sections
of the walls have collapsed. Pollution from hundreds of Source 3 Crowds
tourist buses threatens to corrode the fragile sandstone. such as those
The demand for water, including that needed to water shown here flock
R
to the Great Wall
two new golf courses built nearby, has resulted in ancient
of China during
wells and moats drying up. Some researchers fear that national holidays in
drawing water from the ground may eventually result in China in 2012.
the sinking and collapse of the ancient monument. Source 2 Tourists and buses at Giza’s ancient pyramids
D
Case study: Pyramids
of Giza, Egypt
Remember and understand 5 What are some of the positive impacts of tourism
1 List the ways in which tourists change the ancient that may occur at each of these three historic sites?
The Pyramids of Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo in Egypt,
are some of the most instantly recognisable buildings structures described on these pages. Evaluate and create
in the world. More than 4500 years old, they stand as a 2 Why is water supply an issue for Angkor Wat? 6 The case studies presented focus on the impact of
monument to human ingenuity. They have withstood
Apply and analyse mass tourism on the built environment. Brainstorm
centuries of desert erosion but are now threatened by
ways in which tourism can impact on other aspects
mass tourism. Inside the tombs and pyramids, ancient 3 Why is the impact of tourism on ancient places such
of the human environment such as language, culture
paintings are being eroded by salt deposits that are as these likely to worsen in the future? Can you think
and religion.
caused by the sweating and breathing of tourists. Despite of any likely impacts for each of the places shown
strict rules, some tourists touch the ancient paintings, here in addition to the ones already described? 7 Do some further research about the impact of
which hastens their decay. The air pollution caused by tourism on one of the three historic sites mentioned
4 Examine Source 1. How are these tourists impacting
the growth of Cairo’s suburbs and the many tourist here. Prepare a Powerpoint presentation about what
on Angkor Wat? Are these impacts also likely to
buses has corroded the pyramids’ surfaces. you discover and present it to the class.
occur at the Egyptian pyramids or the Great Wall?
Source 1 Tourists scramble up the side of a temple wall at
Angkor Wat, Cambodia.
5.11 Impacts of wilderness Protection

Tourism in Antarctica is self-regulated by the International
Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO). The
tourism Other 0.15%
Kayaking 3.75%
Snowboarding 0.02%
association has strict guidelines for its members and their
ships, such as limiting the size of ships allowed into Antarctic
waters. The numbers of people that can land at sites are
1 Why do so few tourists visit Antarctica?
2 Would you like to visit Antarctica?
Ice landing 0.16% Remote underwater also limited. The association is seen as being successful Give some reasons for your answer.
vehicle 0.15%
Helicopter flight 0.29% in managing tourism in the area; after all, if damage to Apply and analyse
Walking 2.68% Antarctica occurs, the attractiveness to tourists will be lost.
Many tourists are drawn to wilderness areas to Camping 0.30%
3 Examine Source 2.
Ship cruise Membership of IAATO, however, is not compulsory, and there
experience natural sights and events. Well known Climbing 0.15% 37.56% is still the possibility of businesses that don’t belong to the a What are the two most popular activities
examples of wilderness tourist destinations include association bringing in larger ships carrying more people in Antarctica?
Uluru in Central Australia, the Grand Canyon in and causing more damage. This has not happened so far but, b What are some of the potential
America, and the Serengeti in Africa, where many if it did, nothing could be done to prevent it as there are no environmental impacts of these
Landing from
people travel to go on wildlife safaris. Wilderness international laws governing the area. activities?
a small boat
tourists, and the facilities built for them, can bring Scuba diving c What percentage of tourists take a flight
35.46%
1.16%
great change to natural environments. The future of Antarctic tourism in an aircraft?
Skiing 0.22%
T
Science support
d Why might this percentage increase in
While virtually all tourists currently access Antarctica by boat,
Case study: Tourism in Antarctica 0.49%
this may be about to change. The Australian government has
the future?
Visit scientific
spent $46 million to put a regular air service in place between 4 Discuss some of the potential and real
Antarctica is the world’s last great wilderness and a land station 4.73%
Aircraft flight 0.09% Hobart and Casey Station in Antarctica. This has meant the environmental impacts of aeroplane flights
of extremes. Located at the most southerly point of
AF
Small boat cruising
Anchoring only 0.27% construction of a reliable runway on a 700-metre-thick glacier. to Antarctica.
the Earth’s surface, it is the highest, coldest, driest, 12.37%
Airbus A319 planes have been modified with long-range fuel
windiest and most isolated continent. This makes it
Source 2 Tourist activities in Antarctica.
Evaluate and create
one of the least visited places on Earth. Despite being tanks added so that a return flight to Hobart can be made
without refuelling. This minimises the chances of a fuel spill 5 Design a poster that will be displayed in
about twice the size of Australia, Antarctica receives the rooms of a cruise ship which will sail
only 26 000 tourists a year compared to Australia’s in the pristine environment.
People usually visit Antarctica for only short periods to Antarctica. Your poster should outline a
5.8 million visitors. The service will be for scientists and researchers working
but their visits usually take place at that same small code of behaviour for tourists who will travel
Most visitors to Antarctica travel on cruise ships from from the Australian bases in the summer months and will
number of sites. This leads to a long-term cumulative on the ship, to educate and guide them on
South America and visit a few sites on the Antarctic reduce the current three-week sea journey to a four-and-a-half-
impact. Tourists also tend to visit the places with the how to reduce their environmental impact.
hour flight. This will allow more scientists to visit Antarctica.
R
Peninsula. They come to marvel at the unique wildlife, most wildlife, which has the potential to disrupt the
While tourist flights from Australia currently do not land in Because not all passengers will speak the
the pristine condition of the natural environment animals’ normal way of life. The fragile environment
Antarctica, the technology used to construct this runway may same language you will need to use pictures
and the stunning scenery. Nearly 40 per cent of these means tourism in Antarctica has to be carefully
be employed by tour operators in the future. It is important and symbols rather than words on your
tourists are from the United States. Australians make up controlled and managed. It is particularly difficult to
to remember, however, that Antarctica remains a challenging poster.
only eight per cent of tourists to Antarctica. manage environmental problems, however, as there is
D
no government, police force or park rangers to manage
impacts and control behaviours.
environment to visit and this will always keep the number of
tourists relatively low.
Source 3
Potential impacts from wilderness tourism The passengers and
crew of the first flight
• Disturbance of wildlife, especially as most tourists from Hobart to Antarctica
are taken to penguin and seal colonies by small boats in 2008 gather beside
from large cruise ships. the runway. In the centre
of the front row is Peter
• Oil spills from cruise ships. Rubbish and waste from
Garrett, Australia’s
ships also pose a problem. environment minister at
• Difficulty in rescuing people involved in medical or the time.
other emergencies.
• Introduction of foreign species to Antarctic waters
from water carried as ballast on cruise ships.
• Tourists can also damage plant life, such as trampling
slow-growing beds of moss.
Source 1 Passengers from a cruise ship photograph a pair
of Emperor Penguins in Antarctica.
5.12 Impacts of ecotourism

ECUADOR: TOURIST MAP OF KAPAWI ECOLODGE
LEGEND
Many tourists are becoming aware of the impacts Wayusentsa
Achuar
Lodge Canoeing
of their travel on people and places they visit. As Sharamentsa communities
Capah
River Walking path Airfield
a result, many of them have started looking for
Kusutk
ari u
opportunities to reduce these impacts. In response ECUADOR
u a
to this growing awareness, many destinations are Kusutkau
Kapawi
Ishpingo Source 3 Achuar
Riv
Lodge people teach tourists
Bo
er
developing ecotourism options. These tend to be Kapawi
bo
River
staying at the Kapawi
Pas
na
Riv
Lo
Riv
nz
er
t
nature-based, educational and designed to have a
bo
az
a
er
Ecolodge about the
R
ive
Patococha
minimal impact on the environment. Ecotourism is
r
COLOMBIA
Rive
r
Lagoon biodiversity of the
Pitzacocha Ishpingo
now one of the fastest growing tourism sectors. Quito Lagoon Wachirpas Amazon rainforest.
ECUADOR
Kapawi
Lodge
Case study: Kapawi Ecolodge, PERU

0 5 10 km
PERU Before Kapawi, most of the Achuar had earned drainage process. Plastic, glass and metal waste is
T
money from raising beef cattle. This agricultural packed and taken away to be recycled. Paper waste is
Ecuador Source 2 Source: Oxford University Press activity causes significant damage to the environment. burned. Biodegradable garbage is composted. Batteries
Today, members of the 56 Achuar communities earn a are collected and taken to countries with recycling
The Kapawi Ecolodge and Reserve is located in the The Kapawi project began in 1996 as a partnership significant percentage of their income from ecotourism. facilities. The entire lodge is powered by a hybrid
Amazon Basin, 250 kilometres south-east of Quito between Conodros (an Ecuadorian tour company) and
AF
For the communities near the lodge, up to 60 per cent system of solar energy and a diesel generator. Showers
(see Source 2). It is close to the border of Ecuador the Achuar people. They wanted to start a sustainable of their total income comes from direct employment at have solar-heated water.
and Peru on the Pastaza River, a major tributary of business that would preserve the unique cultural and the lodge, supplying products and selling handicrafts. Tourists who visit Kapawi can take part in many
the Amazon. People can really only reach Kapawi by environmental assets of Ecuador’s Amazon Basin. activities, including hiking, bird-watching, visits to
air or by a three-day canoe trip – it is a 10-day walk Conodros provided the initial funding, management Leave nothing but footprints, local Achuar communities, learning about traditional
to the nearest town. Because of this Kapawi is one of and technological expertise to get the project started.
the most pristine and remote areas of the Amazon take nothing but photographs foods and medicine, camping and canoeing.
Full management of the project was handed over to Kapawi Ecolodge is a successful sustainable tourism
Basin. It is also one of the most biologically diverse the Achuar on 1 January 2008. They now have total The lodges at Kapawi are built using traditional
areas on Earth with 10 000 species of plants and Achuar architecture techniques combined with business. Tourism has been managed so that the
ownership and responsibility for the Kapawi Ecolodge environment and the culture of the Achuar people can
more than 570 species of birds. The lodge is located modern technologies. This includes building on
R
and Reserve. As management of the environment is an be maintained. In addition, the Achuar people have
in the territory of the Indigenous Achuar people, ongoing process, Kapawi continues to strive to improve stilts to minimise the impact on surrounding
which covers 5000 square kilometres and is home to vegetation. All soaps, detergents and shampoos used found sustainable ways to become part of the world
management processes, and involves guests in this too. economy while still maintaining their traditions.
6000 Achuar. D are biodegradable. Sewage goes through a three-step

Remember and understand 4 How does the isolation of the ecolodge help in
1 Describe the location of the Kapawi Ecolodge. minimising its environmental impacts?
2 What are some of the interconnections between the 5 Ecotourism can be defined as ‘responsible travel to
Achuar people and people from other places? natural areas that conserves the environment and
improves the wellbeing of local people’. Do you
Apply and analyse think that the Kapawi Ecolodge is an example of
3 Copy and complete this table to list some of the ways ecotourism? Give three reasons for your answer.
in which environmental impacts are minimised at
Evaluate and create
Kapawi:
6 Compare the tourist developments at Kapawi (see
Features of Tourist Reducing Source 1) and Cancun (see Source 1 on page 210).
buildings behaviours waste
What are the key differences? Discuss which of these
types of development is most likely to represent
the future of tourism. What will this mean for
Source 1 Kapawi Ecolodge, deep in the Amazon rainforest.
environmental impacts in the future?
2.13 The effects of tourism

The Internet has allowed people to learn more
about destinations before they travel and this trend
is expected to continue. Places that are becoming
in the future
degraded are becoming less popular as tourists pass on
their negative experiences through travel websites. This
may result in greater efforts in these places to repair
environmental damage and for future developments to
be more environmentally friendly.
Tourism is an industry that is constantly changing. environmental degradation and a loss of traditional
Geographers who research tourism and leisure have ways of life. As many communities in developing Trend 3: Travellers want ‘real’
identified the following trends that will shape the ways countries rush to attract tourists, many geographers are
in which people and places are impacted by tourism in concerned that the lessons from places such as Cancun, experiences
the future. Angkor Wat and Giza will be forgotten.
There has been a significant growth in the number
of people who are looking for authentic places and
Trend 1: More people travelling Trend 2: Increased awareness experiences rather than artificial ones that have
been created specifically for tourists. One of the
more often of environmental issues fastest growing types of travel experiences is known
T
Tourist numbers are expected to continue to increase. More travellers are becoming concerned about as adventure tourism. This includes the ‘adrenaline
By 2030, the number of international travellers will their impact on the places they are visiting. Many junkies’ who want extreme experiences such as Source 2 Tourism catering for disabled people is a growing
reach 1.8 billion per year if current trends continue. are choosing their destinations partly because of mountaineering, white-water rafting and rock-climbing industry.
As some places become too crowded tourists are environmental qualities such as conservation. Mass as well as those who want gentler physical experiences
AF
expected to look for new destinations to offer them tourism to large resorts such as those at Cancun, such as hiking and biking.
the experiences they want. This gives new places the however, still dominate in some countries. Ecotourism, For many tourists, the experiences they have are Check your learning 2.13
opportunity to benefit from the resulting tourism, though, and nature-based tourism are growing two becoming more important than the places they visit.
which provides a significant boost to an economy. to three times more quickly than tourism as a whole. Many are looking to interact with local people and Remember and understand
However, it also makes them vulnerable to negative There are many popular destinations for conservation- to experience their culture away from the packages 1 How has the Internet changed travel and tourism?
impacts on the environment and their culture. aware tourists including parts of Australia, and Africa, offered by large hotels and tour companies. Adventure 2 What is adventure tourism?
In many places where profits are put ahead which has stunning landscape and the chance to see tourism allows them to move out of mass tourism and
of minimising impacts, tourism has brought wildlife in its natural environment. have an individual experience. Where this has occurred Apply and analyse
it seems to impact people and places much less than 3 Make a list of those factors and trends that may
R
mass tourism and can lead to a better understanding of result in tourism having a greater impact on the
cultures and environments. environment in the future. Make another list of
those factors and trends that suggest that tourism
Other trends will impact less on the environment. Which of these
two outcomes do you consider most likely? Give
D In addition to these trends described above, many
others have been observed.
• Trips are becoming shorter but tourists are spending
some reasons for your answer.
4 Examine Source 4.76.
a Why do you think these tourists have visited
more.
this place?
• Twice as many people now book their travel on the
b How has this visit impacted on the natural
Internet than use a travel agent.
environment?
• Growth in the number of tourists from Asia is larger
c How will these impacts increase if the number
than from any other region.
of tourists to Namibia greatly increases?
• There is a surge in ‘niche’ tourism: small numbers of
people travelling for unusual reasons. This includes Evaluate and create
medical tourism, when people travel to another 5 Imagine that it is 2050 and that you are a reporter
country for surgery and other medical procedures. for an online newspaper. Write an article describing
Already worth up to $60 billion a year, medical the ways in which tourism has changed in the last
tourism is growing at 20 per cent a year. 35 years or so (since 2015). You could describe a
• There is also an increased demand for ‘accessible typical 2050 holiday and include an advertisement
Source 1 Namibia is predicted to be the ‘next big thing’ in African safari tourism as traditional areas in South Africa, Kenya and tourism’ for the 10 per cent of the population with a for a typical 2050 destination.
Tanzania become too ‘busy’ for many travellers. disability (see Source 4.77).
5C How does international tourism affect people and places?
5B rich task
10 000 people, most of whom sleep on the ground
skilldrill: Data and information
Tourism at Gallipoli the night before the service.
To cope with visitor demands during this busy
Interpreting qualitative data about Apply the skill
time, bus movements on the narrow winding roads are
On 25 April 1915, Australian and New restricted, temporary grandstands are erected and a geographical issues and events Following the steps provided, examine each of the four
Zealand troops fighting in World War I landed special group of Australian volunteers clean up rubbish Geographers need to consider different points of view,
following Sources which express different points of view
on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The battle lasted once the visitors depart. about visiting Gallipoli on Anzac Day.
and the reasons behind these different viewpoints, when
about eight months and claimed the lives of While many Australians see a visit to Gallipoli on Anzac evaluating a geographical issue or event. They may use 1 Do you think Virginia Maxwell (see Source 2) is writing
around 8000 Australians. It is seen by many Day as their right, others believe that the sheer number qualitative or quantitative data when doing this. from a historical, economic, cultural or spiritual
as a milestone event in our nation’s history. of visitors degrades the environment and demeans the When presented with qualitative data like news pieces, perspective? Why do you think this? List your reasons.
Thousands of Australians visit Gallipoli every memory of those who fought there. Some guidebooks are blogs, or research articles, geographers will examine the 2 Describe the issues surrounding visiting Gallipoli in your
year to pay their respects to the soldiers who now recommending that tourists not visit on Anzac Day but opinions in these sources, evaluate the sources and the own words. Use the key concepts of environment and
go on other, less busy days instead. There are some who motivation behind them, and analyse the issue or event place in your description.
fought there and to see this famous place for
hold the view that perhaps Australians shouldn’t be going using this information. 3 Compare the pieces written by Shelley (Source 5) and
themselves.
there at all, or at least should be better informed about the Follow these steps when interpreting qualitative data Erin (see Source 6) in their blogs.
T
Gallipoli Campaign. related to a geographical issue or event. a How do you think a discussion between Erin and
Visiting Gallipoli on Anzac Day has become, amongst Step 1 Identify the issue you wish to investigate. Shelley might go if they were to meet? Write a short
While a few busloads of visitors arrive at Anzac Cove on other things, a geographical issue. This is because the dialogue based on the conversation they might have
Step 2 Gather the relevant sources of qualitative data.
an average day, on Anzac Day, the anniversary of the landscape itself is fragile, and the size of Anzac Cove, some about their views on Gallipoli.
AF
landing, tourist numbers increase dramatically. This gained feel, cannot support the number of visitors that descend on Step 3 Carefully read each source. Highlight or take note
b With a partner, present your dialogue in a role-play
popularity in 1990 when then Prime Minister Bob Hawke the Cove at once on Anzac Day. It is also an issue because of the following:
for the class. Be prepared to stay in character and
attended the dawn service and declared that ‘Gallipoli people have different points of view. This is often the case • What do you know about the person who
answer questions from your classmates about your
is, in one sense, a part of Australia’. Anzac Day dawn in geography and comes about, in part, because people expressed this opinion?
feelings on Anzac Day.
services at Anzac Cove and Lone Pine now attract up to have different reasons for connecting to places. • What possible bias may this person have about
4 Why do you think people can have such different
this issue?
points of view about geographical issues? Identify
• What is their opinion on this issue?
another place you think people might have different
• What evidence or information do they use to
viewpoints about and list the possible reasons for this.
R
support their opinion?
You could research somewhere like Cronulla Beach in
• Why did they write or publish the piece? For example, Sydney, for example, or the Franklin River in Tasmania
were they paid to write it? if you are stuck for a place to write about.
• Who is the target audience?
• What result do you think the writer wants? For
D example, do they want to sway public opinion or
change a current practice?
• Is the source reliable?
Source 2
It's important to remember that this site is just as significant
and important for the Turkish people as for the Australians,
the New Zealanders and the British. Visitors who come at
Step 4 Using your answers to the questions above, other times than on Anzac Day get a much better chance
examine the motivation behind the piece. Is the person to do some quiet reflection, get the full historical context
approaching the issue from a historical, economic, from the tour guides and get the Turkish perspective on
the battle as well. This is something that you won't get on a
cultural or social perspective?
crowded overnight package trip from Istanbul, which is how
Step 5 Analyse the issue by comparing the different most people end up seeing the site. It's also easier to find
points of view provided in each source. You can ask accommodation at other times, and avoids damage to the
questions like these to help you do this: park, which is fragile.
• What are the main points raised about the issue? Virginia Maxwell, co-author of the Lonely Planet:
• Is there anything that the writers agree on? Turkey guide
• What are the main points on which they disagree?
• How does their perspective (historical, economic,
Source 1 Tourists attending the Anzac Day service at Lone Pine cemetery, Gallipoli. cultural or social) influence their opinion?
5C How does international tourism affect people and places?
Source 3 Source 5 Source 6

Instead of commemorating the heroism of Australian soldiers We will never forget. The journey that we were privileged I have had this rant to all of my mates who go to Gallipoli
Extend your understanding
who landed on that fatal shore in 1915, the conference to experience on the Gallipoli peninsula was incredible! for Anzac Day.
in October concluded that Australians should reframe the A journey of both heart-gripping and breathtaking emotions 1 Research the environmental impact that visitors
It is a problem when Anzac Day starts to resemble the
landing as an unmitigated disaster and apologise to the as well as a surreal pilgrimage; a tiny glimpse of what the Big Day Out. There are the bogans draped in the Aussie are having at Gallipoli, and the ways in which local
Turkish Government for invading their country. Anzacs went through on the 25th April, 1915. … flags who have been up all night. There are the stages, the authorities are responding. Present your findings in
‘The landing was nothing but an unjustified invasion of We embarked on a 5-day tour with Top Deck, discovering microphones, the cameras, the celebrities, the spotlights, a short written report.
foreign soil like the British invasion of Aboriginal land in 1788,’ a quick peek of Istanbul and Gallipoli. … it’s fair to say that the lead up that could confuse the upcoming rendition of
2 Design a code of behaviour for visitors attending Anzac
says John Lack of the University of Melbourne. ‘And we we left our hearts on the shores of the Gallipoli National the ‘Last Post’ with an upcoming rock band. There are the
should put the two coves together – Sydney Cove and Anzac Park, with the many remaining there. Men of bravery, men of people who have fought online and forked out hundreds for Day services at Gallipoli, to help them minimise their
Cove – because both invasions were just as bad as each obedience, and men, who courageously and heroically left tickets. And now, there will even be ballots. impact on the environment.
other and cost a lot of lives.’… family, loved ones and their country behind. 3 Write a few paragraphs or a short speech about
Erin, in her blog ‘Lessons for the 20s something
John McQuilton of Wollongong University says Australians … if you ever do get a chance to go to Gallipoli, especially wanderer’ attending Anzac Day services at Gallipoli, framing
should look at the story of Gallipoli from the Turkish angle to over Anzac day, I would highly recommend it, as it really is http://lessonsforthe20somethingwanderer.blogspot.com. your viewpoint from a single perspective (historical,
see how they feel about it, a view that has been neglected (as cliché as it sounds) a life-changing experience. au/2013/04/lesson-28-why-im-not-at-gallipoli.html#!/2013/04/ economic, cultural or spiritual). For example, you might
for too long. The Turks lost 86 000 soldiers compared with It was an honour and an eye-opening adventure to be lesson-28-why-im-not-at-gallipoli.html
Australia's 8709. ‘It is now time to embrace our old enemy write your piece from the economic perspective of a
able to stand in the place where thousands had been laid
T
Turkey,’ he says. …. to rest. What a memory to carry. We all walked out of the tour bus operator to Gallipoli.
McQuilton says Australians should stop going to Gallipoli experience, knowing that we will never think of Anzac day
and claiming rights over Turkish soil for their commemorative the same. Lest we forget.
activities. ‘This land belongs to Turkey and the reason they
Shelley, attended the Anzac Day service,
are building so many memorials of their own is they want it
AF
back,’ he says.
Gallipoli, 2013
http://thesharechair.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/Anzac-day-gallipoli-
‘Charge of the rewrite brigade,’ by Jonathan King lest-we-forget.html
http://www.battleforaustralia.org/battaust/AustInvasion/References/
Stanley_on_Gallipoli.html
R
D
Source 4 For many tourists, a visit to Gallipoli at a quiet time allows them to connect more closely with this place. Source 7 View of soldiers attacking during the final days of the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915.

The Effects of Global Connections: Draft

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Effects of Global Connections: Draft

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Effects of Global Connections: Draft

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 2 Geographies of

5.1 An interconnected world

Benefits and drawbacks

5.2 Benefits of global trade

5.3 Benefits of global trade

for people in Australia

5.4 Benefits of global trade for

people in the Asia–Pacific region

GDP per person $US

5.5 Drawbacks of global trade Drawbacks for businesses

5.6 Drawbacks of global trade

for people in Asia

Bedouin Mazatec Maya

transported the beans are roasted and ground before

5.8 Different types of tourism Wilderness tourism

5.9 Impacts of recreational

Case study: Cancun, Mexico

Case study: Angkor Wat,

5.11 Impacts of wilderness Protection

5.12 Impacts of ecotourism

Case study: Kapawi Ecolodge, PERU

Check your learning 5.18

2.13 The effects of tourism

Source 3 Source 5 Source 6

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.