M. A. I Sem. I P. EO1 Agricultural Economics All PDF

H I
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
H¥$fr AW©emñÌ
(Agricultural Economics)
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2018-19 nmgyZ)
E_. E. ^mJ-1
AW©emñÌ :
EO-1 (Elective Paper)
K J
KQ>H$ 1
H¥$fr AW©emó Am{U H¥$fr {dH$mgmMo {gÕm§V
(Agricultural Economics & Theories of Agricultural Development)
AZwH«$_{UH$m :
1.0 C{Ôï>o
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 H¥$fr AW©emómMr AmoiI … H¥$fr AW©emómMo ñdê$n d ì`már,
H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m d _hËd
1.2.2 H¥$frVrb _mJUr d nwadR>çmMo dV©Z … _mJUrMr bd[MH$Vm, nwadR>m à{VgmX
Aä`mgmMo Ñï>rH$moZ, nwadR>m à{VgmXmda à^md nmS>Umao KQ>H$
1.2.3 H¥$fr {dH$mgmMo {gÕm§V -ewëP, _oba, hm`_r d ê$VmZMo {gÕm§V
1.2.4 ì`dhma d Cn`moOZ … darb {gÜXm§VmMm g_H$mbrZ g§X^© qH$dm g_n©H$Vm
1.3 gmam§e
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ
1.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$
1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~rMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
* H¥$fr AW©emómMr AmoiI hmoB©b.
* H¥$fr AW©emómMo ñdê$n d ì`már ñnï> hmoB©b.
* H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm d _hËd g_OyZ òB©b.
* Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m bjmV òB©b.
* H¥$fr joÌm_Yrb _mJUr d nwadR>çmMo dV©Z g_OyZ òB©b.
* _mJUrMr bdMrH$Vm, nwadR>m à{VgmX Aä`mgmMo Ñï>rH$moZ ñnï> hmoVrb.
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E_.E.^mJ 1 : H¥$fr AW©emñÌ / 1
* H¥$frVrb nwadR>m à{VgmX R>a{dUmao KQ>H$ Aä`mgVm òVrb.
* eyëP, _oba, hm`m_r d ê$VmZ `m§Mo H¥$fr {dH$mgm§Mo [gÕm§V ñnï> H$aVm òVrb
* H¥$fr {dH$mg {gÕmVm§Mr ì`dhm[aH$ d Cn`moOZmË_H$ g_H$mbrZ g_n©H$Vm qH$dm g§X^© g_OyZ
KoVm òB©b.
1.1 àmñVm{dH$ : (Introduction)
H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoVrb H¥$fr joÌmMo _hËd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òMr
AÝZYmÝ`mMr d amoOJmamMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`m~amo~a CÚmoJ d godm joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò eoVrMr ^y{_H$m _hËdnyU©
Amho. OJmVrb àËòH$ XoemÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m {dH$mg AdñWoV eoVrMo `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© Amho.na§Vw OgOer
AW©ì`dñWm {dH$grV hmoV OmVo VgVgm eoVrMm AW©ì`dñWo_Yrb {hñgm KQ>V OmVmo. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrb
ñWyb Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmVrb eoVrMm {hñgm gZ 1951 _Üò 55.1% hmoVm Vmo 2018 _Üò 12 Q>¸o$nojm H$_r
Pmbm Amho. hr KQ> H¥$fr joÌmMo _hËd H$_r Pmbo qH$dm H¥$fr {df`H$ YmoaUm§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Zmhr Va CÚmoJ
d godmjoÌmMo CËnmXZ Am{U {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m doJdmZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_wio hmoV Amho. amï´>mÀ`m H¥$fr
{dH$mgmV d¥Õr KS>dyU AmUÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ,{dVaU,{dnUZ, {Z`moOZ d g§emoYZmda bj H|${ÐV H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$fr joÌmer g§~{YV CËnmXZ, AmXmZo, {dnUZ, {Z`moOZ, l{_H$ V§ÌkmZ H¥$fr dñVyMr _mJUr
d nwadR>m H¥$fr {df`H$ g§km, VËdo d {gÕm§V BË`mXr ~m~tMo {ddoMZ H¥$fr AW©emómV Ho$bo OmVo.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ : (Subject Description)
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU H¥$fr AW©emómMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. àm_w»`mZo `m KQ>H$mÀ`m àma§^r
H¥$fr AW©emómMo ñdê$n d ì`már, H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo[JVm Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m
d _hËd Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. VgoM H¥$frVrb dñVy§À`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmMo dV©Z hm ^mJ AmnUmg Aä`mgVm
òB©b. `m_Üò eoVrVrb _mJUrMr bdMrH$Vm, eoV_mb nwadR>çmÀ`m à{VgmX Aä`mgmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ, eoV_mb
nwadR>m à{VgmX R>a{dUmao KQ>H$ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.Ë`mM~amo~a `m KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>À`m ^mJmV H¥$fr {dH$mgmMo
{gÕm§V g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. `m_Üò ewëP _oba, hm`m_r d ê$VmZ `m§Mo H¥$fr {dH$mgm§Mo {gÕm§V Aä`mgUma
AmhmoV. ì`dhma d Cn`moOZm§VJ©V darb {gÕm§VmMm g_H$mbrZ g§X^© qH$dm g_n©H$Vm VnmgUma Amho.
1.2.1 H¥$fr AW©emómMr AmoiI-ñdê$n d ì`mßVr … (Nature & Scope)
àËòH$ amï´>m§À`m AW©ì`dñWoV eoVr joÌmMo ñWmZ _hËdmMo Amho. `m joÌm_wio XoemVrb bmoH$g§»òMr
AÞYmÝ` d CXa{Zdm©hmMr JaO nyU© Ho$br OmVo. dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òbm AÞYmÝ`mMr CnbãYVm d amoOJma g§Yr
{Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoVrjoÌmda X~m~ Amho, na§Vw Xoem§À`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgm~amo~a eoVrdarb X~md
hiyhiy H$_r hmoV Amho. dmT>Ë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_Üò eoVrMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© Amho. VgoM ~±{H$J, {d_m,
dmhVyH$ BË`mXr godmjoÌm_Üòhr eoVrMo `moJXmZ _hÎdnyU© Amho. {dH$grV Xoem§À`m AW©ì`dñWm§_Üò hr
eoVrjoÌmMo `moJXmZ _hÎdmMo R>aVo. gd©M XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWm àma§^r H¥$fràYmZ hmoË`m. AmOhr AZoH$ Aën
{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV eoVrjoÌ AJ«H«$_mMo Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmgmR>r bmJUmam
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H$ƒm_mb, amoOJma {Z{_Vu, H¥$fr _mbmMr {Z`m©V BË`mXr ~m~r eoVrVyZ nyU© hmoVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a eoVrVrb
CËnÞ dmT>r_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy d godm joÌmVrb godm§Mr _mJUr dmTy>Z AW©ì`dñWm àdo{eV hmoVo. A{bH$S>rb
H$mimV eoVrMo ñdê$n ~XbV Amho. eoVrgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ d AÚmdV `m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$mimMr JaO ~ZV
Amho. CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$Vm d {nH$mMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y {dMmamV KoVm eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. eoVrVrb CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>r_wio amï´>r` CËnÞ dmT>, bKy CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg, H¥$fr
AmYm[aV ì`dgm`, dmhVyH$ d amoOJma g§YrMr CnbãYVm dmT>rg _XV hmoVo. Aem àH$mao H¥$fr {dH$mgm_wio
A§{V_V… Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xa dmT>Vmo. H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m d¥ÕrgmR>r eoVrMo {gÕm§V, VËdo `m§Mm dmna H$amdm.
H$maU eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r g§gmYZmMm dmna, CËnmXZ, à{H«$`m, {dnUZ d ì`dñWmnZ, V§ÌkmZ {ZdS>
BË`mXr{df`r H¥$fr AW©emó _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. nwT>rb ì`m»`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo H¥$fr AW©emó hr g§H$ënZm
g{dñVa ñnï> H$aVm òVo.
H¥$fr AW©emómMm AW© d ñdê$n … (Meaning and Nature of Agricultural Economics)
H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgm§gX^m©V AW©emómMr Cn`wº$Vm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY AW©emókm§Zr "H¥$fr
AW©emó' `m Aä`mg {df`mMm AW© d ñdê$n {d{dY ì`m»`mÀ`mÛmao ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. `m ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo
AmhoV.
1) àm. Q>oba - "_hÎm_ gm_m{OH$ {hVmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo ñdV…gmR>r A{YH$V_ Z\$m {_i{dVmZm CËnmXZ H$emMo
H$amdo, CËnmXZ H$go H$amdo, H$m` {dH$bo nm{hOo d H$em nÕVrZo {dH$mdo `mgma»`m àíZm§~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z
H$aUmao VËdo gm§JUmao emó åhUOo H¥$fr AW©emó hmo`.'
'(Agricultural Economics deals with the princliple which underline the farmer's
problems of what to produce how to produce, what to sell and how to sell in order to
secure the largest net profit for himself with the best interest of the society as a whole'
Prof. Taylor.
2. àm.Omo{Pà - "H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo {d{dY g§gmYZm§er
g§~{YV {Za{Zamù`m KQ>H$m§À`m nañna g§~§YmVrb {Z`_ZmMm Aä`mg Á`m_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m H¥$fremómÀ`m
EH$m emIog H¥$fr AW©emó åhUmVmV.'
'(Agricultural Economics is that branch of agricultural science which treats of the
manner of regulating the relations of the different elements comprising the resources
of the farmer, whether it be the relations to each other or to human beings, in order to
secure the greatest degree of prosperity to the enterprise'. Prof. Jouzier.
darb ì`m»`m§À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m ñdê$nmV nwT>rb à_wI
~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
i) H¥$fremómMr EH$ à_wI emIm åhUOo H¥$fr AW©emó hmo`.
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ii) H¥$fr AW©emómV H¥$fr joÌmer g§~{YV AgUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§YmÀ`m {Z`_ZmMm
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
iii) H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm` {Z`_Zm§_Üò Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU hm _w»` hoVy AgVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a H¥$frjoÌmVrb Oo
_hËdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV Ë`mVrb nañna g§~§Y ho {d{dY àH$maMo AgVmV. CXm. {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> EH$m ~mOybm
CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$br OmVo Am{U VgoM Ë`mda OZmdam§Mr n¡Xmghr Adb§~yZ AgVo. AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZm~amo~a
BVa H¥$fr AmYm[aV CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. CXm. Xw½Y CËnmXZ, bmoH$a CËnmXZ, aoer_ CËnmXZ, eoir-_|T>r nmbZ
BË`mXtMo CËnmXZ eoVr CËnmXZm~amo~a KoVbo OmVo. Á`mVyZ H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrb Zâ`mMo _hÎm_rH$aU H$aUo eŠ`
hmoVo. hm CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r l_ d ^m§S>dbmMm Cn`moJ, CËnmXZ _yë` {ZpíMV H$aUo Am{U CËnmXZmMm
ì`mnma H$aUo `m ~m~r _hËdmÀ`m R>aVmV.
3. àm. {h~mS>© - "eoVr_Üò g§nÎmr {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m Am{U IM© H$aÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`m§_wio Oo g§~§Y {Z_m©U
hmoVmV. Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg Á`m emñÌmV Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`mg H¥$fr AW©emó Ago åhUVmV.'
(Agricultural Economics is the study of relationship arising from the wealth gething and
wealth spending activities of man in agriculture - Hibbard)
H¥$fr AW©emñÌ åhUOo AW©emñÌmMr Aer emIm Amho H$s Á`m_Üò eoVrer g§~§{YV Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m§Mo
{díbofU H$aUo ho àmW{_H$ bú` AgUmar AW©emómMo {dñVmabobo joÌ hmo`, Ago àm. J«o `m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`m§Zr
H¥$fr AW©emómMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$br Amho.
4. àm. J«o - "H¥$fr AW©emó ho Ago emó Amho H$s Á`m_Üò H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÀ`m {deof n[apñWVrbm
AW©emñÌmMr VËdo Am{U nÜXVr bmJy Ho$bo OmVo.'
('Agricultural Economics as the science in which the principles and methods of
Economics are applied to the special conditions of agriculture industry ' - Prof. Gray)
5. àm. hm°dS>© -"H¥$fr ì`dgm` d H$m¡eë`mg gd©gmYmaU AW©emñÌ bmJy H$aUo åhUOoM H¥$fr
AW©emñÌ hmo`.'
('Agricultural Economics may be defined as the application of general economics to
the craft and business of agriculture' - Prof. Howard.)
6. ñZm°S>J«mg Am{U dm°b°g -"H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {d{dY àíZm§Mm gdmª{JU {dMma H$aUmar AW©emñÌmMr
Cn`mo{OV emIm åhUOo H¥$fr AW©emñÌ hmo`.'
('Agricultural Economics is an applied phase of the social science of economics in
which attention is given to all aspects of problems related to agriculture' - Prof. Sondgrass
and Wallance.)
darb {d{dY H¥$frVkm§À`m ì`m»`m§dê$Z H¥$fr AW©emñÌmMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo. H¥$fr AW©emñÌm_Üò
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AW©emñÌmMo {gÜXm§V, VËdo, nÜXVr BË`mXtMm Cn`moJ H¥$fr AW©emñÌmÀ`m {d{dY g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ho$bm OmVmo. gd©gmYmaU AW©emñÌmMr VËdo, {gÜXm§V d nÜXVr OgoÀ`mVgo H¥$fr AW©emñÌmbm bmJy Ho$br OmV
Agë`mg AW©emñÌ d H¥$fr AW©emñÌ `m_Üò doJionU H$m` Amho ? Agm àíZ nS>Vmo. na§Vw gd©gmYmaU
AW©emñÌmMo {Z`_, VËdo, {gÜXm§V ho gd©gmYmaU AgVmV Am{U AW©emñÌmMo gm_mÝ` {gÜXm§V dmñVd
bndÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. H¥$fr AW©emñÌmbm VËdo, {gÜXm§V bmJy H$aVmZm gwYmaUm d OwidmOwid Ho$br
OmVo. ho H¥$frjoÌmMo d¡{eï>ò Amho. CXmhaUmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo AmnU gm_mÝ` AW©emñÌmMo {Z`_, VËdo gwYm[aV
(modified) H$ê$Z H¥$fr AW©emñÌmbm H$er bmJy Ho$br OmVo Vo nmhÿ. AmnU AW©emñÌm_Üò _ŠVoXmar, nyU©
ñnYm© d Aënm{YH$ma ~mOma g§aMZoV qH$_V H$er R>aVo `mMm Aä`mg H$aVmo. na§Vw H¥$frMm {dMma H$aVm
eoVrMr (farm) g§ñWm A{Ve` _moR>r AgVoo . eoVrMm AmH$ma VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm bhmZ AgVmo. eoVrVyZ
CËnm{XV hmoUmao CËnmXZ EH${OÝgr AgVo. Aer nyU© ñnY}gmaIr pñWVr H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOmaV AgVo. Xwgè`m
eãXmV AmnU _ºo$Xmar Aënm{YH$ma qH$dm _ŠVoXmar`wº$ ñnY}Vrb qH$_V {ZpíMVr nyUnUo Xwb©{jV H$aVmo. na§Vw
eoVr_Üò Hw$i nÕVr qH$dm {nH$m§Mr {hñgodmar AgVo Voìhm {h g_ñ`m Ho$di eoVrer g§~YrV Agë`m_wio
gm_mÝ` AW©emómMo {Z`_, VËdo gwYm[aV H$ê$Z H¥$fr AW©emómg bmJy H$amdr bmJVmV. AW©emómVrb
{gÕm§V, VËdo nÕVr bmJy H$arV AgVmZm H¥$fr AW©emó hr ñdV§Ì d {dñVmarV emIm Agë`m_wio Aä`mgmV
Ý`m` qH$dm g_W©Z XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$fr AW©emó ho àmH¥${VH$ (Z¡g{J©H$) emó Amho. H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m
{H«$`m qH$dm CnH«$_ à`moJemim g§~{YV AgVmV. åhUyZM Vo àmË`{jH$m§da AmYmarV emó Amho. H¥$fr
AW©emómV Zoh_r ZdZ{dZ à`moJm§da â {Xbm OmVmo. ho emó {ZgJm©Mm EH$ ^mJ Amho H$maU {ZgJ© H¥$fr
{df`H$ ~m~tda {Z`§ÌU R>odVmo. {ZgJm©da Adb§{~Ëd Agë`m_wio CËnmXZmMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr d
H${R>U ~ZVo. CËnmXH$Vm hdm_mZ (n`m©daU) d O_rZrMr gwnrH$Vm `mda Adb§~yZ amhVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo
eoVrVyZ CËnmXZmMo bú` g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mV H${R>UVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. H¥$fr AW©emómV ho àíZ ~hÿn¡by qH$dm
~hÿA§Jr Agë`m_wio BVa emómnojm H¥$fr AW©emó {^Þ Amho.
H¥$fr AW©emómMr ì`már : (Scope of Agricultural Economics)
AW©emóm_Üò A_`m©X _mZdr JaOm d _`m©{XV g§gmYZm§Mm dmna `m g§~§YrMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
g§gmYZmMr Xw{_©iVm d {ZdS>rMm àíZ `m ~m~rZm H¥$fr AW©emómVhr _hËd Amho Ë`m_wio H¥$fr AW©emó ho
gm_mÝ` AW©emómnojm {^Þ Zmhr. AW©emómVrb {díbofUmMr gmYZo {h H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò dmnabr OmVmV.
H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò AW©emóm gma»`mM emIm AmhoV. CXm. CËnmXZ, Cn^moJ, {dVaU, {dnUZ, {dÎm d
{Z`moOZ Am{U YmoaU à{H«$`mMo AW©emó ho gd©gm_mÝ` AW©emómà_mUo H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò H$m`m©[ÝdV Amho.
H¥$fr joÌm_Üò gyú_ d ñWyb nmVirdarb Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m H¥$fr joÌmgmR>r pñWa d
J{V{eb {díbofU A{YH$ Cn`moJr Amho.
H¥$fr hm gOrdm§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMm _hÎdmMm ómoV Amho. `m_Üò CËnmXZmda à{H«$`m, bmJdS> d {dnUZ
`m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. eoVr hr Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ àmH¥${VH$ d O¡{dH$ KQ>H$mZo à^mdrV AgVo. eoVH$ar
{d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ H$ê$Z _mZdr JaOm nyU© H$aVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV eoVrÀ`m àJVrda BVa joÌm§Mr
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àJVr Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio eoVr {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~ZV Amho. `m_wio {d{dY
g_ñ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Amho. `m g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©emór` VËdo Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVmV.
àm. Q>obaÀ`m_Vo H¥$fr AW©emó eoVtÀ`m àmW{_H$ àíZm§er g§~{YV Amho. `m_Üò {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>rgmR>r
{ZdS>, bmJdS> nÕVr {dnUZ d qH$_V {ZpíMVr BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao H¥$fr
AW©emómMr ì`már A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1) CËnmXZ (Production) - H¥$fr CËnmXZ eoVH$è`m§gmR>r d g_mOmgmR>r AË`§V Cn`wº$ Amho. `m
ì`dgm`m_YyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm {dÎmr` AmYma åhUOo CËnÞ {_iV, g_mOmgmR>r AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m hmoVmo d
CÚmoJmgmR>r H$ÀMm _mbmMo AmXmZ {_iVo. eoVr joÌ {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio CÚmoJmgmaIo {Z`_rV
CËnmXZ {_iV Zmhr. eoVrgmR>r nwaH$ hdm_mZ, nmD$g, gaH$mar `mo½` YmoaU Agbo Va AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ dmT>Vo.
AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZdmT>rgmR>r eoVr g§gmYZmMm n`m©á dmna {d{dY g§gmYZmMm `mo½` g§`moJ, CËnmXZ V§Ì,
{Z`moOZ BË`mXr ~m~r _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV. `m{df`rMo {ZU©` AW©emómMr VËdo {dMmamV KodyZ KoVbo OmVmV
åhUyZ H¥$fr AW©emó hr AW©emómMr {deof emIm g_Obr OmVo.
2) {dVaU (Distribution) - H¥$fr joÌm_Üò {nH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r O_rZ l{_H$, ^m§S>db `m AmXmZm§Mo
n`m©á Cn`moOZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. O_rZ hm H¥$fr CËnmXZmgmR>r _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. CËnmXrV Pmbobm
eoV_mb {dVaUmgmR>r òVmo. eoV_mb CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaboë`m AmXmZm§gmR>r ânmB© _mo~Xbm H$gm {Xbm OmVmo
{h {dVaU g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo. H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò {dVaUm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {df_VoMm qH$dm Ag_mZVoMm
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) {dnUZ (Marketing) - H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò H¥$fr CËnmXZm EdT>oM eoV_mb IaoXr-{dH«$s {dnUZm§g
_hËd Amho. eoV_mb CËnmXZ eoVH$ar d g_mOmÀ`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r KoVbo OmVo. XoemMr àJVr d g_mOmMr
AÝZYmÝ` d eoVr AmYm[aV dñVy§Mr JaO dmT>V OmVo Vgo eoVrMo ì`mdgm{`H$rH$aU hmoVo. eoV_mbmMr IaoXr
{dH«$s _hËd nyU© ~ZV Amho. eoV_mb hm Zmed§V Agë`m_wio {eVJ¥hmMr gw{dYm CnbãY hmooUo Amdí`H$
Amho. {dnUZmMr AmUIr _hËdmMr g_ñ`m åhUOo `mo½` dmhVyH$ ì`dñWoMm A^md ho Amho. ~mOmamVrb
_Ü`ñW H$_reZ, {d{dY H$nmVr, gXmof àVdmar gXmof dOZ-_mno, `mo½` _m{hVrMm A^md BË`mXr {d{dY
{dnUZ g_ñ`m§Mm H¥$fr AW©emñÌmV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. H¥$fr {dnUZ hm H¥$fr AW©emó ì`márMm _hËdnyU©
^mJ Amho.
4) {dÎm nwadR>m- (Credit Supply) - dñVy d godoÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r {dÎm nwadR>m qH$dm ^m§S>dbmMr
^y{_H$m _hËdmMr AgVo. eoVr CËnmXZ d godm joÌ `m_Üò _moR>r V\$mdV Amho. eoVr CËnmXZ {ZgJm©da
Adb§~yZ Amho. `m_wio eoV_mb CËnmXZ pñWVr Jm|YimMr {Z_m©U hmoVo. eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r dmnabr
OmUmar AmXmZo àM§S> _hmJS>r Pmbr AmhoV. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb dmT>rnojm AmXm§ZmÀ`m {H$§_VrVrb dmT>
àM§S> Amho. CXm. {~-[~`mUo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, VUZmeHo$ BË`mXr. Xwgè`m ~mOybm eoV_mbmÀ`m
{H$§_VrV MT>-CVma hmoVmV, Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm \$m`Xm hmoÊ`mMr qH$dm {ZpíMV CËnmXZ {_iÊ`mMr ImÌr
XoVm òV Zmhr. Aemdoir eoVr CËnmXZ ì`dñWm gwê$ R>odÊ`mgmR>r nV gw{dYm CnbãY Pmbr nm{hOo. {nH$m§À`m
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ZwH$gmZrgmR>r {nH$ {d_m `moOZm à^mdr H$m`m©ÝdrV Agmdr. g§ñWmË_H$ d {~Ja g§ñWmË_H$ _mJm©Zo eoVrbm
H¥$fr {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. eoVrbm Aën, _Ü`_ d {XK©H$mbrZ H$O©nwadR>m Amdí`H$ AgVmo. eoVrbm {Xë`m
OmUmè`m H$O©nwadR>çmMr naV\o$S> CÚmoJ d godm joÌmgmaIr {Z`_rV Agy eH$V Zmhr H$maU eoVrVrb CËnmXZo
h§Jm_r ñdê$nmMr Agë`mZo eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iUmao CËnÞ R>am{dH$ H$mbmdYrVM {_iVo. AZoH$ H¥$fr CËnmXZmV
AS>Wio AmhoV. XoemMr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$mÀ`m _XVrZo H¥$fr nVnwadR>Ê`mMo YmoaU AmIyZ H¥$fr
{dH$mg J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
5. {Z`moOZ d {dH$mg … H$moUË`mhr joÌmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r {Z`moOZ AË`§V _hËdmMo Amho. eoVr ho
AW©ì`dñWoVrb _hËdmMo joÌ Amho. XoemMm {dH$mg eoVrjoÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. eoVrVyZ {Z_m©U
hmoUmao CËnmXZ CÚmoJmgmR>r H$ƒm_mb qH$dm AmXmZo åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. `mgmR>r {Z`moOZ nyd©H$ eoVrMm {dH$mg
Ho$bm nm{hOo. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV H¥$fr _§Ìmb`m_m\©$V eoVrÀ`m gdmªJrU àJVrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo
OmVmV. gm_m{OH$ JaO, eoVrMo ~XbVo ñdê$n, Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md, ~mOmamMr CnbãYVm _mJUr B.
~m~rMo {Z`moOZ Amdí`H$ Amho.
H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m ì`már_Üò àm_w»`mZo CËnmXZ, {dVaU, {dnUZ, Cn^moJ, {Z`moOZ d emgH$s`
YmoaUmMr A§_b~OmdUr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m {d{dY g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AW©emómMr
VËdo {gÕm§V d {Z`_ Cn`moJmV AmUbo OmVmV. A{bH$S>rb H$mimV H¥$fr AW©emómMr ì`már {Xdg|{Xdg
{dñV¥V hmoV Amho.
H¥$fr AW©emñÌmMr Cn`mo{JVm : (Utilty of Agricultural Economics)
H¥$fr AW©emó hr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{OV emIm AgyZ `m_Üò H¥$fr CËnmXZ d {dVaUm_Üò AW©emómMr
VËdo d {gÜXm§V bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV AÞYmÝ`mMo n`m©á CËnmXZ {dVaU Ho$bo OmVo. H¥$fr AW©emómda AÞYmÝ`
YmoaU, H¥$fr {df`H$ YmoaU d n`m©daU YmoaU `m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo. H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò O{_ZrMm dmna {dMmamV
KoVbm OmVmo. `m_Üò O{_ZrMr n[ag§ñWm Mm§Jbr g§dYr©V H$aV {nH$mMr CËnmXH$Vm _hÎV_ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm OmVmo. {dgmì`m eVH$mV H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm {dñVmaV Jobr d gwÜXm hr emIm A{YH$ {dñV¥V
Pmbr AgyZ {VMr Cn`mo{JVm dmT>br Amho. AmO H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò {d{dY Cn`mo{OV joÌmMm g_mdoe Amho
H¥$fr AW©emómMo g§emoYZ {df`H$ `moJXmZ AW©emóm_Üò ârd (Substantial) ñdê$nmMo Amho. n`m©daUr`
AW©emóm_Üò H¥$fr AW©emómMo `moJXmZ VrZ _w»` àH$maMo/joÌmMo Amho.
i) nmUr àXwfU, hdm àXwfU `mgma»`m n`m©daUr` ~møVm {Z`§ÌrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àoaH$ AmamIS>m V`ma
H$aUo.
ii) Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo d n`m©daUr` gw{dYm nmgyZ {_iUmè`m {~Ja ~mOma bm^mÀ`m _yë`mMm A§XmO H$aUo
(J«m_rU ^yn¥ð>aMZoMo AmH$f©H$ {MÌ AmIUo)
iii) Am{W©H$ {H«$`m d n`m©daUr` n[aUm_ `m§À`mVrb Jw§VmJw§VrMo Am§Vag§~§Y Aä`mgUo.
n`m©daUmÀ`m {hVmgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emókm§Zr H$mhr g§»`mË_H$ gmYZo {dH$grV Ho$br AmhoV. `m_Üò ^y
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ì`dñWmnZ gwYmaUo, O{_ZrMr Yyn à{V~§YH$, {H$Q>H$ ì`dñWmnZ, O¡d{d{dYVoMo g§dY©Z d ney amoJ amoIUo BË`mXr
~m~r§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nma§n{aH$ H¥$fr AW©emómV eoVr g§~YrV àmW{_H$ nmVirdarb ~m~rMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV
Ago, na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm dmTy>Z ho emó AÞ Cn^moJmÀ`m AW©emóm {df`r
{d{dY ~m~r§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr d CËnÞmÀ`m n[aUm_mÀ`m Aä`mgm_Üò â åhUyZ H¥$fr
g§emoYH$ Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m dV©Zmda _m{hVr d JwUdVoMm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo `m{df`r Aä`mg H$arV AmhoV. H¥$fr
AW©emók `m~m~rgmR>r Amnbo `moJXmZ XoV AmhoV H$s Kar AÞ V`ma H$aUo d AÞ IaoXr H$aUo `m_Üò Hw$Qw>~§ m§Mr
ng§Vr H$m` Amho, AÝZmÀ`m qH$_Vr H$em {ZYm©[aV hmoVmV? Xm[aÐç Ama§^mMr ì`m»`m, qH$_V d CËnÞ gmVË`mZo
~XbV Agë`mg J«mhH$mMm à{VgmX H$gm AgVmo. Cn^moŠVm ng§Vr g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gd}jU d n«`moJo rH$ gmYZo
BË`mXr Zì`mZo Aä`mg{df` {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm dmT>V Amho. darb {d{dY Cn^moJ
{df`H$ àíZm§À`m gmoS>dUyH$s gmR>r H¥$fr AW©emómMo {Z`_, {gÕm§V d VËdo bmJy nS>VmV.
{dH$mgmMo AW©emó `m emIogmR>r H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m Aä`mgmMr Cn`mo{JVm Amho. {dH$mgmÀ`m
AW©emómV Aën CËnÝZ XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ C§MmdUo d Aën CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$
YmoaUmMr H$m_{Jar BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. AZoH$ {dH$gZ{eb AW©ì`dñWm§Mm _moR>m ^mJ
eoVrMm Amho. (amoOJma d amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb {hñgm {dMmamV KoVm.) åhUyZ H¥$fr AW©Vk {dH$mgmMo AW©emóm_Üò
AZw^dOÝ` g§emoYZ AmKmS>rda H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. AZoH$ H¥$frVkm§Zm {dH$grV AW©ì`dñWm_Yrb AÞ
nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV AmdS> Amho.
CËnmXZmMo AW©emó d eoVr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm Am{YH$ Amho. H¥$fr
AW©emó eoVr CËnmXZmMo KQ>Vo \$b d eoVH$è`m§Mm IM© d nwadR>m à{VgmX `mda â {Xbm OmVmo. eoV
nmVirdarb {ZU©`mgmR>r AW©emómMo {gÕm§V bmJy H$aVmV. YmoH$m d A{ZpíMVVo_Üò {ZU©` à{H«$`m ho
dmñVdmV {nH$ {d_m YmoaUmgmR>r Cn`mo{OV Amho. VgoM {dH$gZerb XoemVrb eoVH$ar V§ÌkmZmMr {ZdS> H$er
H$aVmV `mgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm Amho. H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò nXdrn`©VMo {ejU nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ,H¥$fr ì`dgm` dñVy ~mOma, {ejU, {dÎmr` joÌ, emgZ, Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo d n`m©daU
ì`dñWmnZ,dmñVd Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo d n`m©daU ì`dñWmnZ, dmñVd joÌ BË`mXr nmVirda H$m_mMr g§Yr
CnbãY hmoVo.
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m
H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m hr AW©ì`dñWobm ñW¡`m©{Xï>rV {dH$mgmg
_XV H$aUmar AgVo. àËòH amï´>mÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVr_Üò eoVrMo _hËd AZÝ` gmYmaU AgVo.
A_o[aH$m d OnmZÀ`m Am[W©H$ {dH$mgmV Ë`m XoemVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m _hËdnyU© hmoVr. eoVr CËnmXZ amï´>r`
{dH$mgmgmR>r JaOoMo Amho. eoVr_wio bmoH$g§»òÀ`m _moR>çm ^mJmbm AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m d amoOJmamMr {Z{_©Vr
H$aVm Ambr Amho. `m{edm` CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r eoVrVyZ AmXmZm§Mm nwadRm Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo
eoVrVyZ òUmè`m _mJUr_wio CÚmoJmVrb dñVy§Mm In dmT>Vmo. Ë`m_wioM Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMr nyd©AQ> åhUOo eoVr
{dH$mg _mZbm OmVmo. eoVr {dH$mgm{edm` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg AnyU© amhVmo.
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eoVrMr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb ^y{_H$m d _hËd `m{df`r AW©Vkm§_Üò _V{^ÝZVm {XgyZ òVo. àm.{dëgZ,
àm. ~maHo$a d àm. ~magm§S>r `m§À`m _Vo OJmVrb ~hÿg§»` bmoH$g§»`m eoVrda CXa{Zdm©h H$arV Amho d eoVrVyZ
CÚmoJmgmR>r bmJUmam H$ÀMm_mb nwa{dbm OmVmo. na§Vw àm.S>opìhg `m§À`m_Vo, amï´>mÀ`m n«JVrV eoVr joÌm~amo~a
BVa joÌm§Mm gh^mJhr AË`§V _hËdmMm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌmg A{V[aº$ _hËd XoUo `mo½` Zmhr. OJmVrb
AZoH$ {dH${gV amï´>m§Mm AZw^d Agm Amho H$s, XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm~amo~a eoVrMo _hËd H$_r hmoV OmVo,
ñWyb amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb eoVr joÌmMo àm~ë` dmT>V OmVo. Ë`m_wio Vkm§À`m _Vo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV eoVr joÌ
ho _yb^yV Agy eH$V Zmhr. na§Vw darbà_mUo Vkm§À`m _V{^ÞVm EH$m§Jr ñdê$nmMr dmQ>Vo. H$maU Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{dY joÌmMm {dMma H$aVm nañnamdb§~r AgVo. H¥$fr {dH$mgmda
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Adb§~yZ AgVmo, Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMr nyd©AQ> H¥$fr {dH$mg AgVmo. Varhr OJâmMm
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm AZw^d d B{Vhmg {dMmamV KoVm {dH$mgmMr _yb^yV à{H«$`m eoVrjoÌmVyZM gwê$ hmoVo ho
ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr. amï´>mÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m d _hËd AmnUmg nwT>rb _wX²X`mÀ`m AmYmao
ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1) AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m …- _mZdr OrdZmgmR>r hdm d nmUr `m~amo~aM AÞ hm _yb^yV KQ>H$ Amho.
_mZdmg Ord§V amhÊ`mgmR>r AÞYmÝ` Amdí`H$ Amho. dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»ò~amo~a AÞYmÝ`mMr JaO dmT>V
OmVo dmT>Vr AÞYmÝ`mMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVr joÌmMm {dH$mg Ano{jV Amho. AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZ H$_r
Pmë`mg qH$dm Anwao nS>ë`mg Ë`mMr Am`mV H$amdr bmJVo. AÝZYmÝ`mMr Am`mV dmT>ë`mg ì`dhmamVrb
à{VHy$b ~ZVmo. AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m CnbãYVogmR>r {dXoemda Adb§~yZ amhUo emídV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg _maH$
R>aVo. AÝZYmÝ`mMr Am`mV Á`m XoemVyZ H$aVmo Ë`m XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$, amOH$s` X~mdmbm Xoe ~ir nS>Vmo.
`mgmR>r H¥$fr {dH$mgmMo `mo½` {XK©H$mbrZ YmoaU AmIyZ AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. XoemVrb
^m§S>db AÝZYmÝ` Am`mVrgmR>r dmnaë`mg ^m§S>dbr `§Ìgm_J«r d V§Ì d¡km{ZH$ àJVrgmR>r {dXoer J§JmOir
H$_r nS>Vo. `mgmR>r H¥$fr {dH$mg Amdí`H$ Amho. ^maVmVrb gw_mao 132 H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»òbm AÞYmÝ`mMm
nwadR>m H$aÊ`mV ^maV ñdmdb§~r Amho. ^maVr` eoVrVyZ gZ 2017 -18 _Üò AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m Odinmg
269 Xebj Q>Zm§Mm Pmbm Amho. åhUyZ dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òbm AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVrMr
Am[W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb ^y{_H$m _hËdmMr Amho.
2) amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb `moJXmZ …- AZoH$ {dH$grV XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmdê$Z AmnUmg Ago {XgyZ
òVo H$s eoVrMr àJVr {h XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg J{V_mZ qH$dm àdoJrV H$aVo. gÚm Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmV
AJ«oga AgUmè`m {dH$grV amï´>mMr AW© ì`dñWm EHo$H$mir H¥$fr AmYmarV hmoVr. Ë`m AW©ì`dñWoV H¥$fr
joÌmMo dM©ñd hmoVo. {dH$grV amï´>r` CËnÞmV AmOhr H¥$fr joÌmMm {hñgm _hËdmMm Amho. ^maVmÀ`m ñWyb
amï´>r` CËnmXZmV eoVrMm {hñgm gZ 1950-51 Pmbr gw_mao AYm© hmoVm gÚm Vmo 12.5% n`©V KQ>bm Agbm
Var {Zanoj ÑîQ>çm eoVrMo amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb `moJXmZ dmT>bo Amho.
3) H$ƒm _mbmgmR>r nyd© AQ> - (Pre-Requisite for Raw Material)
{dH$mgZerb XoemV H¥$fr AmYmarV CÚmoJmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r H$ƒm _mbmMm nwadR>m dmT>{dÊ`mH$arVm
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eoVrMr AmYw{ZH$Vm Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m nwadR>çmVrb H$_VaVm hr CÚmoJmÀ`m CËnmXZmda {dnarV
n[aUm_ H$aV. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV AS>Wim òVmo. nrR> V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m {JaÊ`m, Vm§Xyi {JaÊ`m, Vob
d S>mi {JaÊ`m, _m§g, Xw½Y nXmW© g§K, gmIa H$maImZo, gyV {JaÊ`m, VmJ {JaÊ`m, H$mnS> {JaÊ`m, dmB©Z
V`ma H$aUmao H$maImZo d BVa AZoH$ CÚmoJ eoV_mbmda AmYmarV AmhoV. eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV hmoUmam eoV_mb
`mo½` qH$_VrV d XO}Xma ñdê$nmV H$ƒm _mbmda åhUyZ CÚmoJmgmR>r nwa{dbm Joë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg hmodyZ
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. àË`j d AàË`jnUo eoVrVrb H$ÀÀ`m _mbmda AmYmarV AgUmao AZoH$
CÚmoJ AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV â KmbVmV.
4. amoOJma {Z{_©Vr - (Employment Generation)
{dH$gZerb XoemV dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òbm H$m_ nwa{dUo eoVr joÌm_wio eŠ` Pmbo Amho. A{V[aº$
bmoH$g§»`m eoVr_Üò gm_mdyZ KoVbr OmVo. H¥$fr joÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$rH$aU, añVo, YaUo d BVa
{dH$mgmMo àH$ën `m_wio H$_r hmody bmJbo Amho. {~Ja eoVr joÌmgmR>r bmJUmao l{_H$ àm_w»`mZo eoVr joÌmVyZ
nwadrbo OmVmV. `m_Üò Aën-YmaH$ eoVH$ar, ^y{_{hZ eoV_Oya `m§Zm hñVH$boÀ`m dñVy, \${Z©Ma, H$mnS>,
H$mVS>r CÚmoJ, YmVyH$m_ à{H«$`m CÚmoJ d BVa godm joÌmV H$m_o H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. ^maVmV AmOhr 70%
bmoH$g§»`m amoOJmamgmR>r àË`j d AàË`jnUo eoVr joÌmda Adb§~yZ Amho. àma§^r eoVr joÌmV _moR>çm
à_mUmda dmT>rd bmoH$g§»`m g_mdyZ KoVbr OmV hmoVr. gÚm eoVrVrb Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr_wio l_eŠVr eoVr
joÌmVyZ {~Ja-eoVr joÌmH$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoV Amho. eoVrH$Sy>Z CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, hm°Q>ob, godm joÌ B.H$S>o
l_eŠVr nwa{dbr OmV Amgë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xa dmT>V Amho. eoVrVrb A{V[aº$ l_eº$s {~Ja eoVr
joÌmH$S>o di{dë`m_wio XmoÝhr joÌmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.
5) nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr {Z{_©Vr- (Creation of Infrastructure)
H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r añVo, ~mOmanoR>m, gmR>dUyH$ J¥ho, aoëdo dmhVyH$, nmoñQ> godm, nmUr {dÚwV
nwadR>m d BVa nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr JaO AgVo, Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ d ~±qH$J {d_m BË`mXr joÌmbm _mJUr dmT>Vo.
Ë`m§À`m àJVrbm MmbZm {_iV Amho. H¥$fr joÌmgmR>r bmJUmar nm`m^yV joÌmVrb gw{dYm eoVrjoÌmMm {dH$mg
Xa dmT>{dVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a CÚmoJ d ì`mnma joÌmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo.
6) {df_Vm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV … (Reduce Inequatity)
Á`m XoemV eoVr joÌmMo dM©ñd Amho, A{V[aº$ bmoH$g§»`m Amho Aem Xoem_Üò J«m_rU d ehar^mJmV
Am{W©H$ qH$dm CËnÞ {df_Vm àM§S> à_mUmV AgVo. Aem àH$maMr CËnÞmMr {df_V H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVrg
CÀM àmYmÝ` XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. eoVr joÌmVrb CËnÞ dmT>rgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU
eoVrVrb CËnÞ dmT>ë`mg, g§nÞmdñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`mg J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~hÿg§»` bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ dmTy>Z
Am{W©H$ qH$dm CËnÞ {df_Vm H$mhr à_mUmV H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b. WmoS>Š`mV eoVrjoÌmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a
g_Voda AmYmarV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoVrMo `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© Amh.
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7) à^mdr _mJUrMr {Z{_©Vr …
H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya `m§Mr IaoXreº$s dmTy>Z {~Ja-H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m dmT>rg
MmbZm {_iVo. {~Ja H¥$fr joÌm_YyZ CËnmXrV hmoUmè`m dñVy§gmR>r eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞ dmT>r_wio ~mOmanoR>
CnbãY hmoVo. A{dH$grV XoemV ~hÿg§»` bmoH$ eoVrda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr CËnÞ nmVir d IaoXr eº$s
H$_r Agë`m_wio AZoH$ JaOm AnyU© AgVmV. Ë`m_wio eoVrMm {dH$mg Pmë`mg eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞmV dmT>
hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr IaoXreº$s dmT>Vo. {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmgmR>r à^mdr _mJUr dmT>Vo. {~Ja-H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg
d¥ÕtJV hmoVmo. eoVrVyZ ZJXr {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> dmTy>Z, CËnmXH$Vm dmTy>Z eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÝZmV dmT> hmoVo
Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§gmR>r _mJUr dmT>Vo CXm. eoVr `§Ìo {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, VUZmeHo$, BË`mXr_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ d¥Õr hmoVo.
AW©ì`dñWoMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg eoVr_wio _XV hmoVo.
8. Am{W©H$ KgaUrVyZ ~mhoa òÊ`mgmR>r …
AW©ì`dñWm Am{W©H$ KgaUrVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r eoVr joÌmMr ^y{_H$m _hËdmMr Amho. Am{W©H$
KgaUrÀ`m H$mbmdYrV Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ _mJUr KQ>r_wio ~§X Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§Zm _mJUr
H$aV ZmhrV _mÌ eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV hmoUmam eoV_mb OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy Agë`m_wio Ë`mMr _mJUr {Z`_rV amhVo.
Ë`m_wio AW©ì`dñWoV à{VHy$b n[apñWVr AgVmZm eoVr joÌmgmR>r AgUmè`m à^mdr _mJUr_wio AW©ì`dñWm
Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mVyZ qH$dm KgaUrVyZ nwZê$‚mr{dV hmoVo.
9. {dXoer MbZmMm ómoV … (Source of Foreign Exchange)
OJmVrb AZoH$ {dH$gZ{eb Xoe àmW{_H$ dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V H$aVmV. `m Xoem§À`m EHy$U {Z`m©Vr_Üò 60
Vo 70 % {hñgm eoVr AmYmarV àmW{_H$ dñVyM§ m AgVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌmVyZ {Z`m©V hmoÊ`mÀ`m j_Voda {dXoer
`§Ìgm_J«r d ^m§S>db dñVy {H$Vr à_mUmV Am`mV H$amd`mÀ`m ho R>aVo. eoVrVyZ hmoUmar {Z`m©V nyU© H$m`©j_VoZo
Z Pmë`mg XoemMm ì`dhmaVmob à{VHy$b amhVmo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ VyQ>rMm AW©âUm dmT>Vmo. {dXoer MbZmMr
g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoV.o Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamV àmW{_H$ dñVyÀ§ `m qH$_Vr gmVË`mZo KQ>V AmhoV Ë`m_wio àmW{_H$
dñVyÀ§ `m {Z`m©VrÛmao {dXoer MbZ àmá hmoÊ`mV _`m©Xm AmhoV. Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgm_wio CËnmXZ aMZoV ~Xb
Pmbobm Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V dmTy>Z {dXoer MbZ _moR>çm à_mUmda àmá hmoV Amho.
10 ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrV `moJXmZ …
A{dH$grV d {dH$gZ{eb Xoem§Zm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r àM§S> à_mUmV ^m§S>dbmMr JaO AgVo.
{dH$mgmÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m AdñWoV eoVr joÌmMo ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrgmR>r _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ AgVo. H$¥$fr joÌ ^m§S>db
{Z{_©VrgmR>r nwT>rb _mJ©Zo {ZYrMm nwadR>m H$aVo.- (i) eoVr H$a (ii) H¥$fr CËnmXZmMr {Z`m©V, (iii) H$_r
qH$_VrZo emgZmZo eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aUo d CÀM qH$_Vrbm {dH«$s H$aUo. {h nÕVr MrZ d a{e`m_Üò
{dH$grV Amho. (iv) eoVr joÌmV AgUmar Nw>nr ~oH$mar {h Jw§VdUyH$ `mo½` dmT>mdm åhUyZ {dMma H$aUo. (v)
l_rH$ d ^m§S>dbmMo eoVr joÌmH$Sy>Z {~JaeoVr joÌmH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aUo. eoVrjoÌ {dñV¥V à_mUmda Amho.
eoVrÀ`m eoV_mbmMm {dH«o$` dmTy>Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r d gdmªJrU Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ^m§S>db {Z{_©Vr
eoVrVyZ Ho$br OmVo.
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11. _hÎm_ J«m_rU H$ë`mU …-
A{dH$grV XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm eoVr d eoVr g§b½Z ì`dgm`mda AmYmarV Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
bmoH$m§Mo H$ë`mU eoVrVrb CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm dmTy>Z eoV_mbmMo Am{YŠ` qH$dm dmT>mdm {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio
hmoVo. eoVrVrb CËnmXH$Vm, CËnmXZ d CËnÞ dmTy>Z J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mm amhUr_mZ XOm© C§MmdVmo. Ë`m§Mm nmofH$
Amhma gwê$ hmoVmo `m_Üò A§S>r, XyY, Vyn d \$io BË`mXrMm g_mdoe AgVmo. VgoM J«m_rU bmoH$mMo OrdZ
gwIH$a hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbo Ka, dmhZo, {Q>.ìhr., _mo~mB©b d Mm§Jbr H$nS>o, Amamo½` gw{dYm BË`mXr CnbãY
hmodyZ Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmV dmT> hmoVo. eoVr CËnÞ dmT>r_wio J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mo _hÎm_ H$ë`mU hmoVo.
12. qH$_V ñW¡`© …
H¥$fr_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr d gd© gmYmaU qH$_V nmVir_Üò OdiMm ghg§~§Y Amho. H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrVrb àËòH$ AZwH$y b d à{VHy$b ~XbmMm à^md gd©gmYmaU {H$§_V nmVirda hmoVmo. EImÚm dfu eoV_mbmMo
CËnmXZ dmT>ë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmgmR>r H$ÀMm _mb nwaoem à_mUmV CnbãY hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m
{H$§_Vr n`m©á nmVirda amhVmV. åhUOoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ qH$_Vr n`m©á nmVirda åhUOoM pñWa am{hë`mg AmnmoAmn
gd©gmYmaU {H$§_V nmVir pñWa amhVo. _mÌ Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr qH$dm A`mo½` {Z`moOZm_wio H¥$fr CËnmXZ d
CËnmXH$Vm H$_r am{hë`mg eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m H$_r hmodyZ qH$_Vr dmT>VmV Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$
H$ÀMm_mb _hmJ hmodyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr CÀM nmVirda amhÿZ gd©gmYmaU qH$_V nmVir dmT>Vo.
13. A§VJ©V ì`mnma Am{U dmhVyH$ …-
XoemVrb A§VJ©V ì`mnma hm àm_w»`mZo eoVr CËnmXZmMm _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmo. `m_Üò eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV
hmoUmao AÞYmÝ` J«mhH$m§n`©V nmohM{dUo Va H$ƒm _mb åhUyZ eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ CÚmoJmn`ªV nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r
A§VJ©V ì`mnma d dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm H$m`©aV amhVo. ^maVm_Üò aoëdo d añVo dmhVyH$sZo _moR>çm à_mUmdarb eoV_mb
EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ Zo-AmU H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV eoVr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgm_wio
A§VJ©V ì`mnmamV dmT> hmoVo Am{U dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm dmTy>Z AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Xoeâ
eoVrgmR>r bmJUmar IVo, {~`mUo, `§Ìgm_J«r, Q´>°ŠQ>a, AdOS> dmhZo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, VUZmeHo$, BË`mXr
AmXmZm§_wio A§VJ©V ì`mnma d dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm ~iH$Q> hmodyZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg àmoËgmhZ {_iVo.
14. bmoH$emhr amï´>m§da AmYmarV …-
H$moUË`mhr bmoH$emhr Xoem_Üò Oa eoVr joÌ doJmZo {dH$grV hmoV Zgë`mg ~hþg§»` J«m_rU bmoH$m§_Üò
Ag_mYmZmMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJVo, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr bmoH$emhr gaH$mabm Mm§Jbo gaH$ma
Mmb{dUo H${R>U hmoVo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` VUmd {H$_mZ AgUo JaOoMo Amho.
H¥$fr joÌmVrb eoVH$ar AmË_hË`m, nmUr àíZ, XwîH$mi, Nw>nr ~oH$mar, eoV_mbmÀ`m H$_r qH$_Vr, Am`mV,
{Z`m©V ~§Xr, h_r^md g_ñ`m, {dH$mg-àH$ënm§gmR>r eoVr J«hU H$aUo, H$O©_m\$sMr g_ñ`m BË`mXr _wÚm§À`m
AmYmao emgZmg O~m~Xma g_OyZ VUmd {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mg bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoda g§H$Q> {Z_m©U hmoVo. amOH$s`
gÎmm ~Xb hmoVmo. Aem {d{dY ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg eoVr joÌmMm {dH$mg AmoKdVm A{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r
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Amdí`H$ Amho. eoVrjoÌmg§~§Yr g§H$Q>o {Z_m©U Pmë`mg AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg AS>MUrMm R>aVmo.
15. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r ~mOma {dñVma …
H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg Pmë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§Zm _mJUr dmTy>Z ~mOma {dñVma KSy>Z òVmo. eoVrVrb
CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$Vm d CËnÞ dmT> Pmë`mg eoVH$è`m§Mr IaoXr eŠVr dmTy>Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§gmR>r _mJUr dmT>Vo
Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ dmT> hmodyZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xa dmT>Ê`mda hmoVmo. S>m°. ~«mB©Q> qgJ À`m_Vo,
Am¡Úmo{JH$rH$aU d ZmJarH$aUm~amo~aM eoVrÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> d J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m XaS>moB© CËnÞmV dmT>
Pmë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoÊ`mV MmbZm {_iVo. Aem nÕVrZo eoVr joÌm_wio Am¡Ú{JH$
joÌmbm nwaH$ ImÌrMo joÌ åhUyZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmVo. darb {ddoMZmdê$Z AmnUmg Ago
{XgyZ òVo H$s H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H¥$fr {dH$mg Amdí`H$ AQ> Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va
{dH$grV Xoehr H¥$fr {dH$mgmda â XoVmV. àm. _wòa À`m _Vo ""{~Ja eoVr joÌmVrb dmT>Ë`m l_eº$sb AÞYmÝ`
nwadR>m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r H$ƒm_mb d Cd©arV AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AmYma åhUyZ ~MV Am{U
H$a _hgyb, {dXoer J§JmOir àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmgmR>r dmT>Vr ~mOmanoR> nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r
eoVr joÌmMr àJVr Amdí`H$ Amho.''
eoVr joÌmÀ`m g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ n¡byZo d¥Õr hmoUo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r _hÎdmMo Amho.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) Imbrb n¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {bhm.
1) gd©M amï´>m§À`m AW©ì`dñWm àma§^r .............. hmoË`m.
A) H¥$fr n«YmZ ~) CÚmoJ àYmZ H$) godm joÌ àYmZ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
2) H¥$fremómMr EH$ à_wI emIm åhUOo............ hmo`.
A) AW©emó ~) g_mOemó H$) H¥$fr AW©emó S>) Am§Vaamï´>r` AW©emó
3) H¥$fr AW©emóm_Üò ............ ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) CËnmXZmda à{H«$`m ~) bmJdS> H$) {dnUZ S>) darb gd©
4) H¥$fr joÌm_Üò {nH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r ......... `m AmXmZm§Mo n`m©á Cn`moOZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
A) O_rZ ~) l{_H$ H$) ^m§S>db S>) darb gd©
5) .......... À`m_Vo OJmVrb ~hÿg§»` bmoH$g§»`m eoVrda CXa{Zdm©h H$arV Amho.
A) àm. {dëgZ ~) àm.~maHo$a H$) àm. ~magmoS>r S>) darb gd©
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$ÀMm _mb H$moUVo joÌ nwadVo.
2) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m AdñWoV H$moUVo joÌ à~i AgVo.
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3) H¥$fr AW©emó åhUOo H$m`?
4) H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m ì`már_Üò H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVo.
5) Nw>nr ~oH$mar H$moUË`m joÌmV AmT>iVo.
1.2.2 eoVrVrb _mJUr nwadR>çmMo dV©Z-
(Demand and Supply Behaviour in Agriculture)
amï´>mMm joÌr` {dH$mg AO_mdVmZm H¥$fr {dH$mgmMm Aä`mg _hËdnyU© R>aVmo. H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm
{dMma H$aVmZm _mJUr d nwadR>çmMo dV©Z Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. H¥$fr joÌmVrb CËnmXZ _mJUrMo {ddoMZ
H$aVmZm eoVr CËnmXZmMo ñdê$n {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo AÝZYmÝ`, Vob{~`m `m
J«mhH$mon`moJr CËnmXZmMr _mJUr Oer _hËdmMr R>aVo, VgoM eoVrjoÌmVyZ CÚmoJmgmR>r nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$À`m _mbmgmR>rÀ`m _mJUrMmhr {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. H¥$fr CËnmXZmMr _mJUr hr {dH${gV d
{dH$gZerb XoemV {^Þ-{^Þ ñdê$nmMr AgyZ {VÀ`mda CËnÝZnmVir, H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo ñdê$n, VoOr _§XrMr
MH«o$, J«mhH$m§À`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r, d CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo ñdê$n BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo.
eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m Abd{MH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. nwadR>m {Z`_ Ago ñnï> H$aVmo {H$ eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m Va Ë`m à_mUmV eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmT>bm nm{hOo, na§Vw àË`jmV eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m
dmT>{dVm òV Zmhr. H$maU eoV_mb CËnmXZ hr EH$ O¡{dH$ à{H«$`m Amho. nwadR>m qH$_VrZwgma H$_r qH$dm
A{YH$ ghOmghOr H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m Abd{MH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. eoV_mb
nwadR>m Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo Vmo A{ZpíMV ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr AZwHy$b
Agob Va A{YH$ CËnmXZ d à{VHy$b Agob Va CËnmXZ H$_r hmoVo.
* _mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm :-
_mJUr {gÕm§VmV dñVyMr _mJUr Am{U dñVyMr qH$_V `mVrc ì`ñV g~§Y ñnîQ> Ho$cm OmVmo.
dñVyMr _mJUr R>a{dUmè`m KQ>H$mVrc ~Xcm_wio Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m g~§YrV dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV Omo ~Xc
hmoVmo Ë`m ~XcmÀ`m à_mUmg _mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm åhQ>co OmVo. _mJUrV hmoUmè`m ~XcmMo g§»`mË_H$
à_mU _moOÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. Aë\«o$S> _me©c `m§Zr _mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm hr g§H$ënZm dmnacr. _mJUrMr
cd[MH$Vm åhUOo qH$_VrVrc ~Xcm_wio _mJUrV hmoUmè`m ~XcmMo à_mU hmo`. CXm. gmIaoMr qH$_V
10 Q>Š`m§Zr dmT>cr Va gmaIoM _mJUr 20 Q>Š`m§Zr H$_r Pmë`mg gmIaoMr _mJUr cdMrH$ Amho
Ago åhQ>co OmVo. `mCcQ> XyYmMr qH$_V 10 Q>Š`m§Zr H$_r hmodyZhr XyYmÀ`m _mJUrV H$mhrM ~Xc
Pmcm Zmhr, Va XyYmMr _mJUr Acd{MH$ Amho Ago åhQ>co OmVo. WmoSŠ`mV, eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_VrVrc
~Xcm_yio eoV_mcmÀ`m _mJUrV hmoUmè`m {dñVmamMr AWdm g§H$moMmMr JVr åhUOo _mJUrMr cd{MH$Vm
hmo`. àm. E. Ec _o`g©À`m _Vo "{Xcoë`m _mJUr dH«$mda qH$_Vrg§~§Yr ~Xc Pmcm AgVm Ë`mMm
n[aUm_ åhUyZ _mJUr Ho$coë`m ZJg§»òV hmoUmè`m ~XcmÀ`m à_mUmg _mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm Ago
åhUVmV' WmoS>Š`mV qH$_VrV hmoUmè`m ~Xcm§À`m g§X^m©V _mJUr g§doXZj_ AgVo.
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* _mJUrÀ`m cdMrH$VoMo àH$ma :-
Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm n«^md eoV_mcmÀ`m _mJUrV n[adV©Z KSy>Z AmUVmo Ë`mdéZ _mJUrÀ`m cdMrH$VoMo
à_wI àH$ma qH$_V cdMrH$Vm, CËnÝZ cd{MH$Vm d N>oXH$ qH$dm {VaH$g cdMrH$Vm Ago gm§JVm
òVmV.
1) _mJUrMr qH$_V cdMrH$Vm :-
eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_VrVrc ~Xcmcm {VÀ`m _mJUrVrc ~XcmMm Omo à{VgmX {_iVmo Ë`mg _mJUrMr
qH$_V cdMrH$Vm Ago åhUVmV. àm. H«o$Z©H«$m°gÀ`m _Vo, qH$_V ~Xcmda IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVyÀ`m
n[a_mUmV Á`m XamZo ~Xc hmoVmo Vmo Xa åhUOo _mJUrMr qH$_V cdMrH$Vm hmo`!
eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_VrVrc ~XcmÀ`m n«_mUmV _mJUrÀ`m à_mUmV hmoUmao ~Xc åhUOo _mJUrMr
qH$_V cdMrH$Vm hmo`. `mgmR>r S>m°. _me©c `m§Zr nwT>rcgyÌ {Xco Amho.
dñVy§À`m _mJUrVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc
_mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm =
dñVy§À`m qH$_VrVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc
`m gyÌmZwgma òUmao CÎma eyÝ` Agë`mg _mJUr AcdMrH$ AgVo, CÎma EH$ Agë`mg cdMrH$Vm
EH$H$ AgVo Am{U CÎma EH$mnojm A{YH$ Amë`mg cdMrH$Vm EH$mnojm A{YH$ AgVo.
* qH$_V cdMrH$VoMo àH$ma -

(a) nyU© cdMrH$ _mJUr :-
eoV_mcmMr _mJUr A[V g§doXZerc AgVmZm dñVyÀ`m qH$_VrV Aëner dmT> Pmë`mg _mJUr
eyÝ` ZJmn`ªV KQ>Vo AWdm eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_VrV Aëner KQ> Pmë`mg eoV_mcmÀ`m _mJUrV àM§S>
AWdm AZ§V à_mUmV dmT> hmoV Agoc Va Ë`mg nyU© cdMrH$ _mJUr Ago åhUVmV. AZ§V cdMrH$
_mJUr ∝ (infinate) `m {MÝhmZo XmI{dVmV.
(b) nyU© AbdMrH$ (VmR>a) _mJUr :-
eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_VrV {H$Vrhr ~Xc Pmcm Var _mJUrÀ`m à_mUmda Ë`mMm H$moUVmhr n[aUm_
hmoV Zgoc Va g§~§{YV eoV_mcmMr _mJUr AcdMrH$ Amho Ago åhQ>co OmVo. Aem eoV_mcmMr
_mJUr g§doXZerc ZgVo. Aem àH$maMr cdMrH$Vm XmI{dUmam _mJUr dH«$ A` Ajmcm g_m§Va
AgVmo. cdMrH$VoMm hm àH$mahr n«Ë`j ì`dhmamV \$magm AmT>iV Zmhr. nyU© _ŠVoXmar AgUmè`m
AË`mdí`H$ eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV hr pñWVr AmT>iVo.
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(c) EH$H$ cdMrH$Vm :-
Á`m à_mUmV eoV_mc qH$_VrV ~Xc hmoVmo Ë`mM à_mUmV eoV_mcmÀ`m _mJUrV ~Xc hmoV
Agoc Va Ë`mg _mJUrMr "EH$H$ cdMrH$Vm' Ago åhUVmV. CXm- g\$aM§XmMr qH$_V 10 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr
KQ> c r AgVm g\$aM§ X mMr _mJUr 10 Q> Š Š`m§ Z r dmT> c r Ago c Va _mJUrMr qH$_V cdMrH$Vm
10% D 10% = 1 EdT>r òB©c. EH$H$ cdMrH$ _mJUr dH«$mMm AmH$ma Am`VmH¥$Vr AnmñV
(Rectangular Hyperbola) AgVmo.
(d) EH$mnojm A{YH$ cdMrH$ _mJUr :-

eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_V ~XcmÀ`m VwcZoV _mJUrVrc ~XcmMo à_mU A{YH$ Agoc Va _mJUr
EH$mnojm A{YH$ cdMrH$ Amho Ago åhQ>co OmVo. eoV_mcmMr qH$_V WmoS>rer H$_r Pmë`mg _mJUrV
_moR>r dmT> hmoV Agoc Va _mJUr \$ma cdMrH$ Amho Ago åhUVmV. Aemdoir _mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm
EH$mnojm OmñV Am{U AZ§Vmnojm H$_r AgVo. CXm. Ho$irÀ`m qH$_VrV 5 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr KQ> Pmë`mg
Ho$irMr _mJUr 10 Q>Š`m§Zr dmT>V Agoc Va cdMrH$Vm 10% D 5 = 2 Aem doir _mJUr
dH«$mMm CVma H$_r AgyZ Vmo _§X JVrZo Imcr CVaVmo.
(e) EH$mnojm H$_r cdMrH$ _mJUr :-
qH$_rVrc ~XcmÀ`m VwcZoV _mJUrVrc ~XcmMo à_mU H$_r Agoc Va Vr H$_r cdMrH$
_mJUr hmo`. CXm. JyimÀ`m qH$_VrV 10Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr KQ> Pmcr AgVm JyimÀ`m _mJUrV 5 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr
~Xc Pmcm Agoc Va JyimÀ`m _mJUrMr cdMrH$Vm 5 D Ÿ10 = 1/2 qH$dm 0.5 åhUOo EH$mnojm
H$_r Amho.
(2) _mJUrMr CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm :-
Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÝZmV hmoUmam ~Xc Am{U Ë`m_yio _mJUrV hmoUmam ~Xc `m§Mo JwUmoÎma à_mU
åhUOo _mJUrMr CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm hmo`. eoV_mcmMr qH$_V Am{U AÝ` BVa KQ>H$m§V ~Xc Z hmoVm
CËnÝZmV ~Xc Pmë`mg Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ _mJUrV ~mXc KSy>Z òVmo. "CËnÝZmVrc ~XcmMo _mJUrVrc
~Xcmer AgUmao à_mU åhUOo _mJUrMr CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm hmo`.' hm ~Xc eoH$S>m qH$dm à_mU
`m_Üò ì`ŠV H$aVm òVmo. _mJUrMr CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm _moOÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc gyÌ dmnaco OmVo.
eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc
_mJUrMr CËnÝZ$ cdMrH$Vm =
Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m CËnÝZmVrb eoH$S>m ~Xc
eoV_mcmÀ`m _mJUrVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc d CËnÝZmVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc `m§Mo nañna JwUmoÎma åhUOo
_mJUrVrc CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm hmo`.
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ì`ŠVrMo CËnÝZ dmT>co AgVm gd©gmYmanUo dñVyÀ`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo. {deofV: gyIgmoB©À`m
d M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr dmT>V Agë`mZo CËnÝZmVrc dmT>rMo d _mJUrVrc dmT>rMo JwUmoÎma YZmË_H$
ñdénmMo AgVo. na§Vy hcŠ`m àVrÀ`m ({J\o$Z) dñVyÀ`m _mJUrMr CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm hr F$UmË_H$
AgVo. CËnÝZ cdMrH$VoMo (a) eyÝ` CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm (b) EH$H$ OmñV cdMrH$Vm (c) YZ na§Vw
EH$mnojm H$_r (d) EH$hÿZ OmñV cdMrH$Vm (e) F$U qH$dm CUo CËnÝZ cdMrH$Vm ho àH$ma AmhoV.
3) _mJUrMr N>oXH$ qH$dm {VaH$g cdMrH$Vm :-
_mJUrÀ`m N>oXH$ cdMrH$Vocm n«{VñWmnZ cdMrH$Vm qH$dm nmañn[aH$ cdMrH$Vm Agohr åhUVmV.
Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m EImÚm {d{eîR> dñVyÀ`m _mJUrda BVa n`m©`r dñVy§À`m qH$_VrVrc hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mm
n[aUm_ hmoVmo. BVa dñV§yÀ`m qH$_VrVrc ~Xcm§Mo eoH$S>m à_mU Am{U EImÚm dñVyÀ`m _mJUrVrc
~XcmMo eoH$S>m à_mU `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo _mJUrMr N>oXH$ cdMrH$Vm hmo`. nañnanyaH$ AWdm
n`m©`r AgUmè`m dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV EImÚm dñVyMr qH$_V pñWa amhÿZhr Ho$di AÝ` n`m©`r dñVy§À`m
qH$_VrV ~Xc Pmë`mZo {VÀ`m _mJUrV ~Xc hmoV AgVmo. ho ~Xc hmoÊ`mMo n«_mU åhUOo _mJUrMr
{VaH$g cdMrH$Vm hmo`. CXm. gmIaoMr qH$_V ~XcVo Voìhm JwimMr qH$_V pñWa amhÿZhr JyimÀ`m
_mJUrda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. _mJUrMr N>oXH$ cdMrH$Vm nwT>rc gyÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _moOcr OmVo.
"j' dñVy§À`m _mJUrVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc
_mJUrMr N>oXH$ cdMrH$Vm =
"`' dñVy§À`m qH$_VrVrc eoH$S>m ~Xc
g_Om, Mhm Am{U H$m°\$s `m XmoZ dñVy EH$_oH$m§Zm n`m©`r AmhoV. H$m°\$sMr "j' qH$_V pñWa AgyZ
MhmMr qH$_V (`) dmT>cr Va MhmÀ`m VwcZoV H$m°\$s (`) ñdñV R>aoc. Aemdoir H$m°\$sMr _mJUr
dmT>oc. "`' dñVyMr qH$_V Am{U "j' dñVyMr _mJUr `m§Mm EH$mM {XeoZo ~Xc KSy>Z òVmo. åhUyZ
n`m©`r dñVy§~m~V _mJUrMr {VaH$g cdMrH$Vm YZmË_H$ AgVo. N>oXH$ cdMrH$VooMo (a) AZ§V cdMrH$Vm
(b) ey Ý ` cd{MH$Vm (c) YZ cd{MH$Vm (d) F$U cdMrH$Vm Ago _mJUrMr N> o X H$ cdMrH$Vm
Ago àH$ma AmhoV.
eoV_mb _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm - (Elasticity of Demamd)
H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m _mJUrMr ~mOy {dMmamV KoVmZm eoVr joÌmVyZ V`ma hmoUmè`m AÝZYmÝ`m, ^mOrnmbm,
\$io, \w$bo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$ÀMm_mb BË`mXr KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_VrMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mÑï>rZo
H$moUË`mhr AW©ì`dñWoV, AÝZYmÝò, V¥UYmÝò, XyY, \$io, ^mOrnmbm d CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$
eoV_mbm nwadR>m d _mJUrMo ñdê$n {dMmamV KoUo JaOoMo AgVo. H¥$fr CËnmXH$ eoV_mb _mJUrMo ñdê$n
{dMmamV KoD$Z qH$_V AmH$maVmo.
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV eoVH$ar Amnë`m eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr {df`rMo {ZU©` KoVmZm
17
eoV_mbmMm àH$ma, emgH$s` qH$_V d ñdV: ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$sgmR>r AmUboë`m eoV_mbmMr qH$_V ñdV§ÌnUo
{ZpíMV H$arV AgVmo. CXm. eoVH$ar ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>oV \$io, ^mOrnmbm d AÝZYmÝ` {dH«$sg AmUbo AgVm
Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr hr Ë`m H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m JwUdÎmoZwgma {ZpíMV hmoVo. CXm. ^maVmV Jhÿ, Ðmjo, \$i^mÁ`m BË`mXr
àH$maÀ`m H¥$fr_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr ñWm{ZH$ d {Oëhm ñVamda eoVH$ar ñdV: {ZpíMV H$aVmV. AWm©V Aer
qH$_V R>a{dVmZm _mbmMo ñdê$n ~mOmamVrb EHy$U AmdH$, eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrMo ñdê$n d ñnY©H$ CËnmXH$m§Mr
g§»`m, H¥$fr CËnmXZmMm h§Jm_ BË`mXr ~m~r Aem àH$maÀ`m _yë`mZo pñWVrda à^md Q>mH$VmV. hr ~m~ AmnU
Aä`mgUo C{MV R>aVo.
H¥$fr _mbmgmR>rMr _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm VmR>a qH$dm Abd{MH$ AgVo åhUOo eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrV dmT> Pmbr Var _mJUrV KQ> hmoV Zmhr. VgoM qH$_VrV KQ> Pmbr Var eoV_mbmMr _mJUr dmTV Zmhr.
nwT>rb H$maUm§Zr eoV_mbmMr _mJUrMr qH$_V bd{MH$Vm Abd{MH$ Agë`mMo ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1. qH$_VrVrb ~Xbm_wio Cn^moJ ~XbV Zmhr :
Cn^moŠVm Ord§V amhÊ`mgmR>r Á`m dñVyMm Cn^moJ KoVmo Aem eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m Var
bmoH$m§À`m Cn^moJmV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo qH$_VrV KQ> Pmbr Var eoV_mbmÀ`m Cn^moJmV \$magm ~Xb
hmoV Zmhr. OrdemñÌr` KQ>H$m§_yio AmnU {d{eð> _`m©Xonojm A{YH$ Cn^moJ Kody eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio qH$_VrV
H$mhrhr ~Xb Pmbm Var eoV_mb Cn^moJmV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mMr _mJUr Abd{MH$ amhVo.
2. OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy :
eoVr_YyZ CËnmXrV hmoUmè`m dñVy `m OrdZmdí`H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV. bmoH$ eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV
hmoUmè`m OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Zm n`m©`r dñVy emoYV Zmhr. eoV_mbmMr `mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV IaoXr H$aVmV, Cn^moJ
KoVmV qH$_V dmT>rMm qH$dm KQ>rMm à^md eoV_mb Cn^moJmda \$magm nS>V Zmhr.
3. eoV_mb gm_mÝ`nUo H$_r qH$_V AgUmam AgVmo :
eoVrVyZ CËnmXZ hmoUmam eoV_mb Am¡Úm{JH$ d godm joÌmÀ`m dñVy d godm§À`m VwbZoV \$maM Aën
AgVmV. Ë`m_wio qH$_VrVrb ~XbmMm n[aUm_ _mJUrda d Cn^moJmda hmoV Zmhr.
4. eoV_mbmMr _mJUr nwT>o T>H$bÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo :
eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV hmoUmam eoV_mb X¡Z§{XZ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJUr Ho$bm OmVmo. eoV_mbmMr _mJUr
Abd{MH$ AgVo. Vr \$maer nwT>o T>H$bVm òV Zmhr. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> Pmbr Va bmoH$ Amnbr
_mJUr nwT>o T>H$by eH$V ZmhrV. H$maU Ord§V amhÊ`mgmR>r eoVrVrb AÝZYmÝò, \$io, nmbo^mÁ`m, XyY, A§S>o
BË`mXr dñVy§Mr _mJUr {Z`_rV H$amdr bmJVo.
nwadR>m à{VgmX Aä`mgmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ :
eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m Zmed§V Agë`m_wio AbdMrH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. nwadR>m {Z`_mZwgma qH$_Vr
dmT>ë`m Va Ë`m à_mUmV eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmT>{dVm òV Zmhr. eoV_mb CËnmXZ hr EH$ O¡{dH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
18
àËòH$ {nH$mMm n[anŠd H$mbmdYr doJdoJim Amho. eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r R>am{dH$ doi bmJVmo.
nwadR>m qH$_Vr~amo~a ghOmghOr H$_r AWdm OmñV H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio eoV_mb nwadR>m AbdMrH$
ñdê$nmV AgVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr AZwHy$b Agob Va A{YH$ CËnmXZ d à{VHy$b Agob Va H$_r CËnmXZ
hmoVo. eoV_mb doioV A§{V_ Cn^moŠË`m§n`ªV nmohMbm Zmhr Va Vmo Iam~ hmodyZ Ë`mMo _yë` eyÝ` hmoVo. CËnmXrV
eoV_mbmMo ñdê$n d JwUdÎmm {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ AgVo, Ë`m_wio JwUdÎmoZwgma Ë`m§Mr àVdmar H$amdr bmJVo. àVdmar
Ho$ë`mg CÎm_ JwUdÎmoÀ`m eoV_mbmbm Mm§Jbr qH$_V {_iVo.
eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m hm {nH$mÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r òUmam IM© d H$mnUrZ§Va {nH$/eoV_mbmbm ~mOmamV
{_iUmar qH$_V `mVrb \$aH$mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. EImÚm {nH$mV A{YH$ CËnÝZ {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agë`mg
bmJdS> _moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$br OmVo, Ë`mMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. eoV_mb nwadR>m AbdMrH$ Agbm Var eoVH$ar
{nH$mMr bmJdS> H$aVmZm AZoH$ ~m~tMm {dMma H$aVmo. eoV_mb nwadR>m à{VgmXmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ nwT>rb à_mUo -
1. Am{W©H$ bm^m§e Am{U nwadR>m à{VgmX -
(Economic incentives and supply response)
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV H¥$fr qH$_V YmaoUmMo _hËd eoVrÀ`m VrZ d¡{eîQ>çm§_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo.
(i) H¥$frjoÌ ho A{dH$grV XoemVrb {deofV: Aën{dH$mg nmVirÀ`m XoemV CËnmXZ d amoOJmamgmR>r à~i
AgVo.
(ii) eoVrVrb _moR>çm à_mUmdarb g§gmYZ dmnamMm {ZU©` {dH|${ÐV ~mOma à^mdmZo {ZX}erV AgVmo åhUyZ
AÝZYmÝ` d BVa eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr emgZmÀ`m hñVjonmZo {ZYm©arV hmoVmV. A_o[aHo$Vrb (P.L.480)
AÝZYmÝ` dmT>{dÊ`mMo YmoaU AÝZYmÝ` pñdH$maUmè`m XoemVrb nwadR>m à{VgmXmda n[aUm_ H$aVo. Am{W©H$
bm^mer g§~§YrV nwadR>çmMm à{VgmX nwT>rb ~m~ter g§~§YrV AgVmo. (i) EHy$U eoVr CËnmXZ (ii) CËnmXZmMr
dñVy g§aMZm (iii) ~mOma dmT>mdm.
2. CËnmXZ qH$_Vrer à{VgmX - (Response to output prices)
qH$_V Mb ho Zoh_r gmnoj qH$_Vr _moOÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmVo. àXmZ qH$_VrMr VwbZm AmXmZ
qH$_Vrer Ho$br OmVo qH$dm {nH$m§À`m qH$_Vr gmnoj _moOë`m OmVmV. CËnmXZ {ZYm©aUmMo hdm_mZ, nm`m^yV
gw{dYm d Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb ho {~Ja qH$_V KQ>H$hr qH$_Vrer ghg§~§{YV Agy eH$VmV. nwadR>m à{VgmXmMo AZoH$
H$mbrH$ e¥I§bm nÜXVr (Time-series) Aä`mg H$mhr R>am{dH$ {nH$m§Mr qH$_V gmnoj bdMrH$Vm YZmË_H$
Xe©{dVmV. AënH$mbrZ bmJdS>rImbrb {nH$mMr bdMrH$Vm eyÝ` Vo 0.8 À`m Xaå`mZ AgVo Va {XK©H$mbrb
bdMrH$Vm 0.3 Vo 1.2 Aer CÀM amhVo. AZoH$ Vkm§À`m_Vo {dH$gZerb XoemVrb eoVrVrb gd© CËnmXZo
à{VHy$b qH$_Vrbm gm_moao OmVmV.
3. AmXmZo A§eXmZ à^md - (Impact of Input Subsidies)
AmXmZmÀ`m qH$_Vr hm eoVH$è`mgmR>r eoVr CËnmXZmMm d Am{W©H$ bm^m§emMm _hËdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.
åhUOo eoVrV H$moUË`m {nH$mMr bmJdS> H$amd`mMr `mMm {ZU©` {nH$mgmR>r bmJUmè`m AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vrda
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Adb§~yZ AgVmo. eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m hm AmXmZ qH$_Vrer à{VgmX XoVmo. AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vr A{YH$ AgVrb
Va g§~§YrV {nH$mMo CËnmXZ H$_r amhVo. Á`m {nH$m§À`m AmXmZm§da A§eXmZ {Xbo OmVo Ë`m {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>
_moR>çm à_mUmda hmodyZ CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. A§eXmZ ZgUmè`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ H$_r amhÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
4. ~mOma qH$dm {dH«o$` dmT>mdm (Marketed Surplus)
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrMm JwUmË_H$ {^Þ n[aUm_ Cd©arV AW©ì`dñWobm {dH«o$` dmT>mdm {dH$Ê`mda hmoVmo.
dmT>mdm CËnmXZmÀ`m AmH$mamnojm qH$_Vrda A{YH$ Adb§~yZ AgVmo. {~Ja-AÞYmÝ` eoVr CËnmXZmgmR>r
CËnmXZ d {dH«$sVrb ôX {H$§dm \$aH$ \$ma _hËdmMm ZgVmo. AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwaogm nwadR>m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmbm
ImÌreranUo hmoUo hr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>rMr g_ñ`m Amho. Xoembm Am{W©H$oVa H$maUmgmR>r qH$dm {dXoer
MbZmgmR>r AÞYmÝ`mMo ñdmdb§~Z Agmdo bmJVo.
nwadR>m à{VgmX R>a{dUmao KQ>H$ (Factors affecting supply response)
nwadR>m åhUOo {d{eï> doir {d{eï> qH$_Vrbm CËnmXZmMo ~mOmamgmR>r {dH«$sg H$mT>bobr ZJ g§»`m hmo`.
nwadR>m ~mOmamVrb qH$_Vrbm {dHo«$Ë`mZo Amnbr dñVy {dH«$sg AmUUo hmo`. nwadR>m hm Zoh_r doi d qH$_Vrer
g§~{YV AgVmo. eoV_mb nwadR>çmMo à{VgmX R>a{dUmao KQ>H$ nwT>rb à_mUo -
1) qH$_V (Price) : H$moUË`mhr dñVy§Mm ~mOmamVrb nwadR>m dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoUo ho àm_w»`mZo CËnmXH$mbm
eoV_mb {dH«$snmgyZ {_iUmar qH$_V `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. eoV_mbmMr qH$_V dmT>br {H$ nwadR>m dmT>Vmo na§Vw
AënH$mimV nwadR>m dmTy> eH$V Zmhr H$maU {nH$mMr bmJdS> Ho$ë`mnmgyZ R>am{dH$ H$mbmdYrZ§Va {nH$
~mOmamgmR>r CnbãY hmoVo. _mÌ eoVH$ar Á`m {nH$m§À`m qH$_Vr A{YH$ amhVmV Aem {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$aVmV.
2) CËnmXZ IM© (Cost of Production) : CËnmXZ IMm©Mm à^md eoV_mb CËnmXZ d nwadR>çmda
hmoVmo. Á`m {nH$m§gmR>r AmXm§ZmMm, bmJdS>rMm CËnmXZ IM© A{YH$ amhVmo Aem {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$aUo Q>mibo
OmVo. Á`m {nH$m§gmR>r CËnmXZ IM© H$_r amhVmo Aem {nH$mMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. eoVH$ar H$mhr {nH$m§À`m ~m~VrV
gmR>mJ«hm§_Üò gmR>dUyH$ H$ê$Z CÀM qH$_VrgmR>r à{Vjm H$aVmV, na§Vy eoV_mb Zmed§V Agë`m_wio nwadR>m
VmËH$mi ~mOmamV nmR>{dbm OmVmo. CËnmXZ IMm©_Üò AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vr ~r-{~`mUo, _Oyar, dmhVyH$, nmUr,
drO ~rb BË`mXrÀ`m qH$_VrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3) Z¡g{J©H$ pñWVr (Natural Condition) : Z¡g{J©H$ dmVmdaUm_wio H$mhr dñVy§À`m nwadR>çmda
àË`j n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm. ^maVmV _mÝgyZ nmD$g doioda nS>ë`mg eoVrVrb CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. na§Vw XwîH$mir
n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mg eoVr CËnmXZ KQ>yZ nwadR>çmMm à{VgmX à{VHy$b amhVmo. Iarn eoVr {nH$m§Zm
nmD$gmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. a~r -{nHo$ {hdmù`mV KoVbr OmVmV.
4) V§ÌkmZ (Technology) : V§ÌkmZ hm eoV_mb nwadR>çmMm _hÎdmMm à{VgmX KQ>H$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$
d Mm§Jbo V§ÌkmZ H¥$fr CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. CXm. AmYw{ZH$
IVo d CÀM n¡Xmg ~r {~`mUm§_i w o {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>V.o Ë`m_wio ~mOma dmT>mdm dmT>Vmo, nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. `mCbQ>
V§ÌkmZ gwYmaUm Z Pmë`mg nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo {nHo$ KoVë`mg CËnmXH$Vm, CËnmXZ H$_r amhÿZ nwadR>m H$_r amhVmo.
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5) dmhVyH$ gw{dYm … AmYw{ZH$ d J{V_mZ dmhVyH$ gw{dYm Agë`mg eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. AZoH$
doim dmhVyH$ gw{dYm CnbãY Zgë`m_wio eoV_mb ~mOmamÀ`m {R>H$mUr doioV nmohMV Zmhr. Zmed§V eoV_mb
Agë`mg ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. dmhVyH$ gw{dYm Mm§Jë`m Zgë`mg _mbmbm qH$_V Mm§Jbr AgyZhr nwadR>m dmT>V
Zmhr. ^maVmV eoVH$ar añVo dmhVyH$sMm Zoh_r dmna H$aVmV, añË`m§Mr AdñWm {~H$Q> Agë`m_wio eoV_mb
~mOmamÀ`m {R>H$mUr qH$dm A{YH$ {H$§_VrÀ`m {R>H$mUr nwadR>m H$aVm òV Zmhr. XoemÀ`m EH$m ^mJmVrb
eoV_mb Xwgè`m ^mJmV qH$dm àXoemV añVo _mJm©Zo nmR>{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo Voìhm àdmgmV eoV_mbmMr
ZmgmS>r hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. nwadR>m dmT>V Zmhr. nwadR>m à{VgmX Anwam amhVmo.
6) KQ>H$ qH$_Vr d Ë`m§Mr CnbãYVm (Factor price and their availability) : eoVr eoV_mb
CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr nwaoem à_mUmV CnbãYVm d Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr `mda nwadR>m
à{VgmX Adb§~yZ AgVmo. H$ÀMm_mb, l{_H$, AdOmao, `§Ìo BË`mXr eoVr CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar
AmXmZo `mo½` doir CnbãY hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ago CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ H$_r {H$§_VrV {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY
Pmë`mg eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio ~mOmamVrb eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. H$moUË`mhr CËnmXH$
eoVm_Üò ñdñV l{_H$ d H$ÀMm _mbmMm ómoV OdiM CnbãY Agë`mg _OyarMm d dmhVyH$sMm IM© KQy>Z
CËnmXZ dmT> d nwadR>m à{VgmX dmT>Vmo.
7) emgZmMo YmoaU (Government's Policy) : emgZmÀ`m {d{dY YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ eoV_mb
nwadR>m à{VgmXmda hmoVmo. {dÎmr` YmoaU, Am¡Úmo{JH$, qH$_V YmoaU, H¥$fr YmoaU, H$a aMZm, _Ü`dVr ~±Ho$Mo
_m¡ÐrH$ YmoaU BË`mXr YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ eoV_mb nwadR>m à{VgmXmda hmoVmo. CXm. H$amMo Xa H$_r Ho$ë`mg
nwadR>m à{VgmX dmT>Vmo.
8) n`m©`r d nwaH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr … eoV_mbmÀ`m nwadR>m à{VgmXmda g§~§YrV dñVybm n`m©`r d nwaH$
AgUmè`m dñVy§À`m qH$_VrMm à^md nS>Vmo. CXm. JìhmÀ`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`mg eoVH$ar JìhmMr bmJdS>
A{YH$ à_mUmda H$aVmV, Jìhmbm n`m©` AgUmè`m Ádmar, ~mOar, Vm§Xyi `m ImÚmÝZmMo CËnmXZ H$_r Ho$bo
OmVo. Ë`m_wio Vm§Xyi, Ádmar, ~mOar `m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ H$_r hmoVo. nwaH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`mg _yi
dñVyMo CËnmXZ dmT>Vo CXm. D$gmMo Xa dmT>bo Va D$gmV Am§Va{nH$ åhUyZ nwaH$ KoVë`m OmUmè`m _H$m {nH$mMo
CËnmXZ dmTy>Z nwadR>m à{VgmX dmT>Vmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {bhm.
1) eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m .............. AgVmo.
A) bdMrH$ ~) AbdMrH$ H$) OmñV bdMrH$ S>) {Q>H$mD$
2) eoV_mb CËnmXZ {h ........... à{H«$`m Amho.
A) gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~) O¡{dH$ H$) gm_m{OH$ S>) amOH$s`
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3) ............ eoV_mb nwadR>çmMm _hËdmMm à{VgmX KQ>H$ Amho.
A) qH$_V ~) CËnmXZ IM© H$) V§ÌkmZ S>) darb gd©
4) AmXmZmMm CËnmXZ IM© A{YH$ Agë`mg eoV_mb nwadR>m à{VgmX ........... AgVmo.
A) OmñV ~) H$_r H$) pñWa S>) doJdmZ
5) eoV_mb ............. ñdê$nmMm AgVmo.
A) Zmed§V ~) Abd{MH$ H$) Z¡g{J©H$ S>) darb gd©
1) nwadR>m åhUOo H$m` ?
2) AënH$mbrZ bmJdS>r Imbrb {nH$mMr bd{MH$Vm {H$Vr AgVo.
3) eoVrVrb _moR>çm à_mUmdarb g§gmYZo dmnamMm {ZU©` H$emZo {ZX©oerV AgVmo.
4) nwadR>m à{VgmX R>a{dUmao XmoZ KQ>H$ gm§Jm.
5) H¥$fr _mbmgmR>r _mJUrMr bdMrH$Vm H$er AgVo.
1.2.3 H¥$fr {dH$mgmMo {gÕm§V- (Theories of Agricultural Development)
H¥$fr {dH$mg {gÕm§V Aä`mgVmZm AmnU nwT>rb VrZ n«_wI d _hËdnyU© {gÕmVm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma
AmhmoV.
(A) eyëPMm nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z {gÕm§V
(B) _obaMm H¥$fr {dH$mg {gÕm§V Am{U
(C) H¥$fr {dH$mgmVrb ào[aV ZdàdV©Z {gÕm§V.
(A) eyëPMm nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z {gÕm§V
(Schultz Theory of Transformation of Traditional Agriculture)
WodS>moa {dë`_ eyëP `m§Mm OÝ_ 30 E{àb 1902 gmbr A_o[aHo$Vrb, X{jU S>H$moQ>m amÁ`mVrb ~S>Jao
Odirb Jmd_Üò Pmbm. gZ 1928 _Üò T.W. eyëPZo H¥$fr d AW©emómVrb nXdr {ejU KoVbo. Ë`m§Mr
1938 H¥$fr AW©emómVrb nrEM. S>r. hr nXdr àm. ~o§O_rZ EM. {h~S>© `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr nyU© Pmbr.
Ë`mÀ`m nXdr Aä`mgmMo {ef©H$ hmoVo-
'' The Tariff in relation to the course- Foodgrains and a Development of Some of
the Theoritical Aspects of Tariff Price Research"
gZ 1930 Vo 1943 H$mbmdYrV Ë`m§Zr bmodm ñQ>oQ> H$m°boO_Üò {eH${dbo d 1946 Vo 1961 `m
H$mbmdYrV {eH$mJmo {dÚmnrR>mV AW©emó à_wI (Chair) åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo. Vo 1960 _Üò A_o[aH$Z
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BH$m°Zm°{_H$ Agmo{gEeZMo AÜ`j hmoVo. AW©emómVrb Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ eyëP Am{U ga {dë`_ AW©a bo{dg
`m§Zm 1979 _Üò {dH$mgmÀ`m AW©emómVrb `moJXmZm~Ôb {d^mJyZ {_ibo. {deofV… H¥$fr AW©emómda
Ë`m§Mm â hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr eoVrÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoVrb ^y{_Ho$da â {Xbm àm. eyëP `m§Zr nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z
{gÕm§V _m§S>Ur "Transformation of Traditional Agriculture' `m nwñVH$mV 1964 gmbr Ho$br. ewëP
Zo nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mnydu `m eoVr{df`rÀ`m J¡ag_OyVr Xya H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. àm.
ewëPÀ`m_Vo H$moUË`mhr XoemV bmoH$ gm_mÝ`Vm OJV Agboë`m ê$T>r d na§nam `m§À`m g§~Ym{edm` nma§n[aH$
eoVr AgVo CXm. nwamU_VdmXr, A§YlÕm d bhar g_mOmVM nma§n[aH$ eoVr AgVo Ago Zmhr, Va AmYw{ZH$
nwamoJm_r g_mOmVhr Ë`m§Mr eoVr nma§n[aH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVo. ewëPÀ`m _Vo CËnmXZmda AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md
nS>Vmo. CXm. H$mQ>H$ga, H$m_mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, H$_©VËnanUm BË`mXr g_mOmÀ`m A{ÛVr` g§ñH¥$Vr d¡{eîQ>çm_wio
à^mdrV hmoV Zmhr. Iao Va hr Am{W©H$ Mbo AmhoV. bmoH$ J§wVdUyH$rgmR>r ~MV H$arV ZmhrV, CËnmXZ
nÕVr_wio CÀM naVmdm {_iV Zmhr. bmoH$ l_mbm _Oyar qH$dm _mo~Xbm H$_r {_iV Agë`m_wio A{YH$ H$m_
H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>db g§M` qH$dm l_mMm A{YH$ dmna gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m_wio Zmhr Va Am{W©H$
KQ>H$m_wio hmoVr. O{_ZrMm AmH$ma d nma§n[aH$ eoVr `m§Mmhr ghg§~§Y Zmhr. CXm. OnmZÀ`m eoVrMm AmH$ma
A{VbhmZ AgyZhr nma§n[aH$ Zmhr. XoemVrb g§ñWmË_H$ ì`dñWoMm d nma§n[aH$ eoVrMm g~§Y AgV Zmhr.
nma§n[aH$ eoVr A{YH$ eoVrMr _mbH$s ñdV…H$S>o AgUmè`m Am{U A{YH$ Hy$i eoVr AgUmè`m XmoÝhr XoemV
AmT>iyZ òVo. CXm. hm°b§S> XoemV Hy$i nÕVr _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho Varhr Ë`m XoemV nman§[aH$ eoVr Amho.
nma§n[aH$ eoVr … AW©
àm. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVr gd©ñdr Am{W©H$ g§H$ënZm Amho. Vo EH$m g§VwbZmMm AënH$mi AgVmo.
Agm g_Vmob g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr {dMmamV Z KoVm hmoV AgVmo. Or eoVr OwÝ`m d H$_r CËnmXZ XoUmè`m
na§namJV gmYZmMm dmna H$ê$Z Ho$br OmVo. Ë`mg nma§n[aH$ eoVr Ago åhUVmV. gmYmaUV… `m eoVrVyZ CËnmXZ
Aën à_mUmV {_iVo. àm. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVr_Üò bmJdS>rMo H$m¡eë` pñWa ñdê$nmMo AgVo. Aem
eoVr_Üò V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. O_rZ, {~-~r`mUo nma§n[aH$ ñdê$nmMr dmnabr OmVmV. H$moUË`mhr
àH$maMo Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb KSy>Z òV ZmhrV. eoVr CËnmXZmgmR>r {d{dY gmYZm§Mm _oi KmVbm OmVmo. `m_Üò ~Xb
hmoV AgVmo nU Ë`m ~XbmMm Xa pñWa AgVmo. H¥$fr gmYZmMr CËnmXZ CËnmXrV H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Am{U H¥$fr
gmYZmMr qH$_V `m_Üò g§Vw{bV n[a{ñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo.
nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço (Main Characteristics of Traditional Agriculture)o
àm. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§nm[aH$ eoVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb à_mUo-
1. {dVaUmË_H$ H$m`©j_Vm : (Allocative Efficiency)o
nma§n{aH$ eoVr~m~V gd©gmYmaU YmaUm qH$dm g_O Agm Amho H$s `m eoVr_Üò g§gmYZmMo {dVaU `mo½`
nÜXVrZo hmoV Zmhr. àm. hoS>r `m§Zr ^maVmVrb ghm eoVH$ar dJm©Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm H$s
g§gmYZmM {dVaU nma§nm[aH$ eoVrV n[anyU© hmoV Zmhr. na§Vw eyëPbm ho A_mÝ` Amho. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo nma§n[aH$
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eoVrV g§gmYZmMo {dVaU n[anyU© hmoVo. H$maU CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMr nÜXVr An[adV©Zr` AgVo. eoVH$ar Xadfu
gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm d gmYZm§Mr qH$_V `m_Üò g§VwbZ amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$
eoVr_Üò CËnmXZ gmYZm§À`m {dVaUm_Üò H$_r _hËdmMr AHw$ebVm AgVo.
2. Jar~ na§Vw `mo½` H$ënZm :
darb à_mUo nma§n[aH$ eoVr g§gmYZmÀ`m n[anyU© dmQ>nmÀ`m Xwgè`m n[aH$ënZoÀ`m dU©ZmH$S>o diVmo. hr
n[aH$ënZm Jar~ na§Vw H$m`©j_ n[aH$ënZm åhUyZ n[a[MV Amho. eyëPÀ`m _Vo, g§gmYZmMo dmQ>n {dMmamV KoVm
nma§n[aH$ eoVrVrb bmoH$ {Zg§Xoh: H$m`©j_ AgVmV na§Vw AOyZhr Jar~ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m_Vo g§gmYZmMo n`m©ßV
{dVaU eoVH$è`m§Zm CÀM CËnÝZ nmVirMr ImÌr XoÊ`mg Anèr R>aVo. H$maU g§gmYZmnmgyZ {_iUmam
naVmdm H$_r amhVmo. CËnÝZmÀ`m àdmhmMm IM© A{YH$ amhVmo. åhUyZ eyëPZo nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©ZmgmR>r
CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMo ñdê$n ~XbÊ`mMr gyMZm {Xbr Amho.
Jar~ na§Vy H$m`©j_ n[aH$ënZoMm dmna :
nma§n{aH$ eoVrV g§gmYZmMo dmQ>n n[anyU© AgVo. `m dmñVdmVyZ eyëPZo H$mhr VH©$ewÜX AZw_mZo _m§S>br
AmhoV. Vr nwT>rb à_mUo -
(A) gÚm {dVarV Ho$boë`m g§gmYZmMo nwZ{d©VaU Ho$bo Var H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r Amho.
eoVH$è`m§Zm `m gmYZmnmgyZ {_iUmè`m naVmì`mMo nyU© kmZ Amho. Ë`m§Zm `m gmYZmnmgyZ àË`jmV _hÎm_
CËnmXZ {_iV Amho. `m g§gmYZmMm ZmgYygrgmaIm (CYù`m) dmna hmoV Zgë`m_wio Ë`mnmgyZ A{YH$Mo
CËnmXZ dmTy> eH$V Zmhr.
(~) nma§n[aH$ eoVrV H$moUVmhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$ ~oH$ma ZgVmo. Jar~ na§Vy H$m`©j_ n[aH$ënZoZwgma ^m§S>db
qH$dm l{_H$ EopÀN>H$ ~oH$ma amhVmV. Aem ~oH$ma CËnmXZ KQ>H$mZo amoOJmamMr _mJUr Ho$ë`mg ~mOmamVyZ
amoOJma CnbãY hmoVmo. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr qH$_V Vmon`ªV H$_r hmoV OmVo H$s CËnmXZ nÜXVr Vr qH$_V
pñdH$maVo.
(H$) hr n[aH$ënZm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vo H$s nma§nm[aH$ eoVr AgyZhr VoWo H$m`©j_ CÚmoOH$m§Mr Xw{_©iVm AgV
Zmhr.
(S>) nma§n[aH$ eoVrVrb eoVH$ar qH$_V ~Xbmbm H$_r à{VgmX XoVmV. Omon`ªV qH$_Vrbm CËnmXH$ à{VgmX
XoV Zmhr, Vmon`ªV g§gmYZmMo n[anyU© dmQ>n eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. nma§n{aH$ eoVrVrb eoVH$ar ~mOma eŠVrVrb
~XbmÀ`m n[aUm_m§nmgyZ nyU©nUo Xya amhVmV.
3. eyÝ` l_ _yë` {gÜXm§V (The Doctrine of Zero Value Labour)o :
eyÝ` na§Vw `mo½` VËdmZwgma eoVrV CËnmXZmMm H$moUVmhr KQ>H$ ~oH$ma amhV Zmhr. Nw>nr ~oH$marÀ`m
A^mdmg eyëPZo eyÝ` l_ _yë` Zmd {Xbo Amho. EImÚm l{_H$mbm Nw>no ~oH$ma Voìhm åhQ>bo OmVo H$s Ooìhm
Ë`mMr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` hmoVo. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVr H$m_mgmR>r BÀNw>H$ l{_H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
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H$m_mMo _yë` {_iVo, Ë`m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm H$Yrhr eyÝ` hmoV Zmhr. Xwgè`m eãXmV nma§n[aH$ eoVrV l_
_yë` eyÝ` hmoV Zmhr, hm Iyn _hÎdnyU© {ZîH$f© Amho. H$maU àm. ZŠg© À`m _Vo eoVrV Nw>nr ~oH$mar ApñVËdmV
AgVo. Aem Nw>ß`m ~oH$marVyZ l{_H$mZm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUVm òVo. àm.
eyëPÀ`m _Vo AÑí` qH$dm Nw>nr ~oH$marMm {gÕm§V hr nmpíM_mË` XoemVrb Vkm§À`m MyH$sÀ`m YmaUm qH$dm
{dMmamMo \${bV Amho. `m npíM_mË`m XoemVrb AW©Vkm§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm [aH$m_o ~gë`mMo nmhÿZ Nw>ß`m ~oH$marMm
{gÕm§V _m§S>bm. WmoS>Š`mV eoVr joÌmVrb l{_H$m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ eoVr_Üò Nw>nr
~oH$mar AgV Zmhr.
nma§n[aH$ eoVr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm ómoV … (Traditional Agriculture as a Source of
Economic Development )
n«m. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm ómoV AgUo ho Imbrb XmoZ ~m~rda
AmYm[aV Amho.
1) Amkm Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Command Approach) Amkm Ñ{ï>H$moZ amOH$s` eº$sda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
`m_Üò eoVr CËnmXZmbm AmoiIbo OmV Zmhr. na§Vy eoVrVrb H$m`m©da {Z`_Z Ho$bo OmVo.
2) ~mOma Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Market Approach) ~mOma Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{W©H$ àoaUm§da AmYm[aV AgVmo. hm
Ñ{ï>H$moZ eoVH$è`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmo, Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm CËnmXZ d {dVaUm~m~VMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mg _XV hmoV.o
n[adV©Z à{H«$`m (Process of Transformation)
eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrÀ`m n[adV©ZmgmR>r H$moUVo V§ÌkmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho d Ë`m ` V§ÌkmZmMm
eoVH$è`m§Zr dmna H$gm H$amdm ho EH$Xm g_Obo H$s _w»` g_ñ`m gwQ>Vo. eoVH$è`m§Zm Ago à`moJ H$aÊ`mg V`ma
H$aVm òVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo n[adV©ZmÀ`m gd© à{H«$`mMo ñnï>rH$aU CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mJUr d nwadR>m `m§À`m Ûmam
H$aVm òVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm g_Obo nmhrOo H$s nma§n[aH$ gmYZmnojm AmYw{ZH$ gmYZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo eoVrV A{YH$
CËnmXZ hmoVo. Aer gmYZo dmnaÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar V`ma AgVmV. Aemdoir eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r `m
gmYZm§Mm à`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Aem gmYZmÀ`m / KQ>H$mÀ`m nwadR>çmgmR>r nwT>rb Cnm` gm§{JVbo OmVmV.
ZdrZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m … nwadR>mXmamH$Sy>Z Z{dZ KQ>H$mMm nwadR>m `mo½` nÕVrZo n`m©á à_mUmV hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho d Ë`mÀ`m qH$_Vr `mo½` Agë`m nm{hOoV. `m XmoZ ~m~r n[aUm_H$maH$ \$m`ÚmgmR>r Amdí`H$
AmhoV. àm. eyëPÀ`m _Vo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m nwadR>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m nwT>rb VrZ _w»` ~m~rÀ`m ghmæ`mZo hmoVo.
1) nwadR>mXmam§H$Sy>Z Z{dZ KQ>H$m§Mm emoY d {dH$mg … àm. eyëPÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrbm AmYw{ZH$
~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r {dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMo `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© Amho. nma§n[aH$ eoVrV CËnmXZ à{H«$`m {XK©H$mbmn`ªV
MmbVo. Ë`m_wio Z{dZ KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg `m_YyZ hmody eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Á`m XoemZo Amnbr eoVr AmYw{ZH$
Ho$br Amho Aem XoemVyZ {dkmZ V§ÌkmZ gmYZo Am`mV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m Am`mV Ho$boë`m V§ÌkmZmgmR>r
eoVr nÕVr `mo½` ~Z{dbr Va CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aVm òVo.
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2) Z{dZ AmXmZm§Mo {dVaU … Z{dZ gmYZm§À`m dmnamgmR>r eoVrVrb ^¡{VH$ n[apñWVr `mo½` ~Zdbr
H$s Z{dZ KQ>H$mÀ`m dmQ>nmMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo `mo½` hmoVo. eyëP `m§Zm H$miOr Amho H$s `m Z{dZ CËnmXZ
KQ>H$m§Mo {dVaU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moUmH$S>o Úmdr? eoVH$è`m§Zm `m KQ>H$m§À`m dmnamMr _m{hVr Agë`mg
H$moUVrhr g§ñWm `m KQ>H$m§À`m {dVaUmMr O~m~Xmar nyU© H$ê$ eH$Vo.' `mMo dmQ>n H$aVmZm H$mhr H${R>UVm
òdy eH$VmV. ~mOmamV `m KQ>H$mMm nwadR>m A{YH$ Agob na§Vy Ë`mMr _mJUr àma§^r H$_r Agob, AZoH$ bmoH$
H$_r XOm©Mo KQ>H$ Kody eH$VmV. Ë`mM ~amo~a `m KQ>H$mÀ`m dmnamgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` {damoY hmody
eH$Vmo.
3) {dñVma godm§Mm {dH$mg … ^m¡{VH$ AmXmZo CnbãY Pmë`mMm eoVH$è`m§Zm VoìhmM \$m`Xm hmoB©b H$s
Ooìhm `m KQ>H$m§À`m dmnamÀ`m à`moJm{df`r H$m`©H«$_ hmoUo d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm g_OyZ òB©b. `m CËnmXZ
KQ>H$mZo eoVr_Üò ì`dgm`rH$ ñdê$n àmá Ho$ë`mg EImÚm EOÝgr Ûmao ho H$m`© hmody eH$Vo. dmnamÀ`m gyMZm
d _m{hVr eoVH$è`mn`©V nmohMy eH$Vo. `mgmR>r {dkmZ {dñVma godm Amdí`H$ Amho.
4) Z{dZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm _mJUr … emgZmZo \$º$ Z{dZ KQ>H$m§Mm nwadR>m CnbãY H$ê$Z MmbV Zmhr
Va eoVH$è`m§Zm `m KQ>H$m§À`m dmnamgmR>r V`ma Ho$bo nm{hOo. WmoS>Š`mV emgZmZo `m Z{dZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr
_mJUr eoVH$ar dJm©H$Sy>Z H$er dmT>ob `mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm nm{hOo. eyëPÀ`m _Vo Ago åhUUo ~amo~a Zmhr H$s
nma§n[aH$ eoVrV eoVH$ar Z{dZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$arV ZmhrV qH$dm dmnamgmR>r V`ma ZmhrV. `m Z{dZ KQ>H$m§À`m
dmnamgmR>r àbmo^ZmMr JaO AgVo. Z{dZ KQ>H$mMm dmna hm `m KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr d Ë`mnmgyZ CËnmXZmV
hmoUmar dmT> `m XmoZ ~m~tda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
{Q>H$mË_H$ n[ajU - H¥$fr {dH$mgmÀ`m BVa {gÕm§Vmà_mUo àm. eyëP `m§À`m nma§n[aH$ H¥$fr n[adV©Z
{gÕm§Vmda AZoH$ AW©emókm§Zr {Q>H$m Ho$ë`m AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rb à_mUo -
1) Iyn gm_mÝ` g§H$ënZm … àm. eyëP `m§Mm {gÕm§V AË`§V gmYm Amho Vmo {d{eï> n[apñWVrV bmJy
nS>Vmo. Ë`m§Zr Am{W©H$ VËdm§Zm A{YH$ _hËd {Xbo Amho. gm§ñH¥${VH$ VËdm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Zmhr. àË`jmV
gm§ñH¥${VH$ VËd nma§n[aH$ eoVrÀ`m n[adV©ZmgmR>r A{YH$ _hËdmMo Amho.
2) KQ>H$ dmQ>nmV AH$m`©j_Vm … nma§n[aH$ eoVrV g§gmYZm§Mo dmQ>n H$m`©j_ nÕVrZo hmoV Zmhr. AZoH$
A{dH$grZ XoemV g§gmYZmMo dmQ>n H$m`©j_VoZo hmoV Zmhr. eyëPoMo g§gmYZmMo dmQ>n H$m`©j_VoZo hmoVo ho {dYmZ
MyH$sMo dmQ>Vo.
3) eoVH$è`mMr O~m~Xmar … eoVH$è`m§Zm Am{W©H$ n«moËgmhZ {H$§dm gdbVr {Xë`mg Z{dZ KQ>H$m§Mo
AmXmZmMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo Ago åhUUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`mMo g_W© hmody eH$V Zmhr.
4) Nw>ß`m ~oH$marMo ApñVËd … AZoH$ A{dH$grV XoemV Nw>nr ~oH$mar ApñVËdmV Amho. `m_wio nma§n[aH$ eoVrMo
AmYw{ZH$ eoVrV ê$nm§Va H$aUo H${R>U hmoV.o eyëPZo `m~m~rMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$bobm {XgyZ òV Zmhr.
5) Amkm Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Command Approach) - eyëPZo ~mOmamV emgZmMm hñVjon Ano{jV Ho$bm
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Amho. na§Vw n[adV©Z qH$dm ê$nm§Va à{H«$òV A{dH$grV XoemV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ qH$dm amOH$s` ~m~r A{YH$
_hËdmÀ`m AgVmV.
6) ñd`§{damoYm^mg - nma§n[aH$ qH$dm AmYw{ZH$ eoVrV O_rZ qH$dm CËnmXZm§Mo {dVaUmgmR>r eyëPZo
emór` YmoaUmMm CëboI Ho$bm Zmhr. Amnë`m g§nyU© {ddoMZmV Ë`m§Zr nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg d {dñVma
`mda â {Xbm Amho.
B) _obaMm H¥${f {dH$mg {gÕm§V- (J.W.Mellor's Theory of Agricultural Development)
\o«§$M AW©emók OmoZ {d„råg² _oba `m§Mm OÝ_ 28 {S>g|~a 1928 amoOr n°{ag òWo Pmbm. dS>rb gZ
1929 _Üò Hw$Qw>§~mg_doV A_o[aHo$V Ambo. dS>rb S>og_m±S> S>ãby _oba d AmB© H°$Wo[aZ _oba. H$m°aZob
{dÚmnrR>mVyZ 1951 gmbr H¥$fr AW©emómgh _mñQ>a Am°\$ gm`Ýg {h nXdr KoVbr d 1952 _Üò Am°Šg\$moS>©
{dÚmnrR>mVyZ H¥$fr AW©emómMm {S>ßbmo_m nyU© Ho$bm. gZ 1954 _Üò H$m°aZob {dÚmnrR>mVyZ nr.EM.S>r. nyU©
Ho$br. gZ 1953-75 `m H$mbmdYrV Ý`y`mH©$ _Yrb (BWH$m) H$m°aZob {dÚmnrR>mV Vo n«mÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. 1975-
77 _Üò dm°{e½Q>Z òWo A_o[aH$Z EOÝgr \$m°a B§Q>aZ°eZb S>oìhbn_|Q>_Üò {M\$ BH$m°Zm°{_ñQ> hmoVo. 1977 Vo
1991 B§Q>aZ°eZb \y$S> nm°{bgr [agM© B{ÝñQ>Q>çyQ>Mo S>màoŠQ>a åhUyZ _obaZo H$m_ nm{hbo. 1991 Vo 1998 OmoZ
{dpë`åg _oba Agmo{gEQ>Mo AÜ`j am{hbo. gZ 2006 n`ªV `m g§ñWoer g§~§YrV {d{dY nXmda H$m`©aV
am{hbo. gZ 1986-88 _Üò ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$V hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$ "Ecnomics of Agricultural
Development (1966) American Agricultural Economics Association Award -1978,
Accelerating Food Production Growth in sub-saharan Africa-1987, Agricultural Price
Policy for Developing Countries -1988, Agriculture on the Road to Industrilization -
1992 à{gÕ AmhoV. OmoZ {dëbråg _oba `m§Zr hm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm Amho. Ë`m§Zr "H¥$fr {dH$mgmMo AW©emó'
(Economics of Agricultural Development )1966 _Üò nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo. (àm. eyëPZo Ë`mnydu
2 df} åhUOo 1964 _Üò Transformation of Traditional Agriculture) àH$m{eV Ho$bo àm. _oba `m§Zr
nma§n[aH$ eoVrbm AmYw{ZH$ eoVrV namdVuV H$aÊ`mgmR>r VrZ nÕVr gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. _oba àm. eyëPÀ`m
{dMmam§er H$mhr à_mUmV gh_V hmoVo. Varhr _obaMm {gÕm§V A{YH$ ì`mnH$ d Mm§Jbm Amho. eoVr
{dH$mgmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _obaMo `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo gd© A{dH$grV XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV
{dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m eoVrnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {dH$mgmgmR>r g§gmYZmMm àdmh eoVr joÌmH$Sy>Z {~Ja eoVr
joÌmH$S>o dibm nm{hOo. {~Ja eoVr joÌm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r eoVr joÌmH$Sy>Z ^m§S>db l_ Am{U {dXoer
MmbZmMr àmár hmoVo. `m{edm` {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmVrb bmoH$m§Zm H¥$fr_YyZ AÞYmÝ` d H$ÀMm _mbmMm nwadR>m
hmoVmo. `m_wio H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r àm. _obaZo eoVrMo dJuH$aU VrZ
àH$mamV Ho$bo Amho.
1) nma§n[aH$ eoVr (Traditional Agriculture)
2) Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm J{V_mZ eoVr d Aën ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ
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3) Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm J{V_mZ eoVr d CÀM ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ
nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr àm. _obaMr g§H$ënZm àm. eyëP `m§À`m g§H$ënZonojm {^Þ Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo nma§n[aH$
eoVr _mJmgbobr d l_mda AmYm[aV AgVo. `m_Üò ^m§S>db H$ÀMm ñdê$nmV dmnabo OmVo. nma§n[aH$ eoVrV
doJdoJù`m XoemV gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ Am{U ^m¡{VH$ H$maUm§Mr {^ÞVm Agbr Var H$mhr ~m~VrV gmå` AgVo.
~hþg§»` eoVH$ar Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb l{_H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo eoVr H$aVmV. ^m§S>db hr ñdV… Odirb
dmnaVmV. eoVrMo AmH$ma_mZ bhmZ AgVo. A{YH$ CËnÞ AgUmè`m XoemVrb eoVrnojm `m eoVrV CËnmXH$Vm
d CËnÞ H$_r amhVo. àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo O_rZ d l{_H$ hoM eoVrMo à_wI KQ>H$ AgVmV. ^m§S>db H$ƒm
ñdê$nmV CnbãY AgVo d Vo _`m©{XV AgVo. Ë`m_wio A{V[aº$ l_ hoM CËnÞmV dmT> H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ AgVo.
l_mÀ`m KQ>Ë`m \$bmÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma XaS>mBo © CËnÞ d CËnmXH$VoV KQ> hmoV.o H$maU OmXm CËnmXZmgmR>r A{YH$m{YH$
l_mMm dmna hmoVmo. àm._obaÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrV H$mhr Anma§n[aH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo na§Vw Ë`mMm
CËnmXZmda \$magm à^md nS>V Zmhr. H$maU H$mhr BVa nwaH$ gmYZo dmnabr OmV ZmhrV. nma§n[aH$ eoVrV Aën
amoOJma A{YH$ à_mUmV AgVmo. na§Vw ho eyÝ` l_m_wio hmoV Zmhr. n«m_w»`mZo ho nma§n[aH$ eoVrV O{_ZrÀ`m
{dVaUmVrb {df_Vo_i w o {Z_m©U hmoV.o _oba À`m_Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrV Cn^moJm§Mr nÕVr A{Ve` VmR>a AgVo. darb
à_mUo nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr ì`m»`m Imbrb V§Ì g§H$ënZoÀ`m AmYmao ñnï> Ho$br Amho.
1) CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ (The Production Possibility Curve) àm._oba `m§Zr `m g§H$ënZoMm
dmna Am`mV d {Z`m©VrÀ`m g§~§Yr Ho$bm Amho. EHy$U CËnmXZ H¥$fr d {~JaH¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV AgVo.
Ogo eoVrV KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$bmMm {Z`_ àma§^mnmgyZ bmJy hmoVmo\ Ë`m_wio EHy$U CËnmXZ KQ>Ë`m XamZo dmT>Vo
d EHy$U CËnmXZ gdmo©ÀM nmVirda nmohMVo. Voìhm l_mMr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` hmoVo. ho O_rZrMm AmH$ma
bhmZ Agmo {H$ _moR>m gd©Ì bmJy nS>Vo. O{_ZrMm AmH$ma _moR>m Agë`mg CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ daÀ`m
nmVirda amhVmo.
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AmH¥$Vr_Üò OC Ajmda (OX Ajmda ) _Zwî` doi/ l_ Vmg Xe©[dbo AmhoV. C nmgyZ O n`ªV
l_mMo Vmg dmT>V OmVmV. o q~XyV nyU© H$m_ Am{U eyÝ` {dlm§Vr Amho. C q~XyV g§nyU© {dlm§Vr Am{U eyÝ`
H$m_ pñWVr Xe©{dbr Amho. OY hm CXa{Zdm©h CËnÞ nmVir Xe©{dUmar aofm Amho. OY1 gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ
{Zdm©h CËnÞ nmVir Amho. OY Ajmda ^m¡{VH$ dñVy d godm Xe©{dë`m AmhoV.
AmH¥$Vr_Üò A Vo G CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ AmhoV. gd© CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ C q~XyVyZ Ama§^ hmoVmV.
d c H$Sy>Z o {XeoZo OmVmV. àm. _oba `m§Zr _moR>çm eoVrdarb l{_H$ Anwao amoOJma (Under employed)
AmhoV `mgmR>r g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$, dH«$mdarb gd© q~XyV dñVy d godm Am{U Amam_mMr doi (l_mÀ`m {damoYr)
`m XmoZ dñVy§nmgyZ {_iUmao g_mYmZ gmaIo AgVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm Oa A{YH$ dñVy d godm nm{hOo Agë`mg {dlm§Vr
{H§$dm Amam_mMm doi H$_r hmoVmo. CXm. A{YH$ l_ d H$_r {dlm§Vr Agm g§`moJ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mg g_mZ g_mYmZ
{_iUma. Á`m dH«$mda gd© g§`moJ Ago Xe©{dbo OmVmV H$s EH$m ~mOybm dñVy d godm Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOybm
{dlm§Vr doi `m_YyZ g_mZ g_mYmZ {_iVo Ë`m dH«$mg g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ åhUVmV. eoVH$è`m§À`m VmR>a
Cn^moJ AmH¥$Vr~§YmMm à^md g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$mda nS>ë`m_wio Vmo o Ama§^mV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo hmoVmo. g_
Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ o `m Ama§^ q~Xyer ~{h©Jmob AgVmo.
2) g_Cn`mo{JVm ZH$mem (Iso- Utility Map) … Á`m à_mUo g_d¥Îmr dH«$m§Mm g§M AgVmo Ë`mà_mUo g_
Cn`mo{JVm dH«$mMm g§M AgVmo Ë`mg g_ Cn`mo{JVm ZH$mem Ago åhUVmV. Imbrb nmVirÀ`m VwbZoV darb
nmVirdarb g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ g_mYmZmMr CÀM/ daMr nmVir Xe©{dVmo.
AmnU Ago gd© g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ V`ma Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg g_ Cn`mo{JVm ZH$mem {_iVmo. AmH¥$VrVrb
T Vo Z ho dH«$ g_ Cn`mo{JVm ZH$memMm ^mJ Amho. àËòH$ eoVH$è`m§gmR>r hm ZH$mem g_mZ AgVmo. àm. _oba
`m§Zr CËnÞmÀ`m VrZ nmVir gm§{JVë`m AmhoV. i) CXa {Zdm©h nmVir doVZ- \$ŠV {H$_mZ AÞYmÝ`,H$nS>o,{Zdmam
d BVa Amdí`H$ dñVy OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r bmJVmV Ago CËnÝZ åhUOo CXa {Zdm©h CËnÝZ nmVir hmo`.
AmH¥$VrV OYo hr CËnÝZ nmVir CXa{Zdm©h doVZ nmVir Amho. ii) gm§ñH¥${VH$ CXa{Zdm©h CËnÝZ nmVir -
Or CËnÝZ nmVir eoVH$è`mÀ`m CXa{Zdm©h nmVirnojm daVr AgVo. AmH¥$VrV OY1 gm§ñH¥${VH$ CXa{Zdm©h
CËnÞ nmVir Amho. àm. _obaÀ`m_Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrVrb eoVH$è`m§Mr _hËdH$m§jm OY1 EdT>r _hÎm_ CËnÞ
nmVir g§nmXZ H$aUmar AgVo. OY1 `m nmVirnojm A{YH$ AgUmao CËnÝZ {~Ja - nma§n[aH$ eoVr Xe©{dVo.
{h CËnÝZ nmVir J{V_mZ {~Ja H¥$fr eoVr g_mOmVrb ~XbVm amhmUr_mZ XOm© Xe©{dVmV. {h {Vgar CËnÝZ
nmVir Amho.
àm. _oba `m§Zr l{_H$mÀ`m dmnamMm g_Vmob gm§{JVbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo bhmZ eoVrda l{_H$mMm
g_Vmob CËnÝZ nmVir OYo n`ªV AgVmZm hmoVmo. l{_H$m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` hmoVo Ë`m {R>H$mUmZo
g_Vmob Xe©{dbm OmVmo. eoVH$ar gd© à`ËZ H$ê$Z O{_ZrVyZ _hÎm_ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. l{_H$
dmnamMr g§VwbZ nmVir OYo Vo OY1 À`m Xaå`mZo Á`m{R>H$mUr _hÎm_ CËnmXZmnmgyZ {_iUma g_mYmZ
g_Vmob Agob VoWo g§VwbZ hmoVo. ho g§VwbZ AWm©VM Á`m{R>H$mUr noT>rMm CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ hm EH$m g_
Cn`moJrVm dH«$mg ñne© H$aUmam AgVmo. àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ d CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$mMo
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AmH$ma Ago AgVmV H$s Ë`m§Mm g_Vmob q~Xy hm l{_H$m§Mr gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` AgVo Ë`mÀ`m COì`m
~mOyg AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV eoVrV l{_H$m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm YZ d eyÝ`mnojm A{YH$ Agob Varhr AnyU©
amoOJma AmT>iyZ òVmo.
(II) Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm J{V_mZ eoVr d Aën ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ : (Technologically Dynamic
Agriculture - Low Capital Technology )
àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo nma§nm[aH$ eoVrVyZ Ooìhm eoVr Vm§{ÌH$ J{V_mZ eoVr `m AdñWoV nXmn©U (Move)
H$aVo Voìhm hr eoVr {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r g§gmYZ nwadR>m H$aVo. `m AdñWoV CÀM gr_m§V
CËnmXH$Vogh Z{dZ AmXmZm§Mm dmnamMm g_mdoe AgVmo. Z{dZ AmXmZm§_Üò (Inputs) àM§S> à_mUmV
^m§S>dbmMm dmna ZgVmo. l{_H$mbm ^m§S>db ñnY©H$ ZgVo Va nyaH$ AgVo. `m AdñWoV nma§n[aH$ AmXmZo hr
dmnabr OmVmV. hr AmXmZo Xa EH$ar CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dVmV. `m_Üò IVo, Z{dZ {~`mUo, eŠVr Aer H$mhr
gmYZo òVmV.
_hËdmMr d¡{eï>ò :
1. CËnÝZ {Z{_©VrÀ`m Ñï>rZo eoVr joÌmMo AW©ì`dñWoVrb ñWmZ _hËdmMo AgVo.
2. bmoH$g§»`m dmT>r_wio gmVË`mZo H¥$fr _mbmMr _mJUr dmT>Vo.
3. {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m Aën d¥ÜXr_wio eoVrMm AmH$ma gVV bhmZ hmoV OmVmo.
4. ñdñV l{_H$m§À`m CnbãYVo_yio eoVr joÌ `§ÌmMm dmna H$arV Zmhr.
àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrbm Xwgè`m AdñWoV OmÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb Q>ßno Amdí`H$ AmhoV.
1. {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ àmoËgmhZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ ~Xb JaOoMo AmhoV. eoVH$è`m§Zm
A{YH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r àmoËghZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$arVm ^wgyYmaUm gma»`m g§ñWmË_H$ ~XbmMr JaO Amho.
2. g§emoYZmbm àmYmÝ` XoUo - àm. _obaZo àmXo{eH$ nmVirdarb emñÌr` g§emoYZmda â {Xbm Amho.
g§emoYZ AZoH$doim AH$m`©j_ R>aVo Ooìhm Vo àmXo{eH$ nmVirda AmYm[aV ZgVo.
3. Z{dZ d gwYmarV ^m¡{VH$ AmXmZm§§Mm nwadR>m- àm. _oba `m§Zr nma§n[aH$ eoVrbm Xwgè`m AdñWoV
T>H$bÊ`mgmR>r gm§{JVbobm _hËdmMm Cnm` Amho. `m AmXmZm§_Üò Z{dZ {nH$m§À`m OmVr, gwYm[aV dmU, {~Ja
g|{Ð` IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mMo `mo½` {dVaU H$aÊ`mMo g§KQ>Z V`ma H$aUo Amdí`H$
AgVo. Oa XoemV `mn¡H$s H$mhr gmYZm§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUo I{M©H$ Agë`mg Ë`m§Mr {dXoemVyZ Am`mV H$amdr.
`m gmYZm§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r d {dH$mgmgmR>r bmJUmè`m nm`m^yV gw{dYm {dH$grV H$aUo.
4. H¥$fr CËnmXZ godm§gmR>r g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm - H¥$fr CËnmXZ `mo½` àH$mao dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$
ghmæ`^yV godmMm nwadR>m H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ AmXmZm§Mo {dVaU H$aUmè`m, H¥$fr_mbmMo {dnUZ
H$aUmè`m, H¥$fr {nH$m§À`m à{H«$òV g_m{dï> AgUmè`m g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm Amdí`H$ Amho.
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5. eoVH$è`m§Zm {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aUmar XiUdiU nÜXVrMm {dH$mg - J{V_mZ eoVrgmR>r
dmnaÊ`mV òUmè`m AmXmZm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`m{df`r eoVH$è`m§_Üò Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m©U ìhmdm åhUyZ {dñVma godm§Mm
{dH$mg H$amdm. Ë`mgmR>r àma§^r _moR>çm naVmì`mMr Vm§{ÌH$ Zd{Z{_©Vr AmË_gmV Ho$br nm{hOo.
Oa H¥$fr {dH$mgmMr hr Xwgar AdñWm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dñVma H$amd`mMr Agë`mg gd© gw{dYm
n°Ho$OÀ`m (OemÀ`m Vem) ñdê$nmV EH${ÌV nwadR>m Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. n°Ho$OÀ`m `mo½`VogmR>r àmXo{eH$ JaOoMm
Aä`mg Ho$bm nm{hOo. _obaZo eoVH$è`m§Mr Z{dZ V§ÌkmZ kmV H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$
g§ñWm§À`m _moR>çm {dñVmarV à_mUmdarb {dH$mgmda â {Xbm Amho. Ë`m§Zr emgZmH$Sy>Z nma§n[aH$ eoVrVyZ {~Ja
nma§nm[aH$ eoVrH$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ Anojm ì`ŠV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ago H$aVmZm AmXmZo A{V ^m§S>db dmna
AgUmar ZgmdrV. Va Aën ^m§S>db àXmZ AgyZ l_mbm ñnY©H$ Zìho Va nyaH$ AgmdrV Ë`m_wio l_mMo
{dñWmnZ ZH$mo.
(III) Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm J{V_mZ eoVr d CÀM ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ :
(Technologically Dynamic Agriculture - High Capital Technology )
àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo Xwgè`m AdñWoV eoVr {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m Oer dmT>V OmVo Ver eoVr Xwgè`m
AdñWoVyZ {Vgè`m CÀM V§ÌkmZ dmnamÀ`m AdñWoV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. V§ÌkmZ dmna dmT>Vmo Voìhm H¥$fr ì`dñWm
{Vgè`m AdñWoV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. H¥$fr ì`dñWm Xwgè`m AdñWoVM {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {ZYrMm
nwadR>m H$aVo. H$mhr H$mbmdYrZ§Va XmoÝhr joÌ EH$_oH$m§À`m _XVrZo {dH$mg H$aVmV. H¥$fr joÌ AmnmoAmn
{dH$mgmÀ`m {Vgè`m AdñWoV OmB©b. eoVrV AdOS> `§Ìgm_J«r dmnabr OmB©b. l{_H$m§Zm {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmV
H$m_m§À`m g§Yr {_iVmV. AdOS> `§Ìgm_J«rÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmMm {dñVma hmoVmo. H$am§Mo ñWbm§Va
eoVr joÌmH$Sy>Z {~Ja eoVr joÌmH$S>o Pmë`m_wio eoVrMm (farm) AmH$ma dmT>ob. eoVrVrb `§Ìgm_J«rgmR>r CÀM
nmVirMr Jw§VdUyH$ nwT>rb XmoZ KQ>H$m§_wio eŠ` AgVo.
(1) {dH$grV eoVr joÌmVrb ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrV nwT>o d¥ÜXr hmoVo. (Z§VaÀ`m H$mbmdYrV d¥ÜXr hmoVo)
(2) {dH$grV {~Ja H¥$fr joÌ Amnbr ñdV:Mr Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r dmnaÊ`mg gwê$dmV H$aVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm eoVr
joÌmH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr ^m§S>dbmMr JaO ZgVo.
`m gd© {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm ~m~V EH$ ~m~ {dMmamV KoVbr nm{hOo H$s _obaÀ`m_Vo VrZ AdñWm H«$_mZo
òVmV. {XK©H$mimV gmYZgm_J«rMm n`m©ßV dmna hmoVmo ho {XgyZ òVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$Ñï>`m hm H¥$fr {dH$mgmMm
AmH¥$Vr~§Y A{YH$ ~amo~a Amho. \$ŠV A_o[aH$m {Vgè`m AdñWoV àW_ d Xwgè`m AdñWoV Z§Va nmohMbr Amho.
H$maU A_o[aHo$V H¥$fr `§Ìgm_J«rMm {dH$mg àW_ Pmbm d Ë`mZ§Va amgm`{ZH$ IVo {dH$grV Pmbr. AmVm OJmV
H¥$fr `§Ìgm_J«r d IVo gd©Ì CnbãY Agë`m_wio àm. _obaZo gm§{JVboë`m H«$_mZo eoVr {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm òVmV.
{Q>H$mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ :
àm. _obaÀ`m {gÜXm§VmMo _yë`_mnZ nwT>rbà_mUo -
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(1) àm. _oba `m§Zr nma§n[aH$ eoVr hr A{dH$grV eoVr AgVo Ago n{hë`m AdñWoV dmñVdmXr {ddoMZ Ho$bo
Amho. àm. eyëPÀ`m {gÜXm§VmV Ago {ddoMZ {XgV Zmhr.
(2) hQ>dmXr g§H$ënZm : ( Pragmatic Definition)
àm. _obaMr nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr ì`m»`m, g§H$ënZm A{YH$ hQ>dmXr Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo nma§nm[aH$ eoVr
_mJmgbobr AgVo. H$maU nma§n[aH$ eoVrV l_ hoM CËnmXZmMo à_wI gmYZ AgVo.
(3) g§gmYZmMo nyU© {dVaU :
àm. eyëP gmaIoM àm. _oba H¥$fr joÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m g§gmYZmMo {dVaU n[anyU© hmoVo Ago
_mZVmV. eoVr joÌmVyZ l{_H$m§Zm H$mTy>Z KoVë`mg CËnmXZmV _moR>r KQ> KSy>Z òB©b. na§Vw Vo ho hr _mÝ` H$aVmV
H$s eoVrV Nw>nr ~oH$mar ApñVËdmV AgVo. A{YH$ bmoH$g§»`m AgUmè`m XoemV Nw>nr ~oH$mar ho d¡{eï> AgVo
Ago dmñVd _m§S>VmV.
(4) g§ñWmË_H$ ~Xbm§da A{YH$ â :
àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo nma§n[aH$ eoVrMo n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ ~Xb Amdí`H$ AmhoV. CXm. H¥$fr
gwYmaUm, godm {dñVma, Hy$i gwYmaUm, {dnUZ gwYmaUm BË`mXr. _obaZo gaH$mar hñVjonmMm {damoY Ho$bm na§Vw
gaH$maMm YZmË_H$ gh^mJ d `moJXmZ Amdí`H$ Amho.
(5) l_mMr ^y{_H$m :
àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo {dH$mg à{H«$òV l_mMr ^y{_H$m _hËdnyU© Amho. nma§n[aH$ eoVrV Omon`ªV l_mMr
gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ`mnojm A{YH$ AgVo Vmo n`ªV CËnmXZ d¥ÜXr hmoVo. J{Verb eoVr_Üò l{_H$m§Zm n`m©`
åhUyZ ^m§S>dbr `§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
n«m. _oba `m§§Mm {gÜXm§V A{YH$ ì`dhmar d `mo½` dmQ>Vmo. àm. _oba H$mhr ~m~tgmR>r àm. eyëP `m§À`m
{dMmam§er gh_V AmhoV na§Vw eyÝ` l_mÀ`m ~m~VrV Ë`m§Mr _Vo {^ÝZ AmhoV. gd© A{dH$grV XoemÀ`m
Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_rdê$Z _obaÀ`m VrZ AdñWm {dH$mg {gÜXm§Vmg nwamdm {_iVmo.
(C) H¥$fr {dH$mgmVrb h`m_r d éVmZ `m§Mo ào[aV Zd àdV©Z : (Hayami & Ruttan Model of
Agricultural Development)
hm {gÜXm§V àm. h`m_r d àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Zr 1971 _Üò _m§S>bm.

`w{Oamo h`m_r (Yujiro Hayami) ho OnmZr H¥$fr AW©emók hmoVo. 26 Zmoìh|~a 1932 _Üò OÝ_bobo
h`m_r 1966 nmgyZ Q>moH$`mo _oQ´>monmo{bQ>Z {dÚmnrR>mV àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m`©aV hmoVo. 1986 n`ªV `m
{dÚmnrR>mVrb AW©emó {d^mJmV H¥$fr AW©emómMo pìhOrqQ>J àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H¥$fr AW©emó {eH$drV
AgV. 1974 Vo 1976 `m H$mbmdYrV {\$brnmB©Ýg òWrb Am§Vaamï´>r` Vm§Xyi g§emoYZ g§ñWoV H¥$fr AW©emó
åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. Q>mo{H$`mo _Yrb Amo`m_m J H$m¡Z {dÚmnrR>mV ñHy$b Am°\$ B§Q>aZ°eZb nm°{b{Q>Šg, BH$m°Zm°{_Šg
32
A°ÊS> {~PZog _Üò Vo 1986 Vo 2000 `m H$mbmdYrV AW©emómMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m`©aV hmoVo. \$mD§$S>oeZ
\$m°a A°S>ìhmÝgS> ñQ>S>rO Am°Z B§Q>aZ°eZb S>oìhbn_|Q> Mo g§ñWmnH$ AÜ`j åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _¥Ë`yn`©V åhUOo 24
{S>g|~a 2012 H$m`©aV hmoVo. gZ 1966 Vo 1995 Ago Vo H$moaZob {dÚmnrR>mV "Q>rEM. br àmo\o$ga Am°\$
dëS>© A\o$g©' AÜ`mnZmMo n«_wI hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr J«§Wg§nXm nwT>rb à_mUo Amho.
1. Communities and Markets in Economic Development (2001)
2. Agricultural Development an International perspective (1985)
3. A Rice Village Saga : Three Decades of Green Revolution in the Philippines (1999)
4. Anatomy of a Peasant Economy - A Rice Village in the Philippines (1978)
5. Development Economics : From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations (2005)
doaZm°Z doñbo` ê$ÎmmZ (Vernon Wesley Ruttan) ho {_ÞogmoQ>m {dÚmnrR>mV (A_o[aH$m) {dH$mgmMo
AW©emók åhUyZ gd©n[aMrV AmhoV. àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Mm â H¥$fr {dH$mg, ào[aV ZdàdV©Z, Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb d
CËnmXH$Vm d¥Õr, g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg ghmæ` YmoaU BË`mXrda hmoVm. àm. ê$ÎmmZ `mMo àm. `w{Oamo h`m_r
~amo~aMo nwñVH$ 'Agricultural Development : An International Perspective' 1985 _Üò àH$merV
Pmbo. ho nwñVH$ BVa Mma ^mfm§_Üò ê$nm§VarV Pmbo. àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Mm OÝ_ 16 Am°JñQ> 1924 bm Pmbm Va
_¥Ë`y 24 Am°JñQ> 2008 amoOr Pmbm. Vo 1948 _Üò A_o[aHo$Vrb òb (Yale) {dÚmnrR>mVyZ ~r.E. {eH$mJmo
{dÚmnrR> 1950 bm M.A. d 1952 bm Ph.D. Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr nwaS>çy {dÚmnrR>mV (Purdue University)
ghmæ`H$ àmÜ`mnH$ Vo àmÜ`mnH$ Ago 1955 Vo 1963 n`©V H$m_ Ho$bo. VgoM H°${b\$moa{Z`m {dÚmnrR>, ~H©$bo,
{_ÝZogmoh {dÚmnrR> òWohr àmÜ`mnH$ d {d^mJ à_wI åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. {eH$mJmoo {dÚmnrR>mV àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Zr
1979 Mo Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {dOoVo àm. WoD$S>moa eyëP `m§À`m~amo~a Aä`mg Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mr _hËdmMr J«§Wg§nXm
nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
1. Agricultural Policy in an Affluent Society -(1969)
2. Agricultural Development An International Prespective (with Yujiro Hayami) 1985
3. Induced Innovation : Technology, Institutions and Development (1978)
4. Aid and Develoment (1989)
5. Why Food Aid? (1993)
6. Techhology, Growth and Development an Induced Innovation Prespective (2001)
OnmZr AW©emó& àm. `w{Oamo h`m_r d A_o[aH$Z AW©emók àm. doaZm°Z doñbo` ê$ÎmmZ `m§Zr 1971 _Üò
"H¥$fr {dH$mgmVrb ào[aV ZdàdV©Z' `m ZmdmZo H¥$fr {dH$mgmMm {gÕm§V {bhrbm. gZ 1985 _Üò `m {gÕm§VmV
gwYmaUm gwM{dë`m.
33
I) àñVmdZm … amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb eoVr d CÚmoJmÀ`m `moJXmZm~m~V Am{W©H$ VËdkmZ Vrd«VoZo ~XbV Amho.
nydr©À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ _ybVËddmX Am{U H¥$fr CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$VoVrb d¥ÕrMo _hËd EHy$U Am{W©H$ {dH$mg
à{H«$ògmR>r ~XbV Amho. Ago Agbo Var H¥$fr {dH$mg à{H«$òV H$mhr AndmX AmhoV. Ago AZoH$ VkmMo _V
Amho. Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb d g§ñWmË_H$ ~Xb ho H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r ~mø KQ>H$ _mZbo OmVmV. àm. h`m_r d
àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§À`m_Vo {dH$mg à{H«$òÀ`m AJXr gwê$dmVrnmgyZ H¥$fr CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rVrb Vm§{ÌH$
~Xb hm Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ Amho. H$moUË`mhr H¥$fr {dH$mgmÀ`m à{V_mZmV Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb hm A§VJ©V KQ>H$
_mZÊ`mEodOr ~mø KQ>H$ _mZbm Amho. AZoH$ XoemV OoWo H¥$fr g§emoYZmVrb Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVrMm Xa doJdmZ Amho.
VoWo AmYw{ZH$ H¥$frMo gmYZ åhUyZ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. `m {gÕm§VmV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMr Jw§VdUyH$
H¥$fr V§ÌkmZ dmna d àgma Am{U g§ñWmË_H$ nm`m^yV gw{dYm _wio H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r g_W©Zr` AgVo ho {gÕ
Ho$bo Amho. ho à{V_mZ OnmZ d A_o[aHo$À`m {XK©H$mbrZ H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r VnmgUr Ho$bo Amho.
II) ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ào[aV ZdàdV©Z… ào[aV {gÕm§Vmda nwaogo gm{hË` CnbãY Amho.
_w»` {damoYm^mg hm `§ÌdmXmÀ`m ApñVËdm_wio KQ>H$ qH$_VrV ~Xb hmoVmo d Ë`mMm à^md emoY bmdÊ`mÀ`m
Hw$dVrda {H§$dm Zd{Z{_©Vr {H«$`m§da hmoVmo hm Amho.
(A) ImOJr joÌmVrb ào[aV Zdn«dV©Z …
1932 gmbr Om°Z Ama. {hŠg `m§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$boë`m doVZ {gÕm§VmZ§Va gdm©Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho {H$
CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_VrVrb gmnoj ~Xb qH$dm \$aH$ hm ZdàdV©ZmÀ`m qH$dm Z{dZ emoYmÀ`m {Xeoda à^md
nmSy> eH$Vmo. `m_Üò `wŠVrdmXhr Ambo. ñnYm©Ë_H$ g§VwbZmV noT>`m {Xboë`m CËnmXZmV EHy$U IMm©V ~MV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ào{aV Pmboë`m AgVmV. àËòH$ KQ>H$mbm gr_m§V _wë` CËnmXZ {Xbo OmVo. Voìhm gd© KQ>H$ g_mZ
à_mUmV noT>rgmR>r IMuH$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ñnYm©Ë_H$ noT>rbm EImÚm KQ>H$mMm Vm§{ÌH$ IM© ~MV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
àmoËgmhZ ZgVo (Incentives). àm. ê$ÎmmZ d h`m_r `m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ Am{U gmëQ>aMm Ñï>rH$moZ `m§À`mVrb \$aH$
hm CËnmXZ \$bZmVrb \$aH$m_wio Amho. {ddoH$erb noT>`m `m V§ÌkmZ {dH$mgmgmR>r {ZYr Agm dmQ>n H$aVmV
H$s A{YH$ IMuH$ KQ>H$m§Zm n`m©` åhUyZ H$_r IMuH$ KQ>H$ dmnaVmV.
(B) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ào[aV ZdàdV©Z …
ào[aV ZdàdV©ZmÀ`m gm{hË`mV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ào[aV ZdàdV©ZmH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo Amho. gmd©O{ZH$
joÌmV ào[aV ZdàdV©Z {gÕm§V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio eoVr {dH$mgmVrb Vm§{ÌH$ ~XbmMr ^y{_H$m g_OmdyZ KoUo AdKS>
hmoVo. H$maU eoVrV Vm§{ÌH$ ZdàdV©ZmMm _w»` ómoV åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb g§emoYZ Amho.
àm. ê$ÎmmZ d àm. h`m_r `m§Mm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb H¥$fr g§emoYZmMm ào[aV ZdàdV©Z `§ÌdmX hm {hŠgÀ`m
ImOJr joÌmVrb ào[aV Zdàd©VZmgmaIm Amho. ào[aV ZdàdV©Z `§ÌdmXmMm nma§n[aH$ `wŠVrdmX (ñWmZ {Zanoj) \$º$
Z\$m _hÎm_rH$aU noT>`m§H$Sy>Z ~mOma qH$_V ~Xbmbm à{VgmXM Zìho Va gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§_Yrb g§emoYH$ emók
d àemgH$m§Mm g§gmYZo XoUJr Am{U Am{W©H$ ~XbmMm à{VgmXhr {dñVmabm Amho.
Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbmbm ~mOmamVrb qH$_V {ZX}em§H$Sy>Z _mJ©Xe©Z hmoVo. qH$_Vr CËnmXZ d KQ>H$m§À`m _mJUr-
34
nwadR>çmV ~Xb à{Vq~~rV H$aVmV. eoVH$ar, gmd©O{ZH$ g§emoYZ g§ñWm d ImOJr H¥$fr nwadR>m noT>`m `m§À`mV
à^mdr A§V{H«$`m ApñVËdmV AgVmV. bmoH$g§»`m d CËnÞmVrb dmT>r_wio Oa H¥$fr_mbm§Mr _mJUr dmT>br
Va Á`m AmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m AbdMrH$ Amho AemÀ`m {H$§_Vr bdMrH$ nwadR>m AgUmè`m AmXmZm§nojm dmT>VmV,
Vm§{ÌH$ Zd{Z{_©Vr_wio hiydma nwadR>çmV ñWbm§Va (Shift) hmoVo qH$dm Abd{MH$ nwadR>m AgUmè`m KQ>H$mV
~Xb hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm gmnoj[aË`m A{YH$ \$m`Úm§Mo hmoVo. eoVH$ar ào[aV hmodyZ gmnoj[aË`m qH$_VrV
~Xb Pmbm Amho. Aem Xw_ui CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§gmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ n`m©`Vm emoYVmV, Vo gmd©O{ZH$ g§emoYZ g§ñWm§da
X~md AmUVmV d Z{dZ V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg H$amd`mg bmdVmV. Vo A{YH$ Xw{_©i CËnmXZ KQ>H$mbm n`m©`r
AmYw{ZH$ Vm§{ÌH$ AmXmZm§Mr _mJUr H$aVmV. AZmH$bZr` emók Am{U {dkmZ àemgH$ Z{dZ Vm§{ÌH$ eŠ`Vm
{Z_m©U H$aVmV d Xw_ui AmXmZm§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ n`m©`r AmXmZo CnbãY H$ê$Z H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT> hmoVo.
C) g§ñWmË_H$ Zd{Z_uVr
n«o[aV Zd{Z{_©Vr {gÕm§VmMm {dñVma hm ào[aV {dH$mg {gÕm§VmÀ`m ~m§YUrV gmd©O{ZH$ g§emoYZ g§ñWmMo
dV©Z gmXaH$saUm_Üò Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm `m AZwHw$b ~mOma ì`dñWoV Z{dZ Vm§{ÌH$ g§YrMo \$m`Xo ì`º$s
d g§ñWmZm KoÊ`mgmR>r ào[aV H$aVmV. g§ñWmË_H$ ~XbmMm _w»` ómoV hm g_mOmZo CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r Am{W©H$
àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`m~m~V Zd{Z_uV {H«$`m§Mo \$m`Xo AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo hm AgVmo. H$mhr ~m~VrV
_mb_Îmm h¸$m§Mo nwZg§©KQ>Z H$aÊ`m_Üò g§ñWmË_H$ Zd{Z{_©Vr g_m{dï> AgVo. AmYw{ZH$ Hy$i nÕVr g§~§Ym_Üò
{hñgm Hy$i Vo ^mS>o Hy$i nÕVr d _mbH$-O{_Z H$aUmam bmJdS> nÕVr Aem nmpíM_mË` eoVrMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. d¡`ŠVrH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm Zd{Z_uV {H«$`mMo bm^ AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mb_Îmm A{YH$ma aMZoV ~Xb
Ho$bm OmVmo.
III) eoVrVrb ào[aV Zd{Z{_©VrMo {H«$`mË_H$ (Operational) à{V_mZ …
eoVr joÌmMr KQ>H$ d CËnmXZ qH$_VrMm Z{dZ g§M pñdH$maÊ`mMr j_Vm§da eoVr CËnmXH$VoMr d¥Õr
Adb§~yZ AgVo. gd© `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Zd{Z{_©Vr hr l_ ~MV àmoËgmhZmÛmao Amdí`H$nUo ào[aV ZgVmV. VgoM
gd© O¡{dH$ Zd{Z{_©Vr øm O{_Z ~MV àmoËgmhZmÛmao Amdí`H$ ZgVmV. CXm. OnmZ_Üò àma§^r Xa EH$ar
CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mgmR>r Imob bmJdS> H$aÊ`mH$arV KmoS>çm§Ûmao ZmJa§Urbm nadmZJr hmoVr. A{bH$S>o A_o[aHo$V
H$mnUr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r gmoB©À`m {nH$mÀ`m OmVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m
nmVirda Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr EH$mM doir O¡{dH$ V§ÌkmZ d `m§{ÌH$ V§Ìkmer g§~§YrV AgVo qH$dm OwidyZ KoVo.
Q>m°_°Q>mo H$onZr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m ~m~VrV, dZñnVr {ZnO g§emoYZ d A{^`m§{ÌH$s g§emoYZ EH$_oH$m§À`m
ghH$m`m©Zo Ho$bo hmoVo. EImXo `§Ì Q>mo_°Q>mo H§$nZrgmR>r ~Zdm`Mo Agë`mg Ë`m `§ÌmgmR>r Q>mo_°Q>moMr {ZnO Zì`mZo
emoYbr OmVo. àm.ê$ÎmmZ d h`m_r `m§À`m A§XmOmZwgma l_rH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`m_Üò `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo
àm~ë` Amho. Va O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm d¥Õr H$aÊ`mgmR>r O¡{dH$ V§ÌkmZ à^mdr Amho.
IV) g_mamon :
àm. ê$ÎmmZ d àm. h`m_r `m§À`m {gÕm§VmMo {ZîH$f© Ago Xe©{dVmV H$s A_o[aH$m d OnmZ_Üò H¥$fr d¥Õr
35
à{H«$òV CËnmXZ KQ>H$ à_mUmV Oo àM§S> ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV Vo KQ>H$ qH$_V à_mU ~XbmÀ`m ñdê$nmV
ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmaIo AmhoV. AmH$S>odmar d g§emoYZ nÕVrMr `mo½`Vm {dMmamV KoVm Ë`m§Zr gm§p»`{H$` {díbofUmMo
{ZH$mb d H¥$fr V§ÌkmZ àJVrMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZ `mMm ghg§~§Y OmoS>bm; KQ>H$mVrb Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm_wio CËnmXZ
dmT>V.o åhUyZ KQ>H$mMr n`m©`Vm J{V_mZ amhVo. A_o[aH$m d OnmZ_Yrb H¥$fr {dH$mg hm O{_Z -l{_H$ qH$_V
à_mUmVrb nañna {damoYr ~Xbmer g§~Y§ rV Amho. {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmVyZ nwadR>m H$o$bm OmUmè`m IVo d `§Ìgm_J«rgma»`m
H¥$fr AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vr O_rZ d l_mÀ`m qH$_Vrer H$b XmIdVmV. Agm H$b eoVH$è`m§Zm, gmd©O{ZH$ g§emoYZ
g§ñWm d ImOJr H¥$fr nwadR>m noT>`m `m§Zm ZdrZ CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ào[aV H$aVmo.
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) Imbrb n¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m
1) nma§n[aH$ eoVr [gÜXm§V -------- `m§Zr _m§S>bm.
A) _oba ~) eyëP H$) h`m_r S>) ê$ÎmmZ
2) nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z {gÕm§V------ gmbr _m§S>bm.
A)1968 ~)1964 H$) 1966 S>) 1962
3) àm. _obaÀ`m _Vo ------ eoVrMo à_wH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV
A) O_rZ ~) l{_H$ H$) darb XmoÝhr S>) XmoÝhr Zmhr
4) _obaZo eoVrMo dJuH$aU ----- àH$mamV Ho$bo.
A) XmoZ ~) VrZ H$) nmM S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
5) àm. h`m_r d àm.ê$ÎmmZMm {gÕm§V----- Xoemg§X^m©V Amho.
A) ^maV - MrZ ~) A_o[aH$m -B§½b§S> H$) A_o[aH$m-OnmZ S>) darb gd©
1) nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
2) nma§n[aH$ eoVrMo EH$ d¡{eï> gm§Jm.
3) g_ Cn`mo{JVm ZH$mem åhUOo H$m`?
4) n«m. _obaZo eoVrMo H$moUVo àH$ma gm§{JVbo?
5) H¥$fr {dH$mgmVrb ào[aV Zdn«dV©Z {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
1.2.4. ì`dhma d Cn`moOZ :-
darb {gÜXm§VmMm g_H$mbrZ g§X^© qH$dm g_n©H$Vm
1) Vw_À`m OdiÀ`m nma§n[aH$ eoVrMm Aä`mg H$am.
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2) OdiÀ`m nma§n[aH$ eoVrVrb n[adV©ZmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z _wÔo Zm|Xdm.
3) Vw_À`m JmdmVrb eoVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço Zm|Xdm.
4) nma§n[aH$ eoVrVrb ~oH$ma KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$am.
5) eoVr {dñVma godm§Mm Aä`mg H$am.
6) eoVrVrb Nw>ß`m ~oH$marMm Aä`mg H$am.
7) Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm àJVrerb eoVrMm Aä`mg H$am.
8) nma§n[aH$ eoVr Am{U AmYw{ZH$ eoVrVrb \$aH$mMo _wÔo Zm|X H$am.
9) Vw_À`m JmdmVrb eoVr àm. _obaÀ`m {gÜXm§VmZwgma H$moUË`m AdñWoV Amho Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$am.
10) CÀM ^m§S>db eoVrMm Aä`mg H$am.
11) eoVrVrb ZdàdV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$am.
1.2.1. ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
(A) 1-A, 2-H$, 3-S, 4-S, 5-S>
(~)
(1) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmgmR>r H$ÀMm_mb eoVr joÌ nwa{dVo.
(2) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m AdñWoV eoVr joÌ à~i AgVo.
(3) H¥$fr ì`mdgm`mg d H$bog gd©gmYmaU AW©emñÌ bmJy H$aUo åhUOoM H¥$fr AW©emñÌ hmo`.
(4) H¥$fr AW©emñÌmÀ`m ì`mßVr_Üò CËnmXZ, {dVaU, {dnUZ d {dÎm nwadR>m `m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(5) Nw>nr ~oH$mar eoVr joÌmV AmT>iyZ òVo.
1.2.2.
(A) 1-~, 2-~, 3-S, 4-~, 5-S>
(~)
(1) nwadR>m åhUOo {d{eï> doir {d{eï> qH$_Vrbm CËnmXZmMo ~mOmamgmR>r {dH«$sg H$mT>bobr ZJg§»`m hmo`.
(2) AënH$mbrZ bmJdS>rImbrb {nH$mMr bd{MH$Vm H$_r (eyÝ` Vo 0.8 À`m Xaå`mZ) AgVo.
(3) eoVrVrb _moR>çm à_mUmdarb g§gmYZ dmnamMm {ZU©` {dH|$ÐrV ~mOma à^mdmZo {ZX}erV AgVmo.
(4) qH$_V d CËnmXZ IM© ho nwadR>m à{VgmXmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.
(5) H¥$fr _mbmgmR>r _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm VmR>a AgVo.
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1.2.3.
(A) 1-~, 2-~, 3-H$, 4-~, 5-H$
(~)
(1) nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z {gÜXm§V àm. ewëPZo _m§S>bm.
(2) {dVaUmË_H$ H$m`©j_Vm ho nma§n[aH$ eoVrMo d¡{eï> Amho.
(3) g_ Cn`mo{JVm dH«$m§À`m g§Mmg g_ Cn`mo{JVm ZH$mem åhUVmV.
(4) àm. _obaZo nma§n[aH$ eoVr, Aën ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ eoVr d CÀM ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ eoVr ho àH$ma _m§S>bo.
(5) H¥$fr {dH$mgmVrb ào[aV ZdàdV©Z {gÜXm§V àm. h`m_r d àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Zr _m§S>bm.
1.3 gmam§e
XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV H¥$fr joÌmMo _hËd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òMr AÝZYmÝ`
d amoOJmamMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`m~amo~a CÚmoJ d godm joÌmÀ`m d¥ÜXrgmR>r H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg Amdí`H$ Amho.
A{bH$S>rb H$mimV eoVrMo ñdê$n d ì`már ~XbV Amho. eoVrVrb V§ÌkmZ dmna d AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$mimMr
JaO ~ZV Amho. CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$Vm d {nH$mMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y {dMmamV KoVm eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$fr ì`mdgm`mV OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo {d{dY g§gmYZm§er g§~{YV
{Za{Zamù`m KQ>H$m§À`m nañnag§~§YmVrb {Z`_ZmMm Aä`mg Á`m_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m H¥${femómÀ`m EH$m
emIog H¥$fr AW©emó åhUVmV. {d{dY Vkm§Zr H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H¥$fr AW©emómÀ`m
ì`már_Üò CËnmXZ {dVaU, {dnUZ, {dÎmnwadR>m Am{U {Z`moOZ d {dH$mg BË`mXr ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
CËnmXZmMo AW©emó d eoVr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm A{YH$ Amho. {dH$gZerb XoemV
eoVr V§ÌkmZ {ZdS>rgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm Amho. H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb
eoVrMr ^y{_H$m hr AW©ì`dñWobm AmH$ma XoÊ`mbm _XV H$aUmar d ImÌr dmQ>Ê`mOmoJr AgVo. AÞYmÝ`mMm
nwadR>m, amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb `moJXmZ, H$ÀMm _mb, dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òbm amoOJma, nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr {Z{_©Vr,
à^mdr _mJUrMr {Z{_©Vr BË`mXr AZoH$ ~m~rgmR>r eoVrMr ^y{_H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r _hËdnyU© Amho.
eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrMr ~mOy {dMmamV KoVmZm eoVrVyZ V`ma hmoUmè`m AÝZYmÝ`, ^mOrnmbm, \$io, \w$bo,
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$ƒm_mb BË`mXr KQ>H$m§À`m {H$_VtMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. eoV_mbmgmR>rMr _mJUr
AbdMrH$ AgVo. qH$_VrVrb ~Xbm_wio Cn^moJ ~XbV Zmhr. eoVrVyZ CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m dñVy `m OrdZmdí`H$
na§Vw Zmed§V AgVmV. eoV_mb Zmed§V Agë`m_wio nwadR>m Abd{MH$ AgVmo H$maU qH$_V dmT Pmbr Var
Ë`m à_mUmV eoV_mbmMm nwadRm dmT>{dVm òV Zmhr. eoV_mb nwadR>m à{VgmXm_Üò Am{W©H$ bm^m§e, CËnmXZ
qH$_Vr, AmXmZo A§eXmZmMm à^md d {dH«o$` dmT>mdm BË`mXr ~m~rMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. eoV_mb nwadR>çmda
n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m_Üò {H$§_V, CËnmXZ IM©, Z¡g{J©H$ pñWVr, V§ÌkmZ dmhVyH$ gw{dYm, emgZmMo YmoaU
n`m©`r d nwaH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.àm. eyëP `m§Zr "nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[ad©VZ {gÕm§V
1964 gmbr _m§S>bm. Ë`m§Zr `m {gÕm§VmV nma§n[aH$ eoVr{df`rÀ`m J¡ag_OyVr Xya H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
38
nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr ì`m»`m XodyZ `m eoVrMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço g{dñVanUo ñnï> Ho$br AmhoV. nma§n[aH$ eoVr
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm ómoV, n[adV©Z à{H«$`m AmXr ~m~r ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. àm. _oba `m§Zr gZ 1966 _Üò
H¥$fr {dH$mg {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`m§Zr nma§n[aH$ eoVrbm AmYw{ZH$ eoVrV namdVuV H$aÊ`mgmR>r VrZ nÕVr
_m§S>ë`m AmhoV. eoVr {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _obaMo `moJXmZ _hËdnyU© Amho. O_rZ d l{_H$ hoM eoVrMo
à_wI KQ>H$ AgVmV `mda àm._obaZo â {Xbm. n«m. h`m_r d àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Zr 1971 _Üò H¥$fr {dH$mgmVrb
ào[aV ZdàdV©Z hm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`m§Zr ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ZdàdV©Z d g§ñWmË_H$ ZdàdV©Z
BË`mXr KQ>H$mda â {Xbm Amho.
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX (Glossary)
* à^mdr _mJUr … hr g§H$ënZm AW©Vk bm°S>© Oo.E_. Ho$Ýg `m§Zr Cn`moJmV AmUbr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo Á`m
{d{eð> {H$§_V nmVirbm AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U _mJUr, EHy$U nwadR>m `m§À`mV g§VwbZ gmYbo OmVo, Ë`m
g§VwbZ q~Xybm Agbobr _mJUr åhUOo à^mdr _mJUr hmo`.
* ZdàdV©Z… AW©ì`dñWoV {d{dY joÌmV Oo emoY bmJV AgVmV Ë`m gd© emoYm§Mo ì`mdgm`rH$aU hmoVoM
Ago Zmhr. Ë`mVrb Á`m emoYm§Mo ì`mdgm{`H$aU Ho$bo OmVo Ë`mg ZdàdV©Z / Zd{Z{_©Vr / ZdmoÝ_of Ago
åhUVmV.
* H¥$fr AmXmZo … Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm H¥$fr CËnmXZmgmR>r àË`j qH$dm AàË`jnUo Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m§Zm
H¥$fr AmXmZo åhUVmV.
* g§gmYZo … _mZdr Cn^moJ qH$dm CËnmXZmgmR>r Omo KQ>H$ àË`j qH$dm AàË`j[aË`m Cn`moJr nS>Vmo
Ë`mg g§gmYZo åhUVmV. CXm. O_rZ, nmUr, l_, µBË`mXr
* Nw>nr ~oH$mar … Á`m amoOJmam_wio CËnÞmV qH$dm CËnmXZmV hmoUmar dmT> eyÝ` qH$dm F$U AgVo Voìhm
Ë`m amoOJmamg Nw>nr ~oH$mar åhUVmV. Nw>nr ~oH$mar eoVrV AmT>iyZ òVo.
* {dVaU ({d^mOZ)… CËnmXZmÀ`m ^y_r, l_, ^m§S>db d g§`moOH$ `m KQ>H$m§Zm {_iUmao AZwH«$_o I§S>,
doVZ, ì`mO d Z\$m _mo~Xbm AgVmV. Ë`mg {d^mOZ åhUVmV.
* Cn`mo{JVm … _mZdr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m dñVyVrb eº$sbm Cn`mo{JVm åhUVmV.
* bd{MH$Vm … qH$_VrV Pmboë`m ~Xbmg _mJUr Omo à{VgmX XoVo Ë`mg (_mJUrMr) bd{MH$Vm
åhUVmV.
* noT>r (CÚmoJg§ñWm) … CÚmoJmVrb EH$m CËnmXZ g§ñWobm CÚmoJg§ñWm qH$dm noT>r åhUVmV. CXm. gmIa
CÚmoJmVrb EH$ gmIa H$maImZm åhUOo noT>r hmo`.
1.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` -
A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ
1) H¥$fr AW©emómMo ñdê$n d ì`már ñnï> H$am.
39
2) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb eoVrMr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.
3) eyëPMm nma§n[aH$ eoVr n[adV©Z {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.
4) _obaMm H¥${f {dH$mg {gÕm§V g{dñVma ñnï> H$am.
5) H¥${f {dH$mgmVrb n«o[aV ZdàdV©Z {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.
~) {Q>nm {bhm
1) H¥${f AW©emómMr Cn`mo{JVm
2) H¥$fr_mb _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm
3) eoV_mb nwadR>m à{VgmXmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$
4) eoV_mb nwadR>m à{VgmX Aä`mgmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ
5) nma§n[aH$ eoVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço.
1.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ - (References)
1. Cater, C and S. Rozelle (2001) ''Will China Become a Major Force in World Food
Markets?'' Review of Agricultural Economics 23:pp 319-331.
2. Ahluwalia, I. (1979).''An Analysis of Price and Output Behaviour in the Indian
Economy : 1951-1973, Journal of Development Economics, 6: pp,363 - 390.
3. Askari, H. and Cummings, J. (1974) : Output Price Response in Agriculture an
Evaluation. Indian Journal of Agriculture Economics, 29 : 1965-1974
4. Bapna S. (1980) : Aggregate Supply Response of Crops in a Developing Region,
Sultan Chand and Sons, Delhi.
5. Mohan Rao, J. (1989) : Agricultural Supply Response : A Survey : Agricultural
Economics, 3 pp-1-22. Elseviev Science Publishers, B.V. Amsterdam.
6. Hayami Yujiro and Ruttan Vernon W. (1971) Induced Innovation in Agricultural
Development, Discussion Paper No.3, Centre for Economic Research, Department
of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.
7. Sadhu A.N., Singh Amargit (2000) Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics
Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai 11th revised edition.
8. Desai R.G. (2001). Agricultural Economics, Himalaya Publshing House, Mumbai
2nd Edition.
9. Memoria C.B. and Tripathi B.B. (2003) ' Agricultural Problems of India, Kitab Mahal
Publishers, Allahabad, 25th Edition
10. Soni R. N.(1995) : Leading Issues in Agricultutal Economics, Arhant Press,
Jalandhar.
40
Websites
1. www.economicsdiscussion.net
2. https// www. britannica. com>topic
3. https:// en.m.wikipedia .org & wiki Yujiro Hayami
4. https:// www. justor,org>stable
5. https: // ageconsearch.umn.edu
***
41
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ - 2
H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo AW©emñÌ
(Economics of Agricultural Production)
ñdê$n :
2.0 C{ÔîQ>çoŸ:
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 KQ>H$ {dícofU
2.2.1. CËnmXZ \$cZ - KQ>Ë`m CËnmX \$cmMm {Z`_ -
CËnmXZmMo Q>ßno -
AmXmZm§Mm n`m©ßV dmna
AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Am{U CËnmXZ \$cmVrc ~Xc.
2.2.2. g§gmYZmMm g§`moJ : KQ>H$-KQ>H$ ghg§~§Y,
CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMo n`m©`r, nwaH$ g§`moJ,
n`m©ßV KQ>H$ g§`moJ, {dñVma nW
2.2.3. CËnmXZ g§`moJ : CËnmXZ ghg§~§Y, n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ.
2.3 gmam§e
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$.
2.0. C{ÔîQ>ò (Objectives)
nwT>rc ~m~tMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c;

1. H¥$fr CËnmXZ H$ê$Z hr g§H$ënZm cjmV òB©c.
42
2. CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm g_OVrc.
3. AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmMm CËnmXZ \$cZmda hmoUmam n[aUm_ g_Ooc.
4. H¥$fr CËnmXZ à{H«$òVrc {d{dY g§gmYZo d Ë`m_Yrc Am§Vag§~§Y cjmV òVrc.
5. H¥$fr CËnmXZ \$cZ à{H«$òVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU d Ë`m§Mm _hÎm_ dmna g_OyZ
òB©c.
2.1. àñVmdZm (Introduction)
OJmVrc H$moUË`mhr AW©ì`dñWoV {dH$mgmÀ`m àmW{_H$ Q>ßß`mV Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emñÌmMm
Aä`mg _hÎdnyU© R>aVmo. H¥$fr joÌmer {ZJS>rV {d{dY àíZ, CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$Vm, AmXmZo, H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo
_yë`, V§ÌkmZ `mgma»`m~m~r AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m _mZë`m OmVmV. `m nonaÀ`m KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 1 _Üò
AmnU H¥$fr AW©emñÌmMo ñdê$n, ì`mßVr d Ë`mÀ`m ñdV§Ì Aä`mgmMr Amdí`H$Vm nm{hcr Amho.
Ë`mM~amo~a H¥$fr d CÚmoJ `mVrc \$aH$, H¥$fr joÌmVrc A{Z{íMVVm `mM~amo~a co{dg d _oca `m§Mo
àñVyV KQ>H$mV AmnU H¥$fr CËnmXZ \$cZ, g§gmYZ g§`wŠVVm VgoM CËnmXZ g§`wŠVVm Aä`mgUma
AmhmoV.
2.2. KQ>H$ {dícofU (Subject Analysis)
H¥$fr AW©emñÌmMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`mer {ZJS>rV {d{dY n¡cy§da àH$me Q>mH$Uo
Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo ñdê$n d AmXmZ gm_J«rMo H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËnmXZmVrc
_hÎd {dMmamV KoUo C{MV R>aVo. `m_Üò H¥$fr CËnmXZ d¥{ÕgmR>r AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr d nañnag§~§Y
Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$fr joÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY g§gmYZm§Mo H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>rVrc
ñWmZ d {d{dY AmXmZm§Mr CËnmXZmVrc ^y{_H$m {dMmamV KoUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. àñVyV KQ>H$mV
AmnUmg H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m AW©emñÌmg§~§Yr {d{dY n¡cy§da àH$me Q>mH$md`mMm Amho.
2.2.1. eoVr_Yrc CËnmXZ \$cZ (Production Function in Agriculture)
H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm`mV èñdr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AmXmZ d àXmZ `m§Mm _oi KmcUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo. JwUdÎmmnyU© CËnmXZmgmR>r AmXmZm§À`m _mÌm§Mo `mo½` à_mU AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
AmXmZ d CËnmXZ `m_Üò EH$àH$maMm H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y AZw^dmg {_iVmo. Á`m_Üò AmXmZm§À`m _mÌmdaM
CËnmXZmMo à_mU Adc§~yZ AgVo. eoVr_Üò {~`mUo, IVo, AdOmao B. AmXmZo dmnaë`mZ§VaM {nH$mMo
CËnmXZ hmoVo. åhUOo eoVr_Üòhr CËnmXZ \$cZmMm g§~§Y nhmd`mg {_iVmo. CËnmXZ \$cZ {Z`_m§Mm
n[aUm_ eoVr CËnmXZmdahr hmoVmo. CËnmXZ \$cZ hm EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrVrc XmoZ Mcm_Yrc
Vm§{ÌH$ d J{UVr` g§~§Y AgVmo. CËnmXZ joÌmV AmXmZmda àXmZ Adc§~yZ Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. Vo
nyT>rc gyÌmZo Xe©{dco Amho.
43
y = f (x)
òWo y = CËnmXZ
x = AmXmZo
f = H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y qH$dm \$cZ
P = f = (a,b,c.....n )
òWo ho dmnacocr doJdoJir AmXmZo AmhoV. Va P $ho$ {d{eîQ> doioMo CËnmXZ hmo`.
a,b,c.......n
a, b, c .......n = `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m dmnam_wio P BVHo$ CËnmXZ àmßV hmoVo.
àËòH$ eoVH$è`mg {nH$mMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm AmXmMo KQ>H$, Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr, ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmZm
AmXmZmMo KQ>H$, Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr, ì`dñWmnZ eŠ`Vm cjmV KoD$Z CËnmXZ \$cZmMr {ZdS> H$amdr
cmJVo. H$_rV H$_r IM© d A{YH$m{YH$ CËnmXZ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AmXmZm§Mm _oi Kmcmdm
cmJVmo.
H$moVUË`mhr dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmg à_wI Mma KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Ho$di EH$M KQ>H$ AmXmZ
åhUyZ dmnacm Va dñVyMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. AZoH$ AmXmZo EH${ÌV òVrc V|ìhmM Ë`mVyZ
CËnmXZmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. CXm. EImÚm {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r IVo, {~`mUo, AdOmao, nmUr
B. KQ>H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `màH$mao AmXmZ d àXmZ `mVrc H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y g_OVmo d CËnmXZmg
H$maUr^yV R>aUmè`m AmXmZm§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. na§Vw AZoH$ AmXmZm§n¡H$s EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ AmXmZmV
~Xc Ho$cm AgVm CËnmXZmV {H$VrZo ~Xc hmoVmo `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iV Zmhr.
CËnmXZ \$cZ ho _w»`Ëdo Mma àH$maMo AgVo.
1. AI§S> CËnmXZ \$cZ -
CËnmXZ \$cZmV {Za{Zamir AmXmZo dmnacr OmVmV. O|ìhm hr AmXmZo Amdí`H$Voà_mUo {d^mOZr`
AgVmV V|ìhm Ë`m§Mm CËnmXZmer AgUmam g§~§Y AI§S> CËnmXZ \$cZ åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo.
2. I§S>rV CËnmXZ \$cZ -
CËnmXZ à{H«$òV Or AmXmZo nyU© _mÌoVM dmnamdr cmJVmV Ë`m§Mm CËnmXZmdarc AgUmam g§~§Y
I§S>rV CËnmXZ \$cZmZo Xe©{dcm OmVmo.
3. AënH$mcrZ CËnmXZ \$cZ-
CËnmXZ à{H«$òV H$mcmdYrMm dmna H$aVmZm Vmo Ë`m§À`m d¡{eîQ>`mZwgma XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJcm
44
OmVmo. Vmo åhUOo AënH$mi d XrK©H$mi. AënH$mimV CËnmXZmMr gd©M AmXmZo ~XcVm òV ZmhrV.
CËnmXZ \$cZmV doJdoJio CËnmXZ KQ>H$ Am{U CËnmXZ `m§À`m g§~§YmV Oa H$mhr AmXmZo pñWa Am{U
~XcVr AgVrc V|ìhm Ë`mcm AënH$mcrZ CËnmXZ \$cZ åhUVmV.
4. XrK©H$mcrZ CËnmXZ \$cZ-
XrK©H$mcmdYrV CËnmXZ AmXmZmMm H$moUVmhr KQ>H$ pñWa amhV Zmhr. AmXmZm§Mo gd©M KQ>H$
~XcVo Agë`mg Ë`mMm CËnmXZmda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho nmhUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. H$maU gd©M CËnmXZmV
dmT> KSy>Z òoVo H$s KQ> `mdê$Z eoVH$è`mg XrK©H$mcmdYrgmR>r CËnmXZmMm {ZU©` KoVm òVmo.
CÎnÎmr {Z`_ Am{U CËnmXZ \$cZ - ((Laws of Returns and Production Function)-
)-
CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$òV Or AmXmZo dmnacr OmVmV Vr dmnaVmZm EH$ KQ>H$ ~XcVm d BVa gd©
KQ>H$ pñWa AmhoV Ago J¥{hV YaÊ`mg AmXmZ d CËnmXZ `mVrc g§~§Y VrZ àH$maMm Agy eH$Vmo.
`m VrZ AdñWm§Zm CËnÎmr {Z`_ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.
1) pñWa CËnÎmr -
pñWa CËnÎmr {Z`_mV XmoZ AmXmZ KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$ AmXmZ KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ Xwgè`m AmXmZmÀ`m
KQ>H$mV dmT> H$arV Jocmg CËnmXZmÀ`m EHy$U _mÌoV nS>V OmUmar â g_mZ AgVo.
2) Amèhmgr CËnVr -
Amèhmgr CËnÎmr {Z`_mV CËnmXZ à{H«$òV AmXmZmMo BVa KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ EH$m KQ>H$mMo à_mU
dmT>{dV Joë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZmV nS>Umar â CÎmamoÎma H$_r hmoV OmVo.
3) d¥Õr CËnÎmr -
BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mÌm pñWa R>odyZ EH$m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV dmT> H$arV Joë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZmV
àËòH$ doir nS>Umar â dmT>Vr Agoc Va Ë`mcm d¥Õr CËnÎmr Ago åhUVmV.
1) KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMm {Z`_ - (Law of Diminishing Returns)
H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r dmnacr OmUmar AmXmZ gm_J«r d hmoUmao CËnmXZ `m§À`m _Yrc Am§Vag§~§Y
{dMmamV KoVmZm AmnUmg KQ>Ë`m qH$dm Amèhmgr CËnmXZ \$cmMm {Z`_ àË``mg òVmo. `m {Z`_mÀ`m
ì`m»`m AmnUmg nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm òVrc.
àm. ~oZh°_ -
""CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_wXm`mn¡H$s EH$m KQ>H$mMo à_mU dmT>{dV Joë`mg {d{eîQ> q~XyZ§Va ~Xcmì`m
KQ>H$mMo àW_ gr_m§V CËnmXZ d Z§Va gamgar CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo.''
45
lr_Vr OmoZ am°{~ÝgZ-
""CËnmXZmMm EH$ KQ>H$ pñWa R>odyZ BVa KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU dmT>{dV Joë`mg EH$m {d{eîR> _`m©XoZ§Va
CËnmXZmV KQ>Ë`m XamZo dmT> hmoVo. åhUyZ eoVr joÌmV AmT>iyZ òUmè`m `m àd¥Îmrg KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ
\$imMm {Z`_ Ago åhUVmV.
{gÕm§VmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU-
H¥$fr joÌmV KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMm {Z`_ g_OmdyZ KoVmZm gr_m§V CËnmXZ, gamgar CËnmXZ
d EHy$U CËnmXZ `m g§H$ënZm§Mm àm_w»`mZo {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.
gr_m§V CËnmXZ -
CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m gr_m§V ZJmZo EHy$U CËnmXZmV Q>mH$cocr â åhUOo gr_m§V CËnmXZ hmo`.
gamgar CËnmXZ-
H¥$fr joÌmV AmXmZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>mV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m EHy$U CËnmXZmg
CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ZJg§»òZo ^moJë`mg Oo CËnmXZ òVo Ë`mg gamgar CËnmXZ Ago åhUVmV.
EHy$U CËnmXZ -
CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m gd© ZJm§À`m dmnam_wio Oo CËnmXZ hmoVo. Ë`mg EHy$U CËnmXZ Ago åhUVmV.
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMr J¥{hVo
1) CËnmXZ V§ÌmV H$moUVmhr ~Xc hmoV Zmhr
2) CËnmXZ à{H«$òV H$mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$ pñWa d H$mhr KQ>H$ ~XcÊ`m à_mUmV dmnaco OmVmV.
3) ~XcË`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m gd© ZJm§Mr H$m_©j_Vm g_mZ Amho.
4) hm {gÕm§V Aën H$mcI§S>mVM n«Ë``mg òVmo.
5) H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo _moO_mn qŠdQ>c_Üò Ho$co OmVo.
6) CËnmXZ gmYZm§À`m g§`moJmV ~Xc hmody eH$Vmo.
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMm {gÕm§V H¥$fr joÌmV Zoh_rM AZw^dmg òVmo. H¥$fr AW©Vkm§À`m _Vo, H¥$fr
CËnmXZmV AmO H$mimV AmXmZ gm_J«rMm dmna H$arV AgVmZm dmT>Vo \$c, KQ>Vo \$c d CUo \$c
Aem VrZ AdñWm AmT>iyZ òVmV. ho AmnUmg nyT>rc CXmhaUmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
g_Om EH$m eoVH$è`mH$S>o 10 EH$a O_rZ Amho. `m O{_ZrV Vmo l_ `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMm
46
_hÎm_ dmna H$ê$Z O_rZrMo AmH$ma_mZ pñWa R>odyZ CËnmXZ hmoV Amho. l_ `m AmXmZ gm_J«rV ~Xc
H$moîQ>H$ H«$. 2.1
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMm àd¥ÎmrXe©H$
pñWa KQ>H$ ~XcVm KQ>H$ EHy$U gamgar gr_m§V CËnmXZ

O_rZ _Oya CËnmXZ CËnmXZ CËnmXZ àd¥Îmr
(T.P) (A.P) (M.P)
({Šd§Q>c) ({Šd§Q>c) ({Šd§Q>c)
}
10 EH$a 1 10 10 10
10 EH$a 2 26 13 16 dmT>Vo
10 EH$a 3 48 16 22 \$c
}
10 EH$a 4 64 16 16
10 EH$a 5 75 15 11
10 EH$a 6 84 14 09 KQ>Vo
10 EH$a 7 91 13 07 \$c
10
10
EH$a
EH$a
8
9
91
81
10.11
9
00
-10 } CUo
\$c
H$arV Joco AgVm eoVrVrc EHy$U CËnmXZ, gr_m§V CËnmXZ d gamgar CËnmXZZmda Omo n[aUm_ hmoVmo
Vmo KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {gÕm§VmÛmao AmnUmg nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
H$moîQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2.1 _Üò Xe©{dë`mà_mUo eoVr joÌmV KQ>Ë`m AJa èhmg_mZ \$cmMm AZw^d
òVmo. 10 EH$a AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m eoVO{_ZrV l{_H$m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo CËnmXZ KoVmZm à_m_w»`mZo nwT>rc
VrZ AdñWm AmT>iyZ òVmV.
A) dmT>Ë`m \$cmMr AdñWm-
H$moîQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2.1 _Üò 4 Wm l{_H$ H$m_mda hmoB©n`ªV EHy$U d gamgar CËnmXZmV dmT>rMr
àd¥Îmr AZw^dmg òVo. Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ gwê$dmVrg dmTy>Z Z§Va Vo H$_r hmoV Joë`mMo OmUdVo. `m
AdñWoV dmT>Ë`m \$cmMm AZw^d òÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo eoVr joVmV n{hë`m AdñWoV gwê$dmVrg
~XcË`m KQ>H$mÀ`m _mZmZo (l_) pñWa KQ>H$ (O_rZ) nyU© H$m`©j_VoZo dmnacm OmV Zmhr. Xwgè`m
l{_H$mZ§Va Ë`m§Mm nyUmªemZo dmna Pmë`m_wio CËnmXZmV dmT>Ë`m \$cmMm AZw^d òVmo.
47
~) KQ>Ë`m \$cmMr AdñWm-
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$mcÀ`m {gÕm§VmVrc Xwgè`m AdñWoV l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m 05 dê$Z 07 n`ªV dmT>{dcr
OmVo. n[aUm_r EHy$U CËnmXZ 75 {Šd§Q>cdê$Z 91 {Šd§Q>cn`ªV dmT>Vo. Va gamgar CËnmXZ 15 {Šd§Q>cdê$Z
13 {Šd§Q>cn`ªV H$_r hmoVo. VgoM gr_m§V CËnmXZ 11 {Šd§Q>cdê$Z 07 {Šd§Q>cn`ªV KQ>Vo. `m AdñWoV
EHy$U CËnmXZ dmT>rMm Xa H$_r hmoVmo. Va gamgar d gr_m§V CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo. åhUyZ `m AdñWog
KQ>Ë`m \$cmMr AdñWm Ago åhUVmV. eoVr joÌmV KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMr àd¥Îmr AmnUmg Zoh_rM
AmT>iyZ òVo. `mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo `m AdñWoV ~XcË`m KQ>H$m§À`m g§»òVrc dmT>r~amo~a pñWa
KQ>H$ (O_rZ) H$_r nSy> cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio _Owam§Mo gamgar d gr_m§V CËnmXZ KQ>V OmVo
H$) CUo \$cmMr AdñWm-
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWoVrc AdñWm hr AË`§V _hÎdmMr AdñWm _mZcr OmVo.
H$moîQ>H$mV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo {Vgè`m AdñWoV ~XcË`m KQ>H$m§À`m g§»òVrc dmT>r~amo~a EHy$U d gamgar
CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo. Va gr_m§V CËnmXZ CUo hmoVo. Ë`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo pñWa KQ>H$m§À`m
_mZmZo ~XcË`m KQ>H$m§Mr _mÌm A{YH$ hmodyZ CËnmXZmda Ë`mMm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoVmo. àm. a°¾a
ZŠg© `m§À`m _Vo, {dH$gZerc XoemV eoVrjoÌmV dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»ò~amo~a VmU nmhÿZ gr_m§V CËnmXZ
AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.1 : KQ>Vo CËnmXZ \$c
dmT>Vo \$b KQ>Vo \$b CUo \$b

EHy$U gamgar d gr_m§V CËnmXZ
H$ EHy$U CËnmXZ (TP)
a gamgar CËnmXZ (AP)
_Oyam§Mr g§»`m
A j
Z gr_m§V CËnmXZ (MP)
48
KQ>V OmVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va àg§Jr Vo CUo hmoVo. åhUOoM {Vgar AdñWm eoVrì`dgm`mMo AmH$ma_mZ
d Ë`mV Jw§Vcocr cmoH$g§»`m `m§Mo {df_ n«_mU d Ë`mVyZ eoVrjoÌmÀ`m Aën CËnmXH$VoMo à{VH$
_mZVm òB©c. hr ~m~ AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.1 dê$Z ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
H¥$fr joÌmV AmXmZm§Mm n`m©ßV dmna
(Optimum Use of Resources in Agriculture Sector))
eoVr ì`dgm`mV dmnacr OmUmar AmXmZ gm_wJ«r d Ë`mÛmao hmoUmao CËnmXZ `m§À`m_Yrc Am§Va
g§~§Y {dMmamV KoUo A{YH$ `mo½` R>aVo. eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$òV O_rZ `m pñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMm
n`m©ßV _mÌoV Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ~r-~r`mUo, _Oya, amgm`{ZH$ d g|{Ð` IVo, O§VwZmeHo$, `§Ìgm_J«r
d OcqgMZmMr gmYZo hr AmXmZo dmnacr OmVmV. eoVr ì`dgm`mMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r `m
AmXmZm§Mm n`m©ßV _mÌoZo dmna H$aUo ho {H$\$m`Vera eoVrMo _hÎMmMo cjU Amho. `m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ eoVr
joÌmV KQ>Ë`m \$cmÀ`m {Z`_mMm AZw^d {dMmamV KoVmZm AmXmZm§À`m n`m©ßV _mÌoMr n«ËòH$ AdñWoVrc
pñWVr d Ë`mV hmoUmao n[adV©Z ho eoVr ì`dgm`mMr H$m`©j_Vm d CËnmXH$VoMo n«_mU R>a{dVmV.
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m n{hë`m AdñWoV (dmT>Ë`m \$cmMr AdñWm) ~XcË`m KQ>H$m§Mo n«_mU
dmT>{dV Zoco AgVm, AmXmZm§Mm (l_g§»òMm) n`m©ßV dmna hmoD$ cmJVmo. H$moîQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 1 _Üò
Xe©{dë`mà_mUo 10 EH$a eoVO{_ZrV 4 `m _Oya H$m_mda KoVcm AgVm eoVrVrc _Oyam§Mr gr_m§V
d gamgar CËnmXH$Vm gdm}ÀM amhVo. åhUOoM `m AdñWoV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm n`m©ßV dmna hmoVmo. _mÌ
Xwgè`m AdñWoV l{_H$m§À`m (AmXmZmÀ`m) g§»òVrc dmT>r~amo~a Ë`m§Mr gr_m§V d gamgar CËnmXH$Vm
KQy> cmJVo. H$maU `m AdñWoV pñWa KQ>H$mÀ`m (O_rZ) VwcZoZo AmXmZm§Mr CËnmXH$Vm H$_r hmoV
Joë`mZo n`m©ßV _mÌoV dmna hmoVmZm {XgyZ òV Zmhr.
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm eoVr joÌmVrc AZw^d {dMmamV hmoVmZm {Vgè`m AdñWoV
(CUo \$cmMr AdñWm) EHy$U d gamgar CËnmXZ KQ>V Joë`mZo d gr_m§V CËnmXZ CUo hmoV Joë`mZo
AmXmZm§Mm dmna nyU© H$m`©j_VoZo Va hmoV ZmhrM, {edm` hr AmXmZo EHy$U CËnmXZmV d eoVr ì`dgm`mV
AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U H$aVmV. åhUOoM eoVr ì`dgm`mV AmXmZ KQ>H$m§À`m gd© _mÌm n`m©ßV à_mUmV
Z dmnaë`mg eoVr ì`dgm`mV KQ>Ë`m \$cmMm AZw^d òVmo.
3) AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Am{U CËnmXZ \$cZmVrc ~Xc
(Modern Technology and Changes in Production Function)
eoVr CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r eoVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m OwÝ`m nÕVrMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Ë`m{R>H$mUr
ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ, ZdrZ V§Ìm§Mm Adc§~ H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ AgVo. {dH$grV eoVrMo d¡{eîQ>` åhUOo eoVr
CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo A§{JH$macoco ZdrZ Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xc hmo`. eoVH$è`m§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrV
49
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMr Pmë`mg eoVH$è`m§Zr ZdrZ Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xcm§Mm Adc§~ H$aUo Amdí`H$
R>aVo. V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ ~Xc åhUOo eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eoVrV ZdrZ d A{YH$ CnO
XoUmè`m ~r-~r`mUo, AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìo d AdOmao, IVo, Am¡fYo `m§Mm dmna H$aUo VgoM nmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m
gmo`rV dmT> H$ê$Z {d{dY {nH$m§Mm \o$a\$ma H$aUo hmo`. Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xcm_wio eoVrÀ`m XahoŠQ>ar CËnmXZmV
d CËnmXH$VoV dmT> KSy>Z òVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV eoVr joÌmV Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUUo An[ahm`©
Amho. OJmVrc gd©M amîQ´>mV eoVr ì`dgm`mV KSy>Z Amcoë`m ZdrZ V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ ~Xcm§Mo eoVr CËnmXZ
\$cZmda AZoH$ ~ao -dmB©Q> n[aUm_ KSy>Z Amco. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Am{U eoVr CËnmXZmVrc ~Xcm§Mo
{d{dMoZ AmnUmg nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVm òB©c.
A) eoVr ì`dgm`mMr cm^àXVm -
AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm_wio eoVr ì`dgm`mMr cm^àXVm dmT>cr. n[aUm_r eoVrVyZ A{YH$m{YH$ CËnmXZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar dJm©H$Sy>Z eoVrV A{YH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVrÀ`m
ñWyc dm{f©H$ ^m§S>dc {Z{_©VrV dmT> Pmcr. BVHo$M Zìho Va eoVr A{YH$ {H$\$m`Vera ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r
OcqgMZmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrMm dmna d OcqgMZ joÌmV dmT> Pmcr. WmoS>Š`mV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
dmnam_wio eoVrV ào[aV Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>Z eoVrMo ì`mnmmarH$aU KSy>Z Amco.
~) eoVr CËnmXZmV dmT>-
eoVrjoÌmV KSy>Z Amcoë`m Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xcm§_wio AÝZYmÝ` d ì`mnmar {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmV dmT>
Pmcocr {XgyZ òVo. gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUm§À`m dmUm§Mm dmna dmT>ë`m_wio eoVrÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmcr.
BVHo$M Zìho Va AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m {dH«o$` dmT>ì`mV gwYmaUm KSy>Z Amcr. hm eoVr CËnmXZ \$cZmda
Pmcocm AZwHy$c n[aUm_ _mZVm òB©c.
H$) nrH$aMZoVrc ~XcmMm CËnmXZmdarc n[aUm_-
eoVr joÌmVrc AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ nma§nm[aH$ nrH$aMZoV doJmZo ~Xc
Pmcm. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZm~amo~a D$g, H$mnyg, VmJ d A{cH$S>o g§H$[aV dmUm§Mm dmna AÝZYmÝ`
d ì`mnmar {nH$m§À`m ~m~VrV dmT>cocm {XgyZ òVmo. A{YH$ CËnmXZ XoUmè`m ~r`mUm§Mm dmna dmT>ë`m_wio
eoVrÀ`m nrH$ aMZoVrc ~XcmMm CËnmXZmda AZwHy$c n[aUm_ KSy>Z Amcm.
S>) O_rZ d _Oyam§À`m CËnmXH$VoV dmT>-
eoVrVrc V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ ~XcmMm AmUIr EH$ n[aUm_ åhUOo O_rZ l{_H$m§À`m CËnmXZ j_VoV
Pmcocr dmT> hm hmo`. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ AdJV Ho$coë`m eoVrVrc _Oyam§Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>cr. {deofV:
eoVrVyZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m à_mUmV Am¡fYo, IVo d O§VyZmeH$m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r
l{_H$m§À`m H$m¡eë`mMm `mo½` dmna H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo eoVrMm CËnmXZ IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
50
amgm`{ZH$ IVo, nmUr d `§Ìgm_J«rMm dmna gw`mo½` nÕVrZo H$aUmam eoVH$ar d _Oyam§Mm dJ© {Z_m©U
Pmë`mZo eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg _XV Pcr.
B) `m§{ÌH$ eoVrMm CËnmXZmdarc n[aUm_ -
eoVrVrc V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ ~Xcm§Mm H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>rda Pmcocm n[aUm_ hm àm_w»`mZo `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio
KSy>Z Amcm Amho. `m V§Ìm_wio eoVrV _iUr _erZ, H$mnUr _erZ, n§n, BcoŠQ´>rH$ _moQ>ma, Am¡fY
\$dmaUr _erZ, {R>~H$ qgMZ d pñàH$caMm dmna dmT>cm. n[aUm_r eoVr CËnmXZmV dmT> KSdyZ
AmUÊ`mg V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ ~Xc H$maUrVyZ R>acm.
ñd`§-AÜ`m`Z àíZ
A) {Xcoë`m n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nwÝhm {chm.
1. CËnmXZ \$cZ ho ----------- d àXmZ `m§À`mVrc Am§Vag§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aVo.
A) l_ ~) ^m§S>dc H$) AmXmZ S>) ~±H$m
2. KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {gÕm§VmV CËnmXZmMo -------------------------
A) H$mhr KQ>H$ ~XcVo AgVmV
~) H$mhr KQ>H$ pñWa AgVmV
H$) H$mhr KQ>H$ ~XcVo d H$mhr pñWa AgVmV
S>) gd©¥ KQ>H$ ~XcVo AgVmV.
3. KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ H$cmÀ`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m ------------- AdñWm AgVmV.
A) 1 ~) 3 H$) 4 S>) 5
4. ^maVmV H¥$frjoÌmV Zì`m V§ÌmMm dmna ----------- _Üò gd©àW_ H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
A) 1966 ~) 1976 H$) 1991 S>) 2001
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1) ~oZh°_Mr KQ>Ë`m \$cmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm
2) dmT>Vo \$c åhUOo H$m`?
3) eoVrVrc Zì`m V§ÌmMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo?
4) H¥$fr joÌmVrc Zì`m V§ÌkmZm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m XmoZ g_ñ`m gm§Jm?
51
5) H¥$fr joÌmV AmXmZm§À`m n`m©ßV dmnamMr _`m©Xm H$moUË`m AdñWoV CUo hmoVo?
2.2.2. g§gmYZm§Mm g§`moJ - (Resource Combination)
H¥$fr CËnmXZ à{H«$òV {d{dY àH$maMr AmXmZo dmnacr OmVmV. hr AmXmZo nañna {^ÝZ ñdénmMr
AgVmV. CXm. {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, ^y_r, l{_H$, `§Ìgm_J«r B. H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV
òUmao `mn¡H$s àËòH$ AmXmZ EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {^ÝZ AgVo. CXm. Jhÿ AJa Vm§Xyi {nH$m§À`m ~m~VrV
{~`mUm§Mo dmU, doJdoJio Agy eH$VmV. Aem n[apñWVrV `m {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar
AmXmZohr {^ÝZ ñdê$nmMr Ano{jV AgVmV. g§gmYZm§Mm dmna H$arV AgVmZm H$moUË`m g§gmYZm§Mm
g§`moJ A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aVmo Vo nmhUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$mhr CËnmXZmgmR>r Q>°ŠQ´> aMm dmna H$s ~¡cOmoS>rMm
dmna `mo½` R>aVmo Vo nmhUo VgoM amgm`{ZH$ IVo, Am¡fYo `m§Mo à_mUhr nmhUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. WmoS>Š`mV
g§`moOH$mg AmXmZm§Mm `wŠV n`m©` H$gm {ZdS>md`mMm `m~m~V AMyH$ {ZU©` ¿`mdm cmJVmo. Ë`mcm
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m AmXmZm§Mm `mo½` g§`moJ gmYZo AË`mdí`H$
AgVo.
1) KQ>H$ - KQ>H$ g§~§Y - (Factor-Factor relationship)
H¥$fr joÌmV CËnmXZmMr EH$ {d{eîQ> nmVir àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m AmXmZm§Mm
_oi Kmcmdm cmJVmo, H$maU ~è`mMdoim AmXmZo hr nañnan`m©`r qH$dm nyaH$ Agy eH$VmV. H$maU
`mVrc àËòH$ KQ>H$ hm ñdV§Ì àH$ma AgyZ Ë`mMo AZoH$ àH$ma Agy eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio `m gd© AmXmZm§_Üò
gw`mo½` Agm g§`moJ gmYë`mg eoVr joÌmMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. H¥$fr CËnmXZ à{H«$ò_Üò
_Oya d `§Ìo hr EH$_oH$mg n`m©`r Agy eH$VmV. Aemdoir `m XmoZ g§gmYZm§n¡H$s H$moUË`m g§gmYZmMm
dmna H$amd`mMm hm àíZ eoVH$è`mg_moa AgVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV
H$amd`mMm H$s g|Ðr` IVm§Mm? qH$dm O_rZrMo joÌ dmTdyZ KoD$Z {dñV¥V à_mUmda eoVr H$am`Mr
H$s gImoc eoVr H$amd`mMr ho àíZ eoVH$è`m§g_moa AgVmV. Agm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$
H$arV eoVH$è`mcm g§gmYZm§_Üò `wŠV g§`moJ {Z_m©U H$amdm cmJVmo. Aem doir nañnanyaH$ qH$dm
nañnan`m©`r CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm g§`moJ {ZdS>V AgVmZm H¥$fr CËnmXZmMm {H$_mZ IM© {ZpíMV H$aUmam
g§`moJ {ZdS>mdm cmJVmo. åhUOoM Ý`yZV_ CËnmXZ IM© AgUmam KQ>H$ g§`moJ àmßV H$aUo Amdí`H$
R>aVo. d Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZM eoVH$è`mg _hÎm_ Z\$m n«mßV H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. AmnUmg nwT>rc AmH¥$VrÀ`m
52
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.2 : {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm g§`moJ
Jhÿ CËnmXZ Xe©H$ aofm

amgm`{ZH$
IVm§Mo
à_mU
Z1 a
40
a2 a1 30
Z
20
10
A n n1 g|{Ð` IVm§Mo à_mU j
ghmæ`mZo KQ>H$-KQ>H$ g§~§Y A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.

AmH¥$VrV j Ajmda g|{Ð` IVm§Mo Va ` Ajmda amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mo n«_mU Xe©{dco Amho.
g|{Ð` d amgm`{ZH$ IVo `m XmoZ AmXmZm§À`m {d{dY g§`moJm§Zm Jhÿ `m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ {H$Vr òD$
eHo$c `mMr nwaoer _m{hVr Agoc Va g_CËnmXZ dH«$ H$mT>Vm òVmV. AmH¥$VrV g|{Ð` d amgm`{ZH$
IVm§À`m _mÌm§À`m g§`moJmMm BVa pñWa KQ>H$m§er g§`moJ Pmcm AgVm JìhmMo {d{eîQ> n«_mUmVrc
CËnmXZ H$go àmßV hmoVo Vo g_OVo.
AmH¥$VrV 10,20,30, d 40 JìhmMo CËnmXZ Xe©{dUmao g_CËnmXZ dH«$ Xe©{dco AmhoV. AmH¥$VrV
XmoZ g§`moJ Aj d Aj Ajmdarc AZwH«$_o g|{Ð` IVm§Mo d amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mo g§`moJ Xe©{dVmV. "a'
hm g§`moJ n`m©ßV _mZë`mg Ë`mdoir An BVH$s go§{Ð` IVmMr _mÌm d "_Z' BVH$s amgm`{ZH$ ê$VmMr
_mÌm dmnacr OmVo. `mD$cQ> eoVH$è`mZo Oa "a1' hm g§`moJ {ZdS>cm Va Ë`mcm "An' BVH$s g|{Ð`
IVmMr _mÌm d "AZ' BVH$s amgm`{ZH$ IVmMr _mÌm dmnamdr cmJoc. åhUVoM "a' qH$dm "a1' `m
53
XmoÝhrn¡H$s H$moUVmhr g§`moJ eoVrVyZ g_mZ CËnmXZ {_idyZ XoB©c, _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r dmnacoë`m CËnmXZ
KQ>H$m§Mr _mÌm doJdoJir Agoc. eoVH$è`mg Oa nañna n`m©`r CËnmXZ H$amd`mMo Agoc Va CËnmXZ
KQ>H$mVrc Am§Va g§~§YmMm g§`moJ Agoc Va CËnmXZ KQ>H$mVrc Am§Va g§~§YmMm g§`moJ {ZpíMV H$aVmZm
CËnmXH$mg {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©Mm g§`moJ A{YH$ {H$\$m`Vera R>aVmo. hr ~m~ AmnUmg darc AmH¥$VrVyZ
{XgyZ òVo.
darc AmH¥$VrV EH$ ~m~ AË`§V _hÎdmMr Amho, Vr åhUOo _Oya, {~`mUo, `§Ìo `mgma»`m
KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU pñWa AgyZ g|{Ð` IVo d amgm`{ZH$ IVo `m§À`m à_mUmVM ~Xc hmoVmo. òWo àËòH$
KQ>H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ\$cmMm AZw^d òVmo. hm à^md AmXmZm§Mr nmVir OgOer dmT>V
OmB©c VgVgo g_CËnmXZ dH«$m_Yrc A§Va {dñVmaV OmVo. WmoS>Š`mV CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r gmnojVoZo
A{YH$ AmXmZ à_mU dmnamdo cmJVo. àËòH$ dH«$ A{YÀ`m dH«$mZo Xe©{dcoë`m CËnmXZmnojm A{YH$
CËnmXZ Xe©{dVo.
2) nañna n`m©`r AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mm g§`moJ- (Factor - Factor Substitute Relationship)
CËnmXZ à{H«$òV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m AmXmZm§_Üò _hÎdnyU© g§~§Y AgVmV.
KQ>H$-KQ>H$ g§~§Y ho nyU© n`m©`r qH$dm nyU© nyaH$ Aem XmoÝhr àH$maMo Agy eH$VmV. nyU© n`m©`r
AgUmao KQ>H$ g_mZ XamZo EH$_oH$mg n`m©`r åhUyZ dmnaVm òVmV. Aemdoir CËnmXH$mZo CËnmXZ
KQ>H$m§Mo n«_mU d CËnmXZmMr nmVir `m_Üò _oi KmcÊ`mgmR>r \$mago à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm
ZgVo. H$maU ho KQ>H$ nyU©nUo n`m©`r Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m JwUY_m©V \$aH$ ZgVmo. CXm. KaJwVr _Oya
d ~mhoarc _Oya `m§À`m H$m`©j_VoV \$aH$ ZgVmo. eoVrV dmnacr OmUmar {d{dY àH$maMr amgm`{ZH$
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.3 -
nañna n`m©`r AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mm g§`moJ
`
H$2
H$1
H$
`w [ a`mMo
à_mU
A j
Z Z1 Z2
Zm`Q´>moOZ`wŠV IVm§Mo à_mU
54
IVo d ~r-{~`mUo `m§À`m_Üò _yc^yV ñdénmV \$aH$ AgV Zmhr. Aemdoir eoVH$è`mZo Ý`yZV_ CËnmXZ
IM© AgUmè`m AmXmZmMr {ZdS> Ho$ë`mZo A{YH$ {H$\$m`Vera R>aVo. nyU©nUo n`m©`r AgUmè`m AmXmZ
KQ>H$ aofm hr XmoÝhr Ajm§Zm N>oXZmar aofm AgVo. Aemdoir CËnmXH$ H$_r IMm©Mm AmXmZ KQ>H$
dmnaVmo, qH$dm CncãY Agcoë`m KQ>H$m§Mm dmna CËnmXZ à{H«$òV H$aVmo. _mÌ gw`mo½` _oi KmcÊ`mgmR>r
EH$ KQ>H$ qH$dm XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mo g§`w{º$H$ à_mU dmnaco Var n`m©ßV _mÌoZo CËnmXZ KoVm òVo hr ~m~
nyU©V: eoVH$è`mÀ`m n`m©`r AmXmZmÀ`m {ZdS>rda Adc§~yZ AgVo. hr ~m~ AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.3
déZ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
darc AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda Zm`Q>moOZ_wŠV IVm§Mo à_mU Va Aj Ajmda `w[a`mMo à_mU
Xe©{dco Amho. H¥$fr joÌmV dmnacm OmUmè`m `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m nañnan`m©`r AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna
` AmH¥$Vr H«$ 2.4 : nañna nyaH$ gmYZm§Mm g§`moJ
AmXmZm§Mm
dmna g_3
g_2
g_1
A
j
CËnmXZ
H$ê$Z eoVr CËnmXZ KoVmZm "H$Z', "H$1 Z1,' d "H$2 Z2' Ago VrZ g§`moJ Xe©{dco AgyZ `mn¡H$s
H$moUVm g§`moJ {ZdS>mdm ho H¥$frÀ`m AmXmZm§Mr CncãYVm d Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr `mda Adc§~yZ AgVo.
3) nañnanyaH$ AmXmZ gmYZ§mMm g§`moJ - (Factor -Factor Complimentary relationship)
H¥$fr joÌmV CËnmXZ à{H«$òV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m KQ>H$m§_Üò nañna n`m©` g§~§Ym§~amo~aM nañna
nyaH$ ñdénmMohr g§~§Y AgVmV. `m_Üò H$moUVmhr EH$ KQ>H$ dmnê$Z CËnmXZ KoUo eŠ` ZgVo. CËnmXZmgmR>r
H$mhr {ZpíMV à_mUmV KQ>H$ g§`moJ {ZdS>mdo cmJVmV. Aem n[apñWVrV g_CËnmXZ dH«$ hm H$mQ>H$moZmH¥$VrV
AgVmo. ho AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.4 dê$Z ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
darc AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dcocm g§~§Y hm _w»`Ëdo AmXmZm§_Üò Q´>°ŠQ>a-Vmg, _Zwî` -Vmg AemàH$maMm
g§`moJ Agoc Va {XgyZ òVmo. Aem n[apñWVrV AmXmZm§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo gmono AgVo. AmXmZo Oa nyU©nUo
nyaH$ AgVrc Va CËnmXH$mZo {ZpíMV à_mUmV KQ>H$ dmnamdoV qH$dm H$mhrM dmnê$ ZòV. EH$mM
55
àH$maMr AmXmZo dmnaë`mg CËnmXZmV â nS>V Zmhr qH$dm H$moUVoM `moJXmZ hmoV Zmhr.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.5

`
Q>
AmXmZm§Mm dmna
n
A H$ j
CËnmXZ
O{_ZrVyZ {d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r _Oya, `§Ìo, ~r-{~`mUo, g|{Ð` IVo, nmUrnwadR>m
`mgma»`m nyaH$ AmXmZm§Mm n`m©ßV dmna Oar Amdí`H$ Agcm Var Aem KQ>H$m§À`m dmT>Ë`m dmnam_wio
eoVrMo CËnmXZ dmTo>cM Ago Zmhr. ~è`mM doim eoVrVyZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar amgm`{ZH$
IVo, nmUr, O§VyZmeHo$ `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§À`m _mÌm dmT>{dVmo. _mÌ Ë`m_wio eoVr CËnmXZmV Zoh_rM
dmT> hmoV Zmhr. BVHo$M Zìho Va O_rZ d AmXmZgm_J«r `m pñWa d ~XcË`m KQ>H$m§_Üò nañna
nyaH$Ëd Agco Var EH$m {d{eîQ> _`m©Xon{cH$S>o CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV Zmhr. H$maU O{_ZrVrc nmofH$
Ðìò, nmUr, IVo `mgma»`m AmXmZm§Mr _`m©Xm Agë`m_wio CËnmXZ EH$m R>am{dH$ nmVirÀ`m ncrH$S>o
dmTy> eH$V Zmhr. ~XcË`m d pñWa CËnmXZ KQ>H$mV nyU© nyaH$Ëd Agco Var CËnmXZ Z§Va dmT>V Zmhr
ho AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.5 dê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo.
darc AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda CËnmXZ Va A` Ajmda AmXmZm§Mr _mÌ Xe©{dcr Amho. pñWa
KQ>H$m§À`m VwcZoZo ~XcË`m KQ>H$m§À`m _mÌm§Mm dmna dmT>{dcm AgVm "AH$' `m CËnmXZ nmVirn`ªV
AZwHy$c n[aUm_ OmUdVmo. "AH$' hr CËnmXZnmVir JmR>ë`mZ§Va AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna dmT>{dcm
Var CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV Zmhr.
4) n`m©ßV KQ>H$ g§`moJ - (Optimum Factor Combination)
H¥$fr joÌmV CËnmXZ à{H«$òV gmVË` amIUo VgoM Ë`mV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXH$mg {d{dY
KQ>H$m§_Üò g_Ýd` gmYdm cmJVmo. Ano{jV CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r eoVr ì`dgm`mV g§`moOH$mg {d{dY
AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mm g§`moJ gmYUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. hr ~m~ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmg g_CËnmXZ
IMm©Mr g§H$ënZm dmnaUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. "CËnmXH$mg H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV {d{eîQ> à_mUmV CËnmXZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mr IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Omo IM© H$amdm cmJVmo Vmo IM© {d{dY g§`moJmV
56
g_mZ Xe©{dUmar aofm åhUOo "g_CËnmXZ hmo`.
` AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.6
H$
l{_H$m§ M r g_IM© aofm

_mÌm
A a j
amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mr _mÌm
CXm. EH$ eoVH$ar Amnë`m 5 EH$a AmH$ma _mZmÀ`m eoVrVyZ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r _Oya d amgm`{ZH$
IVo `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§À`m g§`moJmZo CËnmXZ KoV Amho. Oa Aem eoVrV 2000 ê$nò BVH$m CËnmXZIM©
H$ê$Z _Oya d amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mr _mÌm dmnacr OmV Agoc Am{U _OyamÀ`m EH$m _mÌogmR>r 500
ê$. à{V{XZ d amgm`{ZH$ IVmÀ`m EH$m _mÌogmR>r 1000 ê$. BVH$m IM© òV Agoc Va 2000 ê$.
CËnmXZ IMm©V Vmo l{_H$mMo 4 ZJ qH$dm amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m 2 _mÌm {dH$V KoD$ eH$Vmo. Aem
n[apñWVrV 2000 ê$nò `m EHy$U CËnmXZ IMm©Mo {d^mOZ l_ d amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m _hÎm_ _mÌm
{dMmamV KoD$Z Or g_ì`` aofm qH$dm g_IM© aofm V`ma hmoB©c Vr `m XmoZ AmXmZ n`m©ßV dmna ñnîQ>
H$aoc. AmXmZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr OgOem ~XcV OmVrc VgVgm g_IM© aofoMm CVma ~Xcy eH$Vmo.
Am{U EHy$U IMm©à_mUo Ë`mMr pñWVr ~Xcoc hr ~m~ AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.6 dê$Z ñnîQ>
H$aVm òB©c.
darc AmH¥$VrV CËnmXZmV
` dmnamV Agcoë`m l{_H$ d amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mr _mÌm `m XmoZ AmXmZ
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.7
Z>
_Oyam§Mr S>
H$
g_2
n
Q> g_1
a g_
g_0
A V ~ j
IVm§Mr _mÌm
57
KQ>H$m§Mm _hÎm_ {H$Vr dmna H$aVm òD$ eHo$c ho Xe©{dco Amho. eoVH$è`mg Amnë`m Odirc 2000
ê$. CËnmXZ IM© "AH$' BVŠ`m _Oyam§da qH$dm "â' BVŠ`m amgm`{ZH$ IVm§da H$aVm òB©c. "Aa'
d "A§H$' `m XmoZ {~§Xy§Zm OmoS>Umè`m aofog g_IM© aofm åhUVmV.
{d{eîQ> CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Oo KQ>H$ dmnaÊ`mV òVmV. Ë`m§Mo eŠ` AgUmao KQ>H$ g§`moJ g_-
CËnmXZ dH«$mZo Xe©{dco OmVmV. EH$m {d{eîQ IMm©cm CncãY hmoUmao KQ>H$-g§`moJ g_IM© aofoZo Xe©{dco
OmVmV. gdm©{YH$ \$m`Xoera AgUmam KQ>H$ g§`moJ H$moUVm nhmd`mMo Pmë`mg Ago åhUVm òB©c H$s,
Omo q~Xy g_-CËnmXZ dH«$ d g_IM© aofm `mg gm_m{OH$ AgyZ Vmo {H$_mZ IMm©Mm KQ>H$-g§`moJ Xe©{dVmo.
g_-CËnmXZdH«$ aofm Aem àH$maMm KQ>H$-g§`moJ Xe©{dVo H$s, Omo {H$_mZ g_-IM© aofocm ñne© H$aVmo.
AmnUmg nyT>rc AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo hr ~m~ A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
darc AmH¥$VrV "Z~' hr g_IM© aofm AgyZ Aj Ajmda IVm§Mr _mÌm d A` Ajmda _Oyam§Mr
_mÌm Xe©{dcr Amho. AmH¥$Vr_Üò CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo g§`moJ Xe©{dUmao a, `, H$ Am{U S> ho Mma q~Xy
Xe©{dco AmhoV. `m Mma q~Xy§n¡H$s CËnmXH$ H¥$fr joÌmV amgm`{ZH$ IVo d _Oya `m KQ>H$m§Mm n`m©ßV
g§`moJ "n' q~XyV gmYVmo. H$maU `m q~XyV g_CËnmXZ dH«$ g_IM© aofog ñne© H$ê$Z Jocm Amho.
{edm` Vmo Ama§^ q~Xyer ~{hJm©c Amho. "a' q~XyV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm n`m©ßV g§`moJ hmoV Zmhr H$maU
`mdoir CËnmXH$mH$S>o g§gmYZo {eëcH$ amhVmV Va "H$' q~XyV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§da H$amdm cmJUmam IM©
hm eoVH$è`m§À`m A§XmOnÌH$mnojm OmñV Amho. åhUyZ "n' q~XyVM CËnmXH$ "A' BVHo$ amgm`{ZH$
IVm§À`m _mÌm d "Q>' BVHo$ _Oyam§À`m _mÌm dmnê$Z CËnmXZ n`m©ßV _mÌoV KoÊ`mV èñdr hmoVmo.
5) {dñVma nW - (Expansion Path)
AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.8 {dñVmanW

`
g
"`' {dñVmanW
KQ>H$mMo
à_mU
Z2
Z1
Z g_2
g_ g_1
A j KQ>H$mMo à_mU j
58
CËnmXH$ hm CËnmXZ KoV AgVmZm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m AmXmZm§À`m _mÌm d Ë`mgmR>r òUmam
IM© `m ~m~tMm {dMma H$ê$Z CËnmXZ {df`H$ {ZU©` KoV AgVmo. CËnmXH$ Zoh_r CËnmXZIM© Ý`yZV_
R>odyZ _hÎm_ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. Aem Ý`yZV_ CËnmXZIMm©Mo q~Xy doJdoJù`m
CËnmXZ nmVù`m§Zm Xe©{dUmar Or aofm AWdm _mJ© AgVmo Ë`mg {dñVma aofm qH$dm {dñVma nW Ago
åhUVmV. CËnmXH$mg Oa A{YH$ gmYZgm_J«r CncãY Pmcr Va Ë`mMm dmna H$gm H$amdm ho {dñVmanWmdê$Z
g_OVo. `mdê$Z {d{eîQ> CËnmXZ-nmVirMm Ý`yZV_ IM© g§`moJhr cjmV òVmo. WmoS>Š`mV CËnmXZ
àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ dmnaco OmVmV Ë`m§À`m g§`moJmMm IM© hm {H$_mZ IM© g§`moJ
AgVmo. {dñVmanWmdarc Á`m q~XyOdi CËnmXZKQ>H$mÀ`m EH$m AmXmZmMo gr_mÝV _yë` CËnmXZ Ë`m
AmXmZmMm IM© ^ê$Z H$mT>Vo, Vmo q~Xy _hÎm_ Z\$m XoUmam q~Xy qH$dm n`m©ßV CËnmXZnmVir Xe©{dVmo.
{dñVmanWmMr g§H$ënZm AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.8 dê$Z cjmV òB©c.
darc AmH¥$Vr j Ajmda j KQ>H$m§Mo Va ` Ajmda ` KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU Xe©{dco Amho. AmH¥$VrV
"Ag' hm {dñVmanW AgyZ Vmo H¥$fr joÌmVrc Z,Z1 d Z2 `m CËnmXZnmVù`m§Mm {H$_mZ IM© g§`moJmÀ`m
q~XyVyZ Jococm Amho. CËnmXH$mg Oa H¥$fr CËnmXZdmT>rgmR>r OmXm g§gmYZo CncãY Pmcr Va n`m©ßV
_mÌoZo CËnmXZ dmT> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Aj d A` Ajmdarc AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mo g_mZ à_mU H$go
Cn`wŠV R>aVo hr ~m~ {dñVmanW g§H$ënZoVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo.
ñd`§ - AÜ``Z àíZ
A) {Xcoë`m n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nwÝhm {chm.
1. --------- hm H¥$fr AmXmZmVrc _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.
A) O{_Z ~) eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_V H$) A§VJ©V ì`mnma S>) {~-{~`mUo
2. H¥$fr joÌmV dmnacr OmUmar AmXmZo hr -------- AgVmV.
A) _hmJ ~) nañnan`m©`r H$) _m¡ë`dmZ S>) ñdñV
3. g_IM© aofm hr ----------- Ajm§Zm OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.
A) XmoZ ~) Mma H$) VrZ S>) nmM
4. ---------- Mm H$moZ H$ê$Z H$mT>cocm {dñVmanW hm eoVrg {H$\$m`Vera R>aVmo.
A) 250 ~) 500 H$) 450 S>) 900
1) H¥$fr joÌmV dmnacr OmUmar XmoZ AmXmZ gmYZo H$moUVr ?
2) nañnanyaH$ CËnmXZKQ>H$ åhUOo H$m` ?
59
3) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm n`m©ßV g§`moJ H$emg åhUVmV ?
4) {dñVmanWmMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm ?
2.2.3 : CËnmXZ g§`moJ (Product Combination)
A{cH$S>rc H$mimV OJmVrc ~hþVm§e XoemV H¥$fr joÌmV doJmZo ~Xc KSy>Z òV AmhoV eoVr
H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr d {nH$nÕVrV Am_wcmJ« ~Xc hmoVmZm {XgV AmhoV. eoVH$ar H$mhr {d{eîQ> àH$maMo
CËnmXZ g§`moJ {ZdS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. CXm. ^maVmV _hmamîQ´>, JwOamV, n§Om~, h[a`mUm, H$Zm©Q>H$
`m amÁ`mVrc eoVH$ardJ© {dMmamV KoVcm Va Vo H$moUVo CËnmXZ KoVrc `mMm A§XmO ì`ŠV H$aVm
òVmo. H$maU amÁ`mVrc CncãY eoVO_rZ, gmYZgm_J«r, gmo`r-gw{dYm {dMmamV KoD$Z Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>`m
{H$\$m`Vera R>aUmè`m H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Mr `mXr H$aVm òB©c. Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {d{dY CËnmXZ-g§`moJ
{ZdS>Uohr eŠ` hmoB©c.
H¥$fr joÌmV H$moUH$moUË`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoUo {H$\$m`Vera R>aoc hr ~m~ {d{dY KQ>H$m§da
Adc§~yZ AgVo. `m_Üò _w»`Ëdo eoVO_rZrMr àV, eoVH$è`mH$S>o CncãY AgUmar g§gmYZo, OcqgMZ
gw{dYm, Hw$ec _Zwî`~i, V§ÌkmZ, nVnwadR>m, H¥$fr AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vr, H¥$fr_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vr d
eoVH$è`mMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ `mgma»`m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1) CËnmXZ g§`moJmMr {ZdS>
CËnmXZ g§`moJmMr {ZdS> H$arV AgVmZm CËnmXZmg Amdí`H$ AgUmar AmXmZo d àXmZ KQ>mH$m§Mm
ghg§~§Y Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV dmnacr OmUmar AmXmZo d Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr H¥$fr
CËnmXZmMm EHy$U IM© Am{U eoVrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m CËnmXZmMo _yë` `m~m~VMm {dMma CËnmXZ
g§`moJ {ZdS>rgmR>r _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. CËnmXH$ hm gd©M {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ Z KoVm H$mhr R>am{dH$ {nH$m§MrM
{ZdS> H$aVmo. hr {ZdS> Ë`mÀ`m kmZmda d AZw^dmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo H¥$fr
joÌmVrc CËnmXZmMm g§`moJ hm ~è`mMdoim "{H$\$m`Vera' ÑîQ>rH$moUmnojm R>am{dH$ {nH$m§À`m {ZdS>rVyZ
{ZpíMV hmoV AgVmo.
` AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.9
H$
D$g Z1 n
A Z a j Jhÿ
60
H¥$frjoÌmV H$mhr {nHo$ hr nañna n`m©`r VgoM nañnanyaH$XoIrc AgVmV. H$mhr {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ
ho g§`wŠV ñdénmMo AgVo. Aem n[apñWVrV eoVH$ar Amnë`mH$S>o CncãY gmYZgm_J«rMm dmna hm
AË`§V Hw$ecVmnyd©H$ H$arV AgVmo. eoVH$è`mH$S>o O_rZ, nmUr, IVo `mgmaIr gmYZo _`m©{XV à_mUmV
CncãY Agë`mg Vmo {H$\$m`Vera CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ~r~tda cj H|${ÐV H$aVmo. Ë`m åhUOo
~mOmamVrc _mJUr-nwadR>m, X¡Z§{XZ Cn^moJmÀ`m JaOm B. chmZ d gr_m§V eoVH$ar H$mhr doim {d{dY
n«H$maÀ`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ {H$_mZ Amdí`H$ à_mUmV KodyZ g§`wŠV CËnmXZ nÕV ñdrH$maVmV.
H¥$fr joÌmV CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV {nHo$ O|ìhm nañna n`m©`r AgVmV Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m _Yrc
CËnmXZ g§~§YmV VrZ doJdoJio g§~§Y AmT>iyZ òVmV.
A) CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar gmYZgm_J«r dmnaV AgVmZm XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m CËnmXZmV g_mZ
XamMr n`m©`Vm AmT>iVo Aemdoir g_CËnmXZ aofodarc `mo½` Vmo g§`moJ CËnmXH$mg {ZdS>mdm cmJVmo.
CXm. eoVrV D$g d Jhy `m XmoZ nañnan`m©`r {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVmZm eoVH$è`mg Amnë`m _`m©{XV
`
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.10 : dmT>Ë`m CËnmXZ\$cmMr àd¥Îmr
H$
D$g
CËnmXZ Z
n
n1 Z1
A J J1 a j
Jhÿ CËnmXZ
AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m O{_ZrV `m XmoÝhr {nH$m§Mo g§`moJ {ZpíMV H$amdo cmJVmV. hr ~m~ AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr
H«$. 2.9 dê$Z ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
darc AmH¥$VrV D$g d Jhÿ hr XmoZ {nHo$ EH$_oH$mg n`m©`r AmhoV. gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m {d{eîQ>
n[aUm_mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Jhÿ `m {nH$mMo "Aa' ho n[aUm_ qH$dm D$g `m {nH$mMo "AH$' ho n[aUm_ KoVm
òVo. åhUOoM "H$a' `m aofodarc XmoÝhr {nH$m§Mo g§`moJ KoVm òVrc CXm Jhÿ `m {nH$mMo "AZ' ho
n[aUm_ Va D$g `m {nH$mMo "AZ,' ho n[a^mfm KoVm òB©c. "H$a' `m aofog "CËnmXZeŠ`Vm dH«$' Ago
åhUVmV.
61
~) CËnmXH$mMm H$c Oa gmYZgm_J«rMm n`m©ßV dmna H$ê$Z KoÊ`mH$S>o Agoc Va XmoZ {^ÝZ
àH$maÀ`m {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmV H$mhr doim dmT>Ë`m XamZo CËnmXZàd¥Îmr AmT>iVo. CXm. eoVH$ar Oa
Jhÿ d D$g `m XmoZ {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoV Agoc Va CncãY O{_ZrV Jhÿ `m {nH$mÀ`m ~m~VrV O|ìhm
` AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.11
KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ\$cmMr àd¥Îmr
AÝZYmÝò
H$
Z n
Q>
Z1
a
A j
ì`mnmar {nHo$
dmT>rMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. V|ìhm D$g `m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ H$_r H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Aemdoir
CËnmXZeŠ`Vm dH«$ `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo CËnmXZ KoVm òVo H$s ~m~ AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$.
2.10 À`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
darc AmH¥$VrV Aj Ajmda Jhÿ Va A` Ajmda D$g {nH$mMo CËnmXZ Xe©{dco Amho. Va H$a
hm CËnmXZeŠ`Vm dH«$ Amho. `m dH«$mdarc "Z' `m q~XyÀ`m g§`moJmdoir D$gmMo CËnmXZ A{YH$ Va
"Z1' `m q~XyÀ`m g§`moJmdoir D$gmMo CËnmXZ H$_r d JìhmMo CËnmXZ A{YH$ Aer pñWVr AmT>iVo.
H$) CËnmXZ à{H«$òVrc {Vgè`m eŠ`Vo_Üò CËnmXH$mg EH$m {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> KSy>Z
òV AgVmZm Xwgè`m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ ho H«$_e: KQ>V OmVo. CXm. EImÚm CËnmXH$mg eoVO{_ZrVyZ
AÝZYmÝò d ì`mnmar {nHo$ `m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVmZm Oa ì`mnmar {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmV dmT> KSy>Z òV
`
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.12 - g_-CËnÝZ aofm
CËnÝZ g_-CËnÝZaofm
A j KQ>H$ IM©
H$ S> B> \$ ^
62
AgVmZm, ì`mnmarH$aUmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmV H«$_e: KQ> hmoV Jococr {XgyZ
òVo. hr ~m~ AmnUmg AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.11 _Üò {XgyZ òVo.
darc AmH¥$VrV KQ>Ë`m XamZo n`m©`r {nH$mMo CËnmXZ KoV AgVmZm "H$a' `m g_CËnmXZ dH«$mdê$Z
CËnmXH$ S>mdrH$S>o OgOgm g§`moJ {ZdS>Vmo. VgVgo AÝZYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ KQy>Z n`m©`r ì`mnmar {nH$m§Mo
CËnmXZ dmT>V OmVmZm {XgyZ òVo.
2) n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ- (Optimum Product Combination)
CËnmXH$mg CËnmXZ{df`H$ {ZU©` hmoVmZm AmXmZ KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU, Ë`mda hmoUmam IM© d Ë`mÛmao
{_iUmao CËnÝZ `m§Mm _oi Kmcmdm cmJVmo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ñnYm©`wŠV CËnmXZmVyZ H$moUVm CËnmXZ
g§`moJ {ZdS>md`mMm hm àíZ {H$_mZ IM© g§`moJmBVH$mM _hÎdmMm Amho. CncãY gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m
gmhmæ`mZo _hÎm_ CËnÝZmVcr XoUmam CËnmXZ g§`moJ H$moUVm ho emoYUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r "g_-
CËnÝZ aofm' hr g§H$ënZm nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
darc AmH¥$VrV nmM g_-CËnÝZ aofm AmhoV. XmoZ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr {Xë`mZ§Va àËòH$ aofm CËnÝZmMr
{d{eîQ> nmVir Xe©{dVo. XmoÝhr Ajm§Zm N>oXUmar Ë`m-Ë`m CËnmXZmMr ~mOmamVrc qH$_V Xe©{dVo.
CËnÝZmMr àËòH$ nmVir g_-CËnÝZ aofodarc H$moUË`mhr CËnmXZ-g§`moJm_wio àmßV hmoUmao CËnÝZ Xe©{dVo.
àËòH$ COdrH$S>rc nwT>Mr aofm Am{YÀ`m aofonojm CËnÝZmMr dmT>Vr nmVir Xe©{dVo. g§gmYZmÀ`m
dmnam_wio Ago CËnmXZ-g§`moJ n«mßV ìhm`cm hdoV H$s Á`m_wio darc g_-CËnÝZ aofocm Vo IM© H$ê$
eH$Vrc. Ago CËnmXZ g§`moJ d Aer g_-CËnÝZ aofm "n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ' Xe©dy eH$VmV.
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV CËnmXZm~m~VMo {ZU©` KoVmZm CËnmXZ KQ>H$m_Yrc d CËnmXZmVrc ghg§~§Y
nañnan`m©`r AmhoV H$s nañnanyaH$ AmhoV `mMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. H¥$fr CËnmXZmV n`m©ßV à_mUmV
` AmH¥$Vr 2.13 : n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ

H$2
H$1
H$
b nr$
A d a a1 a2 j
63
g§`moJ gmYÊ`mgmR>r nyT>rc J¥hrV n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.
1) eoVH$è`mMo kmZ n[anyU© Amho. Ë`mZo CËnmXZ Ho$coë`m eoV_mcmg§~§Yr qH$dm ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$s
H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr Amdí`H$ Vr Vm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ _m{hVr Ë`mg Amho
2) Oo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV òVo Vo, Zâ`mÀ`m hoVyZo KoÊ`mV òVo.
3) AW©ì`dñWoMr pñWVr gd©gmYmaU ñdê$nmMr d pñWa AgVo.
4) CËnmXZ d qH$_V {ZpíMV Amho.
H¥$frjoÌmV _mÌ àË`jmV `mVrc H$moUVohr J¥hrV {dYmZ cmJy nS>V Zmhr. `m gd© J¥{hVm§da
AmYm[aV CËnmXZ g§`moJ {dMmamV KoVmZm AmOÀ`m ñnYm©`wŠV dmVmadUmV eoVr {H$\$m`Vera R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUVm CËnmXZg§`moJ Cn`wº$ R>aVmo `m~m~ MMm© H$aUo A{YH$ _hÎdmMo R>aVo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm BVa
ì`dgm`mà_mUo eoVrjoÌmV CËnmXZ g§`moJ {ZdS>VmZm {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IM© d H$_mc CËnmXZ àmßVr
ho XmoZ {ZH$f AË`§V _hÎdmMo _mZco OmdoV Aer YmaUm AgVo. eoVO{_ZrMo AmH$ma_mZ Oa _`m©{XV
Agoc Va CncãY g§gmYZmMm n`m©ßV _mÌoV CËnmXZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agm g§`moJ A{YH$ lo`ñH$a
R>aVmo. eoVH$è`m§H$S>o CncãY Agcoë`m O_rZ, nmUr, ^m§S>dc, _Oya, Vm§{ÌH$ AdOmao `m§Mm _hÎm_
dmna H$ê$Z OmoS>rcm Cƒ à{VÀ`m {~`mUm§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z CËnmXH$mZo ñdV: {ZU©` ¿`md`mMm AgVmo.
H$maU Ë`mÀ`mOdirc gmYZo hr nañna n`m©`r, nyaH$ d {damoYr Aem {d{dY ñdê$nmMr AgVmV.
Ë`mgmR>r CËnÝZ aofm d CËnmXZ dH«$ `m Xmohm§Mm {ZUm©`H$ g§`moJ KS>dyZ AmUßnmMo _hÎdmMo H$m`©
CËnmXH$mg H$amdo cmJVo. hr ~m~ AmnUmg nyT>rc H$moîQ>H$ H«$. 2.13 dê$Z ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
AmH¥$VrV VrZ g_-CËnÝZ aofm, Xe©{dë`m AmhoV. Ë`mVrc "cnrd' hm dH«$ aofm g_-gmYZ
qH$dm CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$ Xe©{dVo. "dm' `m q~XyOdi g_-CËnÝZ d CËnmXZ -eŠ`Vm dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm
ñne© H$aVmV. Am{U n`m©ßV g§`moJ gmYcm OmVmo. `m CËnmXZ g§`moJmMr {ZdS> `mo½` R>aVo. `m n`m©ßV
CËnmXZ g§`moJm_wio CËnÝZnmVir {_i{dÊ`mMr {H$_mZ IM© nÕVr g_OVo. hr CËnÝZnmVir ñne©
q~XyZo Xe©{dcr OmVo. daÀ`m CËnmXZ-nmVù`m g_-CËnmXZ aofocmhr ñne© H$ê$ eH$Vrc nU {VWn`ªV
CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ gmYZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. åhUOoM "nr' q~XyVrc CËnmXZ g§`moJ
hmM A{YH$ `mo½` d {H$\$m`Vera g§`moJ Amho.
2.2.3 CËnmXZ g§`moJ : CËnmXZ ghg§~§Y, n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ :
eoVr ì`dgm`mV {Za{Zamir AmXmZ gm_J«r dmnacr OmVo. `m_Üò gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo amgm`{ZH$
IVo, O§VwZmeHo$, OcqgMZmMr gmYZo, {dÎmnwadR>m, _Oya BË`mXr KQ>mH$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aVm òB©c. `m
gd© H¥$fr CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$m§_Üò nañnan`m©`r AmT>iVmV. IM© d Ë`mX²dmao hmoUmao CËnmXZ
`m_Üò ~è`mM doim g_Vmoc àñWm{nV Z Pmë`m_wio H¥$fr AmnÎmrMr Zm_wîH$s CËnmXH$m§da Zoh_rM
64
AmoT>dVo. Ë`mgmR>r H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV AmXmZm§Mm dmna d {d{dY AmXmZm§_Yrc Am§Vag§~§Y eoVr {dH$mgmg
nmofH$ Ago Agmdo cmJVmV.
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMr CËnmXH$Vm d n`m©ßV CËnmXZ _mÌm H$er dmT>dm`Mr? hm EH$ _wÔm `m joÌmV
M{M©cm OmV Amho. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc d H¥$fràYmZ amîQ´>mcmhr gw`mo½` H¥$fr YomaU R>a{dVm
Z Amë`m_wio CncãY O{_ZrVyZ _hÎm_ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV AZoH$ AS>MUr CX²^dV Amho. H¥$fr ì`dgm`
hm Zâ`mÀ`m hoVyZo H$amd`mMo R>a{dco Va AW©emñÌr` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ AmXmZm§Mm `mo½` dmna H$ê$Z
{H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©V H$_mc CËnmXZ nmVir JmR>Vm òVo. VWm{n {d{dY amîQ´>m§Vrc H¥$fr CËnmXH$m§À`m
g_ñ`m {dMmamV KoVë`mg dmñVd pñWVrV n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ àñWm{nV H$aUo AdKS> ~Zco Amho.
{edm` amîQ´>r` d Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda H¥$fr _mcmMr _mJUr d nwadR>m `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z H¥$fr
CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r ZdrZ "V§ÌkmZmMm n`m©ßV _mÌoZo dmna Ho$ë`mg eoVrVyZ n`m©ßV CËnmXZdmT> eŠ`
Amho. eoVr_Üò n`m©ßV CËnmXZo g§`moJ èñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr AW©emñÌmVrc Am{U {deofV: H¥$fr
CËnmXZ d¥X²YrVrc g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dyUH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgH$s` nmVirda ì`mnH$, cd{MH$ d AZwHy$c
YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mMr ZrVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
2.3 gmam§e - (Summary)
H¥$fr AW©emñÌm Aä`mg hm OJmVrc gd©M Xoem§Zm A{cH$S>o Cn`wŠV R>aVo Amho. eoVr ì`dgm`mVyZ
hmoUmao {d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ, Ë`mMo _yë` eoVrì`dgm`mÀ`m AmXmZ gm_J«rÀ`m qH$_VrVrc dmT>, n[aUm_r
H¥$fr CËnmXZ IMm©Vrc dmT> Am{U eoV _mcmÀ`m gmVË`mZo ~XcUmè`m d CËnmXH$mg {H$\$m`Vera Z
R>aUmè`m qH$_Vr ho H¥$fr AW©emñÌmR>o _hÎdmMo _wÔo R>aVmV. AW©emñÌr` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aVm
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ\$cmMm AZw^d Zoh_r àË``mg òVmo. ZdrZ CËnmXZV§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z
Am{U H¥$fr AmXmZm§Mm n`m©ßV dmna H$ê$Z CVßmXZmV H$mhr A§er dmT> KS>dyZ AmUVm òVo. VWm{n
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc XoemV H¥$frjoÌmV nwT>rc AmìhmZo {dMmamV KoVcr Va eoVr ì`dgm` {H$\$m`Vera
H$gm ~Zdm`Mm ? hm qMVZr` àíZ R>aVmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nwÝhm {chm.
1) ----------- hm CËnmXZ g§`moJ Xe©{dUmam KQ>H$ Amho.
A) {nH$nÕVr ~) df© H$) amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ S>) Z\$m àmßVr
2) CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo-------------- CËnmXZ \$cZmMr pñWVr Xe©{dcr
OmVo.
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A) KaË`m ~) pñWa H$) dmT>Ë`m S>) g_
3) ^maVmV eoVr CËnmXZ g§`moJmMr _mÌm ---------- Amho.
A) H$_Hw$dV ~) `mo½` H$) dmT>rd n`m©ßV
1) CËnmXZ g§`moJ åhUOo H$m` ?
2) n`m©ßV g§`moJmMm AW© gm§Jm ?
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX : (Key Words) :
1) CËnmXZ \$cZ - H¥$fr joÌmV CËnmXZ dmT> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmar AmXmZ
gm_J«r (O_rZ, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, ~r-{~`mUo ^m§S>dc, _Oya, `§Ìo B.) d Ë`mÛmao hmoUmao CËnmXZ
`m§À`m_Yrc Am§Vag§~§Ymg "CËnmXZ \$cZ' Ago åhUVmV.
2) AmXmZm§Mm n`m©ßV- eoVrjoÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m O_rZ, nmUrnwadR>m, IVo, ~r-{~`mUo,
O§VwZmeHo$, _Zwî`~i BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z CËnmXZ _hÎm_ à_mUmV dmT>{dUo.
3) g§gmYZ g§`moJ - eoVr ì`dgm`mVrc l_, ^y_r, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, `§Ìgm_J«r, ~r-{~`mUo
`m AmXmZm§Mm g§`moJ
4) KQ>H$ - KQ>H$ ghg§~§Y - H¥$fr joÌmV Cn`wŠV R>aUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§_Yrc (O_rZ,
nmUr, nVnwadR>m, `§Ì gm_J«r,{~`mUo B.) nañna g§~§Y
5) {dñVma nW - eoVrV {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {d{dY nmVù`m Xe©{dUmè`m q~Xy§Mm _mJ©
åhUOo "{dñVmanW' hmo`.
6) CËnmXZ g§`moJ -eoVr joÌmV {H$\$m`Vera R>aUmè`m d _hÎm_ CËnmXZ nmVir JmR>Ê`mÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo {ZdS>coë`m {nH$m§Mm g§`moJ.
7) n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ - H¥$fr joÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY AmXmZ gm_J«rMm n`m©ßV
dmna H$ê$Z {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IM© nmVirg H$_mc CËnmXZ {_idyZ XoUmè`m {d{dY {nH$m§Mm g§`moJ.
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to the objective questions) :
2.2.1. `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nwÝhm {chm :

1) CËnmXZ \$cZ ho AmXmZ d àXmZ `m§À`mVrc Am§Vag§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aVo.
2) KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV CËnmXZmMo H$mhr KQ>H$ pñWa d H$mhr ~XcVo AgVmV.
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3) KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmÀ`m 3 AdñWm AgVmV.
4) ^maVmV H¥$frjoÌmV ZdrZ V§ÌmMm dmna 1966 _Üò gd©àW_ H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm :
1) CËnmXZ KQ>H$ g_wXm`n¡H$s EH$m KQ>H$mMo à_mU dmT>{dÊ`mg {d{eîQ> q~XyZ§Va ~XcË`m CËnmXZ
KQ>H$m§Mo gr_m§V CËnmXZ àW_ d gamgar CËnmXZ Z§Va KQ>V OmVo.
2) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Vrc dmT>rnojm CËnmXZmV hmoUmar dmT> OmñV AgVo Voìhm dmT>Vo \$c AZw^dmg
òVmo.
3) amgm`{ZH$ IVo, ~r-{~`mUo, O§VwZmeHo$, `§Ìo hmo Zì`m V§ÌkmZmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.
4) àXyfU d Am{W©H$ {df_Vm ho Zì`m V§Ìm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m g_ñ`m AmhoV.
5) H¥$fr joÌmV AmXmZm§À`m n`m©ßV dmnamMr _`m©Xm 3 è`m AdñWoV CUo hmoVo.
2.2.2 A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nwÝhm {chm :
1) O_rZ hm H¥$fr AmXmZmVrc _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.
2) H¥$fr joÌmV dmnacr OmUmar AmXmZo hr nañna n`m©`r AgVmV.
3) g_IM© aofm hr XmoZ Ajam§Zm OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.
4) 45 A§e Mm H$moZ H$ê$Z H$mT>cocm {dñVmanW hm eoVrg {H$\$m`Vera R>aVmo.
1) ~r- {~`mUo d nmUr hr H¥$fr_Üò dmnacr OmUmar AmXmZ gmYZo AmhoV.
2) {nH$m§Mr {ZdS> d amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mr _mÌm Aem eoVr CËnmXZmV Cn`wŠV R>aUmao KQ>H$
nañnnwaH$ _mZco OmVmV.
3) {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©V H$_mc CËnmXZ nmVir JmR>Umam CËnmXZ g§`moJ n`m©ßV g§`moJ åhUyZ
AmoiIcm OmVmo.
4) H¥$fr joÌmV {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©Mo q~Xy Xe©{dUmè`m {d{dY CËnmXZ nmVù`m§Zm OmoS>Umè`m
aofog "{dñVma nW' Ago åhUVmV.
2.2.3 `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSyZ dmŠò nwÝhm {chm.
1) {nH$nX²YVr hm CËnmXZ g§`moJ Xe©{dUmam KQ>H$ Amho.
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2) CËnmXZ eŠ`Vm dH«$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cZmMr {ñWVr Xe©{dcr OmVo.
3) ^maVmV eoVr CËnmXZ g§`moJmMr _mÌm H$_Hw$dV Amho.
1) H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m n`m©ßV _mÌogmR>r {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm d AmXmZm§Mm g§`moJ åhUOo
CËnmXZ g§`moJ hmo`.
2) {H$_mZ CËnmXZ IMm©V H$_mc CËnmXZmMr nmVir JmR>Umam g§`moJ hm n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ
hmo`.
2.6. gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
A) Q>rnm {chm
1) CËnmXZ \$c 2) CËnmXZ \$cZmÀ`m AdñWm
3) KQ>H$-KQ>H$ ghg§~§Y 4) n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ
~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ :
1) KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cZmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m g§X^m©V {dícofU H$am.
2) g§gmYZm§Mm g§`moJ hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$ê$Z H¥$fr joÌmVrc CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m nañnan`m©`r
nañnanyaH$ d n`m©ßV KQ>H$ g§`moJm§Mo {d{dMoZ H$am.
3) CËnmXZ g§`moJ åhUOo H$m`? H¥$fr joÌmVrc {d{dY CËnmXZ g§`moJmMo dU©Z H$ê$Z {dñVmanWmMr
^y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$am.
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1) àm. gm¡. n§{S>V em§Vm/S>m°. nmQ>rc crcm "H¥$fr AW©emñÌmMr _ycVÎdo' _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr
_§S>i, ZmJnya àW_d¥Îmr, 1980
2) "H¥$fr AW©emñÌ E_. E. ^mJ 1 Aä`mg n{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ - 1 _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>, Xya{ejU {d^mJ,
2012
3) S>m°. KmQ>Jo/S>m°. dmdao ""^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm {Zamcr àH$meZ, nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr 2010.
4) "H¥$fr AW©emñÌ' E_. E. ^mJ 1 Xya{ejU {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya, àW_md¥Îmr
2011.
5) àm. amÌocH$a E. Ama. "gyú_ AW©emñÌ' {dÚm ~wH$g n{ãceg©, Am¡a§Jm~mX, àW_md¥Îmr 2008.
> ØØØ
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eoVr Am{U CÚmoJ
(Agriculture & Indnstry )
àñVmdZm :
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo_Üò eoVr joÌ ho CÚmoJ joÌmMo AmXmZ joÌ Amho. {d{dY CÚmoJm§gmR>rMo
Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V ho gd©gmYmaU ñdénmMo Agë`mZo Vo eoVr joÌmcm XoIrc cmJy hmoVmV, Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo. na§Vw eoVr ì`dgm`mVrc AZoH$ {H«$`m `m {d{eîQ> Aem n[apñWVrV nma nmS>mì`m cmJVmV.
Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌm{df`rMo {gÕm§V ho VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVr d nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrda AmYm[aV AgVmV.
`mM _w»` H$maUm_wio eoVr d CÚmoJ `m§_Üò \$aH$ {XgyZ òVmo. àm. H$mohoZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""H¥$fr d
CÚmoJ `m XmoÝhr joÌm§_Üò _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m _Üò _wc^yV \$aH$ {XgyZ òVmo. Ë`m_wio EImÚm gd©
gmYmaU CÚmoJg§ñWocm AW©emñÌmMo Oo {Z`_ cmJy nS>VmV; Vo H¥$fr AW©emñÌmcm cmJy nS>V ZmhrV.
eoVr d CÚmoJ joÌmMr {d{dY H$m`} d hr XmoÝhr joÌo KoV Agcocr CËnmXZo `m XmoZ _w»` JmoîQ>r
ZOaog_moa R>oD$Z `m XmoÝhr joÌm§Vrc \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
A) H$m`m©da AmYm[aV \$aH$
~) CËnmXZmda AmYm[aV \$aH$.
A) H$m`m©da AmYm[aV \$aH$:-
H$m`m©déZ H¥$fr d CÚmoJ `m§_Üò H$m`m©da AmYm[aV \$aH$ nyT>rc ~m~VrV \$aH$ {XgyZ òVmo.
1) KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMm {Z`_ :-
eoVr joÌm_Üò KQ>Ë`m Va CÚmoJ joÌm_Üò dmT>Ë`m \$cmMm {Z`_ àË``mcm òVmo. CÚmoJmÀ`m
VwcZoV eoVr joÌm_Üò KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$cmMm {Z`_ à^mdrnUo àË``mcm òÊ`mMr à_wI H$maUo nyT>rcà_mUo-
1) eoVr ì`mdgm` hm àm_w»`mZo {ZgJm©da Adc§~yZ AgVmo. Am{U Aem {ZgJm©_Üò Amnë`mcm
hdm Vgm AZwHy$c ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUVm òZo hr _mUgmÀ`m j_VoÀ`m ~mhoarc JmoîQ> Amho. `mD$cQ>
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrc dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ ho nyU©nZo {ZgJm©da Adc§~wZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Oa Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV
CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU H«$_e: dmT>{dV Zoco Va CËnmXZmVhr Ë`m à_mUmV dmT> KSy>Z òVo.
2) eoVO_rZrVyZ Oa gmVË`mZo AÝZYmÝ` d BVa {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoV Jocmo Va Ë`m eoVO_rZrMr
gynrH$Vm H$mcm§VamZo KQ>V OmVo. Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌm_Üò KQ>Ë`m gr_m§V Cn`moJrVoMm {Z`_ àË``mcm
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òVmo.
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr joÌm_Üò l_[d^mJUr Am{U {deofrH$aU H$aÊ`mg _`m©Xm
nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio eoVr_Yrc CËnmXH$VoV hmoUmar dmT>> hr dmT>Ë`m \$cmZo hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
4) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm_Üò Á`mà_mUo {dñVm[aH$aUmVyZ `m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mg Omo dmd AgVmo Vgm
eoVr joÌm_Üò \$maM Šd{MV {XgyZ òVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌm_Üò Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmgmaIr CËnmXZ dmT>
{XgyZ òV Zmhr.
5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr joÌmMr ì`mnH$Vm Am{U {dñVma nmhVm Ë`m§Mr `mo½` XoIaoI,
{ZarjU, {Z`§ÌU d ì`dñWmnU H$aÊ`mda _`m©Xm òVmV.
2) {ZgJm©darc Adc§{~Ëd :-
eoVr joÌmVrc CËnmXZmMo ñdén ho {ZgJm©À`m AZwHw$c qH$dm à{VHy$c n[apñWVrda nyU©nUo Adc§~yZ
Agë`mZo `m joÌmV A{ZpíMVVoMr pñWVr H$m`_ {XgyZ òVo Ë`m_wio CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV eoVH$è`mcm
OmñV YmoH$m nËH$amdm cmJVmo. `mCcQ> {ZgJm©À`m AZwHw$cVoMm qH$dm à{VHw$cVoMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmda
\$magm n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.
3) A{ZpíMVVm :-
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr joÌmV CËnmXZ d qH$_Vr_Üò gVV MT>-CVma hmoV AgVmV.
Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmcm H$_r YmoHo$ nËH$amdo cmJVmV. eoVr joÌm_Yrc
A{V{Z{íMVVoMr à_wI H$maUo nyT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm òVmV.
1) eoVrVrc CËnmXZmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr d CËnmXZmMo à_mU ho {ZgJm©Mr AZwHw$cVm dm àVrHy$cVoda
Adc§~yZ AgVmV. Ag_Vmoc nmD$g, AZmd¥îQ>r, AVrd¥îQ>r, nya, W§S>rMr cmQ>, JmanrQ> B. à{VHw$c
H$maUm§Zr eoVr CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {dH«$s`mo½` eoV_mcmÀ`m à_mUmV A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U
hmoVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vrdahr hmoV AgVmo.
2) eoVr joÌm_Üò eoVr CËnmXH$m§Mr g§»`m BVH$s àM§S> AgVo H$s, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr CËnm{XV
Ho$coë`m eoV_mcmMr {ZpíMV AmH$S>odmar {_iUo H$R>rU AgVo. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm_Üò CËnmXZ
H$aUmè`m§Mr g§»`m, Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V Ho$co OmUmao EHw$U CËnmXZ `m§Mr nyU© d ImÌrera _m{hVr CncãY
AgVo. Aem àH$mao eoV_mcmMm nyadR>m hm A{ZpíMV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m qH$_VrV gVV MT>-CVma
hmoV AgVmV.
3) eoVr joÌmV CËnm{XV hmoUmam _mc hm _mZdmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV AË`§V _hÎdmMm Agë`mZo
emgZm_m\©$V doimodoir Ë`mMo CËnmXZ, {dVaU, qH$_Vr B. ~m~VÀ`m YmoaUm§_Üò gVV ~Xc Ho$co
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OmVmV. n[aUm_r eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZm§À`m {dH«$sVyZ {_iUmao CËnÝZ ho gVV A{ZpíMV AgVo.
n[aUm_r eoVr joÌm_Üò A{ZpíMVVm {XgyZ òVo.
4) CËnmXZ à_mU :-
gd©gmYmaUnUo eoVr ì`mdgm` hm N>moQ>çm à_mUmda _mÌ AVr {dñV¥V ^mJm_Üò Ho$cm OmVmo.
`mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrc CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$co OmVo. n[aUm_r eoVrÀ`m VwcZoV Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmXZm§Mr ZJg§»`m hr OmñV AgVo.
5) CËnmXZmVrc g_`m§Va : (Time lag in Production) :-
eoVr joÌmVrc CËnmXZ ho EH$m {ZpíMV H$mcmdYrV hmoV AgVo. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZmMm EH$
R>am{dH$ H$mi cmdm cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr CËnmXZmMm h§Jm_ AWdm H$mcmdYr `mV ~Xc H$aUo
ghgm eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVw§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r cmJUmam H$mcmdYr hm CËnmXH$mÀ`m
{Z`§ÌUmImcr AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm CËnmXZmMm H$mcmdYr H$_r-OmñV H$éU Ë`mZygma CËnmXZm_Üò
dmT> AWdm KQ> H$aVm òVo. _mÌ H$mhr H¥$fr CXmhaUm§_Üò g_`m§VaUmZo (Time lag) H$m°a - doZ
à_o` (Cob-web Theorm) Zygma KSy>Z òVo. newnmcZ AWdm \$im§Mo CËnmXZ KoV AgVmZm H$mhr
{d{eîQ> H$mcI§S> Omdm cmJVmo. n[aUm_r Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZm_Üò MH«$s` ñdénmMo ~Xc KSy>Z òV
AgVmV. {d{dY H¥$fr CËnmXZm§_Üò KSy>Z òUmao ho M{H«$` ~Xc ho EH$gmaIo ZgVmV. H$m°a-doZ à_o`
hr JmoîQ> ñnîQ> H$aVo H$s, eoVr _mcmMr _mJUr VgoM nwadR>m hm g_Vmoc q~Xyda {ZpíMV hmoV ZgyZ
Vmo Ë`mÀ`m da -Imcr Hw$R>oVar R>aV AgVmo.
* H$m°a-doZ à_o`mÀ`m doJdoJù`m pñWVr :-

H|${Ð` (Convergent) A{^gmar AWdm {dH|${ÐV (Divergent), àdmhr (Continuous) OmñV
H$éZ _Y_mí`m§À`m nmoù`m§à_mUo AgVmV. `m à_o`mZygma O|ìhm EImÚm eoVH$è`mcm EImÚm eoVr
CËnmXZmnmgyZ OmñV \$m`Xm hmoVmo, V|ìhm Vmo Ë`m dñVw CËnmXZmV OmñV ag KoD$Z Ë`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ
joÌ d à_mU dmT>{dVmo. n[aUm_r Ë`m eoV_mcmMo EHw$U CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. d `m dmT>rd CËnmXZmÀ`m
X~mdmVyZ nwadR>m dmT>Vmo d dmT>Ë`m nwadR>çmZo H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr KQ>VmV. AemàH$mao O|ìhm
qH$_Vr KQ>VmV V|ìhm VmoM eoVH$ar nyT>rc h§Jm_mV Ë`m H¥$fr dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmMo joÌ H$_r H$aVmo.
n[aUm_r Ë`m H¥$fr _mcmMo CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. CËnmXZ KQ>co H$s nwadR>m KQ>Vmo. nwadR>çmÀ`m VwcZoV
_mJUr dmT>Vo Am{U `m dmT>Ë`m _mJUrÀ`m X~mdmZo qH$_Vr nwÝhm dmTy> cmJVmV. AmVm `m nwÝhm
dmT>coë`m qH$_Vr nmhwZ eoVH$ar Ë`m dñVw§Mo OmñVrVOmñV CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. na§Vw
H$mhr H¥$fr CËnmXZo Aer AgVmV H$s, Á`m§À`m CËnmXZmMm EH$ {ZpíMV Agm H$mcmdYr AgVmo.
Vmo {ZpíMV H$mcmdYr nyU© Pmë`mZ§VaM Ë`mMo CËnmXZ hmoVo. CXm. \$im§Mo CËnmXZ, ho 2 Vo 5
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dfm]_Üò, XwYmÀ`m OZmdam§gmR>r 4 df}, ~H$ar nmcZmcm 2 df} bmJVmV Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m `m H$mcmd{YV
_mÌ qH$_Vr_Üò MT>-CVma hmoVM amhVmV. AemàH$mao eoV_mcmÀ`m dñVw§À`m CËnmXZmMo à_mU AmUr
Ë`m§À`m qH$_VtMo ñdê$n `mVrc MT>-CVma ho gVV hmoVM AgVmV. `m AdñWoV H¥$fr _mcmÀ`m
g§X^m©Vrc qH$_VtMm {d{eîQ> Agm g§VwcZ q~Xy {ZpíMV hmoUo eŠ` ZgVo.
6) qH$_Vt_Yrc ~Xcm§gmo~VM CËnmXZmVrc g_m`moOZ :-
Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr CËnmXZm§À`m qH$_Vr_Üò KSy>Z òUmao ~Xc ho A{YH$ doJmZo
hmoV AgVmV. eoVr CËnmXZm§À`m qH$_Vr_Yrc ho ~Xc cjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZm_Üò dmT> AWdm
KQ> KSdyU AmUVm òVmV. AemàH$mao H¥$fr joÌm_Üò Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV qH$_VrVrc MT>-
CVma cjmV KoD$Z CËnmXZmMo g_m`moOZ gmYVm òV Zmhr.
7) ObX {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr JaO :-
eoVr joÌm_Üò eoV_mcmMo CËnmXZ, {Z`§ÌU, {dH«$s, Jw§VdUwH$, nwadR>m, AmXmZm§Mr _mcH$s CËnmXZ
IM©, qH$_VrMm {ZU©` `m JmoîQ>t cJoM R>adyZ {ZU©` ¿`mdm cmJVmo. H$maU Ago {ZU©` Oa {d{eîQ>
doioV KoVco Joco ZmhrV Va Ë`mMm _moR>m \$Q>H$m `m ì`mdgm`mcm ~gVmo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV _mÌ Aer
n[apñWVr ZgVo. Ë`m§Zm Amnco {ZU©`, YmoaUo, ì`whaMZm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r, {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyaogm doi
CncãY AgVmo.
8) l_ -{d^mJUr :-
gd©gmYmaUnUo eoVr ì`mdgm` hm N>moQ>çm à_mUmda Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_yio `m ì`dgm`mV {deofrH$aU
AmUr l_{d^mJUrÀ`m VwÎdm§Mm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mg \$maM H$_r dmd AgVmo. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m
{demc AmH$mam_wio VoWo {deofrH$aU Am{U l_{d^mJUrÀ`m VÎdm§Mm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mg \$ma Mm§Jcm
dmd AgVmo.
9) {dÎmnwadR>m :-
eoVr _Yrb CËnmXZ ho A{ZpíMV ñdénmMo, à{XK© H$mcmdYrMo d A{YH$$ OmoI_rMo Agë`mZo
{dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm eoVr joÌmcm H$O© XoÊ`mg \$maem, BpÀN>H$ ZgVmV. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$
joÌmVrc CËnmXZm§~m~V {ZpíMVVm Agë`mZo CËnmXZmMm H$mcI§S> hm eoVr joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV Aën
AgVmo. VgoM `m joÌmV OmoIr_ XoIrc H$_r Agë`mZo {dÎmr` joÌmVrc g§ñWm Ë`m§Zm H$O} Úm`cm
ghO nyR>o òVmV. AemàH$mao eoVr joÌmnojm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmcm VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm OmXm {dÎmnwadR>m
CncãY hmoVmo.
10) OmoIr_ {d_m :
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr joÌm_Üò A{ZpíMVVm OmñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌmVrc
YmoŠ`mMm AWdm OmoI_rMm A§XmO ~m§YVm òUo AdKS> AgVo. n[aUm_r "eoVrMo {d_m joÌ' ho OmñV
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à_mUmV {dH${gV hmoÊ`m_Üò _`m©Xm òVmV. _mÌ `mD$cQ>, Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm_Yrc CËnm{XV dñVy§À`m
g§X^m©V OmoIr_ ~m~VMm {d_m H$mT>Vm òVmo.
11) ì`dgm`mMo ñdén :-
eoVH$è`m§gmR>r eoVr ì`dgm` hm OrdZ OJÊ`mMm EH$ à_wI gmYZ Amho. Va CÚmoOH$m§gmR>r
CÚmoJ ho gmYZ Amho. _§XrgÑí` Am{U VmoQ>m hmoV AgVmZmhr eoVH$ar Amncm eoVr ì`dgm` H$aUo
gmoS>V Zmhr. `mD$cQ> CÚmoOH$mcm Ë`mMm ì`dgm` VmoQ>çmMm dmQy> cmJVmo V|ìhm Vmo Amncm ì`dgm`
~§X H$aVmo. AemàH$mao Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr joVm_Üò pñWVrercVm OmñV à_mUmV AgVo.
~) CËnmXZ ñdénmda AmYm[aV \$aH$ :-
CËnmXZ ñdénmdéZ {XgyZ òUmao eoVr d CÚmoJ `m§À`mVrc \$aH$ nyT>rcà_mUo -
1) g§`wŠV CËnmXZ:-
eoVr joÌmVrc CËnmXZ ho g§`wŠV ñdénmMo AgVo. åhUOo _w»` CËnmXZmgmo~VM H$mhr Cn-CËnmXZo
(by Products) gwÕm Ë`m_Üò àmßV hmoVmV. CXm. Jìhm gmo~V ^ygm, Vm§Xim gmo~V H$Zr {edm` eoVr
_Üò {d{dY àH$maMr _rl nrHo$ XoIrc KoVm òVmV. CXm. Jhþ Am{U dmQ>mÊ`mgmo~V OdgmMo nrH$, Ádmar
gmo~V S>mirMr nrHo$ KoVm òVmV. {edm` eoVr _Üò AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmgmo~VM newnmcZ, Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ,
_Yw_IrH$m nmcZ B. H$aVm òVo. Aem doir eoVH$è`mZo EH$mM {nH$mVrc XmoZ KQ>H$ (Jhy d Odg)
qH$dm EH$mM eoVmV noacocr XmoZ nrHo$ (Jhÿ d Odg) qH$dm EH$mMo eoVH$è`mMo XmoZ ì`dgm` (AÝZYmÝ`m§Mo
nrH$ AmUr newnmcZ) `m gdmªMm EH$mM doir O_m IM© R>odUo AdKS> OmVo.
Aem doir H$moUË`m CËnmXZmcm {H$Vr IM© Amcm Am{U H$moUË`m CËnmXZmnmgyZ Zo_Ho$ {H$Vr
CËnmXZ {_imco ho doJdoJù`m àH$mao ñnîQ> hmoV Zmhr. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZm§_Üò Ago g§`wŠV
CËnmXZ \$ma H$_r AgVo. `m_yio eoVr joÌmer VwcZm H$aVm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrc CËnmXZ IMm©Mr
ñnîQ> H$cmUm qH$dm A§XmO ~m§YVm òVmV.
2) H¥$fr CËnmXZmMo {ZgJm©darc Adc§[~Ëd :-
eoVrMo CËnmXZ ho EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>m_Üò àmßV hmoV AgVo. VgoM eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm hr
hdm_mZmda Adc§~wZ Agë`mZo à{VHw$c AWdm AZwHy$c hdm_mZmMm Ë`mda n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
3) eoVrMo h§Jm_r ñdén :-
eoVrMr CËnmXZo hr EH$m R>am{dH$ H$mimV CËnm{XV hmoVmV. n[aUm_r Ë`m {d{eîQ> h§Jm_mV Ë`m
nrH$mMo CËnmXZ Mm§Jco Am{U OmñV hmoVo. n[aUm_r Ë`mMm Ë`m {d{eîQ> h§Jm_mnyaVm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo.
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Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVw§À`m CXmhaZm~m~V _mÌ Agm EH$mM {d{eîQ> h§Jm_mnyaVm nwadR>m dmT>V Zmhr. Ë`m§Mm
nwadR>m hm df©â g_mZ AgVmo.
4) dñVw§À`m JwUmË_H$ XOm©Vrc \$aH$ :-
eoVrÀ`m CËnmXZmda O_rZ, hdm Am{U nmUr `m§Mm \$ma _moR>m à^md AgVmo. {d{dY {R>H$mUMo
{^ÝZ hdm_mZ; {^ÝZ {R>H$mUÀ`m O{_ZrÀ`m gwnrH$VoVrc \$aH$, {^ÝZ {R>H$mUm§V d n[apñWVrV nmÊ`mÀ`m
CncãYVoVrc \$aH$ `mMm eoVr CËnmXZm§À`m JwUdÎmoda n[aUm_ hmoD$Z EH$mM nrH$m_Üò JwUmË_H$ ôX
AmT>iy òVmo. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm_Yrc dñVw§À`m JwUmË_H$ XOm©_Üò Agm \$aH$ {XgyZ òV Zmhr.
JwUmË_H$Ñï>çm CËnmXZm_Üò Ë`m g_mZ {XgyZ òVmV.
5) {dH«$s IMm©Vrc \$aH$ :-
eoVH$ar Amnë`m eoVm_Üò {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoV AgVmo. na§Vw àËòH$ CËnmXZmg
{_iUmar {H§$_V H$_r Agë`mZo Z\$m H$_r amhVmo. EHw$U {dH«$s IM© OmñV òVmo. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$
joÌm_Üò EH$mM dñVwMo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmda KoVco OmVo. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ ZJm_Yrc Z\$m OmñV
AgVmo Am{U {dH«$s IM© KQ>V OmVmo.
6) Zmed§V dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ :-
eoV_mc \$maM H$_r H$mcmdYrV Iam~ qH$dm Zmed§V hmoUmam AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr gmR>dUwH$
\$ma H$mi H$aVm òV Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZo hr gd©gmYmaUnUo cJoM Iam~ hmoUmar Zgë`m_wio
Ë`mMr _moR>çm à_mUmda gmR>dUwH$ H$éZ R>odVm òVo.
7) CËnm{XV _mcmMo dOZ :-
eoV_mcmMo dOZ d AmH$ma_mZ ho OmñV AgVo Ë`m OmñV OmJm XoIrc ì`mnVmV. CXm. JdV,
H$mnyg, Á`yQ>, _raMr, ^wB©_wJ B. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVyMo dOZ VwcZoZo H$_r AgVo. VgoM Ë`m
H$_r OmJm ì`mnVmV. n[aUm_r eoVr CËnmXZmMr gmR>dUwH$ d dmhVyH$ `m§da Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZm§nojm
OmñV IM© òVmo.
8) CËnm{XV _mcmMm nwadR>m :-
eoV_mcmMm nwadR>m hm A{ZpíMV d A{Z`_rV AgVmo. `mD$cQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§Mm nwadR>m hm
{ZpíMV d {Z`_rV AgVmo.
9) CËnmXZmÀ`m _mJUrMr cd{MH$Vm :-
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eoVrMo CËnmXZ ho _w»`V: OrdZmdí`H$ dñVwMr AWdm JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$co OmVo.
n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mr _mJUr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m VwcZoV Acd{MH$ AgVo.
10) CËnm{XV dñVy§À`m qH$_VrVrc ~Xc :-
Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVw§À`m VwcZoV H¥$fr _mcmÀ`m qH$_VrV hmoUmao MT>-CVma ho Am{YH$ à_mUmV hmoV
AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a eoVrÀ`m CËnmXZmV ghO ~Xc XoIrc KSy>Z òVmV. n[aUm_r eoVr CËnmXZm§À`m
qH$_Vr_Üò h§Jm_r VgoM M{H«$` ~Xc KSy>Z òV AgVmV. eoV_mcmMo CËnmXZ _w»`Ëdo h§Jm_r ñdénmMo
AgVo Ë`m_wio {d{eîQ> h§Jm_mV H$mhr eoV_mcmMr ~mOmanoR>oVrc AmdH$ dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio H$mnUr Z§Va
Ë`m eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vr AmnmoAmn KQ>VmV d h§Jm_ g§nVmM Ë`m nwÝhm dmTy> cmJVmV. `mVyZ H¥$fr
CËnmXZm§À`m qH$_Vr§Vrc MT>-CVmam§Mo MH«$ Mmcw amhVo, VgoM hr eoVr CËnmXZo Zmed§V Agë`mZo
H$mnZrZ§Va ~mOmamVrc Ë`m§Mr AmdH$ EH$X_ dmT>ë`mZo Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr KQ>VmV. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m Zmed§VnUm_wio
Ë`m§Mr gmR>dUwH$ H$éZ KQ>V OmUmar qH$_V H$moUrhr amIw eH$V Zmhr. H$mhr H¥$fr CËnmXZm§_Üò
M{H«$` ~Xc KSy>Z òVmV H$maU, Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZmMm EH$ {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYr R>acocm AgVmo. `m
{d{eîQ> H$mcmYrXaå`mZ qH$_VrV Pmcoë`m MT>-CVmam§er Ë`m dñVw§À`m nwadR>çmMo g_m`moOZ gmYVm
òV Zmhr. Ago {H$§_VrVrc M{H«$` ~Xc Ë`mM dñVw§À`m qH$_VrV hmoVmV H$s, Á`m dñVw§À`m _mJUr
nwadR>çmV ËdarV g_m`moOZ gmYVm òV Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ _mÌ h§Jm_r ñdénmMo ZgwU
Vo df©â gVV KoVco OmVo. Ë`m_wio qH$_VrVrc ~Xcm§Zwgma Ë`m§À`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmV ËdarV g_m`moOZ
gmYVm òVo. Ë`m_wio gmhm{OH$M Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVw§À`m qH$_Vr_Üò h§Jm_r d M{H«$` ñdénmMo ~Xc
hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm \$maM H$_r AgVo.
g_mamon :-
H¥$fr ì`mdgm` hm AemàH$maMm AgVmo H$s, Á`m_Üò AZoH$ {Zaja, éT>ràr`, Ag§KQ>rV Ago
eoVH$ar _moR>çm à_mUmda Amnë`m N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm eoVm§da na§namJV l_àYmZ nÕVrZo Amncr CnOrdrH$m
MmcdrVmV. {ZgJm©darc Adc§~rËdm_wio `m ì`dgm`mVrc A{ZpíMVVm Am{U YmoHo$ dmT>V OmVmV.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ ho _mÌ H¥$frÀ`m VwcZoV H$_r OmoI_rMo Am{U ~è`mn¡H$s {ZpíMVVm AgUmao
AgVo. {edm` ho joÌ ~è`mn¡H$s g§KQ>rV AgVo. n[aUm_r gd©gmYmaU AW©emñÌmMo {Z`_ AWdm,
{gÕm§V CÚmoJ joÌmcm Ogo V§VmoV§V cmJy nS>VmV. Vgo Vo eoVr joÌmcm cmJy nS>V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio eoVr
joÌmÀ`m ñdénmZygma Am{U d¡{eîQ`mZwgma Ë`mV H$mhr ~Xc H$amdo cmJVmV.
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AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr CËnmXZmMr d¡{eîQ>ò
(Features of Modern Agricultural Production)
àñVmdZm-
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _mZdr OrdZmVrc EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJ åhUOo eoVr ì`dgm` AgyZ Vmo \$ŠV
CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ ZgyZ OJÊ`mMr EH$ nÕV Am{U gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dmagm ~UyZ Jococm Amho. _mÌ OJm_Üò
d¡km{ZH$ ~Xc hmoV Joco. ^yJmoc, IJmocemñÌ, agm`ZemñÌ, A^`m§ÌrH$sMm {dH$mg hmoV Jocm. Ë`m_wio
Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMo dmao doJmZo dmhÿ cmJco. ^m¡VrH$ OJÊ`mVrc {ñWaVm OmD$Z Vo A{YH$ JVr_mZ ~ZV
Joco. dñVw§Mr nañna XodmU-KodmU gwb^ hmoD$Z Zd-Zì`m ~mOmanoR>m Cä`m amhrë`m. ì`ŠVrJV Am[U
KaJwVr Cn^moJ CËnmXZmMr OmJm _hmH$m` CÚmoJm§Zr KoVcr. nydu eoVr hmM H$Um Agcocr AW©ì`dñWm
AmVm eoVr, CÚmoJ Am{U godm joÌm§À`m nm`m§da C^m amhrcm. n[aUm_r eoVr ì`mdgm`mMo ñdén, Ë`mVrc
CXmhaUmÀ`m nÕVr Am{U V§Ìo, Ë`m§Mr {dH«$s ì`dñWm CÚmoJmVrc Ë`mMo ñWmZ, CËnmXZ IM©, Ë`mgmR>rMo
CËnmXZ KQ>H$ `m§_Üò AmYw{ZH$Vm òV Jocr. eoVr CËnmXZm_Üò AcrH$S>À`m H$mimV A{Ve` R>iH$nUmZo
{XgyZ òUmar AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZmMr d¡{eîQ>ò nwT>rcà_mUo :-
A) CËnmXZ H$m`m©er g§~§YrV d¡{eï>ò
~) ~mOmanoR>oer qH$dm {dH«$s ì`dñWoer g§~§YrV d¡{eîQ>ò.
A) CËnmXZ H$m`m©er g§~§YrV d¡{eîQ>`¡ :-
àm_w»`mZo 18 ì`m eVH$mVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Am{U d¡km{ZH$ emoYm§_wio BVa joÌmà_mUoM
`mMo \$m`Xo eoVr joÌmcm _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmco. Ë`mVyZ eoVr joÌm_Üò Oo ~Xc KS>V Joco Ë`mVrc
CËnmXZmÀ`m {d{dY H$m`m©_Üò AZoH$ d¡{eï>`nyU© JmoîQr KS>V Joë`m, Ë`m nyT>rcà_mUo :-
1) nma§nm[aH$ AdOmam§EodOr `m§ÌrH$sH$aUmMm Adc§~ :-
AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr CËnmXH$Vm nÕVt_Üò OyÝ`m d na§namJV AdOmam§Mm CXm. Zm§Ja, Hw$id, Am¡V-
H$mR>r B. Mm dmna Z H$aVm cmoI§S>r, Zm§Ja _iUr- H$mnUr `§Ì, \$dmaUr `§Ì, Amem AmYw{ZH$ d
{H$\$m`Vera gmYZm§Mm dmna hmoD$ cmJcm. `mVwZ eoVH$è`m§Mm doi, l_ d n¡gm dmMw cmJcm. CËnmXZm_Üò
JwUmË_H$ d g§»`mË_H$ dmT> hmoD$ cmJcr.
2) _mVr n[ajUmMo Zdo V§ÌkmZ :-
nyduMo eoVH$ar Amho Ë`m O{_Zr_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ IVm§Mm dmna H$éZ {nH$ KoV nU eoVr ì`mdgm`mVrc
O_rZ' `m pñWa d _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$m§Zr CXmhaUmVrc ^y{_H$m cjmV KoD$Z AcrH$S>o "_mVr n[ajUmX²dmao
76
"O_rZrMm nmoV (gm_w) Ë`mVrc nmofH$ YmÝ`m§Mo n«_mU `m§Mm emñÌewÕ Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mZwgma O{_ZrV
H$moUVr {nHo$ ¿`mdrV, KoD$ ZòV, H$moUVr IVo d {H$Vr à_mUmV Úmdr. `mMr EH$ g§{hV V`ma
Pmcr. Á`m_wio IVo, ~r-~r`mUo, nmUr B. Mm n`m©ßV dmna hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr.
3) H$_r H$mcmdYr d Cƒ n¡Xmg AgUmè`m ~r`m§Um§Mm emoY:-
AmYw{ZH$ eoVr CËnmXZmMm EH$ _hÎdnyU© ^mJ åhUOo H¥$fr _mcmÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m VwcZoV nwadR>çmÀ`m
~mOyZo AgUmar VmR>aVm H$mhr à_mUmV H$_r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H$_r H$mcmdYrV òUmar d Cƒ CËnmXH$Vm
AgUmar g§H$arV ~r`m§Um§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$éU VrMm èñdrnUo dmna Ho$cm Jocm. n[aUm_r eoVH$è`m§À`m
^m§S>dcmdarc naVmì`m§Mm H$mcmdYr H$_r Pmcm, ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m _mJUr Zygma CËnmXZ dmT>drUo eŠ`
Pmco. _moR>çm à_mUmdarc CËnmXZmMo \$m`Xo {_iy cmJco.
4) OcqgMZmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÕVr Am{U `§Ìo :-
nma§n[aH$ eoVr_Üò Ho$cm OmUmam nmUr nwadR>m Z¡g{J©H$ eoVr_Üò nmdgmX²dmao, _moQ>oÛmao, nmârÛmao
hmoV Ago, `m_Üò A{ZpíMVVm, A{Z`[_VVm _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVr. eoVr CËnmXZmVrc "nmUr' `m
AVre` _hÎdnyU© CËnmXZ KQ>H$mMm dmna hm IynM Aemór` Am{U AdmOdr ñdénmMm hmoVm. AmYw{ZH$
eoVr nÕVr_Üò nmÊ`mMm dmOdr, H$mQ>oH$moa d emñÌewÕ dmna `mda â {Xcm OmVmo. `mgmR>r {R>~H$
qgMZ, Vwfma qgMZ B. gma»`m nÕVtMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. nmQ>>mEodOr nmB©nX²dmao, drOoda MmcUmao
n§ngoQ²>g, {S>Poc _moQ>ma B. Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
5) amgm`{ZH$ IVo d H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§Mm à^mdr dmna :-
O_rZrVrc nmofH$ KQ>H$ dmT>dyZ CËnmXZmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmÊÊ`mH$aVm {d{dY àH$maMr amgm`{ZH$
IVo dmnacmo OmVmV. {nH$m§da nS>Umar H$sS>, {d{dY amoJ `m§Mm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mH$aVm {H$Q>ZmeH$m§Mm
d O§VwZmeH$m§Mm à^mdrnUo dmna Ho$cm OmV Amho.
6) hdm_mZmVrc ~Xcm§Mm Aä`mg d Ë`mdarc {Z`§ÌU :-
IJmocemñÌr` Am{U ^yJ©^©emñÌr kmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio eoVr CËnmXZmcm hmoUmao VmoQ>o H$_r hmoV
AmhoV. H$maU hdm_mZmVrc ~Xcm§Mo nydm©Zy_mU eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xco OmVmV. Á`m_wio Vo Ë`mgmR>rMr I~aXmar
KoVrc. {nH$mcm hmZrH$maH$ dmVmdaUmnmgyZ gwa{jV R>odV CËnmXZ XoUmar harVJ¥ho, nm°cr-hmD$gMr
{Z{_©Vr B. Mm \$ma _moR>m \$m`Xm eoVH$ar dJm©cm hmoV Amho.
7) H¥$fr g§emoYZmVrc Cn`wŠV ~m~r :-
nma§n[aH$ eoVrnojm AmYw{ZH$ eoVr hr ZdZì`m H¥$fr g§emoYZm§_wio \$m`Xoera R>aV Amho. g§H$arV
~r`mUo, IVo, O§VwZmeHo$, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, {nH$m§À`m Zì`m OmVr, {nH$m§da nS>Umè`m amoJm§Mm, hdm_mZ
77
~XcmMm hmoV Agcocm emñÌewÕ Aä`mg H¥$frMr CËnmXH$Vm d JwUdÎmm dmT>dÊ`mg Cn`moJr R>aV
Amho.
~) ~mOma noR>oer qH$dm {dH«$s ì`dñWoer g§~§YrV d¡{eîQ>`¡ :-
àñVmdZm :-
AmYw{ZH$ eoVr hr nwduà_mUo CnOrdrHo$gmR>rMr {VMm CÔoe Zï> hmoD$Z Vmo àm_w»`mZo ì`mnmar
Am{U ì`mdgm`mH$s hmoV Jocm. Ë`m_wio nma§n[aH$ eoVrer VwcZm H$ê$Z AmYw{ZH$ eoVr hr A{YH$m{YH$
~mOma{^_wI d {H$\$m`Vera VÎdmda Mmcdrcr OmVo. `mZygma ~mOma noR>oer qH$dm {dH«$s ì`dñWoer
g§~§YrV d¡{eîQ>ço nyT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm òVrc.
1) H¥$fr _mcmMr àVdmar Am{U dJuH$aU :-
nydu eoVrMm _w»` CÔoe hm "CnOrdrH$m' hm hmoVm. gÜ`m _mÌ Vmo "ì`mnmar' Pmcm Amho. Ë`m_wio
~m§Ymda CËnm{XV Pmcocm eoV_mcmMo Ë`m§À`m ñdénmZwgma dJuH$aU H$éZ Ë`m§À`m JwUdÎmoZwgma Ë`mMr
àVdmar XoIrc Ho$cr OmVo Á`m`moJo Ë`mcm `mo½` ~mOmanoR> Am{U amñV qH$_V {_iVo. VgoM CËnmXZ
IM© ^éZ {ZKyZ eoVH$è`mcm Z\$m hmoVmo.
2) eoV_mcmMo n°H$s¨J d ~m§YUr :-
eoV_mc eoVmVwZ ~mOmanoR>on`ªV ZoV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m àVdmarZygma Ë`m§Mr ~m§YUr dm n°H$s¨J
Ho$co OmVo. `m_Üò Vmo eoV_mcm VmOm amhmdm Ë`mMr ZmgmS>r hmoD$ Zò `mMr, H$miOr KoVcr OmVo
H$maU eoV_mc ZmOyH$ d Zmed§V AgVmo.
3) AmYw{ZH$ dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm dmna :-
eoV_mcmÀ`m ñdénmZwgma Am{U ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m A§VamZygma AmYw{ZH$ dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo dmnacr
OmVmV CXm. Q´>°ŠQ>a, Q>|ånmo, Q´>oH$, Q>±H$a, aoëdo, OhmO, {d_mZ B. `mVwZ dmhVwH$sgmR>r cmJUmam doi,
n¡gm d l_ dmMVmo Am{U CËnmXZ IMm©Mo cm^ {_idrVm òVmV.
4) gwgÁO ~mOmanoR>m§Mr CncãYVm :-
CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar Am{U J«mhH$ `m§Zm EH$Ì OmoS>Umar ~mOmanoR>m {R>H${R>H$mUr Cä`m am{hë`m AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio KaJwVr dmna, CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mdgm`rH$m§Zm cmJUmam eoV_mc doioV, ghO CncãY hmoD$ cmJcm
Amho. hm°Q>oc ì`mdgm{`H$, H$maImZXma B. nmgyZ Hw$Qw>§~m§n`ªV gdmªZm `mMm \$m`Xm hmoV Amho.
5) ì`mnmar nrHo$ Am{U H¥$fr à{H«$`m CÚmoJ :-
AmYw{ZH$ eoVr CËnmXZm§Ûmao D$g, hiX, H$m°\$s, a~a, Á`wQ>, V§~mIw, Mhm B. gma»`m ZJXr dm
78
ì`mnmar {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmcm MmcVm {_iVo. `m nrH$m§Zm {d{dY à{H«$`m CÚmoJm§_Üò H$ƒm _mc
åhUyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda _mJUr AgVo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm hŠH$mMo CËnÝZ d OmoIr_ahrV ~mOmanoR>,
CncãY AgVo. {edm` à{H«$`m CÚmoJm§Ûmao eoVH$è`m§Zm `m nrH$m§À`m CËnmXZmH$aVm {d{dY àmoËgmhZ
d _XV {Xcr OmVo.
6) newnmcZ d Xw½Y ì`mdgm`mVrc AmYw{ZH$Vm :-
newnmcZ Am{U Xw½Y ì`mdgm` ho eoVrMo OmoS>Y§Xo \$ma nydunmgyZ Agco Var AcrH$S>o Ë`m§À`mVXoIrc
_moR>çm à_mUmda AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Amco Amho. emñÌewÕ JmoR>m ì`dñWmnZ, A{YH$ XÿY, _mg, A§S>r
XoUmè`m OZmdam§À`m g§H$arV àOmVr, XÿY ì`dgm`mMo CËnmXZ, g§H$cZ, à{H«$`m, {dVaU B. _Üò
Pmcoco A_wcmJ« ~Xc `m_wio `m gdmªMo CËnmXZ d Cn^moJ àM§S> dmTy>Z eoVH$è`m§Zm {d{dY CËnÝZmMo
ñÌmoV {Z_m©U Pmco AmhoV.
7) \$im-\y$cm§Mr AmYw{ZH$ ì`mnmar eoVr :-
nma§nm[aH$ AÝZYmÝ` d BVa nrH$mgmo~V AmVm eoVH$ar ñdV§ÌnUo \$i~mJ d \y$beoVr H$aV
Amho. `m XmoÝhrgmR>rMr ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>M Zìho Va amÁ`, amîQ´>r` d Am§VaamîQ´r` ~mOmanoR>o_Üò
Ë`mcm g§Yr CncãY Pmë`m AmhoV. `mVyZ Ë`mMr JVrercVm, ñnYm©j_Vm dmT>V Amho YmoH$m nËH$aÊ`mMr
j_Vm XoIrc dmT>V Amho. ho gd© H$aV AgVmZm eoVH$mè`m_Üò ì`dñWmnZ H$m¡eë`, ZdmoÝ_ofU
{Z_m©U hmoV Amho.
8) {Z`m©Vj_ CËnmXZm§Zm àmYm§Ý` :-
1991 nmgwZ OgOgo XoemV OmJVrH$sH$aUmMo dmao dmhþ cmJco. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVr_Üò {Z`m©Vrcm
CÎmoOZ {_iV Joco. Mhm, H$m°\$s, Ia, V§~mIy, Vm§Xwi, Ðmj, A§~o, gmIa B. {nH$m§À`m {Z`m©VrMo EH$
Z{dZ nd© gwê$ Pmco. CnOrdrHo$gmR>r hmoUmao CËnmXZ ì`mnmar hmoV Joco Am{U eoVr CËnmXZmMm hm
ì`mnma OmJVrH$ XOm©Mm hmoV Amho.
9) ì`mnmar VÎdmda Am¡fYr dZñnVrMo CËnmXZ :-
nydu \$ŠV nagXmamV AmT>iUmar Vwig, H$Sw>ct~, Amdim, qMM, H$moa\$S>, noé, Omñd§X, B.
dZñnVr AmVm Am¡fY {Z{_©Vr, gm¢X`©àgmYZo B. CÚmoJmgmR>r cmJUmam H$ƒm _mcmÀ`m ñdénmV nyT>o
Amcr. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mr _mJUr dmT>cr. `mVwZM dZm¡fYtÀ`m ì`mnmar eoVrMr g§H$ënZm nyT>o Amcr.
S>m|Ja CVmamda, H$_r nmdgmÀ`m àXoemV _miamUmda Aer eoVr ghO eŠ` AgVo.
10) BH$mo \«|$S>cr H¥$fr CËnmXZo :-
dmT>Vo àXwfU, AZmamo½` B. _wio {ZgJ© ñZohr, BH$mo \«|$S>cr qH$dm e§â Q>ŠHo$ Z°Mac Aem H¥$fr
79
CËnmXZm§Zm _moR>r _mJUr òV Amho. d¡km{ZH$ d emñÌewÕ nÕVrZo _mZdr Amamo½` Am{U {ZJJm©Mm nmoV
`m§À`mer VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm CËnm{XV Ho$coco AÝZYmÝ`, \$io, ^mOrnmcm `m§Zm AmO \$ma _moR>r OmJVrH$
XOm©Mr ~mOmanoR> {Z_m©U Pmcocr Amho.
Aem àH$mao {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ, A{^`m§ÌrH$s `m§À`m {dH$mgmVyZ eoVr joÌmVrc CËnmXZ, `m§À`m
nÕVr, V§Ìo, ñdén Am_wcmJ« ~XcV Agcoco {XgyZ òVo. >
80
H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Mr Cn`wŠVVm /_hÎd
(Uses of Agriculture Prodution)
àñVmdZm-
_mZdr OrdZ gwì`dpñWV OJÊ`mH$aVm AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `m _wc^wV JaOm§~amo~a {ejU,
Amamo½`, dmhVwH$, XiUdiU, _Zmoa§OZ Aem AZwf§JrH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm hmoUo AË`§V JaOo§Mo AgVo.
_mZdmÀ`m `m {d{dY JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© eoVr, CÚmoJ Am{U godm `m joÌm§Ûmao nma nmS>co OmVo.
`mVrc eoVr joÌmÛmao {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m dñVw§Mr g_mOmè`m Ñ{îQ>Zo d BVa gd©M joÌm§gmR>r Agcocr
Cn`wŠVVm hr _hÎdnyU© Am{U _wc^yV Aem ñdénmMr AgVo. H$maU eoVr hm EHw$UM _mZdr OrdZmMm
nm`m AgyZ Ë`mVrc Odinmg gd©M {H«$`m - à{VH«$s`m `m àË`j dm AàË`j[aË`m eoVrer g§~§YrV
AgVmV. `m nmíd©^y_rda H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Mr Cn`wŠVVm dm _hÎd nwT>rc _wÚm§X²dmao A{YH$ g{dñVanUo
nmhVm òB©c.
1) AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m :-
eoVr joÌ ho `m ^yVcmdarc gd©M àmUr_mÌm§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMr gmo` H$aVo. _J Vmo g_wh {dH${gV
^m§S>dcemhr Agmo, Aa~ dmid§Q>mVrc Voc CËnmXH$m§Mm JQ> Agmo qH$dm Am{e`m, Am\«$sH$m, c°Q>rZ
A_oarH$m `m§_Üò Jar~ Xoem§Mm g_wh Agmo. eoVrÛmao CËnm{XV CËnmXZo, gdmªMr ^yH$ ^mJdrVmV. EH$m
AWm©Zo eoVr joÌ ho gOrdm§Zm OJÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmar COm© nyadV AgVo.
2) AÝZgmIir Am{U n[ag§ñWoMo g§VwcZ :-
H¥$fr CËnmXZm§_wio O¡d {d{dYVocm A{^àoV Agcocr AÝZgmIir {Q>Hy$Z amhVo Am{U _m§gmhmar
d emH$mhmar gOrdm§Zr ~Zcoë`m n[ag§ñWoMm g_Vmoc {Q>Hy$U amhVmo. `mD$cQ> Oa H¥$fr CËnmXZ `mo½`
à_mUmV CËnm{XV Pmcr ZmhrV Va ho g§VwcZ T>ioc d Ë`mVrc H$mhr gOrdm§À`m àOmVr ZîQ> hmoVrc.
3) amoOJma {Z{_©Vr :-
H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Mr _mJUr hr H$mhrer VmR>a d OrdZmdí`H$ AgVo. n[aUm_r H¥$fr CËnmXZ hr
EH$ {Za§Va MmcUmar à{H«$`m AgVo. Ë`m_wio eoVrÀ`m {d{dY CËnmXZ {H«$`m§H$aVm amoOJmam§Mm nwadR>m
Ho$cm OmVmo. àm_w»`mZo Aën ^m§S>dc Agcoë`m, Jar~ Am{U {dH$gZerc Xoem§Vrc _moR>çm à_mUmdarc
cmoH$g§»òcm eoVr joÌ amoOJmamMm nwadR>m H$aVo.
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4) CÚmoJm§Zm H$ÀÀ`m _mcmMm nwadR>m :-
{dH$gZerc Xoem§_Üò àm_w»`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ H¥$fr _mcmda à{H«$`m H$aUmao AgVo Ë`m_wio,
D$g, H$mnyg, {d{dY Voc~r`m, \$io, \y$co, Jhÿ, Ádmar, Vm§Xyi, _H$m B. {nH$m§da à{H«$`m H$aUmao
CÚmoJ _moR>çm à_mUmda MmcVmV. `m gd© CÚmoJm§Mm _w»` AmYma hm eoVr CËnmXZo hmM AgVmo.
5) CÚmoJm§H$Sy>Z CËnmXZmH$aVm AmXmZm§Mr (Inputs) _mJUr :-
eoVr_Üò CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m {d{dY CËnmXZm§H$aVm Or AmXmZo (Inputs) cmJVmV CXm. `§Ìo,
AdOmao n§ngoQ²>g, nmB©n, _moQ>mar, dmhUo, ~r`mUo, IVo, O§VwZmeHo$ B. Mm nwadR>m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm§Ûmao
Ho$cm OmVmo, Ë`m_wio H¥$frMo CËnmXZ dmT>co H$s `m gd© AmXmZm§Mr _mJUr dmTy>Z Ë`m§Mm ì`mdgm`mcm
MmcZm {_iVo.
6) Am¡fY{Z{_©Vr d gm¢X`©àgmYZ CÚmoJm§Zm Cn`wŠV :-
qc~w, hiX, H$moa\$S>, Vwig B. Ag§»` H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Mm Am¡fY{Z{_©Vr Am{U gm¢X`© àgmYZm§À`m
joÌm§_Üò amîQ´>r` d Am§VaamîQ´>r` ~mOmam_Üò àM§S> _mJUr Amho. Ë`m_wio _mZdr Amamo½` d amhUr_mZmMm
XOm© `m§_Üò dmT> KSy>Z òÊ`mg hmV^ma cmJV Amho.
7) naH$s` MOZ àmßVr :-
AmO H$moUVmhr Xoe hm ñdV:cm Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamnmgyZ AcrßV R>ody eH$V Zmhr. na§Vy
Ë`mM doir Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamgmR>r Ë`m XoemOdi Am§VaamîQ´>r` McdmMm gmR>m Agmdm cmJVmo.
{dH$gZerc XoemV Anyao ^m§S>dc, AHw$ec l_eº$s, Anyar g§gmYZo, cmoH$g§»òMm X~md B. H$maUm§Zr
CÚmoJ d godm joÌmÀ`m VwcZoV eoVr joÌmMo àm~ë` AgVo. Ë`m_wio Xoer ~mOmanoR>oMr JaO ^mJdyU
Cacoë`m H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m {Z`m©VrVyZ Aem Xoem§Zm ~hþ_yë` naH$s` McZ {_iVo Á`mÛmao Vmo Xoe
Amncm Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnma H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
AemàH$mao H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Mr Cn`wŠVVm hr {dH$grV d {dH$gZerc Aem gd©M _mZdr g_whm§Zm
Agcocr {XgyZ òVo.
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2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ : (References)
1. Sadhu A. N., Singh Amargit (2000) Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics
Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai 11th revised edition.
2. Desai R. G. (2001) Agricultural Economics. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
2nd edition.
3. Memoria C. B. and Tripathi B. B. (2003) 'Agricultural Problems of India, Kitab
Mahal Publishers, Allahabad, 25th Edition.
4. Soni R. N. (1995) : Leading issues in Agricultural Economics, Arihant Press,
Jalandhar.
5. Kumar KNR (2015) : Agricultural Production Economics, Volume I Daya Publishing
House, A division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
***
83
KQ>H$ - 3
H¥${f -ì`dñWmnZmMo AW©emñÌ
(Economics of Farm Management)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{Ôï>o
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZ
3.2.2 H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMr VËdo
3.2.3 H¥${f g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
3.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
3.6 joÌr` H$m`©
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~r g_OÊ`mg _XV KoB©b.
* H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m` Vo g_Oob.
* H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZmMr C{Ôï>o d ì`márMr H$ënZm òB©b.
* H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMr VËdo `m~m~VMr _m{hVr KoVm òB©b.
* H¥${f g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZm~m~V _m{hVr {_iob.
3.1 àmñVm{dH$$ :
H¥${f hm àËòH$ amï´>mÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm nm`m _mZbm OmVmo. AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Ho$bm OmUmam
H¥${f hm EH$ ì`dgm` Amho. A{dH$gZerb Am{U H$mhr à_mUmV {dH$gZerb amï´>m§_Üò AmOhr eoVrH$S>o EH
CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ `m Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ ~{KVbo OmVo. {dH${gV amï´>m§_Üò _mÌ eoVr hm emór` nX²YVrZo Am{U
ì`mnmar Ñï>rH$moZ g_moa R>odyZ Ho$bm OmUmam ì`dgm` Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. H$mhr {dH$gZerb amï´>m§_Üò eoVrÀ`m
ñdê$nmV emór` Ñï>rH$moZ ê$OV Agbobm AmT>iyZ òV Amho. EH$ ì`dgm` åhUyZ emór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ H¥${fMo
ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio A{bH$S>o H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMo AW©emó _hÎdnyU© _mZbo OmV
84
E_.E.^mJ 1 : H¥$fr AW©emñÌ (19 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2018)
Amho.
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb Am{U H¥${fàYmZ AW©ì`dñWo_Üò H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmbm àmYmÝ` H«$_ XoUo
AË`§V JaOoMo ~Zbo Amho. H$maU H¥${f ì`dñWmnZm{edm` H¥${f joÌmMm Iè`m AWm©Zo {dH$mg hmoD$M eH$V
Zmhr. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV H¥$fr joÌmMo ñdê$n ~XbUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nma§nm[aH$ H¥$frEodOr
AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr Ago ñdê$n H¥$frbm àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho. `m
KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr VËdo VgoM H¥${f g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ BË`mXr
KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ …
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU H¥${f -ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`már, H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZmMr C{X²Xï>o, H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ
{ZU©`, eoVrMo {d{dY àH$ma, H¥${fMo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U CËnmXH$Vm, H¥${f H$m`©j_Vm,H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr
{d{dY VËdo B. KQ>H$ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Ë`mMà_mUo H¥${f g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ `m{df`r AmT>mdm KoUma
AmhmoV.
3.2.1 H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZ (Farm Management)
H¥${fer g§~§{YV Or {Za{Zamir emóo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H¥${f- ì`dñWmnZ ho EH$ _hÎdnyU© emó _mZbo
OmVo. H¥${f joÌmV Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`m_wio A{bH$S>o H¥${f -ì`dñWmnZmbm A{YH$
_hËd àmá Pmbobo Amho. g§H$[aV {~`mUo, qgMZ gw{dYm, AmYw{ZH$ AdOmao, amgm`{ZH$ IVo d {H$Q>H$ZmeH$o
BË`mXtÀ`m dmnam_wio H¥${f CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV Amho. VgoM H¥${f_mbmÀ`m ~mOmanoR>m§Mm {dñVma hmoV Amho.`m
gdmªMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§Mm eoVrH$S>o ~KÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moU ~XbV Amho. nwdugmaIr Ho$di CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r
eoVr Z H$aVm AmVm Ë`mEodOr ì`mnmar eoVr åhUyZ eoVrH$S>o eoVH$ar nmhmV Amho. eoVrVrb {dH«$r `mo½`
A{YŠ` ~mOmamV {dHy$Z Amnë`m amhUr_mZmMr nmVir C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar à`ËZmV Amho. eoVH$è`m§À`m
Ñï>rH$moZmV ~Xb Pmë`m_wio eoVr CËnmXZ AmVm ì`mnmar ñdê$nmMo Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio Aem ì`mnmar eoVr_YyZ
eoVH$è`m§Mr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV eoVH$è`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmao emó `m AWm©Zo H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMo
_hÎd dmT>bo Amho.
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ: AW© d ì`már …- (Meaning Scope of farm management)
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMm AW© g_mOdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f -ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {d{dY Vkm§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m
AmnUmg bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. H$mhr à_wI Vkm§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1. àm. E\$g©Z …- "" H$m`©j_Vm Am{U gmVË`nyU© Z\$m `m Ñï>rZo eoVrMo g§KQ>Z Am{U H$m`m©Mo g§MmbZ
`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUOo H¥${f ì`dñWmnZ hmo`.''
2. àm. J«o …- "" eoVrMr ì`dñWm èñdrnUo nmhÊ`mMr H$bm åhUOo H¥${f ì`dñWmnZ AgyZ `m èmMo
_moO_mn bm^mÀ`m H$gmoQ>rda Ho$bo OmVo.''
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3. dm°aoZ …- H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZ hm eoVr_Yrb ì`mdgmB©H$ VËdm§Mm Aä`mg Amho. gwa{jV gmVË`nyU© _moR>m
\$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo H¥${f CnH«$_mMo g§KQ>Z Am{U ì`dñWmnZmMo emñÌ åhUOo H¥${f ì`dñWmnZ hmo`.
darb ì`m»`m§dê$Z AmnUmg gmam§emZo Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZm_Üò ì`mnmar C{Ôï>mZo
åhUOoM _hÎm_ Z\$m hm CÔoe g_moa R>odyZ H¥${f ì`dgm`mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo H¥${f joÌmVrb
H$m`©j_Vm g§KQ>Z Am{U H¥${f g§gmYZm§Mr n`m©ßV dmQ>Ur `m ~m~r H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmV {dMmamV KoVë`m OmVmV.
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`mßVr :- (Scope of Farm Management)
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`mßVr ~arM _moR>r Amho. dV©_mZ OJmV H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ hr g§H$ënZm IynM
bmoH${à` hmoV Amho. {Xdg|{Xdg H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`mßVr A{YH$ {dñV¥V hmoV Amho. H¥${fMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
èñdr[aË`m hmoÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ ~Zbo Amho. `m_Üò H¥${f g§gmYZm§À`m
dmQ>nm~m~V eoVH$è`m§_Üò AgUmè`m kmZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ì`mßVr_Üò nwT>rb KQ>H$m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(A) H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ g§emoYZ :- (Farm Management Research)
{Xdg|{Xdg ~mOmanoR>o_Üò ZdZ{dZ H¥$fr AdOmao, AmXmZo `m§Mo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Amho.
Ë`m_wio H¥${f-ì`dgm`mVyZ A{YH$m{YH$ CËnÝZ {_iÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr eoVH$è`m§_Üò ~imdV Amho. eoVr_YyZ
A{YH$ CËnÝZ {_idÊ`mÀ`m eoVH$ar dJm©À`m BÀN>m AmH$m§jmMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmg§~§{Y
gmVË`mZo g§emoYZmMr JaO Amho. gw`mo½` {nH$ aMZm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ g§emoYZmMr
{ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho. {dH$gZerb Xoem§_Üò H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m g§X^m©V nwT>rb KQ>H$m§~m~V g§emoYZ
Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
(i) `m§{ÌH$sH$aU d AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo `mo½` à{V_mZ.
(ii) doJdoJù`m AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m YmaUjoÌmgmR>r AmXe© H¥$fr `moOZm Am{U n`m©ßV {nH$aMZm.
(iii) H¥$fr CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmg§~§Yr H¥$fr YmoaUm§Mo _wë`_mnZ
(iv) {d{dY H¥${f CnH«$_m§_Yrb AmXmZ-àXmZ ghg§~§Y
(v) XoemÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m àXoem§Vrb EH$gma»`m àH$maÀ`m H¥$fr joÌmMo AmboIZ.
(~) H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ AÚmnZ :- (Farm Management Teaching)
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZm_Üò AÚmnZ d à{ejH$ `m ~m~r _hËdnyU© R>aVmV. gdm©V OmñV H¥${f nXdrYmaH$
àË`j Am{U AàË`jnUo H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmer g§~§{YV Zgë`mZo H¥$fr nXdrYmaH$m§Zm H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZm_Üò
Mm§Jë`màH$mao à{e{jV Ho$bo nm{hOo. H¥${f joÌmV CÀM {ejUmMr AmdS> AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm H¥${f {ejUmMr
gmo` CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ^maVm_Üò "^maVr` H¥$fr g§emoYZ g§ñWm ' (Indian Agricultural
Research Institute) VgoM H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>o (Agricultural Universities) `m§gma»`m {d{dY g§ñWm
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmdarb {d{dY Aä`mgH«$_ am~{dÊ`m_Üò _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV.
(H$) H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ {dñVma :- (Farm Management Extension)
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H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmVrb {d{dY n¡by§Mo kmZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar dJm©gmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {dñVma
godm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Aem {dñVma godm§_Üò àm_w»`mZo eoVH$è`m§gmR>r {Za{Zamù`m à{ejU {e~ram§Mo
Am`moOZ, AënH$mbmdYr Aä`mgH«$_ B.Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. à{ejU {e~ram§Mo Am`moOZ doimodoir VgoM
Xadfu Ho$ë`mg H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m H$m`m©bm JVr àmßV hmoVo. H$mhr àJVerb eoVH$ar dJ© Am{U `wdm
eoVH$è`m§gmR>r AënH$mbmdYr Aä`mgH«$_ Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`mg H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg MmbZm
{_iVo. à{ejU, {e~rao, H$m`©emim `m§gma»`m godm§Mm {dñVma Jmd, VmbwH$m VgoM {Oëhm nmVirda Ho$ë`mZo
eoVH$ar dJm©À`m ì`dñWmnH$s` j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg KSy>Z òVmo d Ë`m_wio H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmbm A{YH$ ~iH$Q>r
àmßV hmoVo.
Aem àH$mao g§emoYZ, AÚmnZ Am{U {dñVma `m ~m~tÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrVyZM eoVH$ar dJm©Vrb
j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z Xw{_©i Aem g§gmYZm§Mm H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmV gw`mo½` dmna Ho$bm OmD$ eHo$b. `m
gdmªMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÝZ dmTyZ Ë`m§À`m amhUr_mZmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
(S>) H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ Am{U g§»`memñÌ :- (Farm Management & Statistics)
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ_Üò g§»`memñÌmbm AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago _hËd AgVo. H¥${f{df`H$ {d{dY g_ñ`m
Am{U H¥${f{df`H$ Aä`mg nÕVr g_OyZ KoÊ`m_Üò g§»`memñÌ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. H¥$fr AW©Vk VgoM H¥${f-
ì`dñWmnZ Vk g§»`memñÌmMm dmna H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ H$m`m©_Üò AË`§V à^mdrnUo Am{Um {dñV¥VnUo H$aV
AgVmV.
(B) H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ Am{U Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V :-
(Farm Management & Economic Theory)
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ hr AW©emñÌmMr EH$ {deof emIm _mZbr OmVo. H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmVrb {d{dY gmYZo
Am{U V§Ìo ho AW©emñÌmMo A{d^mÁ` ^mJ AmhoV. CXm. ~XbË`m à_mUmMm {Z`_, à{VñWmnZ VËd Am{U
gr_m§V {díbofU hr Am{W©H$ {gÕm§Vm_Yrb _wb^yV gmYZo AmhoV. H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ ho H¥${f_Yrb g§gmYZm§Mo
H$m`©j_ dmQ>n VgoM H¥${f CËnmXZmMr H$m`©j_ nmVir `m§À`mer g§~§{YV Amho. WmoS>Š`mV H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m
H$m`m©bm AW©emñÌr` {gÕm§VmMm AmYma Amho.
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr C{Ôï>o :- (Objectives of Farm Management)
eoVr_YyZ _hËV_ Z\$m {_i{dUo ho AmYw{ZH$ eoVH$ar dJm©Mo à_wI C{Ôï> Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb
eoVH$ar Amnë`m AZoH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm n¡emÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nyU© H$ê$ eH$VmV. `mgmR>r eoVH$ar H¥$fr
ì`dgm`mVyZ OmñVrV OmñV n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV CËnÝZ àmßV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. `m AZwf§JmZo {dMma
H$aVm H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr à_wI C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo gm§{JVbr OmVmV.
1. _hÎm_ bm^ XoUmar CËnmXZ nÕV _m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo.
2. A{YH$ \$m`Xoera nrH$ CËnmXZ d Or{dV gmR>m {ZYm©[aV H$aUo.
3. eoVrVrb AmXmZ-àXmZ g§~§YmMm Aä`mg H$aUo Am{U A{YH$ \$m`Xoera AmXmZ-àXmZ g§`moJ {ZYm©[aV
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H$aUo.
4. H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>dyZ _hÎm_ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H¥${fMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMo
_mJ© Am{U gmYZo emoYyZ H$mT>Uo.
5. H¥$fr g§gmYZo d ^y_rMm dmna `m§Mo _wë`_mnZ H$aUo.
6. à{V hoŠQ>a CËnmXZ IMm©Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
7. OmñVrV OmñV à{V hoŠQ>a {Zìdi Z\$m Am{U OmñVrV OmñV à{V hoŠQ>a naVmdm XoUmao H¥${fjoÌmMo
AmH$ma_mZ {ZpíMV H$aUo.
8. {Za{Zamù`m àH$maMr `§Ìo Am{U H¥$fr_Yrb {Za{Zamir H$m`} `m§À`m g§~§YmVrb H$m`m©Mo _wë`_mnZ H$aUo.
9. YmoHo$ Am{U A{ZpíMVVm n[apñWVrbm gm_moao OmÊ`mMo _mJ© Am{U gmYUo emoYUo.
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZ {ZU©` :- (Farm Management Decisions)
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {ZU©` à{H«$ò_Üò Oo {d{dY {ZU©` bjmV KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`m gd© {ZU©`m§_Üò
_hÎm_ Z\$m (Maximum profit) ho _w»` C{Ôï> S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ {ZU©` KoVbo OmVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV
eoVrMo ~XbVo ñdê$n bjmV KoD$Z eoVH$è`m§Zm `mo½` doir `mo½` {ZU©` KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H¥$fr g§gmYZm§Mm
n`m©ßV dmna H$ê$Z OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ Am{U _moR>m Z\$m àmßV H$aUo, hm {ZU©` à{H«$òMm _w»` hoVy AgVmo.
BVa ì`dgm`m§_Üò ¿`mdo bmJUmao {ZU©` Am{U H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_Üò KoVbo OmUmao {ZU©` `m§_Üò \$aH$ AgVmo.
H$maU BVa ì`dgm`m§_Üò Oer {ZpíMVVm AgVo, Ver eoVr ì`dgm`mV ZgVo. eoVr ì`dgm` hm A{ZpíMV
ñdê$nmMm Agë`mZo Ë`m_Üò {ZU©` KoVmZm `mo½` Vr XjVm ¿`mdr bmJVo. CËnmXZ H$moUVo, {H$Vr Am{U
H$emàH$mao H$am`Mo `m~m~V H$mQ>oH$moanUo {dMma H$ê$Z {ZU©` ¿`mdo bmJVmV. `m AZwf§JmZo AmnUmg H¥${f-
ì`dñWmnZm g§X^m©V H$mhr _hËdmÀ`m {ZU©`m§Mr MMm© nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b.
1. nrH$ nÕVr~m~V {ZU©` :
{nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoV AgVmZm {d{eï> h§Jm_mV H$moUË`m àH$maMr {nHo$ KoVbr nm{hOoV `m~m~VMm {ZU©`
eoVH$è`mbm ¿`mdm bmJVmo. O{_ZrMm àH$ma, {VMm XOm©, VgoM Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr, ~mOmanoR>oMo ñdê$n,
`m§gma»`m ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$ZM nrH$ CËnmXZmMm {ZU©` KoUo _hËdnyU© R>aVo.
2. new CËnmXZm~m~VMm {ZU©` :
eoVrbm OmoS>Y§Xm åhUyZ newYZ ì`dgm` hm EH$ à_wI ì`dgm` gd©_mÝ` Pmbobm Amho. `m_Üò
_w»`H$ê$Z eoir, _|T>r nmbZ, JmB© åh¡gr nmbZ, Xw½Y ì`dgm`, Hw$ŠHw$Q> nmbZ, `m§gma»`m nyaH$ ì`dgm`m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Aem nyaH$ ì`dgm`m§_YyZ `mo½` ì`dgm` H$moUVm {ZdS>m`Mm `m~m~V {ZU©` ¿`mdm
bmJVmo.
3. bmJdS>rMr nÕV :
Á`m {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$am`Mr Amho ho {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mda nrH$ bmJdS>rgmR>r H$moUVr nÕV ñdrH$mam`Mr
`m~m~VMm {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo. AWm©V nrH$ bmJdS>rMm {ZU©` hm àm_w»`mZo gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm,
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eoVH$è`m§Mo kmZ, Ë`m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, Ë`m§À`m ê$T>r d na§nam `m§gma»`m ~m~tda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
4. CËnmXZmMo à_mU :
Á`m nrH$ nÕVrMo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmUma Amho. `m ~m~VMm {ZU©` KoVë`mZ§Va Ë`m {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmMo
à_mU {H$Vr Agmdo ho R>a{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AWm©V Ago CËnmXZ à_mU ho dñVw§Mr _mJUr, dñVw§À`m
qH$_Vr, dñVw§Mm {Q>H$mdynUm, XOm© B. KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z CËnmXZ à_mUm§Mm {ZU©` KoVbm OmB©b.
5. {nH$m§Imbrb joÌ {ZpíMVr :
{nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ Am{U nrH$ àH$ma `m~m~V {ZU©` KoVë`mZ§Va H$moUË`m {nH$mÀ`m bmJdS>rImbr
O{_ZrMo {H$Vr joÌ R>odmdo `m{df`r `mo½` {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo. H¥${f ì`dgm`mV AZoH$ A{ZpíMVVm AgVmV.
CXm. Z¡g{J©H$ A{ZpíMVVm, ~mOmamVrb A{ZpíMVVm, qH$_VrVrb ApñWaVm B. Aem A{ZpíMV n[apñWVrV
H$moUË`mhr EH$m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ OmñV joÌm_Üò KoUo A`mo½` R>ê$ eH$Vo. YmaU joÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ {H$Vr Amho
`mMm {dMma H$ê$Z {nH$m§Imbrb joÌ R>a{dÊ`mMm {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV O{_ZrÀ`m
VwH$S>rH$aUm_wio {nH$Imbrb joÌ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mda AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
6. CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mo à_mU :
^y_r, l_ Am{U ^m§S>db hr H¥$fr CËnmXZmVrb _hËdmMr gmYZo AmhoV. AWm©V ^y_r ho gmYZ _`m©XrV
Amho. BVa gmYZm§à_mUo CXm. l_ d ^m§S>db ^y_rMm nwadR>m dmT>{dVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aem _`m©XrV
^y_r_Üò l_ Am{U ^m§S>db `m gmYZm§Mo à_mU {H$Vr Agmdo OoUoH$ê$Z H$_rV H$_r IMm©V OmñVrV OmñV
CËnmXZ àmßV hmoB©b `m~m~V {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo.
7. CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mo g§`moOZ Am{U n`m©`r dmna :
^y_r, l_, Am{U ^m§S>db `m CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mm `mo½` _oi KmbUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m n`m©`r dmnamda â
XooUo AË`§V _hËdmMo AgVo. l_ Am{U ^m§S>db ho KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§Zm n`m©`r KQ>H$ AgVmV. ^maVmgma»`m
{dH$gZerb amï´>m_Üò l_ hm KQ>H$ {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY Agë`mZo CËnmXZmgmR>r A{YH$m{YH$ l_ `m
KQ>H$mMm dmna ^m§S>db `m KQ>H$mbm n`m©`r R>ê$ eH$Vmo. Ago Agbo Var XoIrb ^m§S>db àYmZ V§ÌmMm dmna
Ho$ë`m{edm` CËnmXZmV H$m`©j_Vm dmT>V Zmhr. _mÌ A{V[aŠV ^m§S>dbmÀ`m dmnam_wio l_ hm KQ>H$ ~oH$ma
dmTy> eH$Vmo. `mH$S>ohr Xwb©j H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. åhUyZM l_ Am{U ^m§S>db `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm `mo½` _oi
gmYUo hm {ZU©` AË`§V _hËdmMm AgVmo.
8. ^y_r gwYmaUm§Mm {dMma :
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {ZU©` à{H«$òV ^y_r gwYmaUm§Mmhr {dMma H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo. eoVr CËnmXZ ho
\$ŠV CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmè`m gmYZm§Zr {ZYm©[aV hmoV Zmhr. Va Vo ^y_r gwYmaUm§da Adb§~yZ AgVo.
Aem ^y_r gwYmaUm§_Üò g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm§~amo~aM ^w-g§YmaU, {d{har ImoXUo, Hw§$nUmMr ì`dñWm, gwnrH$Vm
{Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m Cnm``moOZm `mgma»`m gwYmaUm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. Aem ^y_r gwYmaUm H$m`©H«$_m§_wio
eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmda XwaJm_r n[aUm_ hmoV Agë`mZo eoVH$è`mbm `m~m~V `mo½` {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo.
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gmam§e :
H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZm g§X^m©Vrb CnamoŠV gd© {ZU©`m§Mm EH${ÌV {dMma H$aVm darb gd© {ZU©`m§Zm H$mhr
_`m©Xm nS>VmV. ho ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr. gd© n[apñWVrV gd©H$mi Ago {ZU©` KoVm òVrb Ago Zmhr. ^maVmVrb
YmaU joÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ bjmV KoVm H$moUË`m {nH$mImbr {H$Vr YmaU joÌ Agmdo `m {ZU©`mbm _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
H$maU ^maVmV gamgar AmH$ma_mZ bhmZ Amho. Aem bhmZ AmH$ma_mZm_Üò {d{dY àH$maMr nrHo$ KoUo H$R>rU
AgVo. VgoM J«m_rU ^mJmV l_eŠVr {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY Agë`mZo l_mbm ^m§S>db åhUyZ n`m©`
dmnam_Üò AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mbm ¿`mì`m bmJUmè`m {ZU©`m§Mo ñdê$nhr {^ÝZ Agy eH$Vo
Am{U åhUyZM H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZmMr VËdo _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmV.
eoVrMo àH$ma : (Types of Farming)
doJdoJù`m àXoem§_Üò VoWrb n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$ê$Z eoVr ì`dgm` H$aUmÀ`m nÕVr qH$dm eoVrMo
àH$ma ApñVËdmV òVmV. eoVrÀ`m nÕVr Am{U eoVrMo àH$ma `m_Üò gmå` {XgyZ òVo. H$mhr Vkm§Zr `m
Xmohm|_Üò \$aH$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Agbm Var `m_Üò ~aoM gmå` Agë`mMo {XgVo. am°g `m§À`m _Vo eoVrMo
AmH$ma_mZ {dH«$s`mo½` CËnmXZ Am{U eoVr bmJdS>rÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr `m~m~VrV EImÚm àXoemVrb AZoH$
eoVm§_Üò O|ìhm gmaIonUm AmT>iyZ òVmo V|ìhm Ë`mdê$Z eoVrMo àH$ma gy{MV hmoVmV. `mZwgma AmnUmg
eoVrÀ`m H$mhr nÕVr qH$dm àH$mam§Mr MMm© nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b.
(A) _mbH$-eoVr … (Peasant Farming)
bhmZ à_mUmdarb ImOJr eoVr H$mgÊ`mMm ì`dgm` åhUOo _mbH$ eoVr hmo`. `m àH$mam_Üò àË`j
eoVr H$gUmam eoVH$ar hmM eoVrMm _mbH$ AgVmo. Ë`mbm eoVO{_ZrMm h¸$ d§ena§naoZo àmá Pmbobm AgVmo.
Ë`mÀ`m BÀNoZwgma Vmo Amnë`m _mbH$sÀ`m eoVrMo hñVm§VaU BVam§H$S>o H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Vgm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma àmá
Pmbobm AgVmo. ~hwVoH$ N>moQ>r N>moQ>r AgUmar YmaUjoÌ `m àH$mamV _moS>VmV. {nT>çmZw-{nT>çm eoVr ì`dgm`
H$aUmar Hw§$Qw>§~o `m àH$mamV òVmV. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` _Owa åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _OwarMm àíZ
CX²^dV Zmhr. CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ `m AWm©Zo eoVrH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. eoVrVrb CËnmXZ ho _w»`H$ê$Z
Cn^moJmgmR>r AgVo. EHy$U CËnmXZ IMm©VyZ ~r-{~`mUo AdOmao IVo BË`mXr AmXmZm§darb IM© dOm OmVm Oo
{eëbH$ am{hb Vo gd© CËnmXZ eoVH$è`mbm {_iVo. `m_Üò eoVO{_Zrbm Ho$di Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZoM Zmhr Va
gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rZo XoIrb A{Ve` _hËd AgVo.
d¡{eîQ>ço …
1. eoVH$è`mMr Ë`mÀ`m O{_Zrda H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr _mbH$s AgVo.
2. eoVO{_ZrMr _mbH$s d§ena§namJV Am{U hñVm§VaUr` AgVo.
3. eoVrMr gd© H$m_o. CXm Zm§JaUr, noaUr H$mnUr, _iUr, B. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m _XVrZo Ho$br OmVmV.
4. bmJdS> H$aUmar ì`º$s hrM _mbH$ Agë`m_wio CËnmXZmMo ñdê$n gmYZm§Mr {ZdS>, _mbmMr {dH«$s, `m
gd© ~m~VrVrb {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`mbmM AgVmo.
5. CËnmXZ Zâ`mEodOr KaJwVr dmnamgmR>r AWdm {Zdm©hmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV òVo.
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6. `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Üò `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm \$magm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.
EH§$XarV nhmVm OoWo eoVH$ar ñdV… _mbH$ AgVmV VoWo Ë`m§Zm d¡`{º$H$ eoVrMr àoaUm {_iVo. Ë`m_wio
eoVrMm hm àH$ma AZoH$ Xoem§_Üò àM{bV Agbobm AmT>iyZ òVmo.
\$m`Xo … -
1) `m nÕVrV eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm OmñV AgVo.
2) eoVH$è`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm {Zdm©h eoVrdaM Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio gd© H$m_o H$m`©j_VoZo Ho$br OmVmV.
3) `m nX²YVrV Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$m§Mo l_ Cn`moJmV òV Agë`mZo _Owarda doJim IM© H$aÊ`mMr JaO
ZgVo.
4) AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Odi N>moQ>r YmaUjoÌo Agë`m_wio g§nËVr Am{U CËnÞmMo g_mZ dmQ>n hmoÊ`mg
_XV hmoVo.
5) d¡`{º$H$ H$m`©j_Vm Am{U àoaUm `m§Zm `m eoVr àH$mamV ~amM dmd {_iVmo Ë`m_wio eoVrMr C
CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
6) O{_ZrMr _mbH$s H$m`_ Agë`mZo eoVH$ar nyU© _ohZVrZo Amdí`H$ Ë`m gwYmaUm H$ê$Z O{_ZrMo
ê$nm§Va CËnmXH$ O{_ZrV H$ê$ eH$VmV.
VmoQ>o …-
1) `m àH$maÀ`m eoVrMo AmH$ma_mZ bhmZ Agë`mZo CËnmXZmda à{VHw$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
2) `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Üò CËnmXZmMr gmYZo _`m©{XV AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo Ë`m_wio CËnmXH$Vm
dmTy> eH$V Zmhr.
3) O{_ZrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ eº$sMm nwÝhm nwÝhm dmna KoV Agë`mZo O{_ZrMr gw{nH$Vm H$_r hmoVo.
4) `m àH$maÀ`m eoVrV `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zgë`mZo Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnmXH$Vm H$_r amhVo.
gmam§e ê$nmZo Ago gm§JVm òB©b H$s, ^maVmgma»`m Xoem_Üò N>moQ>çm eoVH$è`m§H$S>o eoVrMr _mbH$s
Agbr, Var XoIrb AmYw{ZH$ `§ÌmÀ`m dmnam{dZm eoVr Ho$br OmV Agë`mZo XoemVrb bhmZ eoVH$ar Xm[aÐ`,
AkmZ Am{U ê$T>rna§naoV AS>Hy$Z am{hbobm Amho.
~) O_rZXmar eoVr (Estate Farming)
n«Ë`jmV O_rZrMr _mbH$s EH$m ì`º$sH$S>o Am{U O{_Z H$gUmao ì`º$s d AÝ` Xwgar Aer AdñWm
AgUo åhUOo O{_ZXmar eoVr hmo`. Aem O{_ZrV bmJdS> H$aVmZm O{_ZXmamMo H$gbohr l_ IM© hmoV Zmhr.
O_rZXma hm \$º$ O_rZrMm \$m`Xm KoUmam KQ>H$ AgVmo BVam§À`m l_mda OJUmam hm dJ© AgVmo. O_rZr_Üò
H$gUmam ì`º$s hm Hw$i åhUyZ g_Obm OmVmo. `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Üò Hw$im§Mo O_rZXmamH$Sy>Z emofU hmoV
AgVo.
O_rZXmar eoVr_Üò O_rZ H$gÊ`mMo gm_mÝ`V… XmoZ àH$ma AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s n{hë`m àH$mamV
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l{_H$m§Zm àË`j H$m_mda bmdwZ Ë`m§À`mH$adr eoVrMr gd© H$m_o H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVmV d BVa gd© {ZU©`
O_rZXmam§H$Sy>Z KoVbo OmVmV. _Owar KoD$Z _ohZV H$aUo EdT>oM l{_H$mZMo H$m_ AgVo. O_rZXmar eoVrMm Xwgam
àH$ma åhUOo R>am{dH$ aŠH$_ KoD$Z O_rZ H$gÊ`mgmR>r BVam§Zm XoUo. `mbmM I§S>mZo eoVr H$gÊ`mgmR>r XoUo
Agohr åhUVmV. Ë`m_wio Omo OmñV I§S> XoB©b. Ë`mbmM O{_Z H$gÊ`mgmR>r {Xbr OmVo. _mÌ EH$Xm O_rZ
I§S>mio H$gÊ`mgmR>r {Xë`mZ§Va Ë`m O{_ZrV H$moUVr {nHo$ ¿`mdrV qH$dm {H$Vr gmYZo dmnamdrV, VgoM Z\$m
Pmbm H$r VmoQ>m `m Jmoï>ter O_rZXmambm H$mhrhr XoUo KoUo ZgVo. O{_ZXmar nX²YVrVwZM Hw$i eoVr ApñVËdmV
òVo. darb XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m nX²YVr_Üò Hw$im§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV emofU hmoV AgVo.
(H$) ^m§S>dbr eoVr (Capitalist farming)
`m àH$mamV ^m§S>dbàYmZ nX²YVrZo _moR>çm à_mUmV eoVr H$aVmV. nJmar ì`dñWmnH$m§À`m XoIaoIrImbr
l{_H$ H$m_ H$aVmV. `m nX²YVrbm à_§S>i eoVr (Corporate Farming) Agohr g§~moYbo OmVo. WmoS>çm \$ma
à_mUmV O{_ZXmar eoVrer gmW AgUmam Agm hm eoVrMm àH$ma Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m
YmaUjoÌm§_Üò Aer ^m§S>dbr eoVr AmpñVËdmV òVo. ^m§S>dbr eoVr_Üò O{_ZrMo joÌ _moR>o Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm
_moR>çm à_mUmdarb CËnmXZmMo ñdê$n àmá hmoVo eoVrV A{YH$m{YH$ `§Ìm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m eoVrV
H$ï>mMo H$m_ _Owam§Mo AgVo. Va Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mMo H$m_ ^m§S>dbXmam§Mo AgVo.
\$m`Xo …
1) eoVrV ^m§S>dbmMm dmna _moR>çmà_mUmV hmoV Agë`mZo eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo
2) ì`mdgm{`H$$ X¥ï>rH$moU g_moa R>odyZ eoVr Ho$br OmV Agë`mZo eoVrMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo
3) O{_ZrMo joÌ ~aoM _moR>o Agë`mZo _moR>çm à_mUmdarb CËnmXZmMo ñdê$n àmá hmoVo.
VmoQ>o …
1) ^m§S>dcr eoVrV _Owam§Zm {_iUmam _mo~Xcm H$_r {Xcm OmVmo.
2) eoVr_Yrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio ~oH$marV dmT>. hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo
3) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb g§nÎmr Am{U CËnÞmÀ`m dmQ>nmV {df_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo
4) Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` eº$sMm dmna hmoD$Z _ºo$Xmar {Z_m©U hmoVo.
^maVmgma»`m dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òÀ`m XoemV Xm[aÐ`mV AkmZmV AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm ^m§S>dbr eoVr
Cn`wº$ R>aUmar Zmhr. l{_H$ _ohZV H$aVmV nU Z\$m _mÌ ^m§S>dbXma dJm©bm {_iVmo. åhUyZ ^maVmÀ`m
g§X^m©V Aer eoVr `mo½` R>aob Ago dmQ>V Zmhr.
S>) gaH$mar eoVr (State Farming)
H¥$fr joÌmV gaH$mar à~§YZmMm à`moJ åhUOo gaH$mar eoVr hmo`. `m nX²YVr_Üò eoVrMr _mbH$s Am{U
{VMo ì`dñWmnZ ho gaH$maH$S>o AgVo. CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mr {ZdS>, bmJdS>rMr nX²YV nrH$ àH$ma, B. CËnmXZ{df`H$
gd© {ZU©` gaH$mar {Z`§ÌUmImbr hmoVmV. {d{dY H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r l{_H$m§Mr {Z`wº$s Ho$br OmVo. _mÌ `m
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àH$maÀ`m eoVr nX²YVrVrb l{_H$m§Mr pñWVr BVa l{_H$m§nojm doJù`m ñdê$nmMr AgVo. H$maU Ë`m§À`m
H$m_mg§~YrÀ`m gd© {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ `m eoVr nX²YVrV hmoV AgVo.
gaH$mar eoVrMm AmH$ma _moR>m Agë`m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmdarb CËnmXZmMo \$m`Xo {_iVmV. AmYw{ZH$
`§ÌmMm dmna, qgMZmÀ`m gw{dYm gaH$maMo ì`dñWmnZ B._wio H$m`©j_Vm d CËnmXH$Vm `m XmoÝhrV dmT> hmoVo.
eoVrMr hr nÕV ^maVm~amo~aM BVa Xoem§_Üò AmT>iyZ òVo.
\$m`Xo …
1) eoVrMm AmH$ma _moR>m Agë`m_wio `m nÕVrV _moR>çm à_mUmdarb CËnmXZmMo \$m`Xo {_iVmV.
2) AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìo Am{U AdOmao dmnaVm òVmV.
3) qgMZ gm`rMm \$m`Xm KoVm òVmo.
4) gaH$maMo ì`dñWmnZ, ^m§S>db B. KQ>H$ nwaoem à_mUmV dmnaVm òVmV.
5) eoVr_Üò doJdoJir {nHo$ KoVm òVmV.
6) g§emoYZmË_H$ à`moJ H$aVm òVmV.
Xmof …-
1) gaH$mar `§ÌUoVrb AH$m`©j_VoMm H¥$fr CËnmXZmda n[aUm_ KoUo,
2) ZmoH$aemhrMo Oo Xmof AgVmV Vo gd© `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr nÕVrV {XgyZ òVmV
3) H$m_Jmam§H$Sy>Z H$m`©l_nUo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmV Zmhr.
4) gaH$mar eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVrMr _mbH$s gaH$maH$S>o Úmdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Mr
_ZmoaMZm Ver V`ma hmoV Zmhr.
B) g§`wº$ eoVr (Joint Farming)
AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maV,MrZ `mgma»`m Xoem§_Üò ApñVËdmV Agbobm hm EH$ eoVrMm àH$ma
Amho. nañna g§~§Y AgUmao bmoH$ qH$dm {d{eï> O_mVt_Yrb bmoH$ g§`wº$ nX²YVrMr eoVr H$aVmV. `m nX²YVrV
O{_ZrMr _mbH$s ì`º$sJV ñdê$nmMr ZgVo Va EH$m g_wXm`mMr qH$dm EImÚm O_mVrÀ`m _mbH$sMr AgVo.
O{_ZrV {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> joÌ àËòH$mbm {Xbo OmVo. àËòH$mbm Amnë`m _ohZVrZwgma
CËnmXZmVrb bm^ KoVm òVmo g_wXm`mVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm Amnbr O{_Z {dH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma ZgVmo.
`m àH$maÀ`m eoVrMm _w»` \$m`Xm åhUOo eoVO{_ZrMm AmH$ma {H$\$m`Vera amhVmo.O{_ZrÀ`m
VwH$S>rH$aUmMm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. Xwgam \$m`Xm Agm H$s, `m nX²YVrV ì`º$sJV {hVmnojm gm_w{hH$
{hVmbm A{YH$ _hÎd AgVo. àËòH$ OZ EH$_oH$m§À`m gwI Xw…ImV gh^mJr hmoV AgVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m eoVr
nX²YVr_Üò gm_m{OH$ VUmd, {df_Vm hodoXmdo `m§gmaIo Xmof Q>mibo OmVmV.
B©) ghH$mar eoVr … (Cooperative Farming)
ghH$mar eoVrÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
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1) ghH$mar eoVr åhUOo Á`m eoVr àH$mam_Üò ghH$mamMr VËdo eoVrÀ`m bmJdS>r_Üò bmJw H$aUo hmo`-
S>m°. {eba.
2) OoWo AZoH$ ì`º$s Am{U Hw§$Qw>~o ñdoÀN>oZo Amnbr O{_Z Am{U CËnmXZmMr gmYZo EH${ÌV H$aVmV.
g§`wŠVnUo eoVrMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmV. d àËòH$mbm Amnë`m _mb_ÎmoÀ`m à_mUmV Z\$m Am{U bm^m§e {_iVmo
Ago H$m`©joÌ åhUOo ghH$mar eoVr hmo`.- àmo. Iwòmo
ghH$mar eoVrMr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eï>o nwT>rbà_mUo gm§{JVbr OmVmV.
1) bmJdS>rgmR>r O{_Z EH${ÌV Ho$br OmV Agbr Var g^mgXm§Mr Ë`m§À`m O{_Zrdarb _mbH$s H$m`_
amhVo.
2) àËòH$mbm Amnë`m BÀNoZwgma g^mgXËd pñdH$maVm òVo VgoM g^mgXËdmMm Ë`mJ H$aVm òVmo.
3) àËòH$mbm Amnë`m l_mÀ`m à_mUmV _mo~Xbm {_iVmo VgoM EH${ÌV Ho$boë`m eoVO{_ZrMm OodT>m
{hñgm AgVmo Ë`mZwgma _mo~Xbm {_iVmo
4) eoVr ì`dñWmnZmMo H$m`© bmoH$emhr nX²YVrZo MmbVo
5) Zâ`mMo dmQ>n g_n«_mUmV Ho$bo OmVo.
AZoH$ Aä`mgH$ d Vkm§Zr ghH$mar eoVrMo _hËd AmYmoao{IV Ho$bobo Amho. ^maVmgma»`m A{V[aº$
bmoH$g§»`m d eoVrÀ`m VwH$S>rH$aUmMr g_ñ`m AgUmè`m XoemV A{H$\$m`Vera YmaU joÌm_Üò ghH$mar
eoVrMm à`moJ H$aÊ`mMo \$m`Xoera R>aob Ago _V {d{dY Vkm§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. OoWo YmaUjoÌ CËnmXH$ ñdê$nmMo
Zmhr. Aem YmaUjoÌmVyZ Hw$Qw>§~m§Mm {Zdm©h hmoUo H$R>rU AgVo Aem joÌmV ghH$mar eoVr nÕVr daXmU R>ê$
eH$Vo. _hmË_m Jm§YrZr O{_ZrÀ`m VwH$S>rH$aU Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>rMm EH$_od Cnm` åhUOo ghH$mar eoVr Ago
à{VnmXZ Ho$bo hmoVo. IoS>çm§Mr ñd`§nyU©Vm… gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghH$mar VËdmda eoVr Ho$br Omdo Ago _hmË_m
Jm§YrMo _V hmoVo ^maVmV ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV H$m±J«ogÀ`m 1959 À`m ZmJnya A{YdoeZm_Üò g§`wº$
ghH$mar eoVrMm nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$mimV ghH$mar eoVrMr V§Ìo
emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. _mÌ ^maVmV ghH$mar eoVrMm à`moJ \$magm èñdr Pmbm Zmhr.
H$maU ghH$mar eoVrÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò bhmZ d {dIwaboë`m Aën^wYmaH$ eoVH$è`m§nojm _moR>çm YmaU joÌmÀ`m
eoVH$ar d O{_ZXma dJm©Mm A{YH$ à^md hmoVm. bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Zm `m_Üò gm_mdyZ Z KoVë`m_wio ghH$mar
eoVr Anèr R>abr.
\$m`Xo …-
1) N>moQ>r YmaU joÌo EH${ÌV H$ê$Z eoVrMm AmH$ma _moR>m hmoVmo Ë`m_wio eoVr H$aUo \$m`Xoera hmoVo.
2) eoV O{_ZrM VwH$S>rH$aU Wm§~{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
3) ghH$mar eoVr nÕVrV g§gmYZm§Mm H$m`©j_Vobo dmna H$aVm òVmo
4) EH$[ÌV eoVr Ho$ë`mZo bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Mm Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm hmoVmo.
5) eoVr_Üò Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo eŠ` hmoVo.
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6) YmaUjoÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ dmT>ë`mZo {d{dY {nHo$ KoVm òVmV CX`moJm§Zm bmJUmam H$ÀMm _mb
XoemVM CnbãY hmoVmo.
7) eoV_mbmMr EH${ÌV {dH«$s Ho$br OmV Agë`mZo N>moQ>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm {dH«$sMo bm^ {_iVmV.
8) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~oH$marMm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mg hmV^ma bmJVmo
9) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
VmoQ>o …-
1) àËòH$mbm O{_Zr{df`r AmpË_`Vm Agë`mZo eoVrÀ`m EH${ÌH$aUmbm {damoY hmoVmo
2) eoVO{_ZrMm AmH$ma dmT>ë`mZo {d{dY `§Ìm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Agë`mZo ~oH$mar dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm
AgVo.
3) ^maVmVrb ghH$mar Midi Anèr R>aë`m_wio ghH$mar eoVr Anèr R>aob Ago H$mhr§Mo _V Amho.
4) eoV O[_Zrdarb _mbH$s hŠH$mbm OmñV _hËd Agë`mZo ghH$mar eoVrbm à{VgmX {_iUo H$R>rU Amho.
5) _moR>çm eoVH$è`m§Zr ghH$mar eoVr ñWmnZ Ho$ë`mZo N>moQ>o eoVH$ar Ë`mnmgyZ XyaM am{hbo.
6) à{e{eñVrV H$_©Mmè`m§Mr H$_VaVm Agë`mZo ghH$mar eoVr ì`dgm`V AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
7) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mV ghH$mar eoVr nX²YVr Anèr R>aVo.
gmam§e -
ghH$mar eoVrMo darbà_mUo Ogo H$mhr \$m`Xo AmhoV Vgo H$mhr _`m©Xmhr AmhoV. dmñV{dH$ nhmVm
eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnë`m O{_Zr~X²Xb AgUmar AmpË_`Vm hr ghH$mar eoVrÀ`m _mJm©Vrb gdm©V _moR>r AS>MU
Amho Ë`m_wio O{_Z EH${ÌH$aU H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr V`mar ZgVo. åhUyZM ghH$mar eoVr nX²YVr g§X^m©V lr AmoQ>mo
{eba `m§Zr EH$ _Ü`_ _mJ© gwM{dbm Amho. Vmo åhUOo "ghH$mar _mJm©Zo ì`{ŠVJV eoVr' hm hmo`. `m àH$mamV
eoVO{_ZrMr _mbH$s ì`{ŠVJV Agbr Var eoVrVrb _moR>r H$m_o ghH$mar AmYmamda H$aVm òUo eŠ` Amho
Ë`m_wio O{_Zrdarb hŠH$ A~m{YV amhÿZ ghH$mar eoVrMo \$m`Xo {_iVrb.
\$) gm_w{hH$ eoVr … (Collective Farming)
_moR>çm à_mUmdarb g§`wº$ eoVrMm EH$ àH$ma åhUyZ gm_w{hH$ eoVrMm CëboI Ho$bm OmVmo. a{e`m_Üò
1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va gm_w{hH$ eoVr ApñdËdmV Ambr. {deofV… g_mOdmXr amï´>m§Zr `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr
ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bobm hmoVm.
gm_ww{hH$ eoVr åhUOo eoVH$è`m§Mo bmoH$emhr nX²YVrda AmYm[aV ghH$mar g§KQ>Z hmo` `m eoVr
nX²YVr_Üò eoVH$ar Amnbr O{_Z EH${ÌV H$ê$Z _moR>çm à_mUmda eoVr ì`dgm` H$aVmV. `m_YwZ Oo {Zìdi
CËnÞ {_iVo. Vo Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m l_mZwgma Am{U XOm©Zwgma {d^mJbo OmVo.
gm_w{hH$ eoVrMm Adb§~ H$aUmam à_wI Xoe åhUyZ a{e`m `m XoemH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Üò
l_,^m§S>db, AdOmao EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. _mÌ Kao, new, nag~mJ, `m§Mr _mbH$s
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ì`º$sJV R>odbr OmVo. a{e`m_Yrb Aem gm_w{hH$ eoVrbm "H$mobImoO'(Kolkhoz) Agm eãX à`moJ dmnabm
OmVmo. a{e`mVrb gm_w{hH$ eoVrMo VrZ àH$ma hmoVo.
1) Q>m°P (Toz)
O{_ZrÀ`m Cn{d^mOZ Am{U AnI§S>Um_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m AS>MUr Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§`wŠV bmJdS>
H$aUo Ago `m àH$maÀ`m eoVrMo ñdê$n hmoVo. `m eoVrÀ`m àH$mamg CËnmXZmVrb ghH$ma Ago _mZbo OmVo.
2) AmQ>}b (Artel)
`m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Üò O{_Z d BVa gmYZo `m§Mr EH${ÌV _mbH$s Am{U bmJdS>r_Üò g§`wŠV l_ Agm
àH$ma hmoVm. CËnmXZmMr _w»` gmYZo gm_w{hH$ _mbH$sMr Agbr Var Kao, `§Ìgm_J«r, N>moQ>r AdOmao `m§da
d¡`pŠVH$ _mbH$s AgVo.
3) H$å`wZ (Commune)
`m àH$maÀ`m eoVr_Üò CËnmXZmMr gmYZo gm_w{hH$ _mbH$sMr R>odyZ CËnmXZmMo {dVaU g^mgXm§_Üò
hmoVo. g^mgXm§H$S>rb gd© CËnmXZmMr gmYZo H$å`wZÀ`m _mbH$sMr AgVmV. g^mgXm§Mo ^moOZ EH${ÌV
ñd`§nmH$J¥hm_Üò hmoV Ago. Kao gwÕm gm_w{hH$ hmoVr. gm_w{hH$ eoVrMm AmH$ma _moR>m Agë`mZo CËnmXZmMo
OmñVrV OmñV \$m`Xo {_iy eH$VmV. gm_w{hH$ eoVrMr _mbH$s emgZmH$S>o AgVo.
gm_w{hH$ eoVrMr H$m`©nÕVr :
1. gm_w{hH$ eoVr_Üò H$m_mÀ`m Ñï>rZo l{_H$m§À`m " {~Jo«S>g² ' Ho$ë`m OmVmV. EH$ {~J«oS>_Üò 50 Vo 100
l{_H$ AgVmV. àËòH$ l{_H$m§À`m ImË`mV Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z Ho$boë`m l_mMm {hemo~ {Xdgm§Zwgma Zm|X H$ê$Z
R>odbm OmVmo. H$m_mÀ`m h§Jm_mZwgma n¡emV Am{U dñVwê$nmV _mo~Xbm {Xbm OmVmo.
2. gm_w{hH$ eoVm§Zm AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìo d AdOmam§Mm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. 1958 nmgyZ _erZ Q>´>oŠQ>a ñQ>oeZ `m
g§ñWoÀ`mdVrZo gm_w{hH$ eoVmda {Z`§ÌU R>odbo OmVo.
3. H$mobImoOÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo eoVrÀ`m CËnmXZmda à{H«$`m Ho$br OmVo. eoVr ì`dgm`m~amo~a BVa AZoH$ H$m_o
Ho$br OmVmV. {dQ>m, AdOmao, JmS>çm§Mr MmHo$ ~Z{dUo BË`mXr ñdê$nmMr H$m_o Ho$br OmVmV.
_wë`_mnZ :-
gm_w{hH$ eoVr nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`m_wio a{e`mÀ`m àJVrbm hmV^ma {_imbm Amho. VoWrb eoVH$è`m§À`m
emofUmbm _moR>çm à_mUmV Amim ~gbm. AÝZYmÝ`m§À`m CËnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> KSy>Z Ambr. eoVH$ar
dJm©À`m amhUr_mZmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. Ago Agbo Var gm_w{hH$ eoVr nÕVr_Üò H$mhr J§^ra
g_ñ`m XoIrb {XgyZ òVmV.
1. a{e`Z eoVr_Üò EHy$U CËnmXZ H$_r hmoV hmoVo.
2. gm_w{hH$ eoVrVrb YmÝ` CËnmXZ d BVa CËnmXZ A{Ve` H$_r qH$_Vrbm IaoXr H$aUo d OmñV
qH$_Vrbm {dH$Uo Agm ì`dhma gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ho$bm Jobm.
3. gaH$mar eoVr d gm_w{hH$ eoVr `m g§ñWm§_Üò AH$m`©j_Vm Ambobr hmoVr.
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4. gm_w{hH$ eoVrVrb H$m_mnmgyZ {_iUma _mo~Xbm A{Ve` Aën Agë`mZo Hw$Qw>§~m§À`m nmbZnmofUmgmR>r
Vmo H$_r nS>V Ago.
5. gm_w{hH$ eoVrVrb H$m_m§H$S>o Xwb©j hmoV hmoVo.
6. Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV a{e`mVrb ~arM l_eŠVr H$_r Pmë`m_wio l_mMm VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U Pmbm.
gm_w{hH$ eoVr nÕVrV AZoH$ ì`dhm[aH$ Xmof Agë`mZo `m eoVrMo è _`m©{XV hmoVo. ^maVmV XoIrb
`m nÕVrÀ`m eoVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. _mÌ a{e`mVrb eoVr_Üò AgUmao Xmof ^maVr` eoVr nÕVrV
H$_r à_mUmV hmoVo.
A) H§$ÌmQ>r /H$ama eoVr : (Contract farming)
H$ama eoVr nX²YVrV eoVH$ar _moR>çm à_mUmV eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z qH$dm gaH$maH$Sy>Z {XK© _wXVrgmR>r eoVr
H$gÊ`mgmR>r H$amamZo KoVmV. `m eoVr H$gÊ`mÀ`m nX²YVrbm ^mS>o nX²YVrMr eoVr Agohr åhUVmV. {XK©
_wXVrgmR>r eoVr ^mS>çmZo KoVbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio O{_Z _mbH$mbm Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm {Xbm OmVmo. Omo eoVH$ar qH$dm
g§ñWm Aem àH$maMr eoVr H$gVmo Ë`mMm `m eoVrda qH$dm O{_Zrda _mbH$s hŠH$ ZgVmo. `m eoVr nX²YVrV
O{_Z _mbH$m~amo~a Vm|S>r qH$dm {b{IV H$amamZwgma I§S> hm amoI n¡emV qH$dm {nH$m§À`m ñdê$nmV {ZpíMV
Ho$bm OmVmo d Ë`mZwgma Vmo {Xbm OmVmo. ^maVmV Aem àH$maMr eoVr \$ma nwdunmgyZ MmbV Ambobr Amho.
Xmof …-
1) `m nX²YVrV eoVr H$gÊ`mMr H$gbrhr emídVr ZgVo.
2) `m àH$maÀ`m eoVr nX²YVrV H$m`_ ñdê$nmÀ`m gwYmaUm H$o$ë`m OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
3) O_rZ _mbH$m§H$Sy>Z H$m`_ ñdê$nmÀ`m gwYmaUm§§Zm {damoY hmoVmo.
4) _mbH$ Amnë`m bharZwgma `m O{_ZrVrb I§S>mV dmT> H$aVmV.
5) `m eoVr nX²YVrMr AdñWm A{Ve` X`Zr` ñdê$nmMr Amho.
^maVmV \$ma àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ H$ama eoVr VgoM Hw$im§Zm eoVr H$gÊ`mgmR>r XoÊ`mMr nX²YV _moR>çm
à_mUmV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmV `m eoVr nX²YVrV ~Xb Pmbobo AmhoV. A{bH$S>o 1991
Z§Va OmJ{VH$sH$aU, CXmarH$aU d ImOJrH$aU `m H$ënZm§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§VaÀ`m dJimV H$amar eoVr
nX²YVrV ~Xb KSy>Z Ambobo {XgVmV. `m_Üò _w»`V… _moR>çm H§$nÊ`m, {dXoer ^m§S>dbXma VgoM ImOJr
ì`mdgmB©H$ _moR>çm H§$nÊ`m, {dXoer ^m§S>dbXma VgoM ImOJr ì`mdgmB©H$ _moR>çm à_mUmda ^mS>o VËdmda eoVr
H$gÊ`mgmR>r KoVmV. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV
AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`mnmar Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ eoVr Ho$br OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio
H$amar eoVrbm doJio ñdê$n àmá Pmbobo Amho.
àjoÌmMm AmH$ma Am{U CËnmXH$Vm (Farm size and productivity)
eoVr joÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U Ë`mMr CËnmXH$Vm VgoM H$m`©j_Vm `m§À`mV {ZpíMV g§~§Y AgVmo._moR>çm
AmH$ma_mZmMo eoVrMo joÌ d bhmZ AmH$mamMo eoVr joÌ hr CËnmXH$VoÀ`m d H$m`©j_VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$er AgVmV
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`m~m~VrV Aä`mg H$aUo _hËdnyU© R>aVo. `mgmR>r AmnUmg àW_ CËnmXH$Vm d H$m`©j_Vm `m XmoÝhr
g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© g_OwZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
CËnmXH$Vm (Productivity)
eoVr_Üò {d{eï> {nH$mMo Xa EH$ar qH$dm n«{V hoŠQ>a gamgarZo Oo CËnmXZ hmoVo Ë`mdê$Z AmnUmg eoVrMr
CËnmXH$Vm bjmV òVo. Ooìhm {d{eï> AmH$ma_mZm_Üò Xa EH$ar CËnmXZ OmñV Agob Va Ago AmH$ma_mZ Ago
eoVrMo joÌ A[YH$ \$m`Xoera AgVo. `mMmM AW© CËnmXH$Vm OmñV AgVo. Ago åhUVm òB©b. eoVrMo
AmH$ma_mZ N>moQ>o qH$dm _moR>o Agmdo `mMm \$magm {dMma Z H$aVm Á`m joÌm_Üò EH$ar CËnmXZ OmñV Agob
Va eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm OmñV Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
H$m`©j_Vm … (Efficiency)
eoVr_Yrb EHy$U CËnmXZ IM© Am[U eoVrVrb EHy$U CËnmXZmMo _wë` `m ~m~r bjmV KoD$Z H$m`©j_Vm
{dMmamV KoVbr OmVo. EHy$U CËnmXZ IMm©nojm EHy$U CËnmXZmMo _wë` OmñV Agob Va H$m`©j_Vm OmñV Amho
Ago åhUVm òVo. Ë`mdê$Z Á`m àjoÌmMr H$m`©j_Vm OmñV Amho Vmo àjoÌmMm AmH$ma A{YH$ \$m`Xoera Ago
åhQ>bo OmVo.
àjoÌmMm AmH$ma d CËnmXH$Vm `m_Yrb g§~§Y (Relation Between farm size & productivity)
eoVO{_ZrMo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m§_Yrb g§~§Y H$emàH$maMm AgVmo `m ~m~VrV Vkm§_Üò
EH$dmŠ`Vm AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. H$mhr Vkm§ZmÀ`m _Vo eoVrMo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m§À`mV ì`ñV g§~§Y
AgVmo. bhmZ AmH$ma_mZmMr eoVr joÌo OmñV CËnmXH$ d \$m`Xoera AgVmV. Ago H$mhtMo _V Amho. `m_Üò
àm_w»`mZo àmo.A_b© goZ, àmo.g°Zr, àmo.Iwómo, àmo. hZw_§Vamd `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `mCbQ> eoVrMo AmH$ma_mZ
Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m_Üò g_ g§~§Y AgVmo. Am{U _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmMr eoVr joÌo OmñV CËnmXH$ d \$m`Xoera
AgVmV. Ago _V _m§S>Umè`m Vkm§_Üò àm_w»`mZo àmo.ê$X«,àmo.E.nr.amd, amOdra qgh,Ama.Ho$. nQ>ob,`m Vkm§Mm
g_mdoe Amho.
N>moQ>çm AmH$ma_mZmMo YmaU joÌ A{YH$ CËnmXH$ AgÊ`m_mJo Or H$maU_rZm§gm Ho$br OmVo Vr nwT>rbà_mUo
Amho.
1) _OwarMr ~MV …
N>moQ>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m joÌm_Üò Hw$Qw>§~mVrb l_mMm Am{YH$m{YH$ dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm
_Owar XoÊ`mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. `mCbQ> _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m joÌm_Üò A{YH$ _Owam§Mr Oê$ar AgboZo
_Owardarb IM© dmT>Vmo. _OwarVrb `m ~MVr_wio N>moQ>çm AmH$ma_mZmMr joÌ A{YH$ CËnmXH$ AgVmV Ago
darb Vkm§Mo _V Amho.
2) gImob eoVr
N>moQ>çm AmH$a_mZmÀ`m joÌm_Üò A{YH$ à_mUmV gImob bmJdS> H$aVm òVo Aem YmaUjoÌm_Üò XoIrb
XmoZ {H$dm VrZ {nHo$ KoVm òUo eŠ` AgVo. AJXr nmM EH$amÀ`m eoVr joÌmVyZ gImob nX²YVrZo eoVr H$ê$Z
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Ë`m_Üò VrZ {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVë`mg g§nyU© dfm©V EHy$U bmJdS> 15 EH$a Pmbr Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo.
Ago _V `m joÌmMo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m Vkm§Zr _m§S>bo Amho.
6) O{_ZrMm _hÎm_ Cn`moJ …-
_moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m eoVr joÌmÀ`m VwbZoZo bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m eoVr joÌm_Üò O{_ZrMm dmna OmñVrV
OmñV Ho$bm OmVmo. Odi-nmg 90% O{_Z dmnamImbr òVo Ago Vkm§Mo _V Amho. `mCbQ> _moR>çm YmaU joÌmV
O{_ZrMm dmna 50 Vo 60% BVH$mM hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio N>moQ>çm AmH$ma_mZmMo joÌ ho _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m
joÌmhÿZ A{YH$ CËnmXH$ AgVo. Ago g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
_moR>çm AmH$mamMo àjoÌ d CËnmXH$Vm …
àjoÌmMm AmH$ma Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m {df`mMr Xwgar ~mOy {dMmamV KoVm Ago _V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo
Amho H$s àjoÌmMm AmH$ma Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m§À`mV ì`ñV g§~§Y ZgyZ Vmo g_ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. àjoÌmMo
AmH$ma_mZ OgOgo dmT>V OmVo VgVer CËnmXH$Vmhr dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmMo YmaU joÌ A{YH$
CËnmXH$ AgVo Ago _V {damoYr Vkm§Mo Amho. h[aV H«$m§VrZ§Va AmH$ma_mZ Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m§À`mV IwnM
~Xb hmoV Joë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo. h[aV H«$m§Vr_wio Z{dZ d AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna eoVr_Üò dmT>V Jobm
`mMm OmñVrV \$m`Xm _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m eoVr joÌmbm Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. Aem _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m
YmaU joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìm§À`m ghmæ`mZo gImob nX²YVrZo eoVr Ho$br OmVo Ë`m_wio OmñVrV OmñV Om{_Z
dmnamV òÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
gwYm[aV {~`mUo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, qgMZ gmB© gwYm[aV AdOmao nrH$ g§ajU B.Mm Adb§~ Ho$ë`m_wio
H$mhr {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bo. n[aUm_r `mMm \$m`Xm bhmZ eoVH$è`m§nojm _moR>o eoVdmarM
A{YH$ KoD$ bmJbo. Aem n[apñWVrV _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m YmaU joÌmMr CËnmXH$Vm hr bhmZ AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m
YmaU joÌmnojm dmT>Vo Ago _V `m ~mOyMo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m Vkm§Zr _m§S>bobo Amho. h[aVH«$m§VrZ§Va àjoÌmMm
AmH$ma Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `mVrb ì`ñV g§~§Y ~Xbbobm Amho. H$maU _moR>o eoVH$ar Oo AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ
dmnaVmV Vo loð> XOm©Mo Amho. {edm` Ë`m§À`m YmaU joÌm_Üò H¥$fr g§gmYZm§Mm à{V hoŠQ>ar dmna OmñV Ho$bm
OmVmo Ë`m_wio h[aV H«$m§VrZ§Va àjoÌmMm AmH$ma Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m§_Yrb ì`ñV g§~§Y g§nbm AgyZ Vmo g_
Pmbm Amho. `mMmM AW© àjoÌmMm AmH$ma OgOgm dmT>Vmo VgVer CËnmXH$Vm dmT>VmZm {XgVo. Ago `m ~mOwZo
g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
H¥${f H$m`©j_Vm _mnZ … (Farm Efficiency Measures)
H¥$fr H$m`©j_Vm _mnZmMo {d{dY {ZX}eH$ gm§{JVbo OmVmV. _hÎm_ Z\$m àmá H$aUo ho eoVH$è`mMo à_wI
C{XXï> AgVo. AWm©V CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$m`©j_VoZo Pmë`mg darb C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
CËnmXZmMo {d{dY KQ>H$ {H$Vr à_mUmV dmnabo OmdoV OoUoH$ê$Z _hÎm_ CËnmXZ nmVir gmÜ` H$aVm òB©b
`mX¥ï>rZo H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$ Amdí`H$ R>aVmV. H$m`©j_Vm _mnZmÀ`m {ZX}eH$m§Ûmao Oo KQ>H$ H$m`©j_VoZo dmnabo
OmV ZmhrV Aem KQ>H$m§Mm H$m`©j_VoZo dmna H$gm hmoB©b `mH$S>o bj XoVm òVo Am{U Ë`mÛmao _hÎm_ Zâ`mMo
C{Ôï> gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m AZwf§JmZo {d{dY àH$maMo H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$ nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm òVmV.
99
1) ^y_r qH$dm CËnmXZ H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$
2) l_ H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$
3) ^m§S>db H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$
4) H¥$fr CËnÞ Am{U Z\$m H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$
darb {d{dY {ZX}eH$m§À`m AmYmao H¥$fr H$m`©j_VoMo _mnZ nwT>rb à_mUo Ho$bo OmVo
1. ^y_r qH$dm CËnmXZ : (Production Efficiency Indicators)
^y_rMm dmna H$m`©j_VoZo hmoV Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb {ZX}eH$ dmnaVm òVmV.
A) {nH$mMr Vrd«Vm - `m nXYVrZo {Xboë`m H$mbmdYrV {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r O{_Z dmnamMr _`m©Xm
_moObr OmVo Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb gyÌ dmnabo OmVo
{nH$mMo joÌ
{nH$mMr Vrd«Vm = x 100
EHy$U bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ
`m nX²YVrZwgma {nH$mMr Vrd«Vm OodT>r OmñV VodT>r H$m`©j_Vm A{YH$ AgVo
~) Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnÞ …-
CËnmXZ H$m`©j_VoMm hm EH$ {ZX}eH$ _mZbm OmVmo. `m {ZX}eH$mZwgma EH$m {d{eï> O{_Zr_Üò Xa hoŠQ>ar
CËnÞ A{YH$ Agob Va Vr O{_Z A{YH$ H$m`©j_ _mZdr OmVo `m CbQ> Á`m O{_Zr_Üò Xa hoŠQ>ar CËnÞ H$_r
AgVo Vr O{_Z H$_r H$m`©j_ Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo.
2) l_ H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$
H¥$fr_Üò à{V doir à{V ì`º$sH$Sy>Z nyU© H$aÊ`mV Ambobo CËnmXH$ H$m_ `m AWm©Zo H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrb
l_ H$m`©j_Vm bjmV KoVbr OmVo. Oa l{_H$ H$m`©j_ Agob Va H¥$fr ì`dgm` Zâ`mV Mmby eH$Vmo. l_mMr
H$m`©j_Vm Imbrb ~m~tda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
1) l{_H$m§Mr em[aarH$ {ñWVr, {ZamoJr l{_H$ H$m_mV A{YH$ ag KoVmV Ë`m_wio H$m`©j_Vm OmñV amhVo.
2) Á`m {R>H$mUr l{_H$ H$m_ H$aVmo VoWrb dmVmdaUmMr pñWVr.
l_ H$m`©j_Vm {ZX©oeH$ nwT>rb n«_mUo gm§{JVbo OmVmV
A) à{V Hw$Q>w§~ l_ {Xdg naVmdm - `mgmR>r Imbrb gyÌ dmnabo OmVo
à{VHw$Qw>§~ l_ {Xdg naVmdm = ( H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_mnmgyZMo CËnÞ

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_mMo {Xdg )
100
~) à{V H$m_Jma l_ {Xdg naVmdm - `mgmR>r Imbrb gwÌ {dMmamV KoVbo OmVo
= ( CËnmXZ - AmXmZ KQ>H$m§darb IM©

EHy$U H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m )
l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb Cnm``moOZm Amdí`H$ R>aVmV.
(i) gd© àH$maMr gmYUo d Am¡Omao gwpñWVrV AmhoV H$s Zmhr. `mMr H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ--ImÌr H$aUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo.
(ii) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnH$mZo d l{_H$m§À`m H$m_~XX²b AmdS>r {ZdS>rMm {dMma H$ê$Z H$m_mMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo
(iii) H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ^mooOZ d {dlmVrMr gw{dYm CnbãY Ho$br nm{hOo.
(iv) OoWo à{e{jV H$m_Jmam§Mr Oê$ar AgVo Ë`m {R>H$mUr à{ejUmMr ì`dñWm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$
R>aVo.
(v) H$m_JmamÀ`m H$m¡eë`mZwgma doVZ {Xbo Omdo.
(vi) Kam§Mr gw{dYm,Amamo½` gw{dYm VgoM H$m_Jmam§À`m _wbm§Zm {ejU gw{dYm `mgma»`m gw{dYm CnbãY
H$ê$Z {Xë`mZo l{_H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm {ZpíMVnUo dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
3) ^m§S>db H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$ (Capital Efficiency Indicaters)
^m§S>db H$m`©j_Vm _moOÊ`mMo {d{dY {ZX}eH$ nwT>rb à_mUo gm§{JVbo OmVmV.
1. daH$S> ewëH$ (Over head Charges)
daH$S> ewëH$ `m_Üò ñWra IMm©Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo CXm. Kgmam,{då`mMo háo, Jw§VdUwH$sdarb ì`mO,
eoVgmam, nmUrnÅ>r d BVa KQ>H$m§darb H$a B. IMm©Mm daH$S> ewëH$ `m_Üò g_mdoe hmoVmo `mgmR>r Imbrb
gwÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
daH$S> ewëH$mMo à_mU =

( à{Vdf© EHy$U ñWra IM©
EHy$U CËnÞ (
daH$S> IMm©Mo à_mU H$_r Agob Va ^m§S>dbmMr H$m`©j_Vm OmñV amhVo.
2) ^m§S>dbmÀ`m à{V - ñWyb CËnÞ …- `mgmR>r nwT>rb gyÌ dmnaVmV
^m§S>dbmMo à{VZJ ñWyb CËnÞ =

( EHy$U ^m§S>db Jw§VdUwH$
ñWyb CËnÞ (
darb à_mU H$_r Agob Va ^m§S>dbmMm A{YH$ H$m`©j_ dmna hmoVmo Ago _mZbo OmVo
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3) ^m§S>dbmÀ`m CbmT>mbrMm Xa : `mgmR>r Imbrb gyÌ dmnaVmV
^m§S>dbmÀ`m CbmT>mbrMm Xa : `mgmR>r Imbrb gwÌ dmnaVmV
^m§S>db CbmT>mbrMm Xa =
( ñWyb CËnÞ
EHy$U H¥$fr _mb_Îmm
x 100
(
^m§S>db CbmT>mbrMm Xa A{YH$ AgUo ho H¥$fr ì`dgm`À`m X¥ï>rZo \$m`X`mMr ~m~ AgVo H$maU
^m§S>dbmMm H$m`©j_VoZo dmna H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
4) H¥$fr CËnÞ qH$dm Z\$m H$m`©j_Vm {ZX}eH$ … (Farm income or profit efficienty indicaters)
H¥$fr CËnÞ qH$dm Z\$m H$m`©j_Vm _moOÊ`mMo {d{dY {ZX}eH$ nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm òVmV.
1. {Zìdi amoI H¥$fr CËnÞ Net Farm cash income
2. {Zìdi H¥$fr CËnÞ Net farm income
3. H¥$fr {_iH$V Farm Earnings
4. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_mMr {_iH$V Family Labour Earnings
5. ì`dñWmnZmVrb naVmdm Returns to Management
5) BVa {ZX}eH$ : (Other Indicators)
H¥$fr H$m`©j_Vm _mnZm_Yb BVa H$mhr {ZX}eH$ nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVmV.

1) H¥$frMm AmH$ma : (Farm Size)
H¥$fr CËnÞ ho àË`jnUo H¥$frÀ`m AmH$mamda Adb§~yZ AgVo. eoVrÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo
eoVH$è`mbm Imbrb {ZX}eH$ Zoh_r {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV.
* hoŠQ>g©_Üò eoVrMo EHy$U joÌ

* qgMZ Am{U {~Ja qgMZmImbrb EHy$U joÌ
* EHy$U {nH$mImbrb joÌ
* CËnmXH$ l{_H$m§Mr CnbãYVVm
2) eoVrMr nÜXV : (Farm System)
{nH$m§Mr aMZm Am{U àËòH$ {nH$mImbrb joÌ hm EH$ _hÎdmMm {ZX}eH$ H¥$fr H$m`©j_Vm {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mV _hÎdnyU© _mZbm OmVmo. CXm. gd©gmYmaU {nH$m§Mr eoVr, Xþ½Y eoVr, nmoëQ´>r \$m_©, ^mOrnmbm
eoVr, \$i~mJ eoVr, \w$beoVr B. eoVr ì`dgm`mÀ`m nÜXVr AgVmV. `m àËòH$ àH$maÀ`m eoVrMr
102
H$m`©j_Vm doJdoJir amhVo. Ë`m X¥ï>rZo eoVH$è`mbm H$m`©j_VoMm {dMma H$éZ eoVr nÜXVrMr {ZdS>H$amdr
bmJVo.
3) CnH«$_mMr H$m`©j_Vm : (Enterprise Efficiency)
Á`m CnH«$_m§Mr H¥$fr ì`dhmamV C^maUr Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m àËòH$ CnH«$_mMr H$m`©j_Vm nwT>rb
YQ>H$m§Ûmao bjmV KoUo eŠ` AgVo.
- à{V hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ
- à{V JmB© VgoM à{V njr CËnÝZ
- à{V H$m_Jma (l_) CËnÝZ
- à{V hoŠQ>ar naVmdm
- à{V 100 énò Jw§VdUyH$sMo CËnÝZ
- à{V H$m_Jma naVmdm
4) gmYZo dmnamMr H$m`©j_Vm : (Resources Use Efficiency)
à{VgmYZ qH$dm AmXmZmnmgwZMo CËnmXZ B H¥$fr CnH«$_m_Yrc VgoM H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrc _hÎdnwU©
^mJ _mZcm OmVmo. l_ Am{U IVo `m§gmaIr AmXmZo `m§darc IM© d H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m EHy$U H$m`©j_Vm
AmXmZm§À`m dmnamÀ`m AmYmamda cjmV ¿`mdr cmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r Imcrc KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$
AgVo.
- IVm§À`m n«{V EH$H$m_mJo CËnmXZ
- l_mÀ`m à{V EH$H$m _mJo CËnmXZ
- à{V hoŠQ>ar H¥$fr `§Ìgm_J«rMr Jw§VdUwH$
- à{V hoŠQ>ar OZmdao
5) eoVr CËn§ÝZ : (Farm Income)
gd© gmYmaUnUo H¥$fr H$m`©j_Vm _moOÊ`mgmR>r eoVr CËnÝZ hm {ZX}eH$ dmnaVmZm Ë`m_Üò {d{dY
~m~tMm {dMma Ho$cm CXm. H¥$frVrc ñWyc CËnÝZ, {ñWa H¥$fr gm§YZm§Mm naVmdm, {Zìdi H¥$fr CËnÝZ,
H¥$frVrc Hw$Qw>§~mMr {_iH$V, {Zìdi amoI ñdénmVrc CËnÝZ B. KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.
103
ñd`§ AÜ`Z àíZ
A) Imcrc n¡H$s`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m
1) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ {ZU©` à{H«$òV -------- ho _w»` C{ÔîQ> AgVo.
(A) CXa{Zdm©h (~) _hÎm_ CËnmXZ (H$) _hÎm_ Z\$m (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r --------- {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
(A) g§emoYZ (~) AÚmnZ (H$) {dñVma (S>) darc gd©
3) ^maVmV gamgar YmaU joÌmMo --------- Amho.
(A) _moR>o (~) chmZ (H$) _Ü`_ (S>) n`m©`
4) gm_w{hH$ eoVrMm à`moJ gd©àW_ -------- XoemV Pmcocm Amho.
(A) ^maV (~) MrZ (H$) a{e`m (S>) B§½cS>
5) eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV -------- hr ~m~ {dMmamV KoVcr OmVo.
(A) eoVrMo AmH$ma_mZ (~) CËnmXZ IM©
(H$) à{V hoŠQ>a (S>) darcn¡H$s gd©
1) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m`?
2) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnUmMo H$moUVohr XmoZ {ZU©` gm§Jm?
3) ghH$mar eoVr åhUOo H$m`?
4) H$mocImoO hm eãXà`moJ H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m eoVrgmR>r dmnacm OmVmo.
5) eoVrMr H$m`©j_Vm H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§da AmYm[aV AgVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao:-
A) 1) H$ 2) S> 3) ~ 4) H$ 5) H$
~) 1) eoVrMr ì`dñWm èñdrnUo nhmÊ`mMr H$cm åhUOo H¥$frì`dñWmnZ.
2) 1) nrH$ nÕVr~m~V {ZU©` 2) {nH$m§Imcrc joÌ {ZpíMVr {ZU©`.
3) ghH$mamMr VÎdo eoVrÀ`m cmJdS>r_Üò cmJw H$aUo åhUOo ghH$mar eoVr.
4) gm_w{hH$ eoVrgmR>r H$mocImoO hm eãXà`moJ dmnacm OmVmo.
5) eoVrMr dJ©j_Vm hr eoVrVrc EHy$U CËnmXZ IM© d eoVr_Yrc EHw$U CËnmXZ `m KQ>H$m§da
AmYmacocr AgVo.
104
3.2.2 H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMr VÎdo : (Principles of Farm Management)
H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$òV AZoH$ {ZU©` KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ago {ZU©` KoV AgVmZm
H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZmMr VÎdo {ZpíMVnUo _mJ©Xe©H$ AgVmV. à_w»`mZo H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$òV
ì`mdgmB©H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMr VÎdo _hÎdnyU© R>aVmV. H¥$fr-ì`dgm`mVrc {d{dY àíZm§Mr
gmoS>dUwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H¥$fr {df`H$ g_ñ`m H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m VÎdm§Zm
_hÎd AgVo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrc à{VHw$c n[apñWVrV H¥$fr CÚmoOH$VoMm {dH$mg KS>dwZ AmUÊ`mgmH$[aVm
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m VÎdm§Mo kmZ Am{U eoVH$è`m§_Üò Om{Ud {Z_m©U H$aUo {ZVm§V JaOoMo AgVo. `m
AZwf§JmZo H¥$fr ì`dñWmZmg§~§YrÀ`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m à_wI VÎdm§Mr AmT>mdm AmnU `m KQ>H$m_Üò
KoUma AmhmoV.
A) KQ>H$ à{VñWmnZ VËd : (Principle of Factor Substitution)
eoVr CËnmXZmgmR>r eoVH$è`mcm {d{dY CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mr (KQ>H$m§Mr) Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. CXm.
AdOmao, `§Ìo, l_. B. Aem gmYZm§gmR>r eoVH$è`mcm IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. AWm©V eoVr CËnmXZmH$[aVm
dmnaÊ`mV òUmar gmYZ hr EH$_oH$mg n`m©`r Cn`moJmMr AgVmV CËnmXZ dJm©_Üò H¥$fr gmYZm§Mo
à{VñWmnZ H$aUo eŠ` AgVo åhUOoM EH$m gmYZmEodOr Xwgao gmYZ dmnéZ {H$dm gmYZm§Mm n`m©ßV
g§`moJ H$éZ CËnmXZ H$aUo eŠ` AgVo. AWm©V CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à{VñWmnZ H$aVmZm CËnmXZ H$_r
hmoUma Zmhr VgoM CËnmXZ IMm©V dmT> hmoUma Zmhr `m ~m~rMr XjVm KoD$Z à{VñWmnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$
AgVo H$_rV H$_r IMm©V OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm `mo½` _oi
KmcUo åhUOoM KQ>H$ à{VñWmnZ VÎdmMm Z\$m gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo hm à_wI CÔoe Agcm
nm{hOo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_Üò Oo {d{dY CËnmXZ KQ>H$ dmnaco OmVmV Ë`m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna
H$aVmZm eoVH$è`mg_moa Oo doJdoJio n`m©` AgVmV Ë`m_Üò CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _oimMm (Facter Combination)
H$moUVm n`m©` gdm©V H$_r IMm©Mm Am{U A{YH$ CËnmXZ XoUmam Amho `mMm {dMma H$éZM KQ>H$m§Mo
à{VñWmnZ H$amdo cmJVo. AWm©V `mgmR>r gr_m§V à{VñWmnZ Xa Am{U KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_VrMo JwUmoÎma
`m§Mm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. `mZwgma OoWo gr_m§V à{VñWmnZ Xa Am{U qH$_V
JwUmoÎma g_mO hmoVo. VoWo H$_rV H$_r IMm©V CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mm _oi KmcUo gmÜ` hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV
CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo à{VñWmnZ H$aUo ho H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmVrc EH$ _hÎdmMr \$mòXera ~m~ _mZco OmVo.
B) g_-gr_m§V naVmì`mMo VËd : (Principle of Equi Marginal Returns)
eoVH$è`mH$S>o AgUmao ^m§S>dc ho _`m©{XV AgVo. H¥$fr. ì`dgm`mcm ^m§S>dcm§Mr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm
AgVo. AWm©V ^m§S>dc hm KQ>H$ _`m©{XVM Agë`mZo Amnë`mH$S>rc CncãY ^m§S>dcmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo
`mo½` joÌm_Üò Jw§VdUwH$ H$éZ _hÎm_ Zâ`mMr àmßVr H$aUo ho eoVH$è`mMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> AgVo. H¥$fr
joÌmV Jw§VdUwH$sMo AZoH$ n`m©` eoVH$è`m§g_moa AgVmV. Á`m Jw§VdUwH$ n`m©`m_YwZ _hÎm_ Z\$m {_ioc
Aem n`m©`m§Mr {ZdS> Hw$éZ Ë`m_Üò ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$ H$aUo ho eoVH$è`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo \$m`Xoera AgVo.
eoVH$è`mcm Amnë`m _`m©{XV ^m§S>dcmVyZ {d{dY joÌmV J§wVdUyH$ H$aVmZm Á`m ì`dgm`mVwZ _hÎm_
105
Z\$m àmßV hmoB©c. Aem ì`dgm`mMr J§wVdwH$sgmR>r {ZdS> H$aVmZm Ë`mcm g_-gr_m§V naVmì`mMo VËd
AË`§V Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
`m VËdmZwgma eoVH$è`mZo eoVr ì`dmgm`mV ^m§S>dc J§wVdUwH$ H$aVmZm Ho$di EH$mM ì`dgm`mV
Jw§VdUwH$ Z H$aVmV doJdoJù`m ì`dgm`mV Jw§VdUwH$ H$amdr OoUoH$éZ ^m§S>dcmnmgyZ {_iUmam gr_m§V
naVmdm gd© ì`dgm`m§_Üò g_mZ hmoB©c. Ooìhm gr_m§V naVmdm g_mZ hmoVmo Voìhm ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$sVwZ
eoVH$è`mcm {_iUmam {Zìdi Z\$m gdm©{YH$ {_iVmo d Ë`mÛmao Ë`mMo _hÎV_ Zâ`mMo C{ÔîQ> gmÜ`
hmoVo.
gr_m§V naVmì`mMo VËd EH$m CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
CXmhaU :- g_Om eoVH$è`mOdi é. 50,000 BVHo$ ^m§S>dcr aŠH$_ Amho eoVH$è`mcm Ë`mÀ`m
eoVr ì`dgm`m_Üò Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r nrH$ CËnmXH$, Xw½Yì`dgm`, Am{U Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ `m VrZ joÌm§_Üò
AZwHw$c n[apñWVr Amho. Aem pñWVrV eoVH$è`mZo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rc 50, 000 é. ^m§S>dcr aŠH$_
darcn`m©`m§n¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m n`m©`m_Üò Jw§V{dë`mg Ë`mnmgwZMm gr_m§V naVmdm Imcrc VŠVm
H«$. 9 _Üò Xe©{dcm Amho. VŠVm H«$. 1
{d{dY ì`dgm`m_Yrc Jw§VdUwH$sMm gr_m§V naVmdm
dmnacocr ^m§S>dcr gr_m§V naVdm (én`mV)

aŠH$_ nrH$ CËnmXZ Xw½Y ì`dgm` Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ
n{hcm _mÌm 10,000 20,000 19,000 21,000
Xwgar _mÌm 10,000 19,000 18,000 19,000
{Vgar _mÌm 10,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
Mm¡Wr _mÌm 10,000 12,000 11,000 12,000
nmMdr _mÌm 10,000 10,000 9,000 11,000
EHw$U naVmdm 50,000 76,000 72,000 78,000
{Zìdi Z\$m -- 26,000 22,000 28,000
darc nÌH$mVwZ Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, eoVH$è`mZo Amncr gd© ^m§S>dcr aŠH$_ nrH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r
Jw§Vdë`mg Ë`m_Üò Ë`mcm 26,000 énò {Zìdi Z\$m {_iVmo, Oa Xw½Yì`dgm`m_Üò gd© ^m§S>dc
Jww§Vdë`mg 22,000 énò {Zìdi Z\$m {_iVmo Am{U Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ ì`dgm`m_Üò gd© ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$
Ho$ë`mg 24,000 énò {Zìdi Zâ`mMr àmßVr hmoVo. `mMmM AW© H$moUË`mhr EH$mM ì`dgm`mV gd©
^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mcm {_iUmar {Zìdi Zâ`mMr aŠH$_ AZwH«$_o é. 26,000 é. 22,000
d énò 28,000 EdT>r Amho.
106
Aem n[apñWVrV eoVH$è`mZo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rc 50,000 énò ^m§S>dcr aŠH$_oMr g_ gr_m§V naVmdm
VËdmZwgma Jw§VdUwH$ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mcm {_iUmè`m {Zìdi Zâ`mMo ñdén nwT>rc VŠVm H«$. 2 _Üò Xe©{dco
Amho.
VŠVm H«$. 2
g_gr_m§V naVmdm VËdmZwgma ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$:
aŠH$_ ì`dgm` gr_m§V naVdm
n{hcm _mÌm 10,000 Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ 21,000

Xwgar _mÌm 10,000 {nH$ CËnmXZ 20,000
{Vgar _mÌm 10,000 {nH$ CËnmXZ 19,000
Mm¡Wr _mÌm 10,000 Xw½Y ì`dgm` 19,000
nmMdr _mÌm 10,000 Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ 19000
EHw$U naVmdm 50,000 98,000
{Zìdi Z\$m -- 48,000
darc VŠË`m_YwZ ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, eoVH$è`mcm {d{dY ì`dgm`mVwZ {_iUmam {Zìdi Z\$m é.
48,000 BVH$m Amho Omo H$moUË`mhr EH$mM ì`dgm`mVrc Jw§VdUwH$snojm {ZpíMVM OmñV Amho. AemàH$mao
{Zìdi Z\$m _hÎm_ dmT>Ê`mgmR>r eoVH$è`mZo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rc 50,000 énòMr ^m§S>dcr Jw§VdUwH$sn¡H$s
20,000 é. Jw§VdUwH$ nrH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r, 20,000 énò Jw§VdUwH$ Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ ì`dgm`m_Üò Am{U
10,000 énò Jw§VdUwH$ Xw½Y ì`dgm`m_Üò Ho$cr nm{hOo Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm àËòH$ ì`dgm`m_YwZ {_iUmam
gr_m§V naVmdm g_mO òB©c. AmUIr EH$ ~m~ `mR>rH$mUr cjmV KoVcr nm{hOo H$s, darc {VÝhr
ì`dgm`mVwZ {_iUmam gr_m§V naVmdm é. 19,000 hm gd©Ì g_mZ Amho. AemàH$mao gmam§emZo åhUVm
òB©c H$s, eoVr ì`dgm`m_Üò ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$ Aem _mJm©Zo Ho$cr Omdr H$s, gd© n`m©`m§_Üò {_iUmam
gr_m§V naVmdm g_mZ am{hc.
C) d¡H${ënH$ ì``mMo VËd : (Opportunity Cost Principle )
AW©emñÌm_Üò g§Yr IMm©À`m (d¡H$pënH$ IMm©cm) g§H$ënZocm IwnM _hÎd Amho {deofV: CËnmXZ
joÌm_Üò _J Vo H¥$frCËnmXZ Agmo AWdm Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ Agmo Aem CËnmXZ joÌmV d¡H$pënV
CËnmXZ IMm©Mr g§H$ënZm AË`§V Cn`wŠV Am{U CËnmXH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©H$ g_Ocr OmVo. CËnmXZmMo
^w_r, l_, ^m§S>dc B. KQ>H$ EH$_oH$mg n`m©`r Cn`moJmMo AgVmV. `mMmM AW© EH$ImÚm Cn`moJmgmR>r
darc KQ>H$m§Mm dmna Ho$ë`mg Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Xwgè`m dñVwÀ`m CËnmXZm_Üò dmna H$aVm òV Zmhr.
doJù`m AWm©Zo Ago gm§JVm òB©c H$s, CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ EImÚm dñVwÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaë`mg
Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m AÝ` Xwgè`m dñVw§À`m CËnmXZmMm Ë`mJ H$amdm cmJVmo. `m_Y_wZM
d¡H$pënH$ IM© {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CXm. H¥$fr_Üò l_ d ^m§S>dc `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo D$g
`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVë`mg `m KQ>H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m H$mnwg `m {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmMm
107
Ë`mJ H$amdm cmJVmo. åhUOoM CËnmXZmMo darc KQ>H$ ho n`m©`r Cn`moJmMo AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo
EH$m doir H$moUË`mhr EH$mM dñVwMo CËnmXZ H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
AemàH$mao eoVH$è`mOdi Or darc gmYZo AgVmV Ë`m§Mm n`m©`r Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. `m_YwZ
hr gmYZo Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m Cn`moJm_Üò gdm}Îm_ R>aVrc `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z dmnaUo `mo½` R>aVo. EH$m
Cn`moJm_Üò Vr dmnaÊ`mMo R>a{dë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo BVa Cn`moJ eoVH$ar H$aÊ`mMo aÔ H$aVmo. hm {ZU©`
KoVmZm d¡H$pënH$ ì``mMr H$ënZm Cn`wŠV R>aVo. åhUwZM Á`m Cn`moJmV hr gmYZo gdm©{YH$ {Zìdi
àmßVr XoV AgVrc Ë`mM Cn`moJmgmR>r Ë`m§Mm dmna Ho$cm nm{hOo.
D) VwcZmË_H$ cm^mMo VËd : (Principle of Comparative Advantage)
EImXm {d{eîQ> àXoe hm EImX`m {d{eîQ> {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r BVa {nH$ CËnmXZmnojm A{YH$
`mo½` AgVmo. Ë`m àXoemVrc _¥Xm hdm_mZ `m§gmaIo KQ>H$ EImÚm nrH$mgmR>r BVa {nH$m§nojm A{YH$
AZwHy$c AgVo. Ë`m_wio {d{eîQ> nrH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmV BVa nrH$ CËnmXZmnojm VwcZmË_H$ cm^ A{YH$
AgVmo. H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZm_Üò Aem VwcZmË_H$ cm^ VËdmMm {dMma H$aUo {ZpíMV \$m`Xoera AgVo.
AWm©V VwcZmË_H$ cm^mMm {dMma H$aVmZm {Zanoj cm^ XoIrc {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
{Zanoj cm^ : (Absolute Advantage)
{Zanojm cm^ hm EH$m àXoemVrc nrH$ CËnmXZm§Mr VwcZm Xwgè`m àXoemVrc nrH$ CËnmXZmer
Ho$cr OmVo `m g§X^m©V cjmV KoVcm OmVmo. Va VwZmË_H$ cm^ hm EH$m nrH$ CËnmXZmMr Xwgè`m nrH$
CËnmXZmer VwcZm `m g§X^m©V {dMmamV KoVcm OmVmo. darc VwcZmË_H$ cm^ Am{U {Zanoj cm^ `m§Mo
ñdén nwT>rc VŠVm H«$. 3 _Üò Xe©{dco Amho.
VŠVm H«$. 3
Jìhþ Am{U Vm§Xyi CËnmXZ
Jìhw Vm§Xyi
A àXoe B àXoe A àXoe B àXoe
(énò) (énò) (énò) (énò)
EHy$U CËnÝZ 200.00 150.00 400.00 600.00
EHw$U IM© 170.00 140.00 190.00 200.00
{Zìdi naVmdm 30.00 10.00 210.00 400.00
naVmdm à{Vénò 1.18 1007.00 2.10 3.00
Xa eoH$Sm naVmdm 118.00 107.00 210.00 300.00
108
darc VŠË`m_YwZ Ago AmT>iwZ òVo H$s A àXoemVrc Jìhþ CËnmXZmV B àXoemVrc Jìhþ CËnmXZmnojm
A{YH$ {Zanoj cm^ Amho H$maU A àXoemV à{Vénò naVmdm hm B àXoemnojm A{YH$ Amho. `mCcQ>
Vm§Xwi CËnmXZm_Üò A àXoemnojm B àXoemV {Zanoj cm^ A{YH$ Amho. VgoM Oa B àXoemVrc Jìhþ
Am{U Vm§Xwi CËnmXZmMr VwcZm Ho$cr Va Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, Vm§XimMo CËnÝZ ho JìhmÀ`m CËnÝZmÀ`m
VwcZoZo OmñV Amho. AemàH$mao VwcZmË_H$ ÑîQ>çm B àXoemV Vm§Xwi hm Jìhmnojm A{YH$ \$m`Xoera
Amho. Ë`m_wio B àXoemV Vm§Xwi CËnmXZmMo {deofrH$aU Ho$co nm{hOo. Aem àH$mao {Zanoj cm^ Am{U
VwcZmË_H$ cm^m§_wio EImÚm {d{eîQ> àXoem_Üò {d{eîQ> nrH$ CËnmXZmV {deofrH$aU hmoVo. Am{U
åhUwZM H¥${fì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò VwcZmË_H$ cm^mÀ`m VËdmMm {dMma H$aUo _hÎdnwU© R>aVo.
Ë`mZwgma Á`m nrH$ CËnmXZmV VwcZmË_H$ cm^ OmñV Agoc AemM nrH$ CËnmXZmMm {ZU©` \$m`Xoera
R>aVmo.
E) VwcZmË_H$ doioMo VËd (g_` VËd) (Time Comparison Principle) :-
H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$òV_Üò EImÚm ì`dgm`mMr qH$dm EImÚm nrH$-àH$mamMr {ZdS>
dmaV AgVmZm Ë`mgmR>r H$amdm cmJUmam IM© Am{U Ë`mnmgwZ {_iUmar àmßVr `m_Yrc doioMm qH$dm
H$mcmdYrMm {dMma H$aUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ R>aVo. O{_ZrMm dmna {d{dY àH$mao H$aVmZm H$mcmdYrMm
{dMma A{YH$ _hÎdmMm AgVmo. CXm. eoV O{_ZrMm dmna nrH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mgmR>r {Z`{_VnUo
H$aVm òVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo \$i~mJ cmJdS>rgmR>rhr H$aVm òD$ eHo$c. nU Ë`mgmR>r OmñV H$mimgmR>r
Jw§VdUwH$ H$amdr cmJoc d {_iUmar àmßVr XoIrc OmñV H$mimZo {_ioc. Ë`mMà_mUo Xw½Y CËnmXZmgmR>r
XÿY XoUmar Jm` {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r OmñV n¡gm Úmd`mMm dJ© H$s H$_r n¡emV H$mcI§S> {dH$V KoD$Z
{VÀ`m nmcZnmofUmda H$mhr H$mi IM© H$amd`mMm hm {ZU©` KoVmZm H$mcmdYrMm VwcZmË_H$ {dMma
H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Am{U åhUwZM `m g§X^m©V ^{dî`H$mcrZ àmßVrMo dV©_mZ _wë` H$m` Amho
`mMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. H$mcmdYrMm VwcZmË_H$ {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥${f - ì`dñWmnZmV nwT>rc
gwÌmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
PV =
( q
(1+r)n )
`m R>rH$mUr PV = ^{dî`H$mcrZ àmßVrMo dV©_mZH$mcrZ _wë`
q = ^{dî`H$mimVrc aŠH$_
r = ì`mOmMm Xa
n = dfmªMr g§»`m
109
gmam§e :-
H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZm_Üò Oo {d{dY {ZU©` KoVco OmVmV Ë`mH$arVm CnamoŠV ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcocr
{d{dY VËdo _mJ©Xe©H$ R>é eH$VmV. AWm©V hr VËdo eoVrÀ`m ñdénmda Adc§~wZ amhVmV. eoVrH$S>o
Oa EH$ ì`dgm` åhUwZ nm{hco OmV Agoc Va darc VËdo {ZpíMVM _mJ©Xe©H$ R>é eH$VmV. na§Vw
^maVmgma»`m XoemV AOwZhr _moR>çm à_mUmV eoVrH$S>o$ EH$ CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZM nm{hco OmVo.
_moR>çm à_mUmV eoVr nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZoM Ho$cr OmVo. ì`mdmgmB©H$ ÑîQ>rZo eoVrMm {dMma AOwZhr
åhUmdm {VVH$m Pmcocm {XgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio CnamoŠV MMm© H$aUoV Amcoë`m H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m
VËdmÀ`m dmnamda AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -
(A) Imcrc n¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) H¥$fr CËnmXZm_Üò dmnaco OmUmao KQ>H$ --------------- ñdénmMo AgVmV.
(A) nwadm (~) n`m©`r (H$) A{ZpíMV (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2) CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mm `mo½` _oi ---------- VËdmÛmao KmcUo eŠ` hmoVo.
(A) KQ>H$ n[apñWmnZ (~) g_gr_m§V naVmdm
(H$) VwcZmË_cm^ VËd (S>) d¡H$ënrH$ ì``
3) eoVH$è`mH$S>o AgUmao ^m§S>dc ----------- AgVo.
(A) A_`m©{XV (~) _`m©{XV (H$) H$m`©dJar (S>) ñWra
4) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r ---------- Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
(A) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ {ZU©` (~) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ VËdo
(H$) ------- (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
1) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ VÎdm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm --- AgVo?
2) g§Yr IM© åhUOo H$m`?
3) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmVrc H$moUVrhr XmoZ VÎdo gm§Jm?
110
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A) 1) ~. 2) A. 3) ~ 4) H$
~) 1) H¥$fr ì`dñWmVrc {d{dY g_ñ`m Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r
2) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo EH$m dñVyMo CËnmXZ Ho$ë`m_wio Xwgè`m àH$maÀ`m dñVw CËnmXZmMm
H$amdm cmJUmam Ë`mJ åhUOo d¡H$pënH$ IM© (g§Yr IM©)
3) 1) KQ>H$ à{VñWmnZ VËd
2) VwcZmË_H$ cm^ VÎd.
3.2.3 H¥$fr g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ :- (Management of farm Resources:)
^w_r, l_, ^m§S>dc ho CËnmXZmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_Üò `m KQ>H$m§Mo `mo½` nÕVrZo
ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg CËnmXZmVrc CÀM H$m`©j_VoMr nmVir JmR>Uo gmÜ` hmoVo. H¥$fr _Yrc `m g§gmYZm§Mm
H$m`©j_ dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo gw`mo½` nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr
EH$m gmYZm§Mm A_`m©X dmna Ho$cm Joë`mg Aem gmYZm§Mm èhmg hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. EH$m
{d{eîQ> Hw$dVrnojm OmñV g§gmYZm§À`m dmnam_wio Aem g§gmYZm§À`m ApñVËdmcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm AgVo. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm A{VaoH$s dmna qH$dm MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo dmna Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm n[aUm_
CËnmXZ IMu dmT>Ê`mda hmoVmo. {edm` H¥$fr joÌmMr H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Am{U
åhUwZM CnamoŠV g§gmYZm§À`m gw`mo½` ì`dñWmnZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. n«ñVwV KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU ^w_r,
l_ Am{U ^m§S>dc `m H¥$fr g§gmYZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmg§~§Yr MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV.
(A) ^y_r :- (Land:)
CËnmXZ g§gmYZm_Yrc ^y_r ho EH$ _hÎdmMo g§gmYZ _mZco OmVo. H¥$fr _Üò {nH$ cmJdS>rÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo ^y_rcm _hÎd AgVo. ^y_r ho g§gmYZ _mZdmcm {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {_imcocr XoUJr Amho. ^y_r
gmo~V nmUr, hdm, àH$me Am{U CîUVm `m§gmaIo KQ>H$ {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {dZm_wë` {_imcoco AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio _mZdmMo ApñVËd {Q>Hw$Z Amho. `m ^y_r_Üò dmam, nmD$g, gw`©àH$me, g_wÐ, ZÚm I{ZOo
àmUr B. Ag§»` KQ>H$m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio ^y_r `m KQ>H$mVwZ g§nÎmr {Z_m©U hmoV Agë`mZo
Vr {ZgJm©Zo _mZdmcm {Xcocr EH$ Am{W©H$ XoUJr Amho. Ago åhQ>co OmVo.
^y_r hm CËnmXZmMm EH$ _hÎdnwU© KQ>H$ Amho H$maU Ë`m_Üò CËnmXH$Vm hm JwUY_© Amho. H¥$fr
ì`dgm`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVmZm ^y_rÀ`m CËnmXH$Vocm AË`§V _hÎd Amho. eoVr CËnmXZ ho ^y_r_Yrc
CËnmXH$VodaM Adc§~yZ AgVo. ^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm hr AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Zr {ZYm©[aV hmoV AgVo. ^y_rMr
CËnmXH$Vm à^m{dV H$aUmao H$mhr _hÎdnwU© KQ>H$ AmnUmg nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm òVrc.
111
1) Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ :-
^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§da Adc§~wZ AgVo Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo hdm_mZ, O{_ZmMm
CVma, _mVr_Yrc amgm`{ZH$ d O¡{dH$ JwUY_©, nmD$g B. KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ho gd© KQ>H$
CËnmXZmMm AmYma AgVmV.
2) qgMZ j_Vm :-
^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm hr qgMZ j_VoMr CncãYVm `mdahr Adc§~wZ AgVo. Á`m O{_Zrcm qgMZmMr
gw{dYm _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVo Aer O{_Z A{YH$ CËnmXH$ AgVo. `mMmM AW© Aem O{_ZrMr
CËnmXH$Vm A{YH$ AgVo. {d{har, Hw$nZ{cH$m, eoVVir, H$mcdo, B. Hw${Ì_ gmYZm§Ûmao qgMZ j_VoV
dmT> H$aVm òVo. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Vo.
3) ñWmZ$:-
{d{eîQ> ñWmZmMm ^y_rÀ`m CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ KSw>Z òVo. eoVO{_Z ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m OdiÀ`m
R>rH$mUr Agë`mg H$_r IMm©V CËnmXZ ~mOmanoR>oV ZoVm òVo. `mCcQ> eoVO_rZ ~mOmanoR>onmgwZ XÿaÀ`m
ñWmZmda Agoc Va CËnmXZ ~mOmanoR>o_Üò nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r dmhVwH$ gmYZm§da A{YH$Mm IM© H$amdm
cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ KQ>H$ Am{U dñVw§À`m {H$_VrV dmT> hmoVo.
4) ^y_rMr _mcH$s :-
O{_ZrMr _mcH$s Am{U {VMr CËnmXH$Vm `m§À`mV nañna g§~§Y AgVmo. O{_Zrda eoVr H$aUmè`mMr
_mcH$s Agoc Va Ë`m_Üò Ë`mcm A{YH$ CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV ag AgVmo. Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm
dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ à`ËZ Ho$co OmVmV. _mÌ O{_Zrda VmËnwaVr _mcH$s qH$dm _mcH$s hŠH$m~m~V
{ZpíMVVm Zgoc Va Aem eoVO{_ZrVyZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mMr ^mdZm \$maer ZgVo. Aem O{_ZrMr
CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r O{_Z H$gUmam \$magm CËgwH$ ZgVmo.
5) ^m§S>dcmMr CËnXH$Vm :-
^m§S>dcmÀ`m CncãXVoda ^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm Adc§~wZ AgVo. gwYm[aV {~`mÊ`m§À`m OmVr, IVo,
`§Ìgm_J«r B. gmR>r ^m§S>dcmMr CVncãXVm Agoc Va ^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Vo AJXr ^y_rÀ`m chmZem
^mJmMr CËnmXH$Vmhr ^m§S>dcmÀ`m nwaoem CncãXVo_wio dmT>Vo.
6) O{_ZrMm `mo½` dmna :-
O{_ZrÀ`m dmnamda O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm Adc§~wZ AgVo. Á`m nrH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r O{_ZrMo
{d{eîQ> joÌ `mo½` qH$dm cm`H$ Amho. Ë`mM {dH$mMo CËnmXZ Aem O{_ZrV KoVë`mg CËnmXH$Vm
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OmñV am{hc. na§Vw {d{eîQ> {nH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r `mo½` O{_ZrV AÝ` Xwgè`m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ KoVë`mg
CËnmXH$Voda à{VHw$c n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
7) l{_H$m§Mr CncãYVm :-
^w_rÀ`m CËnmXH$Voda à^md nmS>Umam l{_H$ hm AË`§V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZcm OmVmo. l_ `m
KQ>H$m{edm` ^w_r_Üò CVßmXZmMo H$m`© nwU© òCM eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio l{_H$m§À`m CncãXVoda l{_H$m§À`m
H$m`©j_VodaM ^w{_Mr CËnmXH$Vm AmYmacocr AgVo. H$m`©j_, Am{U à{e{jV l{_H$M ^w_rMm dmna
`mo½` àH$mao H$é eH$VmV.
8) gaH$mar YmoaU$ :-
gaH$maÀ`m H¥$fr {dfH$ YmoaUm§Mm ^w_rÀ`m CËnmXH$Voda narUm_ KSw>Z òV AgVo. Oa gaH$maMo
H¥$fr ~m~VMo YmoaU eoVH$è`m§À`m {hVmMo ajU H$aUmao Agoc VoìhmM eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg
MmcZm {_iVo. `mCcQ> gaH$maZo eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmH$S>o Xwc©j Ho$ë`mg eoVr joÌmV _mJmgconUm dmTw>Z
O{_ZrMr CËnmXH$Vm KQ>V OmVo.
9) g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^w{_H$m :-
^w_rMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mV {d{dY g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^w{_H$m _hÎdnwU© R>aVo. H$m`©j_ Am{U VËna
g§KQ>Zm§_wio eoVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m {d{dY ~m~tMm nmR>nwamdm hmoD$Z CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg
{ZpíMVM hmV^ma cmJVmo.
10) H¥$fr g§emoYZ$:-
^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`m_Üò H¥$fr g§emoYZ _hÎdnwU© ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVo. CËnmXZ
Am{U {dnZUmVrc Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm, H¥$fr {dñVma godm VgoM AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm Am§{JH$ma H$aÊ`mMr
eoVH$è`m§Mr V`mar `m ~m~r ^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mg _hËdnwU© `moJXmZ XoVmV. gwYm[aV V§ÌkmZ
IVm§Mm dmna, cmJdS>rÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ nÕVr B. ~m~VrVrc H¥$fr g§emoYZ ^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mg
ghmæ`^wV R>aVo.
Aem àH$mao H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$òV ^y_r `m KQ>H$mMo gw`mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`m_Üò
^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm {ZYm©[aV H$aUmè`m CnamoŠV ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma hmoUo Amdí`H$
Amho.
H¥$fr_Yrc ^y_rMo _hÎd :- (Importance of Land in Agriculture)
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMm EH$ A{Zdm`© d _w»` AmYma åhUwZ ^w_r hm KQ>H$ cjmV KoVcm OmVmo. gd©
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àH$maÀ`m CËnmXZmVrc H$moZercm åhUwZ ^w_r `m g§gmYZmH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. H¥${f{dfH$ {d{dY H$m`},
CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg, OJcm§Mm {dH$mg, B_maVr, añVo d aoëdo dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm B. gmR>r ^w_rMr {ZVm§V
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio ^w_rMo H¥$fr_Yrc _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago Amho. H¥$fr joÌmVrc ^w_rMo
_hÎd nwT>rc _wÔo {dMmamV KoVë`mg g_OVo.
A) AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV.
~) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mm {dñV¥V dmna H$aVm òVmo.
H$) CËnÝZ dmT>rgmR>rMo _w»` gmYZ
S>) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm à_wI AmYma
B) ^w_rÀ`m dmT>Ë`m {H$_Vr_wio BVa CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmcm MmcZm
B©) ^w_r hm _mZdr OrdZmMm _w»` AmYma.
1) _mVr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m nÕVr$ :- (Soil Management Practices)
^y_r hm KQ>H$ CËnmXH$ ñdénmMm Agë`mZo H¥$fr joÌmV ^y_rMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mVr
ì`dñWmnZmcm _hÎd AgVo. `mo½` nÕVrZo _mVrMo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`m_YwZ Mm§Jcm naVmdm {_iÊ`mg
_XV hmoo. _mVr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò Ho$di AënH$mimMm {dMma H$éZ MmcV Zmhr. H$maU eoVr ì`dgm`
hm dfm©Zwdf} MmcUmam Agë`mZo ^y_rMr JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r _mVr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò {XK©H$mcrZ
{dMma Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. Ë`mZwgma _mVr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m H$mhr à_wI nÕVr nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JrVë`m
OmVmV.
1) nrH$ aMZm/{nH$mMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y$ :- (Cropping Pattern)
dfm©Zydf} EH$M nrH$ eoVr_Üò KoV am{hë`mg _mVrMm nmoV {~KS>Vmo. _mVr_Yrc H$mhr nmofH$
Ðìò ZîQ> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. gmVË`mZo EH$mM joÌmV Jìhÿ, ^mV, `m§gma»`m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ
dfm©Zwdf} KoV am{hë`mg Aem O{_ZrVrc qPH$, cmoh, `m§gma»`m gyú_ AÝZÐì`m§Mo à_mU H$_r hmoV
OmVo. n[aUm_r _mVrMm nmoV {~KS>Vmo. `mgmR>r nrH$ AmH¥$Vr~§YmV Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~Xc H$aUo H«$_àmßV
R>aVo. {nH$m§Mo AmcQw>Z nmcQw>Z CËnmXZ KoVë`m_wio _mVr_Yrc AÝZÐìò {Q>Hw$Z amhVmV.
2) Yyn {Z`§ÌU H$aUo$ :-
_mVrMr Yyn {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ywn {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVtMm dmna H$aUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
O{_ZrMr Yyn Pmë`m_wio _mVr_Yrc nmofUX«ìò ZîQ> hmoVmV. `mH$[aVm nrH$ CËnmXZm_Üò nÅ>m nÕVrÀ`m
cmJdS>rMm Adc§~ H$aUo, doJdmZ nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhm_wio gwnrH$ _mVrMm Wa dmhþZ OmVmo `mgmR>r
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{nH$mcm nmUr nmOÊ`mgmR>r nmÊ`mMm àdmh {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo, qR>~H$ nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aUo \$m`Xoera
R>aVo. Ë`mMà_mUo O{_ZrVyZ nmÊ`mMm {ZMam hmoB©c Aem nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aUo, d Ë`m~amo~aM
A{V[aŠV nmÊ`m_Üò dmnam_wio _mVr_Yrc jma ZîQ> hmoVmV åhUwZ doiÀ`m doir _mVr n[ajU H$éZ
jmam§Zm {Z`§ÌU KmcUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
3) _mVr_Yrc nmofU Ðì`m§Mo nwZ^©aU$ :-
_mVr_Yrc nmofU Ðì`m§Mo nwZ^©aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM gwú_ KQ>H$ {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r g|Ðr`
IVm§À`m _moR>çm à_mUmdarc dmnacm àmYmÝ` XoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. `m_Üò _w»`V: nmcm nmMmoim,
H§$nmoñQ> IVo, O¡{dH$ IVo B. Mm dmna H$aÊ`mda â XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho g|Ðr` IVo Am{U amgm`{ZH$
IVo `m§À`m `wŠV (n`m©ßV) dmnamVwZ `mo½` g_Vmoc amIë`mg _mVrMm nmoV gwYméZ _mVr_Yrc AÝZÐìò
{Q>H$Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
4) eoVO{_ZrMm `mo½` AmamIS>m$ :-
eoVmH$S>o OmUmao añVo, eoVmMr Hw§$nUo, qgMZmMr gmYZo, nmB©n cmB©Z, B_maVr, amoS>, eoUm IVm§gmR>r
H$mT>Ê`mV òUmao IS>o, eoVmÀ`m g^modVmcr cmdcocr PmS>o. `m§gma»`m ~m~r ñWm{nV H$aVmZm _mVrMr
Ywn Am{U _mVr_Yrc nmofH$ KQ>H$ `m§Zm H$_rV H$_r hmZr hmoB©c Aem nÕVrZo eoVO{_ZrMm AmamIS>m
V`ma Ho$cm nm{hOo. eoVmÀ`m ~m§Ymda AgUmè`m _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m PmS>m§_wio VgoM PwSy>nm§_wio gw`©àH$me
nwaoem à_mUmV {_iV Zmhr. n[aUm_r eoVO{_Zrda à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoD$Z nrH$ CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. `mgmR>r
CnamoŠV ~m~tMo `mo½` nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ H$éZ eoVO{_ZrMm AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$ë`mg eoVO{_ZrMr
JwUdÎmm dmT>oc.
(B) l_$ :- (Labour)
l_ hm CËnmXZmMm EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm Am{U g{Od KQ>H$ Amho. gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ Am{U
amO{H$` ÑîQ>çm l_mcm AË`§V _hÎd AgVo. l{_H$mcm `mo½` nÕVrZo amoOJma CncãY Z Pmë`m_wio
~oH$mar, Xm[aÐ`, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, gm_m{OH$ AñdñWVm VgoM amOH$s` ApñWaVm `m§gma»`m g_ñ`m
CJ« ñdén YmaU H$aVmV. åhUwZM l_ `m KQ>H$mMm CËnmXZ ì`dñWoV AË`§V {Z`moOZ~Õ dmna H$aUo
JaOoMo AgVo. l_mMo `mo½` nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ hm ^mJ CËnmXZ ì`dñWoVrc AË`§V _hÎdmMm ^mJ
_mZcm OmVmo. H¥${f-ì`dñWmnZm_Üò l_mMm dmna Hw$ecVoZo H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
l_ KQ>H$mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo l_mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo. l_mMr
H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ò nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JrVcr OmVmV.
1) l_ åhUOo _mZdr _hÎd qH$dm H$îQ> AgVo.
2) l_ l{_H$mnmgwZ doJio H$aVm òV Zmhr
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3) l_ ho Zmed§V ñdanmMo AgVo
4) l_mMr gm¡XmeŠVr H$_r AgVo
5) l_ CËnmXZmMo gmYZ Am{U gmÜ` XmoÝhr AgVo.
6) gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§_wio l_mcm _`m©Xm nS>VmV
7) l_mH$S>o {ZU©` j_Vm AgVo
8) l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dUo eŠ` AgVo
l_mMo àH$ma :- (Types of Lab Dur)
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$òV l_ `m KQ>H$mcm Iwn _hÎd Agë`mZo l_mMo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
l_mMo {d{dY àH$ma cjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mZwgma l_mMo qH$dm l{_H$m§Mo nwT>rc àH$mam§_Üò
dJuH$aU H$aVm òB©c.
1) Hw$ec Am{U AHw$ec l_ :- (Skilled & Unskilled Labour)
Ooìhm EImÚm {d{eîQ> àH$maÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r {deof {ejU Am{U à{ejUmMr Oéar AgVo V|ìhm
Ë`mg Hw$ec l_ Ago åhUVmV. CXm S>m°ŠQ>a, H¥$fr V§k B. ñdénmMo H$m_ Hw$ec l_ `m àH$mamV
_moS>Vo.
`mCcQ> Á`m H$m_mgmR>r {deof {ejU AJa à{ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo, Oo H$m_ em[aarH$
ñdénmMo AgVo Ë`mg AHw$ec l_ Ago åhUVmV. CXm. {nH$m§Zm nmUr XoÊ`mMo H$m_, drQ> ì`dgm`mV
_mVrMm {MIc H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ B. ñdénmMo l_ ho AHw$ec l_ `m àH$maMo AgVo.
2) CËnmXH$ l_ d AZwËnmXH$ l_ :- (Productive & Unproductive Labour)
Oo§ìhm l_mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo CËnm{XV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Á`m ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ dñVw§nmgyZ Cn`mo{JVoV
dmT> KSw>Z òVo Vo§ìhm Ë`mg CËnmXH$ l_ Ago åhUVmV. {ZgJ©dmXr {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo eoVrVrc l_
ho CËnmXH$ ñdénmMo l_ AgVo.
`mCcQ> l_m_YwZ dñVw§À`m Cn`mo{OVoV H$moUVrhr â nS>V Zmhr Ë`mg AZwËnmXH$ l_ Ago åhUVmV.
CXm. Mmoar, XamoS>o, B. àH$maMo l_ ho AZwËnmXH$ l_ _mZco OmVo.
3) em[aarH$ l_ d _mZ{gH$ l_ :- (Physical & Mental Labour)
Á`m H$m_mgmR>r em[aarH$ j_VoMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo Ë`mg em[aarH$ l_ Ago åhUVmV. CXm
eoVr_Üò nrH$m§Mr noaUr, H$mnUr, _iUr, B. ñdénmÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r em[aarH$ VmH$X qH$dm jVoMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
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`mCcQ> Á`m H$m_mgmR>r _mZ{gH$ qH$dm _ZmMr j_Vm Amdí`H$ AgVo Ë`mg _mZ{gH$ l_ Ago
åhUVmV. CXm. n`©dojH$ {heo~ B. H$m_mgmR>r _mZ{gH$ j_Vm Amdí`H$ AgVo.
4) H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_ d ^mS>çmMo l_ :- (Family & Hired Labour)
Á`m l_mgmR>r Hw$Qy>§~mVrc gXñ`m§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVo Ë`mg H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_ Ago åhUVmV. eoVrVrc
{d{dY H$m_o Oo§ìhm Hw$Qy§~mVrc ì`ŠVr EH${ÌVnUo H$aVmV V|ìhm Ë`mg H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_ Ago åhUVmV.
Á`m H$m_mgmR>r ~mhoarc l{_H$ KoVco OmVmV Ë`mg ^mS>çmMo l_ Ago åhUVmV. eoVrVrc H$m_mgmR>r
O|ìhm BVa ~mhoarc l{_H$ KoVco OmVmV Ë`m§Zm ^mS>çmMo qH$dm Z¡{_{VH$ l_ Agohr åhUVmV.
* l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm :- (Efficiency of Labour)
H¥$fr g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZm_Üò l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm hr ~m~ AË`§V _hÎdnwU© R>aVo. CËnmXH$Vm
dmT>r_Üò l_mÀ`m H$m`©j_Vocm A{YH$ _hÎd AgVo. gd©gmYmaUnUo l_mMo XmoZ n¡cy AgVmV. EH$
_hUOo g§»`mË_H$ l_ Va Xwgao åhUOo JwUmË_H$ l_ `mn¡H$s g§»`mË_H$ l_ ho l{_H$m§À`m AmH$ma_mZmdéZ
cjmV KoVco OmVo `mCcQ> JwUmË_H$ l_ ho l{_H$m§À`m H$m`©j_Voer g§~§{YV AgVmV. EH$m {d{eîQ>
H$mcmdYrV Am{U doioV dñVw d godm§Mo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMr l{_H$m§Mr j_Vm Zwgma l{_H$m§À`m H$m`©j_VoMm
{dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. doJdoJù`m ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z Ho$coë`m l_mÀ`m VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmdéZ l{_H$m§Mr
H$m`©j_Vm {dMmamV KoVcr OmVo. l{_H$m§À`m H$m`©j_VoV dmT> H$aUo eŠ` AgVo. H¥$fr joÌmV l{_H$m§Mr
H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaë`mg H¥$frCËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. l{_H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm hr Ë`mMr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
n[apñWVr, éT>r, na§nam, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` n[apñWVr g^mdVcMo dmVmdaU B. KQ>H$m§da
Adc§~wZ AgVo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§_Üò g_Vmoc amIwZ eoVH$è`mcm l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm nwT>rc Cnm`m§Ûmao
gwYmaVm òUo eŠ` AgVo.
* l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaÊ`mMo Cnm` :-

1) {ejU Am{U à{ejU:
1) eoVr ì`dgm`mVrc l{_H$m§Zm {deof à{ejU {Xë`mg Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaÊ`mg _XV
òB©c. CXm AHw$ec H$m_Jmamg Q´>ŠQ>a Mmc{dÊ`mg {eH${dë`mg eoVH$è`mcm Ë`mÀ`m \$m`Xm hmoD$
eH$Vmo.
2) doVZ nmVir :-
doVZ nmVirMm H$m`©j_Voer {ZpíMV g§~§Y AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r l{_H$m§Zm {H$_mZ doVZ H$m`X`mZwgma
doVZ {Xë`mg H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.
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3) àmoËgmhZo XoUo :-
l{_H$mcm A{YH$ H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm n¡go d dñVw§À`m ñdénmV
eoVH$è`mZo _XV Ho$ë`mg l{_H$mMr H$m`©j_Vm dT>Vo.
4) H$m_mMr n[apñWVr :-
H$m_mÀ`m n[apñWVrV AZwHy$c ~Xc Ho$ë`mg CXm. gwgÁO `§Ìo d AdOmao, ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho, VmUd_wŠV
dmVmdaU B. `m gma»`m gw{dYm§_wio H$m`©j_Vm {ZpíMVnUo gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
5) H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo g§KQ>Z :-
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo `mo½` àH$mao g§KQ>Z Ho$ë`m_wio l{_H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
eoVmH$S>rc añVo, Kao, eoS>, nmÊ`mMr gmYUo, nmB©n cmB©Z, Hw§$nUì`dñWm eoVmÀ`m `mo½` AmH$ma Am{U
aMZm, B. ~m~tMm `mo½` AmamIS>m Ho$ë`mZo H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo g§KQ>Z Mm§Jë`màH$mao hmoD$Z Ë`m_wio
l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
6) amoOJmamVrc gmVË` :-
à{VHw$c hdm_mZmÀ`m n[apñWVr_Üò l{_H$m§Zm n`m©`r amoOJmamMr CncãYVm H$ê$Z {Xë`mg H$m`©j_Vm
gwYmaVo CXm. nmdgmÀ`m H$mcmdYr_Üò N>ßnam_Üò H$m_ CncãY H$amU {Xë`mg H$m_mV gmVË` amhVo
Aem nÕVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
7) gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm :-
AmOmanUmÀ`m H$mimV l{_H$m§Zm Am¡fYm§Mr CncãYVm, Ë`mMà_mUo d¥ÕmnH$mimV noÝeZ, ì`{ŠVJV
gwa{jVVm AZwHw$c gm_m{OH$ d amO{H$` n[apñWVr B. `m§gma»`m ~m~tMr nwV©Vm Ho$ë`mZo l{_H$mMr
H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Ê`mg hmV^ma cmJVmo.
8) l{_H$ g§KQ>Zm :-
eoVr joÌmV l{_H$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm gwYmé eHo$c. Ë`m_wio H$m_mMo
Vmg doVZnmVir, H$m_mMr pñWVr `m ~m~tMr A§_c~mOdUr H$m`ÚmZwgma hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr H$m`©à_mUVm
gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
9) JaOoZwgma l{_H$m§Mm dmna :-
Amdí`H$VoZwgma l{_H$m§Mm H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV dmna Ho$ë`mg H$m`©j_Vm OmñV amhVo. ~aoMXm {H$Vr
l{_H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho `mMr H$ënZm ZgVmZmhr l{_H$ H$m_mda KoVë`mZo H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoVo
åhUwZM JaOoZwgma l{_H$m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mda â XoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mZwgma l{_H$m§À`m dmnam~m~VMo
`mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aUoo JaOoMo Amho.
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10) _mZ{gH$ dmJUwH$ :-
ì`{ŠVJV àmoËgmhZ ì`{ŠVJV g§nH©$ Am{U l{_H$mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m{df`r ghmZw^wVr B. _wio l{_H$m§Mo
_mZ{gH$ Y¡`© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. n[aUm_r Ë`mMr H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaVo.
(C) ^m§S>dc (Capital) :-
^m§S>dc hm EH$ CËnmXZmMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgyZ H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_Üò ^m§S>dcmcm AË`§V _hÎdmMo
ñWmZ Amho. eoVr joÌmV ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$scm AZÝ` gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. ^m§S>dc Jw§VdUwH$s{edm`
eoVr {dH$mgg gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. eoVrVrc {d{dY H$m`mªÀ`m nwV©VogmR>r l_ `m KQ>H$mgmo~V
^m§S>dc `m KQ>H$mMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. H¥$fr-ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$òV ^m§S>dcmMo gw`mo½`
ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg H¥${fÀ`m {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ho$di l_mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo eoVr
H$aUo gÚ:n[a{ñWV eŠ` Zmhr. l_mÀ`m OmoS>rcm ^m§S>dc Agë`m{edm` Iè`m AWm©Zo eoVrÀ`m H$m`mªV
n[anwU©Vm òV Zmhr. AWm©V ^m§S>dc hm KQ>H$ _`m©{XV AgVmo `m ~m~rH$S>o cj XoUo AË`§V OéarMo
Amho. ^m§S>dcmÀ`m _`m©Xo_wio eoVr joÌmV ^m§S>dcmMm H$m`©j_VoZo dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>dcmMo `mo½`
ì`dñWmnZ eoVH$è`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AË`§V Amdí`H$ ~m~ R>aVo.
H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_Üò ^m§S>dcmMm dmna, `§Ìgm_J«rMm dmna H$aUo B_maVr ~m§YUo, eoVrcm Amdí`H$
OZmdao IaoXr H$aUo, H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo AmXr H$aUm§gmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. `mg§X^m©V
AmnUmg H¥$frì`dñWmnZmVrc ^m§S>dcmMo ñdén nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm òB©c.
A) H¥$fr `§Ìgm_J«r :- (Farm Machinery)
H¥$fr CËnmXZm_Üò dmT> KS>dwZ AmUÊ`m_Üò `§Ìgm_J«r AË`§V _hÎdmMr ^w_rH$m nma nmS>V AgVo.
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò `§Ìgm_J«rMr ^w{_H$m nwT>rcà_mUo AgVo.
1) eoVr_Yrc {d{dY H$m`©o Á`m Ë`m F$VwZwgma/h§Jm_mZwgma doioV nwU© H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
2) IVo, ~r-{~`mUo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ `m§gma»`m AmXmZm§Mo EH$g_mZ Cn`moOZ H$aVm òUo eŠ`
hmoVo.
3) AË`§V H$R>rU Am{U Amamo½`mg KmVH$ AgUmè`m _mZdr l_mda _mV H$aVm òVo.
4) eoVrÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r cmJUmam ~¡cm§À`m d BVa àmÊ`m§À`m nmcUnmofUmgmR>rÀ`m IMm©V ~MV
hmoVo. VgoM OZmdam§À`m Mmè`mgmR>r amIrd R>odmì`m cmJUmè`m joÌmcm cmJdS>rImcr AmUUo
eŠ` hmoVo.
5) eoVr ì`dgm`mgmR>r cmJUmè`m l{_H$m§Mm dmna H$_r H$aVm òVmo l{_H$m§Zm Úmdr cmJUmar
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OmXm _Owar VgoM l{_H$m§Mr Q>§MmB© d A{V[aŠV l{_H$ `mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g_ñ`m H$_r hmoÊ`mg
_XV hmoVo.
6) `§Ìgm_J«rÀ`m dmnamVyZ H¥$fr-ì`dgm`m_YwZ _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZmÀ`m ~MVr àmßV hmoVmV.
7) `§Ìgm_J«rÀ`m dmnam_wio amoOJma g§Yr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
9) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio H¥$fr dJm©V Cƒ Xa gmÜ` hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ d _mZ{gH$ g_mYmZ àmßV
hmoVo.
10) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm Adc§~ Ho$ë`m_wio H¥$fr joÌmV JwUdÎmmnwU© dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUo eŠ`
hmoVo.
11) eoV_mcmMr dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm, à{H«$`m ì`dñWm VgoM emñÌr` ÑîQ>rZo eoV_mcmMr gmR>dUwH$
ì`dñWm B. H$m`} à^mdr[aË`m H$aUo `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo.
`§Ìgm_J«rMm dmna H¥$frH$m`m©_Üò Ho$ë`mZo darc à_mUo Oar cm^ hmoV Agcm Var XoIrc `§Ìgm_J«rMm
dmna H$aUo A{YH$ IMuH$ ~m~ AgVo. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV H¥$fr ì`dñWo_Üò `§Ì gm_J«rMm dmna
H$aUo A{YH$ IMuH$ AgVo Ë`mMr H$maUo nwT>rc n«_mUo gm§{JVcr OmVmV.
1) YmaU joÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ :-
YmaU joÌmMo AmH$ma_mZ chmZ Agoc Va Aem joÌmV `§Ìgm_J«rgmR>r _moR>r Jw§VdUwH$ H$aUo
C{MV R>aV Zmhr. H$maU `§Ìgm_J«rMm n`m©ßV dmna _moR>çm AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m joÌmVM hmoV AgVmo.
chmZ joÌmV n`m©ßV dmna Z Pmë`mZo IMm©V dmT> hmoVo.
2) h§Jm_mZwgma dmna :-
{d{eîQ> h§Jm_m_ÜòM `§ÌmMm dmna H$aVm òVmo. CXm noaUrÀ`m H$mcmdYr_Üò Q´>°ŠQ>aMm dmna
hmoVmo. _mÌ BVa H$mcmdYr_Üò Q´>°ŠQ>aMm dmna H¥$fr H$m`m©V hmoV Zmhr. VgoM _iUrÀ`m h§Jm_mVM
_iUr `§ÌmMm dmna hmoVmo. BVadoir _iUr`§Ì dmnamV òV Zmhr eoVrÀ`m Aem h§Jm_r H$m`mª_wio `§Ìo
nwU©doi H$m`©aV amhþ eH$V ZmhrV n[aUm_r Ë`mdarc IM© dmT>Vmo.
3) `§Ìm§À`m dmT>Ë`m {H$_Vr :-
`§Ìm§À`m dmT>Ë`m qH$_Vr_wio ^m§S>dcmdarc ì`mO Am{U Kgmam IMm©V IwnM dmT> hmoVo Ë`m_wio
eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmdarc IMm©V dmT> hmoVo.
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4) `mo½` dmnamMm A^md :-
~aoMXm `§Ìgm_J«rMm dmna AZwËnmXH$ H$m`m©gmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. {deofV: O|ìhm Q´>°ŠQ>agma»`m gmYZm§Mm
gm_m{OH$ Am{U amO{H$` ÑîQ>`m dmna Ho$ë`mg eoVr CËnmXZmV H$moUVrhr dmT> hmoV Zmhr Ë`m_wio `m
gmYZm§darc IM© dmT>V OmVmo.
5) `mo½` XoIaoIrMm A^md :-
H¥$fr `§Ìgm_J«mMr ~aoMXm `mo½` àH$mao H$miOr KoVcr OmV Zmhr. `§Ì gm_J«r hmVmiVmZm ~oO~m~XmarnUm
AgVmo Ë`m_wio `§Ìo {ZH$m_r hmoD$Z XwéñVrdarc IMm©V dmT> hmoVo VgoM Z{dZ `§Ìm§Mr IaoXr nwÝhm
H$aUo ^mJ nS>Vo. VgoM B§YZmÀ`m {H$_Vr gwÕm gmVË`mZo dmT>VmV.
(~) B_maVr ~m§YH$m_ : (Buildings Construction)
H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_Üò {d{dY H$m`mªMr nwV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVmda B_maVr ~m§Yë`m OmVmV. {d{dY
hoVw§gmR>r Aem B_maVtMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m_Üò _w»` H$éZ OZmdam§Mo eoS>, Hw$Hw$Q> nmcZ
eoS>, eoVrMr Am¡Omao d eoV_mc gmR>dUwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m§YÊ`mV òUmar B_maV, _moQ>a Ka, `m§{ÌH$
Kao B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m§gma»`m B_maVrMo ~m§YH$m_ eoVmda H$aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm `mo½`
AmamIS>çmZwgma H$amdr cmJVo. B_maVtMo AmH$ma_mZ ~m§YH$m_mMo gm{hË`, B_maVrMr aMZm `m ~m~r
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {ZU©`à{H«$òV AË`§V _hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zm `m~m~VrV gw`mo½` ì`dñWmnZ
H$amdo cmJVo.
H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dñVmamÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eoVrÀ`m R>rH$mUr C^maÊ`mV òUmè`m B_maV ~m§YH$m_mMm
{ZU©` nwT>rc ~m~V _hËdnwU© R>aVmo.
1) H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMm {dñVma KS>dwZ AmUUo.
2) eoV_mcmÀ`m gmR>dUwH$sMr ì`dñWm hmoV Agë`mZo eoV_mbmbm `mo½` doir qH$_V OmñV
{_iyZ eoVH$è`mMm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.
3) eoVrÀ`m {d{dY ~m~tdarb IMm©_Üò ~MV hmoVo.
4) ì`dñWmnZ IMm©V ~MV hmoVo.
5) eoV_mbmMo ZwH$gmZ, Mmoar, OZmdam§Mo AmamoJ`, `mo½` àH$maMr ñdÀN>Vm `mgmR>r B_maVrMo
{Z`moOZ Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
eoVm_Üò B_maV ~m§YH$m_mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmZm eoVH$è`mbm IMm©Mo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$amdo bmJVo.
Ë`m Ñï>rZo nwT>rb ñdénmMm IM© {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
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1) Jw§VdUwH$sdarb ì`mO
2) B_maVrMm Kgmam IM©
3) B_maVrMm XoI^mb IM© VgoM XþéñVr IM©
4) B_maV {d_m hßVo B.
(H$) Kgmam : (Depreciation)
`§Ìgm_wJ«rMm dmna Ho$ë`m_wio hmoUmar PrO ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Or aŠH$_ dmnacr OmVo Ë`mg
Kgmam Ago åhUVmV. eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUm_Üò ^m§S>db `m AmXmZmMo _hÎd dmT>V OmUmao Amho.
_mÌ eoVH$è`m§À`m Ñï>rZo `§Ìgm_J«r VgoM AdOmao `m_Üò Ho$br OmUmar _moR>r Jw§VdUyH$ A{Ve` YmoH$mXm`H$
R>ê$ eH$Vo. H$maU Aem àH$maÀ`m ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$sMo _yë` ^{dî`mV H$_r hmoD$ eH$Vo. eoVr
CËnmXZmÀ`m EHy$U IMm©_Üò ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$sdarb Kgmam IM© g_m{dï> H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio
Aem Kgmam IMm©Mo _wë`m§H$Z `mo½` nÜXVrZo H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H¥$fr _Yrb ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$
\$m`Xoera hmoÊ`mgmR>r Kgmè`mdarb IMm©Mo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$go Amdí`H$ AgVo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ :
(A) Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) ........... hr H¥$fr g§gmYZo åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV.
A) l_ ~) ^m§S>db H$) darb XmoÝhr S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2) _mVr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r ................... Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
A) ^m§S>db ~) Ywn {Z`§ÌU H$) {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ S>) darb gd©
3) {ZgJ©dmÚm§À`m _Vo l_ hm ................ KQ>H$ Amho.
A) CËnmXH$ ~) AZwËnmXH$ H$) n`m©`r S>) Zmed§V
(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm
1) l_mMr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.
2) AZwËnmXH$ l_ åhUOo H$m` ?
3) H¥$fr_Yrb g§gmYZo H$moUVr AmhoV ?
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ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A) (1) H$ (2) ~ (3) A
~) 1) l_ l{_H$mnmgyZ doJio H$aVm òV Zmhr.
l_ Zmed§V AgVo.
2) Á`m l_m_wio Cn`mo{JVoV H$moUVrhr â nS>V Zmhr Vo AZwËnmXH$ l_.
3) ^y_r, l_, ^m§S>db hr H¥$frVrb g§gmYZo AmhoV.
3.3 gmam§e :
H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMo H¥$fr ho à_wI joÌ _mZbo OmVo. H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmdaM
BVa joÌm§Mm {dH$mg AmYm[aV AgVmo. H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm
AgVo. A{bH$S>rb H$mimV H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmbm A{YH$ _hÎd àmßV Pmbobo Amho.
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò eoVr ì`dgm`mH$S>o "ì`mnmar' Ñï>rZo nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoV AgVmo. _hÎm_ Zâ`mMo
C{Ôï> g_moa R>odyZ eoVr ì`dgm`mMo g§KQ>Z Am{U ì`dñWmnZ Ho$bo OmVo. H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`mßVr
{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Agë`mMo {XgVo. H¥${fì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ì`mßV_Üò H¥$fr ì`dgm`mVrb g§emoYZ, H¥$fr
ì`dgm` {ejU à{ejU Am{U H¥${f ì`dgm`mMm {dñVma `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
_hÎm_ CËnmXZ nÜXV emoYyZ H$mT>Uo, AmXmZo d àXmZo `m§À`mV `mo½` g_Ýd` gmYUo, H¥${f
g§gmYZm§Mo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo, H¥${fMr H$m`©j_Vm d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo B. gd© H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMr
à_wI C{Ôï>o AmhoV. hr gd© C{Ôï>o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ VËdm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò eoVH$è`mbm {d{dY {ZU©` ¿`mdo bmJVmV. Ë`m_Üò nrH$ nÜXVr~m~V
{ZU©`, new CËnmXZm~m~V {ZU©` bmJdS>r~m~VMm {ZU©` {nH$mImbrb joÌmMr {ZpíMVr, CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mo
à_mU R>a{dUo, gmYZm§Mm _oi Am{U Ë`m§À`m n`m©`r dmnam~m~VMm {ZU©` `mgmaIo {ZU©` KoUo eoVH$è`m§À`m
Ñï>rZo AË`§V _hÎdmMo R>aVo. H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmMm {dMma H$aVmZm eoVr H$gÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY nÜXVrMo
àH$ma {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV. Ë`mZwgma eoVr nÜXVrMo {d{dY àH$ma nS>VmV. Ë`m_Üò _mbH$s hŠH$mMr
eoVr, O{_ZXmar eoVr, ^m§S>dbr eoVr, gaH$mar eoVr, ghH$mar eoVr, AmYw{ZH$ eoVr, g§`wŠV eoVr,
`mgmaIo àH$ma nS>VmV.
H¥${f ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$ò_Üò H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m VËdm§Zm AË`§V _hÎd AgVo. H¥${f ì`dgm`mÀ`m
{ZU©` à{H«$òV H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMr VËdo eoVH$è`mbm AË`§V _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmV. `m VËdm§_Üò _w»`V:
KQ>H$ à{VñWmnZ VËd, g_gr_m§V naVmì`mMo VÎd, d¡H$pënH$ ì``mMo VËd, VwbZmË_H$ bm^mMo VÎd,
VwbZmË_H$ g_` VËd `mgma»`m VËdm§Zm AË`§V _hÎd Amho.
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H¥${f ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò àjoÌmMm AmH$ma Am{U CËnmXH$Vobm AË`§V _hÎd AgVo. H¥$frMr
CËnmXH$Vm d H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ `mo½` àH$mao H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm
AgVo. ^y_r, l_ VgoM ^m§S>db ho KQ>H$ H¥$fr_Yrb _hÎdmMr g§gmYZo g_Obr OmVmV. ^w_r `m
g§gmYZmMo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {nH$mMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y, Yyn {Z`§ÌU, eoVrMm `mo½` nÜXVrZo
AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo B. nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM l_ `m KQ>H$mÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r
l{_H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mda â XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ^m§S>dbmMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
H¥$fr `§Ìgm_J«r, H¥$fr joÌm_Yrb B_maV ~m§YH$m_o VgoM Kgmam B. ~m~tMo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo
Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
H¥$fr ì`dgm` - H¥$fr _mbmda AmYm[aV {d{dY àH$maMo ì`dgm`
H¥$fr g§gmYZo - H¥$fr joÌmV ^w_r l_, ^m§S>db `m gmYZm§Mm dmna
g§`wŠV eoVr - eoVrda EImÚm g_wXm`mMr _mbH$s AgUo
H$mobImoZ - a{e`mVrb gm_w{hH$ nÜXVrMr eoVr
H¥$frMr H$m`©j_Vm - eoVr_Yrb EHy$U IMm©Mo CËnmXZmÀ`m _wë`mdarb A{YŠ`
^w_rMr CËnmXH$Vm - ^w_r_Üò {d{eï> {nH$mMo Xa hoŠQ>ar hmoUmao gamgar CËnmXZ
H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ - _hÎm_ Zâ`mÀ`m hoVwZo H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo d H¥$fr g§gmYZm§Mo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ.
3.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
(A) {Q>nm {bhm.
1) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ ì`mßVr
2) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMr C{Ôï>o
3) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ {ZU©`
4) ghH$mar eoVr
5) gm_w{hH$ eoVr
6) d¡H$pënH$ ì`` VËd
7) l_mMo àH$ma
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8) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ VËd
(~) {XKm}Îmar àíZ :
1) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMm AW© Am{U ì`mßVr ñnï> H$am.
2) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmVrb {ZU©` g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.
3) H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMr VËdo {dfX H$am.
4) eoVr nÜXVrÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mr MMm© H$am.
5) H¥$fr g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm ¿`m.
3.6 joÌr` H$m`© :
1) Amnë`m n[agam_Üò eoVr joÌmV H¥$fr g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$em àH$mao Ho$bo OmVo `mMm
Aä`mg H$éZ àH$ën Ahdmb V`ma H$am.
2) Amnë`m n[agamVrb eoVr joÌmV H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ H$go à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV
AmhoV Ë`mda EH$ àH$ën Ahdmb V`ma H$am.
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W :
1) Desai R.G. (2001) Agricultural Economics - Models problems & Policy Issues
Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
2) Lekhi R. K. & Joginder Sing (2013), Agricultural Economics An Indian Perspective,

Kalyani Publisher, New Delhi.
3) Sadhu A. N. & Sing Amarjit, Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics (1996)

imayalas Publishing House Bombay.
4) Memoria C. B. & Tripathi B.B., Agricultural Problems of India, Kitab Mahal Publisher
Alahabad 25th Edition, 2003.
5) Bilgram S. A.R. (1996) Agricultural Economics, Himalaya Publishing House,

New Delhi.
6) Soni R.N. (1995) Leading Issues in Agricultural Economics Arihant Press, Jalandhar.
7) S>m°. H${d_§S>Z {dO`, H¥${f AW©emñÌ, _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya, ghmdr Amd¥Îmr 2012
8) XogmB© d ^mboamd, H¥$fr AW©emñÌ Am{U ^maVmVrb eoVr ì`dgm`, {Zambr àH$meZ, nwUo 2000
***
125
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ : 4
H¥$fr OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZmMo AW©emñÌ
( Economics of Agricultural Risk Management )
AZwH«$_{UH$m :
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 eoVrVrb A{Z{íMVVoMo ñdê$n : qH$_V, CËnmXH$Vm d Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVm
4.2.2 eoVrVrb OmoIr_m : YmoŠ`mMo àH$ma, hdm_mZ, XwîH$mi, CËnmXZ, qH$_V, {dÎmr`, {dnUZ
d ì`dñWmnH$s` ì`yhaMZm
4.2.3 YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ ì`yhaMZm : àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZm, amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm,
{nH$ {d_m åhUyZ YmoH$m ânmB©Mo gmYZ, {nH$ {d_m, hdm_mZ {~_m, \$m_© CËnÝZ {d_m, ney {d_m d n°Ho$O
{d_m
4.2.4 ì`dhma Am{U Cn`moOZ : eoV ì`dñWmnZ ì`yhaMZm KQ>H$ Aä`mg (Case Studies)
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
4.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço$ : (Objectives)
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~tMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
* eoVrVrb YmoŠ`mMo {d{dY àH$ma g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
* eoVrVrb YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ ì`yhaMZm ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
* àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZm, amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m (NAIS) `moOZm, {nH$ {d_m, hdm_mZ {d_m, \$m_©
CËnÝZ {d_m, ney {d_m d g§Hy$b (Package) {d_m BË`mXr g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
* eoV ì`dñWmnZmMm KQ>H$ Aä`mg g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
4.1 àmñVm{dH$ : (Introduction)
Xoem§Xoem§_Üò d Xoem§VJ©V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑîQ>çm O{_ZrMr àV, gw{nH$Vm, nmD$g, Vmn_mZ, nmÊ`mMr
126
E_.E.^mJ 1 : H¥$fr AW©emñÌ (19 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2018)
CnbãYVm `m~m~VrV {d{dYVm AgVo. H$mhr doim EH$m àXoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AmIbobm H$m`©H«$_ qH$dm
ì`yhaMZm Xwgè`m àXoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aV Zmhr. VgoM EH$mM àXoemVrb {d{dY ^mJmV gw{nH$
IS>H$mi d ZmnrH$ O_rZ AmT>iyZ òVo. `m_wio CËnmXZmV A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ
CËnÝZ, qH$_V BË`mXrg§~§Yr YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo. H¥$fr joÌm_Üò hdm_mZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamVrb {^ÝZVo_wio
CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$VoV A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmodyZ qH$_V d CËnÝZ A{Z[íMV amhVo. `mMm n[aUm_ H¥$fr joÌ
d eoVH$è`m§À`m _ZpñWVrda _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVmo. eoVH$è`m§Zm hdm_mZ, nO©Ý`, CËnmXZ, qH$_V, H$O©
nwadR>m, {dnUZ BË`mXr ~m~V A{ZpíMVVocm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. H¥$frjoÌmV `m_wio YmoŠ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
`m~m~V emgZmÀ`m nmVirda YmoŠ`m§gmR>r {d_m `moOZm am~{dÊ`mV òV AmhoV. amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm
(NAIS), {nH$ {d_m, eoV CËnÝZ {d_m, newYZ {d_m BË`mXr_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo eŠ`
hmoV Amho. XoemVrb H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm d YmoHo$ H$_r H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ : (Subject Description))
KQ>H$ VrZ_Üò AmnU H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZmMo AW©emñÌ A§VJ©V H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ, ì`mßVr d C{ÔîQ>ço H¥$fr
ì`dñWmnZMo {ZU©`, eoVmMo àH$ma, eoV AmH$ma d CËnmXH$Vm, eoV H$m`©j_Vm _mnZ BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg
Ho$bm Amho. `m{edm` H¥$fr ì`dñWmnZ VËdo, H¥$fr g§gmYZmMo ì`dñWmnZ `m~m~tMm Aä`mg AmnU KQ>H$ VrZ
_Üò Ho$cm Amho.
`m KQ>H$mV AmnU H¥$fr YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZmMo AW©emñÌ g{dñVanUo Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. eoVrVrb qH$_V,
CËnmXH$Vm d Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVoMo ñdê$n AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. eoVrVrb YmoŠ`mMo {d{dY àH$ma `m_Üò
hdm_mZ, XwîH$mi, CËnmXZ, qH$_V, {dÎm, {dnUZ d ì`dñWmnH$s` ì`yhaMZm AmXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mMmhr
AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m{edm` YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ ì`yhaMZm Aä`mgUo hohr Amdí`H$ Amho. `m_Üò
eoVrVrb YmoŠ`m§da Cnm` åhUyZ amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm, {nH$ {d_m, eoV CËnÝZ {d_m, hdm_mZ {d_m, neyYZ
{d_m Am{U g§Hy$b (Package) {d_m BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
4.2.1 eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVoMo ñdê$n : qH$_V, CËnmXH$Vm d Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVm :
H¥$fr joÌmbm YmoH$m, ~Xb Am{U A{ZpíMVVm ho Z{dZ Zmhr. H¥$fr joÌmV hdm_mZ, qH$_V, ~r-{~`mUo,
V§ÌkmZ `m{df`r gmVË`mZo A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. O¡d V§ÌkmZm_wio H¥$fr joÌmV ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV.
doioda d nwaogm nmD$g nS>V Zgë`mZo {nH$m§gmR>r bmJUmè`m nmÊ`mMr A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a
CËnmXrV Pmboë`m eoV_mbmbm ~mOmamV hm_r ^md / qH$_V Zgë`m_wio eoVr joÌmV qH$_V A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U
hmoVo. H$maU eoV_mbmMr _mJUr Odinmg {Z`_rV amhVo. _mÌ nwadR>m h§Jm_r amhÿZ {d{dY ~m~tda Adb§~yZ
AgVmo. Ë`m_wio [H§$_VrV CÀMdMoZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mb qH$_VrMm A§XmO H$aVm òV Zmhr.
A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. A{ZpíMVVo_Üò nwT>rb ~m~tMmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1. amOH$s`, gaH$mar YmoaUo, g_J« Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ A{ZpíMVVm / AmH$pñ_VVm.
2. AmXmZ ~mOmamMm g_mdoe Agbobo J{V_mZ CÚmoJ, CËnmXZ ~mOma, ñnYm©Ë_H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVm
H¥$fr joÌmVrb A{ZpíMVVm ~hy{dY Agë`m Var à_wI A{ZpíMVVm nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
qH$_V A{ZpíMVVm -
127
H¥$fr joÌmVyZ CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vrda eoVH$è`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU AgV Zmhr. `m eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_Vrda J«mhH$m§Mr AmdS>-{ZdS>, dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb, amï´>mÀ`m {dH$mgmMr nmVir Ë`mM~amo~a BVa
CËnmXH$m§Mo ~mOmamVrb dV©Z `m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Aem àH$maMr qH$_V A{ZpíMVVm {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmV
~mø KQ>H$m§À`m n[aUm_m_wio AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. eoVH$è`mMr AdñWm nyU© ñnY}À`m ~mOmamVrb CËnmXH$mgmaIr
amhVo. Ë`m_yio ~mOmamVrc CncãY qH$_Vrbm eoV_mb {dH«$s H$amdm bmJVmo. eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnë`m eoV_mbmMr
qH$_V J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z {Xbobr ñdrH$mamdr bmJVo. eoV_mb Zmed§V AgUo, VmËH$mi {dH«$sMr JaO, ~mOmamÀ`m
{R>H$mUr amhÊ`mÀ`m d _mb gmR>dUyH$ gw{dYm§Mm A^md `m_wio ~mOmamVrb CnbãY qH$_Vrbm eoV_mb {dH«$s
Ho$bm OmVmo. eoVH$ar qH$_V ñdrH$maUmam AgVmo, qH$_V H$Vm© ZgVmo. AerM n[apñWVr ~mOmamV {Z_m©U
Pmbobr Amho. eoV_mb qH$_Vrda à^md nmS>Umao ~mø KQ>H$ nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
1) BVa eoVH$è`m§Mo EH$ÌrV dV©Z
2) hdm_mZm_wio CËnmXZmVrb hmoUmar CÀMmdoMoZ
3) amï´>r` CËnÞ d VoOrV hmoUmar CÀMmdoMZ
4) H$m°~ - ~od àH$maMr AI§S>rV CËnmXZ MH«$ eoV_mbmà_mUoM {~Ja- H¥$fr dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV hr
CƒmdoMZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`mVrb A{ZpíMVVoMr Vrd«Vm eoVrÀ`m VwbZoV AË`§V H$_r AgVo. {~Ja H¥$fr
joÌmVrb qH$_VrV hr A{ZpíMVVm AgVo na§Vw Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§gmRr _ºo$Xmar`wº$ ñnY}Mr ~mOmanoR> Agë`m_wio
CËnmXH$mMo {dH«$sda, ~mOmamda, {H§$_Vrda {Z`§ÌU amhVo. CÚmoJm_Üò dñVy§À`m nwadR>çmda {Z`§ÌU Agë`m_wio
qH$_Vrda {Z`§ÌU amhVo. eoVrÀ`m VwbZoV CÚmoJmVrb qH$_VrVrb A{ZpíMVVm \$maM H$_r amhVo. eoVrVrb
àËòH$ dñVygmR>r qH$_VrMr A{ZpíMVVm {^Þ AgVo. A{bH$S>rb H$mimV eoVr AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vrhr doJmZo
~XbV AmhoV. AmXmZm§À`m A{ZpíMVVmhr eoVH$è`m§darb g§H$Q> Amho. eoV_mb qH$_VrVrb A{ZpíMVVm hr
AmXmZ d àXmZmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb CÀMmdMoZ ~mhoarb ñnYm© _mJUr d nwadR>çmVrb ~Xb, ~mOmamVrb AnyU©Vm,
J«mhH$m§À`m ~XbË`m AmdS>r -{ZdS>r, ng§Vr B. KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. eoV_mb hr VmËH$mi {dH«$sg
AmUbm OmVmo. H$maU H$mnUr Z§VaMr à{H«$`m d gmR>dUyH$sÀ`m nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm A^md `mH$maUm§_wio
eoV_mb qH$_VrV A{Z{íMVVm dmT>Vo.>
2) CËnmXH$VoVrb A{ZpíMVVm (Yield Uncertainty)
H¥$fr joÌmV Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr Pmbr Agbr Var {nH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm AmOhr _moR>çm à_mUmda Z¡g{J©H$
KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ CÚmoJmnojm eoVrVrc A{ZpíMVVm A{YH$ Amho.$ eoVrÀ`m
VwbZoV AmYw{ZH$ newnmbZ ì`dgm` hdm_mZmda H$_r à_mUmV Adb§~yZ Amho, na§Vw$ A{V{hdmim d H$moaS>m
CÝhmim `m§Mm n[aUm_ newYZ ì`dgm`mÀ`m ~mOmamda Pmbm Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm à^ma eoVrg§~§YrV AZoH$
~m~tda hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio CËnmXH$Vm{df`H$ A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mM~amo~a hdm_mZ n[aUm_m_wio ney§da
amoJmMm \¡$bmd hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio ney§Mr CËnmXH$VoV H$_r amhVo. {nH$m§À`m CËnmXH$VVo
hmoUmar CÀMmdMoZ eoVH$è`m§À`m {Z`§ÌUm~mhoaMr AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm A§XmO H$aVm òV Zmhr. {nH$m§À`m CËnmXH$VoVrb
A{ZpíMVVm hr H$mhr àXoemV BVa àXoemnojm A{YH$ amhVo. CXm. CîU H§${Q>~§Yr` àXoemV CËnmXH$VoVrb
A{ZpíMVVm g_{eVmoîU- gm¡å` hdm_mZmÀ`m àXoemnojm A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`mÀ`mhr nwT>o OmdyZ Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s
{nH$m§{nH$m§Vrb CËnmXH$VoV {^Þ {^Þ A[ZpíMVVm AgVo. H$mhr {nH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm CXm. H$mnyg øm {nH$m§Mr
128
CËnmXH$Vm Jhÿ {nH$m§À`m CËnmXH$Vonojm A{YH$ A{ZpíMV AgVo. Agm ôX VwbZmË_H$ A{ZpíMVVm
XmIdVmo. eoVH$ar Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m CËnmXH$VoVrb A{ZpíMVVm§Mm A§XmO H$aÊ`mV Anèr R>aVmV. Ago
CËnmXZ {d{eï> AmXmZmÀ`m g§`moJmVyZ {_idVm òB©b `mMm A§XmO H$aUo eoVH$è`m§Zm H${R>U hmoVo. H¥$fr
joÌmVrb A{ZpíMVVm hr {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmnojm OmñV amhVo H$maU H¥$fr joÌ O¡{dH$ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ A{YH$
à_mUmV {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Amho. CËnmXH$VoVrb A{ZpíMVVm Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVm åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
CnbãY V§ÌkmZmbm CËnmXZ ghJwUH$mVrb n[adV©ZerbVm åhUOo CËnmXH$VoVrb A{ZpíMVVm hmo`.
3) V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm (Techhological Uncertainty)
V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm åhUOo {d{eï> V§ÌmÀ`m CËnmXZ JwUH$mVrb ~Xbm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar n[apñWVr
hmo`. {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m VwbZoV H¥$fr joÌmV V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm A{YH$ à_mUmV {XgyZ òVo. n[aUm_r
CËnmXZmÀ`m à_mUmV dma§dma MT> -CVma {XgyZ òVmV. A{ZpíMV qH$_Vr Am{U CËnmXZ Aem n[apñWVrV
eoVH$è`mbm Amnbo JwV§ dUyH$ {df`H$ {ZU©` KoUo H${R>U ~ZVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ^{dî`H$mbrZ CËnmXZmda Am{U
H¥$fr {dH$mgmda hmoVmo. Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVm XmoZ àH$mao òdy eH$Vo. EH$ åhUOo eoVrM Amnbo Üò` g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mV
A{ZpíMV AgVo `m_Üò Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm A{ZpíMVVm amhVo. Xwgao,eoVr Amnbo CËnmXZmMo Üò` g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mV
{dídmgy qH$dm ImÌrera AgVo na§Vw AZoH$ n`m©` ({nH$m§M)o CnbãY Agë`mZo A{ZpíMVVm amhVo. IMm©Mo bú`
JmR>Ê`mgmR>r AZoH$ n`m©` qH$dm H$m_ CnbãY amhVo na§Vw A{ZpíMVVm AgVo. CËnmXZmMo {ZpíMV Üò` g§nmXZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ AmìhmZ ñdrH$mabo OmVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ dmT>rÀ`m qH$dm g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ
V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ gmYZmMm dmna H¥$frV dmT>{dbm OmVmo Ë`m_wio A{ZpíMVVm dmT>V.o CËnmXZ XOm© d CËnmXZ g§»`m
/ AmH$ma dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {dH$grV d Z{dZ V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. V§ÌkmZmbm Z{dZ n`m©` qH$dm H$mhr ^mJ
Zì`mZo V§Ì AmamIS>m ~ZdyZ dmnaë`m_wio Vm§{ÌH$ A{ZpíMVVm òV.o A{ZpíMVVm `§ÌmMo Z{dZ ^mJ dmnaë`m_wio
qH$dm n`m©`r V§Ì dmnaë`m_wiho r {Z_m©U hmoV.o ApñVËdmVrb V§ÌkmZmVrb gwYmaUm Am{U H$m`© nÕVr `m_Üò
{Z`_rV A{^`m§{ÌH$s qH$dm {Z`_rV {dH$mgmZwgma Ano{jV è {_iV Zmhr Voìhm A{ZpíMVVm òV.o eoVrÀ`m
H$mhr ~m~r§_Üò àm`mo{JH$ VËdmda V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ A{ZpíMV {_iVo H$maU gÚmMr
V§Ì d¡km{ZH$ nmVir nwaeo r ZgVo qH$dm Ë`m_Üò g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AgVmV.Aer A{ZpíMVVm H$_r
H$aÊ`mgmR>r V§ÌkmZmË_H$ gwYmaUoMo H$m_ hmVr KoVbo OmVo. g§emoYZ d {dH$mgm_m\©$V V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m
OmVmV Á`m_wio eoVrÀ`m g§~Y§ rV {d{dY ~Xb KSy>Z òVmV. eoVrÀ`m ~m~VrV nmUr, drO, O{_ZrMr gwnrH$Vm,
{~ ~r`mUo hdm_mZ AmXr§ ~m~r~amo~a V§ÌkmZmMm `mo½` g§`moJ hmoUo Ano{jV AgVo. Aem ñdê$nmMm g§`moJ eoVrVrb
àËòH$ AmXmZm§Mm V§ÌkmZm~amo~a `mo½` nÕVrZo hmoUo Ano{jV AgVo, g§`moJ A`mo½` Pmë`mg V§Ìd¡k{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm
{Z_m©U hmoV.o eoVr hr O¡{dH$ ñdê$nMr Agë`m_wio gd© AmXmZo `mo½` à_mUH$ CnbãY Pmbr nm{hOo. AÝ`Wm V§Ì
d¡km{ZH$ gwYmaUm H¥$fr {dH$mg `mo½` nÕVrZo g§nmXZ H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. darb VrZ A{ZpíMVVm ~amo~aM
gm_m{OH$ A{ZpíMVVm, n`m©daUr` A{ZpíMVVm, gmYZgm_J«rVrb A{ZpíMVVm, ì`mnma MH«$s` A{ZpíMVVm,
gaH$mar hñVjon d H¥$fr joÌmVrb A{ZpíMVVm BË`mXr A{ZpíMVVm eoVr joÌmV {XgyZ òVmV.
H¥$fr joÌmVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm …-
H¥$fr joÌmV {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo qH$dm Ë`m H$_r
H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT> rb Cnm``moOZm gwM{dVm òVrc.
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1) {nH$m§Mo {d{dYrH$aU -
eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm Q>miÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ hmoUo hm CÎm_ n`m©` Amho. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo
EH$mMdoir AZoH$ {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoUo Am{U Ë`mMr {dH«$s _mÌ EH$mMdoir Z H$aVm {^ÝZ H$mbmdYrV H$aUo.
Ë`mMm n[aUm_ EImÚm {d{eï> CËnmXZmMr AmdH$ OmXm hmoUo qH$dm AmdH$ dmT>ë`mZo qH$_V KQ> hmoUo Aem ~m~r
Q>miVm òVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m à`ËZm§_wio eoVH$è`m§Mr CËnÞ A{ZpíMVVm H$_r hmoVo. {nH$m§À`m {d{dYrH$aUm_wio
A{ZpíMVVoMo {H$_mZrH$aU hmoVo.
2) {nH$ {d_m -
eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVo_i w o eoVH$è`m§Mo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoV.o ho ZwH$gmZ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r {nH$m§Mm d neyYZmMm
{d_m CVa{dUo `mo½` R>aVo. {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ Pmë`mg Ë`mMr ânmB© {_iy eH$Vo. emgZm_m\$©V {nH$ {d_m `moOZm gwê$
Ho$ë`m AmhoV. ^maVmV gZ 1999-2000 gmbmnmgyZ {nH$ {d_m `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. eoVrVrb
H$mhr A{ZpíMVVm / YmoH$o _mZd{Z{_©V Agy eH$VmV. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo Mmoar, eoV_mbmMr Ominmoi B. Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. Aem A{ZpíMVVm qH$dm YmoŠ`mMo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr {nH$ {d_m Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
3) ñnYm©$ Q>miUo -
eoVH$è`m§_Yrb nañnamVrb CËnmXZ ñnYm© A{ZpíMVVm d YmoHo$ {Z_m©U H$aVo. CXm. eoVH$ar AZwH$aU
H$ê$Z EH$mM àH$maMo {nH$ KoVmV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmTy>Z _mJUr -nwadRçmV Ag_Vmob
{Z_m©U hmoVmo. n[aUm_r eoV_mb qH$_Vr KgaVmV d Ë`mVyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. ho ZwH$gmZ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r
eoVH$è`m§Zr nañnam§V ñnYm© H$aUo Q>mimdo d CËnmXZmV {d{dYVm AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.
4) emgZmMm hñVjon -
H¥$fr joÌmVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` VoWo d `mo½` H$maUmgmR>r emgZmÀ`m hñVjonmMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. emgZmZo `mo½` H$mimV eoV_mbmÀ`m AmYma^yV qH$_Vr Omhra H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
XoemV Z¡g{J©H$ AZwHy$bVo_wio Ooìhm CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo. Voìhm A{V[aº$ CËnmXZmÀ`m gmR>dUyH$sMr
ì`dñWm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mo½` doir eoV_mb {Z`m©Vr{df`r {ZU©` KoUo. H$a, H¥$fr H$O}, H¥$fr AmXmZm§À`m
qH$_Vr d H$a BË`mXr~m~tda gaH$maZo bj XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m_wio eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r hmoVo.
5) nwaH$ CÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm XoUo -
eoVr g§b½Z d eoVr AmYmarV à{H«$`m CÚmoJm§da â {Xë`mg eoV_mbmcm Mm§Jbm ^md {_iyZ eoVrVrb
A{ZpíMVVm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b. H¥$fr nwaH$ ì`dgm`m§Zm MmbZm XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. CXm. Hw$¸w$Q> nmbZ,
Xw½Y CËnmXZ eoir - _|T>r nmbZ, damh nmbZ, _Yy_jrH$mnmbZ, aoer_ CÚmoJ `mgma»`m nwaH$ CÚmoJm§Mm
{dH$mg Pmë`mg eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
6) ^{dî`H$mbrZ qH$_VrMm A§XmO -
eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^{dî`H$mbrZ qH$_Vr {df`r A§XmO H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho.
H$maU eoV_mbmÀ`m ^{dî`mVrb qH$_VrVrb MT>-CVmamZwgma CËnmXZmV H$mhr à_mUmV ~Xb H$aUo eŠ`
hmoVo. CXm.- AZoH$ doim Iarn {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ Pmë`m~amo~a Ë`mMr ~mOmamVrb AmdH$ dmTy>Z qH$_Vr
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KgaVmV. `m ~m~tMr _m{hVr CnbãY Pmë`mZo CËnmXZ ~mOmamV EH$mMdoir Z òD$ XoUo, Ë`mMm gmR>m H$aUo
`mgma»`m Cnm``moOZm H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
7) H$ama nÜXVr -
eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVr H$ama nÜXVr `mo½` R>aVo. eoVr_Üò {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>
H$aVodoir Ano{jV CËnmXZmMm A§XmO KodyZ ì`mnmar, AmS>Vo, EO§Q> `m§À`mer {nH$nyd© H$ama Ho$ë`mg H$mhr
à_mUmV Am{W©H$ {ñWaVm òÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. AZoH$doim \$i~mJm, Ho$ir, A§~m, nmbo^mÁ`m, V§~mIy d BVa
eoVr CËnmXZm~m~V H$mnUr nyd© qH$dm bmJdS>r nyd© ì`mnmar d AS>Vo `m§À`m~amo~a eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr d
ì`dhmamg§X^m©V H$ama Ho$bm OmVmo. n[aUm_r eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
8) bd{MH$Vm -
{nH$m§À`m {d{dYrH$aUmbm nyaH$ åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§Zr Amnë`m CËnÝZmVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m bd{MH$VoMm dmna H$amd`mg nm{hOo. Vm§{ÌH$ bd{MH$Vm åhUOo eoVH$ar ghOnUo EH$m {nH$mH$Sy>Z
Xwgè`m {nH$mH$S>o qH$dm EH$m CnH«$_mVyZ Xwgè`m CnH«$_mH$S>o ghOnUo ñWbm§Va hmoVm Ambo nm{hOo. bd{MH$
V§ÌkmZm_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm ghOnUo EH$m g§gmYZmH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m g§gmYZmH$S>o ñWbm§Va hmoVm òB©b. CXm - _m§g
CËnmXZmH$Sy>Z ghOnUo XwY CËnmXZmH$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoVm òVo. VgoM ÐmjmÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mZ§Va eoVH$ar
~oXmUo V`ma H$aÊ`mg ng§Vr XoVrb. `mMmM AW© ~hþCËnmXZ AmH¥$Vr~§X V`ma H$amdm. CËnmXZ nÜXVrV bd{MH$Vm
Agmdr, VmR>aVm Zgmdr.
9) amoIVm - (Liquidity)
eoVH$è`m§À`m _mb_ÎmoV amoIVm Agë`mg A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aVm òVo. A{YH$ amoIVm Odi ~miJë`mg
eoVrgmR>r bmJUmar g§gmYZo qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mg IaoXr H$ê$Z IMm©V H$nmV H$aVm òVo. amoIVm Odi Agë`m_wio
~mOmamV qH$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mVar eoVrVrb CËnmXZ Mmby R>odVm òVo.
10) Zm{dÝ`nyU© (Innovative) V§ÌmMm Adb§~ -
Zm{dÝ`nyU© {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmnojm nma§nm[aH$ {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmda H$m`_ am{hë`m_wio A{ZpíMVVm H$_r
amhrb. na§Vw ZdV§ÌkmZmMm dmna gmdYmZVoZo d `mo½` nÜXVrZo Ho$ë`mg eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r hmoVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
(A) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {bhm.
1. eoVr joÌmV YmoH$m, ~Xb Am{U A{ZpíMVVm -------------
(A) ZgVo (~) H$Yrhr ZgVo (H$) Zoh_r AgVo (S>) darb gd©
2. eoVrV doioda nmD$g nS>V Zgë`mZo ---------- A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
(A) V§ÌkmZ (~) nmUr (H$) {~`mUo (S>) Q´>°ŠQ>a
3. eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVoV ------- Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ (~) gm_m{OH$ (H$) emgH$s` YmoaUo (S>) darb gd©
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4. {~Ja H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m VwbZoV H¥$frVrb A{ZpíMVVm ------- AgVo.
(A) gm¡å` (~) Aën (H$) Vrd« (S>) eyÝ`
5. eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ------- H$amdo.
(A) EH$ {nH$nÜXVr (~) {nH$ {d{dYrH$aU (H$) emgZmMm {Zh©ñVjon (S>) ñnYm©
(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. ^maVr` eoVr H$moUË`m nmdgmda Adb§~yZ Amho ?
2. eoV_mb qH$_VrV CÀMmdMoZ H$m {Z_m©U hmoVmV ?
3. eoV_mb qH$_Vrda à^md nmS>Umam EH$ ~mø KQ>H$ gm§Jm ?
4. V§Ì d¡km{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm åhUOo H$m` ?
5. eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ Cnm` gwMdm ?
4.2.2 eoVrVrb OmoIr_ : (Risks in Agriculture)
eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb _hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo YmoH$m hmo`. hdm_mZ, CËnmXH$Vm, qH$_Vr, emgH$s` YmoaU,
OmJ{VH$ ~mOma, Am{U BVa KQ>H$mVrb A{ZpíMVVm§_wio eoVrVrb CËnÝZ KQy>Z YmoHo$ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. YmoH$m
ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo {d{dY n`m©`m§n¡H$s {H$_mZ YmoŠ`m§Mm Am{U A{YH$ {dÎmr` \$m`ÚmMm n`m©` {ZdS>Uo hmo`.
eoVrVrb YmoŠ`mMo à_wI àH$ma nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
eoVrVrb OmoI_rMo àH$ma : (Types of Risks in Agriculture)
(1) hdm_mZ YmoH$m -
H¥$fr {dH$mgmda n[aUm_ H$aUmam _hËdmMm O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ åhUOo hdm_mZ hmo`. eoVr hr O¡{dH$
Agë`m_wio hdm_mZmVrb ~Xbm§Mm Mm§Jbm-dmB©Q> à^md eoVr CËnmXZmda hmoVmo. g§aMZmË_H$ Am{U {~Ja
g§aMZmË_H$ Cnm`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo hdm_mZmMm YmoH$m {Z`§{ÌV H$aVm òVmo. hdm_mZmVrb A{V~XbmMm (A{Vd¥ï>r,
XwîH$mi, _hmnya B.) n[aUm_ eoVrÀ`m àJVrda hmoVmo. OJmVrb eoVrVrb CËnmXZ KQ> hr àm_w»`mZo XwîH$mi,
_hmnya, Adoir nmD$g, dmXi `m g§H$Q>m_wio Pmbr Amho. hdm_mZmVrb Vrd«Vm, hdm_mZmVrb KQ>H$m§Mo
~Xbm§À`m doioMo d Vrd«VoMo nyd©kmZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Z {_imë`mg eoVr CËnmXZ KQ>Ê`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
hdm_mZmVrb ~XbmMm n[aUm_ CËnmXZ, ^yg§gmYZ d BVa _mb_Îmm Ogo g§aMZm d nm`m^yV gw{dYm, Z¡g{J©H$
n[ag§ñWm BË`mXrda hmoVmo, hr eoVrgmR>r _wb^yV JaO AgVo. nrH$ d neyYZ hm H¥$fr {dH$mgmMm Z¡g{J©H$
AmYma AgyZ Ë`mda hdm àXwfU, nmUr àXwfU, nmUr d hdo_wio O{_ZrMo àXwfU BË`mXrMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
XwîH$mi d A{Vd¥ï>r, dmXimMm {dnarV n[aUm_ nrH$ CËnmXZ d neyYZ CËnmXZmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Xd qH$dm
H$S>mŠ`mÀ`m W§S>r_wio, W§S>rMr Vrd«Vm, W§S>rMr dma§dm[aVm, amoJm§darb {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, O§JbmVrb dUdo AmXr
KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ H¥$fr joÌmda hmoVmo.
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(2) XwîH$mi - (Drought)
XwîH$mi hm eoVr {dH$mgmVrb _hËdmMm AS>Wim R>aV Amho. eoVrVrb XwîH$mi åhUOo O{_ZrVrb nmUr
H$_r hmoUo, {nH$m§Zm, OZmdam§Zm Am{U _mZdmg {nÊ`mMo nmUr CnbãY Z hmoUo hmo`. O{_ZrVrb Amobmdm H$_r
hmodyZ O{_Z ewîH$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Mo d OZmdam§Mo àM§S> hmb hmodyZ eoVH$è`mMo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.
XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJmV dma§dma XwîH$mi nS>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. _hmamï´>mVrb 15 {Oëô`mVrb ~hþVm§er VmbwŠ`mV
XwîH$mi Vrd« ñdê$nmMm nS>Vmoo. gZ 2016 À`m _mM© Vo _o _{hÝ`mV _hmamï´> XwîH$miJ«ñV Pmbm hmoVm. `m_wio
CnbãY Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«rMm dmna Z H$aVm Amë`mZo CËnÝZmV KQ> hmoVo.
XwîH$mimMm àË`j n[aUm_ åhUOo nrH$ CËnmXZmV àM§S> KQ> KSy>Z òoVo. Ë`mMo H$maU åhUOo Anwao Am{U
Ag_mYmZH$maH$nUo nmdgmMo {dVaU hmo`. XwîH$mimV A{VAën CËnmXZ {_iVo. Vrd« XwîH$mi Agë`mg {nÊ`mÀ`m
nmÊ`mMr Q>§MmB© AgVo. bmoH$ OZmdao d¡aUr{edm` gmoSy>Z XoVmV. Mmam N>mdÊ`m C^maë`m OmVmV. bmoH$ ~mJm`Vr
^mJmV, ehar ^mJmV CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. nmdgmMo à_mU AË`ën, YaUmV nmUr gmR>m ZgUo
`mMm n[aUm_ Hw$aUMamB© KQy>Z OZmdam§Mo CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. OZmdam§Mr {dH«$s H$_r qH$_Vrbm hmoVo. Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ
hmoVo. XwîH$mim_Üò eoVr {nH$V Zgë`m_wio eoVH$è`m~amo~aM eoV_Oyam§Mohr hmb hmoVmV. EHy$UM eoVr AmYmarV
N>moQ>o ì`dgm`, ñd`§amoOJma BË`mXrda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmodyZ AW©ì`dñWm KgaUrbm bmJVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñV§yMr
_mJUr H$_r amhVo.$
(3) CËnmXZ OmoIr_ - (Production Risk)
eoVrVrb CËnmXZ OmoIr_ hm {nH$m§À`m d OZmdam§À`m CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoUo qH$dm CËnmXZ Zï> hmoÊ`mer
g§~§YrV Amho. CËnmXZ YmoŠ`m_Üò {nH$m§Mr d OZmdam§Mr Z¡g{J©H$ d¥ÜXr A{ZpíMV amhVo. hdm_mZ, amoJ d BVa
KQ>H$ {nH$m§Mr JwUdÎmm d g§»`m `mda {dnarV n[aUm_ H$aVmV. CXm- D$gmda bmoH$ar _mdm nS>ë`mg D$gmMr
dmT> Wm§~Vo d D$gmVrb gmIaoMm CVmam H$_r amhVmo.
CËnmXZ OmoIr_ åhUOo Ano{jV CËnmXZmVrb n[adV©ZerbVm hmo`. eoVH$è`m§Zr CnbãY AmXmZm§À`m
Ano{jV J«mø Yabobo CËnmXZ {nH$mnmgyZ Z {_iUo `mg CËnmXZ OmoIr_ g§~moYbo OmVo. CËnmXZ OmoIr_oMo
à_wI _mJ© åhUOo hdm_mZ, {H$S>, amoJ d BVa Vm§{ÌH$ Am§Va{H«$`m H$s Á`m eoVr d ì`dñWmnZ d¡{eîQ>çm§er
g§~§YrV AgVmV. OZw{H$` `§ÌmMr H$m`©j_Vm Am{U AmXmZm§Mr JwUdÎmm BË`mXr ñÌmoVm_wio CËnmXZmV ~Xb
hmodyZ YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo. eoVH$è`m§Zm `m OmoIr_r_wio Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$amdo bmJVo. XwîH$mi,
A{VW§S>r, A{VnO©Ý`d¥ï>r hr bmJdS>, H$mnUr Aemdoir Pmë`mg {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmodyZ CËnmXZ KQ>Vo.
Ë`mM~amo~a ObqgMZmÀ`m gw{dYm§Mm A^md, drOoMo ^ma {Z`_Z, Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm A^md, AÚ`mdV
`§Ìgm_J«rMm Anwam dmna BË`mXr {d{dY H$maUm§_wio CËnmXZmV A{ñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoVo CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. CËnmXZ
A{ZpíMVVm qH$dm YmoH$m {H$_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zr Z{dZ d {d{dYVmnyU© {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$amdr.
{dñV¥V qH$dm gImob eoVr nÜXVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z A{YH$m{YH$ CËnmXZ ¿`mdo.
(4) qH$_V OmoIr_ - (Price Risk)
AmOÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV eoVH$ar d eoV \$m_© `m§À`mnwT>o Z{dZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$, AmXmZm§À`m qH$_VrVrb
CÀMmdMoZ CËnmXZmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb ApñWaVm, hdm_mZ ~Xb, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma {Z~ªY, Z{dZ d A{YH$
gwa{jV AÝ` _mZm§H$Zo Am{U bmoH$m§Mm n`m©adU{df` ^md{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZ BË`mXr_wio CÀM à{VMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U
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Pmbm Amho. gZ 2006 nmgyZ Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamVrb à_wI dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV _hËdnyU© MT>-CVma hmoV Ambo
AmhoV. gZ 2006 Vo 2008 À`m _Ü`mn`ªV AÝZYmÝ` d H$S>YmÝ`mÀ`m qH$_Vr dmñV{dH$ XwßnQ>rZo KQ>ë`m
AmhoV. gZ 2010 Z§Va eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr doJmZo dmTy>Z Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamV {^Vr {Z_m©U H$arV Amho.
AënH$mbrZ eoV_mb YmoaUmMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmodyZ qH$_VrV A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. àm_w»`mZo
eoV_mbmÀ`m gmR>o~mOr d gÅ>o~mOrVyZ qH$_V YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. àË`jmV eoVrdñVyMm dm`Xo~mOma
dmñVdmnmgyZ Iyn Xya Amho. H$maU A{dH$grV AW©ì`dñWm§Vrb dm`Xo ~mOmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odbo OmVo.
eoVrVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ d
Cn^moJ bd{MH$Vm H$_r AgUo Amho. {nH$m§À`m bmJdS>rMm {ZU©` ~mOmamVrb qH$_VrÀ`m \$ma nydu KoVbobm
AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV {H$_mZ AmYma^yV qH$_Vr {ZpíMV Zgë`mZo qH$dm \$ma H$_r am{hë`mZo eoVH$è`m§Zm {nH$
bmJdS> {ZU©` ~mOmamVrb qH$_VrZwgma ¿`mdm bmJVmo. ~mOmamVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr ApñWa Agë`m_wio
qH$_V A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mbmÀ`m {dH«$snmgyZ Ano{jV àmßVr hmoV Zmhr. qH$_V YmoH$m
{Z_m©U hmodyZ Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.
(5) {dÎmr` OmoIr_ - (Financial Risk)
O|ìhm eoVH$ar eoVr CËnmXZ {H«$`m§gmR>r H$O© KoVmo Am{U CËnmXZ, qH$_V, hdm_mZ BË`mXrVrb A{ZpíMVVm§Mm
Ë`mbm H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$aUo H${R>U hmoVo. V|ìhm {dÎmr` OmoIr_ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. A{V ì`mOXa, gmdH$mar,
_`m©XrV H$O© CnbãYVm, Anwam d Adoir H$O© nwadR>m BË`mXr {d{dY ~m~r `m {dÎmr` YmoŠ`mMm ^mJ AgVmV.
eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwaogm {dÎm nwadR>m CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. X¡Z§{XZ eoVrÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aUo
Ano{jV AgVo. eoVrVyZ Ano{jV Z\$m {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nwZ©Jw§VdUyH$ hmoV Zmhr, {dÎmr` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo.
{dÎmr` g_ñòMm ómoV hm CËnmXZ A{ZpíMVm d qH$_V A{ZpíMVVoVyZ Pmbobm AgVmo. {dÎmr` YmoH$m hm
AmXmZm§À`m dmT>Ë`m {H§$_Vr, Cƒ ì`mOXa, A{V[aº$ H$O© A{YH$ amoI n¡emMr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ JaOm§gmR>r _mJUr,
Anwam amIrd {ZYr, {d{Z_` XamVrc à{VHy$b ~Xb, BË`mXr KQ>H$m§_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmo. {dÎmr` YmoHo$ ho {ZU©`
à{H«$òV AgUmao AnyU© kmZ `m _wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao {dnarV \$bmMr eŠ`Vm `m_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. CËnmXZ d
{dnUZ YmoŠ`mVyZ {dÎmr` YmoHo$ ~imdVmV. KoVbobo H$O© naV \o$S>Ê`mMr j_Vm eoVH$è`m§_Üò {Z_m©U hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. hdm_mZ qH$_Vr,AmXmZm§Mm nwadR>m {dnUZ,`m KQ>H$m§da Am{W©H$ pñWVr Adb§~yZ amhVo. `m
KQ>H$m§_Üò dma§dma CÀMmdMoZ {Z_m©U Pmë`mg {dÎmr` JaOm `mo½` nÕVrZo nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ nmVir,
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa XamZo dmT>Umè`m AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. eoVH$è`m§Zr Amnë`m eoVr IMm©Mo aoH$m°S>©
R>odë`mg Vo ñdV… _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z {dÎmr` pñWVr `mo½` R>ody eH$VmV.
6) {dnUZ OmoIr_ - (Marketing Risks)
~mOmamMo YmoHo$ ho eoV_mbmbm {_iUmè`m qH$_Vrer d ~mOmanoR> J_mdÊ`mer g§~§YrV AgVmV.
eoVH$è`mÀ`m eoV_mbmbm ~mOmamV Ano{jV {H§$_V {_iV Zmhr. J«mhH$m§À`m ~XbV OmUmè`m AmdS>r -
{ZdS>r ng§Vr, n`m©`r CËnmXH$m§Mr ñnYm©, Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamVyZ eoV_mbmMr Am`mV, eoV_mbmg§~§Yr
n`m©daU {ZH$fm§Mm AmJ«h BË`mXr {d{dY ~m§~r_yio {dnUZ OmoIr_ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnbm
eoV_mb Ano{jV ~mOmanoR>oV nmR>dVm Z òUo, KmD$H$ CËnmXH$ d ì`mnmè`m_wio Mm§Jë`m ~mOmamV àdoe Z
hmoUo, _moR>çm J«mhH$m§n`©V nmohMUo AeŠ` hmoUo, CËnmXZ ho ~mOmamMr _mZm§H$Zo nyU© H$arV Zgë`mg {dnZU
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g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
{dnUZ YmoŠ`m§_Üò eoV_mb CËnmXZ IM©, qH$_Vr d eoV_mbm§Mr _mJUr `m{df`rÀ`m A{Z{íMVVm§
hmoVmo. eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnë`m eoV_mbmMm XOm© CÎm_ R>odmdm bmJVmo, JwUdÎmoer g§~YrV ñnY}bm gm_moao Omdo
bmJVo. ~mOmamMr CnbãYVm hm _hËdmMm KQ>H$ eoV_mb {dnUZ A{ZpíMVVoda n[aUm_ H$aVmo. eoV_mbmbm
`mo½` ~mOmanoR> CnbãY hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mo½` doioV `mo½` qH$_Vrbm ~mOmanoR>oV eoV_mb nmR>{dë`mg
{dnUZ A{ZpíMVVm H$_r amhVo. ~mOmamMr AÚ`mdV _m{hVr eoVH$è`m§Zm ~mOmamVrb YmoH$m d A{ZpíMVVm
g_OyZ KoVë`mg Ë`mda Cnm``moOZm H$aVm òVmV. {dnUZ YmoHo$ H$_r amhÿ eH$VmV. {dnUZ YmoHo$ ho qH$_V YmoHo$,
{dnUZ àdoemMo ZwH$gmZ, {dnUZ kmZmÀ`m A^mdm_wio {dnUZ eº$sMo ZwH$gmZ Am{U eoVrMo aoH$mS>© R>odÊ`mMm
A^md BË`mXtda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
(A) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {bhm.
1. eoVrV A{ZpíMVVm ............ _wio {Z_m©U hmoVo.
A) hdm_mZ (~) {H$§_Vr (H$) CËnmXH$Vm (S>) darb gd©
2. hdm_mZ OmoIr_ ..... Cnm`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo {Z`§ÌrV H$aVm òVo.
A) ga§MZmË_H$ (~) {~Ja g§aMZmË_H$ (H$) XmoÝhr (S>) XmoÝhrhr Zmhr.
3) XwîH$mim_yio ...... hmoVo.
A) {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ (~) OZmdam§Mo hmb (H$) {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr Q>§MmB© (S>) darb gd©
4) {dËVr` OmoIr__Üò ...... Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) A{V ì`mOXa (~) gmdH$mar (H$) _`m©{XV H$O© (S>) darb gd©
5) {dnUZ OmoIr_ ..... g§~YrV AgVmV.
A) ñd`§ amoOJma (~) qH$_Vrer (H$) dmhVyH$ser (S>) dmVmdaUer
1) OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m` ?
2) CËnmXZ OmoIr_ åhUOo H$m` ?
3) eoVrVrb XmoZ OmoIr_ gm§Jm
4) eoV_mb qH$_VrVrb ApñWaVoMo EH$ H$maU gm§Jm.
5) qH$_V OmoIr_ H$emer g§~YrV Amho.
4.2.3 H¥$fr OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZ ì`yhaMZm- (Risk Management Strategies)
H¥$fr joÌmVrb AgUmao {d{dY OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo AZoH$ _mJ© AmhoV. eoVrVrb YmoŠ`m_Üò
hdm_mZmVrb ~Xb, dma§dma òUmar Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr, CËnmXH$VoVrb A{ZpíMVVm, qH$_V A{ZpíMVVm, Anwè`m
135
J«m_rU nm`m^yV gw{dYm, ~mOmamVrb AnyU©Vm Am{U {dÎmr` godm§Mm A^md BË`mXr ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ho
KQ>H$ eoVH$è`mMo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ H$arV AgyZ eoVr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb à_wI AS>Wio AmhoV. eoVrVrb
YmoŠ`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am¡nMmarH$ d AZm¡nMmarH$ `§ÌUm AmhoV. AZm¡nMmarH$ `§ÌUoV A{YH$
YmoŠ`mMr {nHo$ Q>miUo, {nH$ {d{dYVm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Va Am¡nMmarH$ `§ÌUoV H¥$fr {d_m, {H$_mZ AmYma
qH$_V nÕVr Am{U dm`Xo ~mOmamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZm - (Pradhan Mantri Fisal Bima Yojana)
eoVrVrc {nH$ CËnmXZm~m~V AgUmar A{ZpíMVVm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo 13 OmZodmar 2016
amoOr "àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZoer KmofUm (PMFBY) Ho$cr d 18 \o$~«wdmar 2016 amoOr hr `moOZm gwê$
Ho$cr. `m `moOZo_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrV {nH$m§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$co OmVo. `m {nH${d_m
`moOZogmR>r énò 8,800 H$moQ>r én`m§Mm IM© Ho$cm OmUma Amho. `m `moOZo A§VJ©V {nH$ {d_m hßVm AË`§V
H$_r R>odÊ`mV Amcm Amho. Iarn {nH$m§gmR>r 2%, aã~r {nH$m§gmR>r 1.5 Q>ŠHo$ hám R>odÊ`mV Amcm Amho.
dm{f©H$ ì`mnmar d \$cmoÚmZ {nH$m§gmR>r {d_m hßVm 5 Q>ŠHo$ R>odÊ`mV Amcm Amho. {nH$ {d_m H§$nÝ`m§Zr {ZpíMV
Ho$coë`m aŠ_onojm H$_r aŠH$_ {d_m hßVm åhUyZ AmH$macr OmVo. Cd©[aV aŠH$_ AZwXmZ ñdê$nmV H|$Ð emgZ
d g§~§{YV amÁ` emgZ g_mZ à_mUmV âVo. gÚm amîQ´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZo- (NAIS) A§VJ©V 15% aŠH$_
eoVH$ar {nH$ {d_m hßVm ñdénmV âVmV Ë`mEodOr àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZoZwgma hßVmMr aŠH$_ H$_r
H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
`m `moOZoAV§ J©V gaH$mar AZwXmZmg CÀM _`m©Xm Zmhr. eoVH$è`m§Zr 2% {d_m hßVm {Xë`mZ§Va Cd©{aV gd©
aŠH$_ (90% n`ªV) emgZ XoV.o nyduÀ`m `moOZm§_Üò emgZmH$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m {nH$ {d_m hßVm g~{gS>rg
_`m©Xm hmoVr. Ë`m_yio eoVH$è`m§Zm ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr nyU© aŠH$_ {Xcr OmVo. V§ÌkmZmMm dmna dmT>cm Amho.
{nH$mÀ`m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Vrc doi gÚm H$_r Pmcm Amho. ñ_mQ>© \$moZÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {nH$m§À`m ZwH$gmZrMo N>m`m{MÌ
H$mTy>Z AncmoS> Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_yio VmËH$mi {nH$ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mV _XV hmoV.o {nH$m§À`m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©À`m
nmhUrgmR>r [a_moQ> goÝgtJ (Remote Sensing) AmH$S>do marMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmV Amho. amîQ´>r` H¥$fr {d_m
`moOZoÀ`m (NAIS) OmJr àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZm (PFBY) cmJy Ho$cr Amho. `m `moOZoV eoVH$è`m§Zm gw_mao
75 Vo 80 Q>ŠHo$ {nH$ {d_m hám_Üò AZwXmZ {_iVo. `m `moOZoÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r Á`m godm {Xë`m OmVmV
Ë`m godm godmH$a Xo`Vm (Service Tax Liability) _YyZ dJiÊ`mV gyQ> XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZoMr C{ÔîQ>ço :-
1) Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr, amoJ, {H$S> `mnmgyZ hmoUmao gy{MV (Notified Crops) {nH$mMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR>r
eoVH$è`m§Zm {dÎmr` _XV d {d_m H$dM XoUo.
2) eoVr nwT>o Mmcy R>odÊ`mgmR>r (Continuance in farmim) eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÝZmV ñW¡`© R>odUo.
3) eoVH$è`m§Zm Zd{Z_uV (innovate) d AmYw{ZH$ H¥$fr à`moJm§gmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
4) H¥$fr joÌmcm nV nwadR>çmMr ImÌr XoUo.
`m `moOZoV gy{MV {nH$mMo CËnmXZ KoUmao gy{MV joÌmVrc (h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mcmdYrV) gd© eoVH$è`m§Mm
g_mdoe àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZoV Ho$cm OmVo. `m `moOZoV Á`m eoVH$è`m§Mo H$O© ImVo Amho. Ë`m§Zm
136
nV_`m©Xm _§Oya Pmcr Amho. Aemgd© gy{MÌ joÌmVrc gy{MV {nHo$ KoUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Mm g_mdoe `m `moOZoV
hmoVmo. BVa eoVH$è`m§Zm g_m{dîR> H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` emgZ doimodoir KoV Amho. BVa eoVH$è`m§Zm EopÀN>H$[aË`m
`m `moOZoV g_m{dîR> hmoVm òVo.
àYm§Z_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZoVrc OmoIr_$ga§jU- (Risk Covered) :-
`m `moOZo A§VJ©V gy{MV joÌmVrc Cä`m {nH$mMo CËnmXZ ZîR> Pmë`mg ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {_iVo. Z¡g{J©H$
AmJ, dmXi, gm`ŠcmoZ, Jmam nS>U,o àM§S> MH«$sdmXi, hm{ZH$maH$ dmdQ>i, BË`mXr Q>miVm Z òÊ`mè`m YmoŠ`mnmgyZ
CËnmXZmMo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ ânmB© `m gd©g_mdoeH$ {nH$ {d_m `moOUoV XoÊ`mV òVo. VgoM _hmnya, XaS>
H$mogiUo, XwîH$mi, amoJ BË`mXrnmgyZ hmoUmè`m {nH$m§À`m ZwH$gmZrMmhr g_mdoe `m_Üò H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.
Iam~ hdm_mZm_wio {nH$m§Mr noaUr qH$dm cmJdS> gy{MV joÌmVrc eoVH$è`m§Zm H$aÊ`m_Üò à{VHy$c hdm_mZmMm
àñVmd Pmë`mg {d_m aŠH$_oÀ`m OmñVrV OmñV 25% n`ªV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho. H$mnUr
Z§VaÀ`m {nH$m§À`m ZwH$gmZrgmR>r 14 {Xdgmn`ªVÀ`m H$mcmdYrV {nH$ H$moaS>o (Dry) H$aÊ`mgmR>r R>odë`m_wio
hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrMr ânmB© Ho$cr OmVo. VgoM {d{eîR> ^m¡Jmo{cH$ {R>H$mUÀ`m {nH$m§gmR>r CXm. Jmam nS>Uo,
_hmnyya, XaS> H$mogiUo AmXr ^mJmVrc {nH$m§Mmhr g_mdoe `m àYmZ_§Ìr \$gc {d_m `moOZoV Ho$cm Amho.
amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm - (National Agricultural Insuranse Scheme -NAIS)
gZ 1999-2000 gmbr EH$mË_rH$ {nH$ {d_m `moOZm (Comprehensive Crop Insurance
Scheme-(CIS) À`m EodOr amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm (NAIS) gwê$ Ho$br. `m {d_m `moOZoMm à_wI hoVy hm
XwîH$mi , _hmnya, dmXi, gm`ŠbmoZ d AmJ, {H$S> d BVa amoJm§nmgyZ {nH$m§À`m hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrnmgyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm
g§ajU XoUo hm hmoVm. hr Z{dZ `moOZm H$O©Xma d {~Ja H$O©Xma Aem gd©M eoVH$è`m§Zm bmJy Amho. eoV O{_ZrMo
AmH$ma_mZ {dMmamV Z KoVm gdmªZm `mMm bm^ KoVm òVmo. VgoM hr {d_m `moOZm H$S>YmÝ` V¥UYmÝ`, Vob{~`m,
\$beoVr, ì`mnmar {nHo$ BË`mXr gd© {nH$m§gmR>r CËnmXH$VoMm {dMma Z H$aVm gdmªZm bmJy Amho. gÚm dm{f©H$
ì`mnmar {nH$m§n¡H$s D$g, ~Q>mQ>m, H$mnyg, Ambo, H$m§Xm, hiX Am{U {_aMr `m gmV ì`mnmar {nH$m§Zm g_m{dð>
Amho. gd© dm{f©H$ \$i, \y$b, nmbo^mÁ` Am{U ì`mnmar {nHo$ {Vgè`m dfm©gmR>r `m `moOZoV g_mdoe Ho$br
AmhoV. Z{dZ `moOZm joÌ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda(Area Approach) AmYmarV H$m`m©ÝdrV hmoUma Amho. CXm. JmanrQ>,
dmXi, nya Am{U H$S>m H$mogiUmè`m Aem Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m H$mimV `m {nH$ {d_m `moOZoMm bm^ hmoUma
Amho. emgZmZo hr `moOZm doioV gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`m©H$mar g§KQ>Z ñWmnZ Ho$bo Amho. Z{dZ nÕVr gwê$ hmoB©n`ªV
OZab BÝgyaÝ` H$mnm}aoeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m (G.I.C.I) hr A_§b~OmdUr H$aUmar EOÝgr Agob.
~mOar d Vob{~`mgmR>r {d_m hám {d_m CVa{dë`mÀ`m 3.5 Q>¸o$ hmoVm. H$S>YmÝ` {_bmo d V¥UYmÝ`mgmR>r
{d_m hám EHy$U {d_m CVa{dë`mÀ`m 2.5 Q>¸o$ Amho. ì`mnmar d \$io \w$bo {nH$m§gmR>r àË`j Xa AmH$mabm
OmB©b. bKy d gr_m§V eoVH$è`m§Zm {d_m hßË`mV 50 % gyQ> {_iob, amÁ` gaH$ma d H|$Ð gaH$ma g_mZ à_mUmV
{hñgm âob. nmMdfm©Z§Va hr g~{gS>r ~§X hmoB©b. gZ 1999-2000 À`m a~r h§Jm_mV Amgm_, Jmodm, JwOamV,
{h_mMb àXoe, Ho$ai, _Ü` àXoe, _hmamï´>, Amo[agm, nm±S>oMar, Am§Y«àXoe, {~hma _oKmb`, C. àXoe H$Zm©Q>H$m,
A§X_mZ -{ZH$mo~ma d Vm{_iZmSy> `m 16 amÁ`m§_Üò amï´>r` {nH$ {d_m `moOZm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 2000-
2001 _Üò {gŠH$r_ Am{U npíM_ ~§Jmb hr XmoZ amÁò Zì`mZo g_m{dð> Pmbr. gÚm {h `moOZm Xoem§Vrb 26
amÁ`m§_Üò gwê$ Amho.
137
VŠVm 4.1 : amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZoMr àJVr
A.Z§. h§Jm_ eoVH$ar joÌ bmI ho. {d_m CVa{dbm hßVm H$moQ>r EHy$U Šbo_g
bmI H$moQ>r é. H$moQ>r
01. a~r 1999-2000 5.80 7.8 356.4 5.4 7.7
02. Iarn 2000 84.09 132.2 6903.4 206.7 1222.5
03. a~r 2000-01 20.91 31.1 1602.7 27.8 69.5
04. Iarn 2001 86.95 128.9 7502.5 261.6 493.3
05. a~r 2001-02 19.55 31.5 1497.5 30.1 64.7
06. Iarn 2002 97.68 155.3 9431.7 325.5 1821.8
07. a~r 2002-03 23.26 40.4 1837.5 38.5 188.5
08. Iarn 2003 79.70 123.5 8114.1 283.3 634.2
09. a~r 2003-04 44.10 92.00 3052.6 64.4 490.1
10. Iarn 2004 127.37 271.3 12464.6 439.2 91.0
11. a~r 2004-05 35.00 53.00 3774.0 76.0 157.0
12. Iarn 2005 126.70 205.3 13517.7 449.9 1054.8
13. a~r 2005-06 40.50 72.2 5069.5 104.8 252.3
14. Iarn 2006 66.50 100.1 7500.3 23.2 N.A.
15. a~r 2006-07 49.80 76.3 6592.6 142.9 477.0
16. Iarn 2007 129.30 196.7 14759.1 467.3 1771.6
17. a~r 2007 0.14 0.25 35.15 0.67 1.12
18. Iarn 2008 8.13 17.94 2324.3 82.63 22.74
19. a~r 2008 0.28 0.56 76.08 1.3 11.4
20. Iarn 2009 9.14 19.95 2944.1 103.9 466.9
21. a~r 2009 0.33 0.67 110.6 1.8 4.6
22. Iarn 2010 9.27 19.89 3323.3 115.9 68.0
23. a~r 2010 0.39 0.80 144.6 2.7 2.96
24. Iarn 2011 9.76 20.83 4127.0 143.7 316.5
25. a~r 2011 0.33 0.72 152.1 2.3 2.5
26. Iarn 2012 11.42 24.72 6064.8 233.4 2190.3
27. a~r 2012 0.32 0.71 158.1 2.7 11.72
Iarn EHy$U 130.33 273.54 34669.18 1359.32 6424.04
a~r EHy$U 3.29 6.32 903.39 16.40 42.87
EHy$U 133.63 289.86 35572.58 3175.73 6466.92
Source : Economic Discussion.net/india/agriculture
138
VŠVm H«$. 4.1 _Üò amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZoV gh^mJr Pmboë`m eoVH$è`mMr g§»`m gZ 2062 À`m
Iarn h§Jm_mV 11 bmI 42 hOma hmoVr Vr g§»`m gZ 1999-2000 À`m Iarn h§Jm_mV 5.8 cmI hmo_r
EHy$U {d_m CVa{dbobr aŠH$_ gZ 1999- 2000 À`m a~r h§Jm_mV ê$nò 356 H$moQ>r 40 bmI hmoVr Vr
Iarn h§Jm_ gZ 2012 bm 06064 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§n`©V dmT>br hmoVr. ^maVmVrb eoVrVrb EHy$U {nH$ {d_m
hám gZ 1999-2000 _Üò 5.4 H$moQ>r ê$nò hmoVm Vmo 2012 _Üò 233.4 H$moQ>r ê$nò Pmbm.
`m `moOZoV `mM H$mbdYrV {d_m CVa{dboobo joÌ 7.80 bmI hoŠQ>a nmgyZ 1633.1 bmI hoŠQ>g© n`©V
dmT>bo Va {d_m Šbo_ Ho$ë`mMr aŠH$_ ê$nò 7.68 H$moQ>r nmgyZ gmVË`mZo dmTy>Z gZ 2012 _Üò 2190.3
H$moQ>r ê$n`m§n`ªV dmT>br `mda `m {nH$ {d_m `moOZr àJVr {XgyZ òVo. gZ 2010-11 _Üò 1762 bmI
eoVH$è`m§Zr `m `moOZoV gh^mJ KoVbm Va EHy$U 2685 bmI hoŠQ>g© {d_m CVa{dbm Jobm EHy$U ê$nò
2,21,307 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mm {nH$ {d_m CVa{dbm hmoVm.
^maVr` H¥$fr {d_m H§$nZr _`m©{XV hr H§$nZr amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m`moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVo. _mM© 2012
n`ªV 26 amÁ`mV `m `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br AgyZ 24,246 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mm Xmdm (Claims)Ho$bm Amho
Oa hámê$nr ê$nò 7580 H$moQ>r {_imbo AgyZ `m `moOZoMm bm^ 133.63 bmI eoVH$è`m§Zm Pmbm Amho.
amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm :- ~r- {~`mUo {d_m `moOZm
Vm§Xyi, Jhÿ, _H$m, Ádmar, ~mOmar, haâm, ^wB©_yJ, gmo`m~rZ, gy`©\y$b d H$mnyg `m {nH$m§À`m {~-
{~`mUm§Mm {d_m gwê$ Ho$bm Amho. ~r`mUo V`ma H$aUmè`m§Zm gwa{jVVm {_imdr åhUyZ ~r`mUo dr_m `moOZm bmJy
Ho$br Amho.
"~«rS>a \$mD§$S>oeZ A°ÊS> gQ>u\$mB©S>' `m {nH$ {d_m `moOZoA§VJ©V nwT>rb Z¡g{J©H$ YmoŠ`m§nmgyZ g§ajU {_iVo.
1) Aën qH$dm nyU© à_mUmV Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>m_wio {~`mUo {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ Pmë`mg g§ajU {_iVo.
2) Ano{jV H$ÀMm {~`mUm§À`m CËnmXH$VoV ZwH$gmZ Pmë`mg.
3) H$mnUrZ§Va ~r`mUo {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ Pmë`mg.
4) ~r`mUm§À`m gQ>r©{\$Ho$eZÀ`m doir ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Va ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {_iVo. ^yB©_yJ d JìhmÀ`m
~r`mUmMm {à_r`_ Xa 2% hmoVm Va gy`©\y$b 2.5%, Vm§Xyi 3.5% hám hmoVm, ÁdmargmR>r ~r`mUo {d_m hám
3.5% hmoVm Va haâm H$mnyg, ~mOar, gmo`m~rZ d _H$mgmR>r ~r`mUo {d_m hßVm Xa 5 % hmoVm.
amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm :- newYZ {d_m -
OZab BÝgyaÝg H$mnm}aogZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Zo ney {d_m H$m`©H«$_ am~{dbm. {d{dY ney{d_m `moOZm§_Üò
neyMm OodT>m {d_m CVa{dbm VodT>m qH$dm OZmdam§Mr _¥Ë`yÀ`mdoioMr ~mOmamVrb qH$_V `mn¡H$s Oo {H$_mZ
Agob Ë`mMr ânmB© OZmdamÀ`m _mbH$mg {Xbr OmVo. OZmdao OI_r Pmë`mg gm_mÝ`nUo ~mOma_yë`mÀ`m
100 Q>ŠHo$ n`ªV ânmB© {Xbr OmVo. gZ 1995-96 nmgyZ {H$Vr OZmdmamMm {d_m CVadrbm {H$Vr aŠH$_
{_imbr, ânmB© {H$Vr XoÊ`mV Ambr, `m{df`r _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. gZ 1995-96 _Üò 15.3 Xebj
OZmdam§Mm {d_m CVa{dbm. Ë`m_wio 113.39 H$moQ>r ê$nò aŠH$_ hßVm åhUyZ O_m Pmbr Va 74.05 H$moQ>r
ê$n`m§Mr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {Xbr. Va 2001-2002 gmbr 16 Xebj OZmdam§Mm {d_m CVa{dbm. Ë`mnmgyZ
135.38 H$moQ>rMm hßVm O_m Pmbm Va ê$nò 107.70 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mV Ambr. `m_Üò
eoir _|T>r `m OZmdam§À`m {då`mMo à_mU 25% hmoVo.
139
{nH$ {d_m (Crop Insurance) :-
{nH$ {d_m hm H¥$fr CËnmXH$, Hw$aUmMo _mbH$, d BVa CVa{dVmV H$s Ë`m§À`m {nH$m§Mo XwîH$mi,
JmanrQ>, _hmnya d BVa Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrnmgyZ ga§jU {_iÊ`mgmR>r {d_m CVa{dbm OmVmo. {nH$m§À`m qH$_Vr
H$_r Pmë`mg hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrnmgyZ g§ajU {_i{dUo hm {nH$ {då`mMm hoVy Agy eH$Vmo. {nH$
{då`mMo XmoZ JQ>mV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. EH$ åhUOo {nH$ CËnmXZ {d_m Am{U Xwgao åhUOo {nH$ CËnÝZ {d_m.
^maVmV ~hþOmoIr_ {d_m Amho. Ë`mg amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm (NAIS) åhUVmV. hr {d_m `moOZm ^maV
gaH$maÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m H¥$fr {d_m H§$nZr _m\©$V am~{dcr OmVo. hr {d_m `moOZm H$O© KoUmè`m gd© eoVH$è`m§Zm
A{Zdm`© Amho. BVa H$O© Z KooUmè`m eoVH$è`m§À`m _m\©$V hr {d_m `moOZm EopÀN>H$ Amho. XmoZ hoŠQ>g©nojm H$_r
O{_Z Agboë`m eoVH$è`m§Zm {d_m g~{gS>r Amho. hm {d_m joÌ Ñï>rH$moZmda AmYm[aV Amho. åhUOo EH$m
d¡`pŠVH$ eoVH$è`mEodOr {d{eï> joÌ g§a{jV Ho$bo OmVo. ho joÌ J«m_n§Mm`VnmgyZ JQ>, VmbwH$m, {Oëhm n`ªV
{nH$m§Zwgma qH$dm amÁ`m-amÁ`mZwgma ~XbVo. ânmB© {Xbr OmUmar {nH$ {då`mMr aŠH$_ amÁ`mÀ`m H¥$fr
{d^mJmZo {nH$ à`moJmÀ`m AmYmamda {Xbr OmVo. Joë`m nmM dfm©nojm H$_r CËnmXH$Vm {_imë`mg {nH$ {d_m
ânmB© {Xbr OmVo.
H¥$fr joÌmMo Xwgao Zmd åhUOo Am[aï> qH$dm g§H$Q> hmo`. YmoH$m {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m ~mhoa AgVmo, eoVH$è`m§Zm
eoVrMo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r XjVm KoVmo. {då`m_wio {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZmV pñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U
eoVH$è`m§À`mda hmoUmam {dnarV n[aUm_ H$_r H$aVm òVmo. A{bH$S>rb eoVrMr pñWVr {dMmamV KoVm eoVr
g§~§{YV ~m~tMm {d_m CVa{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àËòH$ dfu Z{dZ V§ÌkmZmMm emoY bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm
A{YH$ hmodyZ Jw§VdUyH$snmgyZ CËnÝZ {_iVo. Z{dZ V§ÌkmZ YmoŠ`mMo AgVo, {d_m n°Ho$O_wio eoVH$ar Z{dZ
V§ÌkmZmMm dmnamMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. {d_m H§$nÝ`m Z{dZ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrMm {d_m XoÊ`mg
V`ma AgVmV.
{nH$ {då`mMo \$m`Xo : (Advantages of Crop Insurance)
A§XmO Z H$aVm òUmè`m g§H$Q>mnmgyZ {nH$mMo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar nrH$ {d_m KoVmV.
eoVH$è`mMo OrdZ nyU©nUo eoVrVrb nrH$ CËnmXZ g§»`m d JwUdÎmm `mda Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio nrH$ {då`mMr
^y{_H$m AË`§V _hËdmMr Amho. nrH$ {då`mMo \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo -
1) CËnÝZmV pñWaVm - {nH$mÀ`m hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrnmgyZ eoVH$è`m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© nrH$ {d_mH$Sy>Z
hmoVo. XwîH$mi, _hmnya, {H$S>, Q>moiYmS> BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrV hmoUmè`m {nH$mÀ`m ZwH$gmZrda nrH$ {d_m hm
Mm§Jbm Cnm` Amho. `m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm CËnÝZmMr ImÌr dmQ>Vo, {ñWaVm òVo.
2) H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> - {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Var {då`mÀ`m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©nmgyZ {_iUmè`m aŠH$_oVyZ
eoVH$ar {Z`_rVnUo Amnbm H$Om©Mm ^ma H$_r H$ê$ eH$VmV. `m_wio eoVH$è`m§da H$Om©Mo g§H$Q> amhUma Zmhr.
eoVH$è`m§da AmË_hË`m H$aÊ`mMr doi òUma Zmhr.
3) V§Ì d¡km{ZH$ gwYmaUm> - {d_m H§$nÝ`m `m eoVrV Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm H$aUmè`m _m{hVr XiUdiU,
V§ÌkmZ H§$nÝ`m~amo~a H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio eoVrVyZ hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>mibo OmB©b. `m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm Z{dZ
Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm AmË_gmV H$ê$Z {nH$m§À`m CËnmXZmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUVm òB©b.
140
4) CËnmXZ g§ajU - nrH$ {då`m_wio eoVH$è`mMo {nH$m§À`m hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrnmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo. `m_Üò
H§$nÝ`m {nH$m§À`m nwZ©bmJdS>rgmR>r d g§a{jV bmJdS>rgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm _XV H$aVmV.
5) OmUrd OmJ¥Vr - {d_m H§$nÝ`m eoVH$è`m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>mnmgyZ {nH$m§Mo g§ajU H$go H$amd`mMo
`m{df`rÀ`m OmUd OmJ¥VrgmR>r _mo{h_ AmIVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zm nrH$ g§ajUmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m eoVrMo
g§ajU Ho$bo OmVo. eoVr {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Amho. {ZgJm©V hdm_mZ {df`H$ dma§dma ~Xb hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio `m
~XbmnmgyZ {nH$m§Mo g§ajU `m {d_m H§$nÝ`m H$arV Agë`m_wio {ZpíM§V amhVmo, Ë`m§Mr H$miOr H$_r hmoVo.
Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>mMm _moR>m à^md bhmZ d Jar~ eoVH$è`m§da nS>Vmo. `mgmR>r AmH$S>odmar, V§ÌkmZ d {dÎmr`
godm§Mr _XV KodyZ `m g§H$Q>mMr Vrd«Vm H$_r H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nrH$ {d_m ho eoVrV hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrnmgyZ
eoVH$è`mMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMo _hËdmMo gmYZ Amho.
hdm_mZ {d_m - (Weather Insurance) :-
hdm_mZ AmYm[aV nrH$ {då`mMm _w»` hoVy hm nmD$g, XwîH$mi, W§S>r, dmXi, Vrd« Vmn_mZ BË`mXr
Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>m_wio eoVrVrb {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmodyZ hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZmnmgyZ eoVH$è`mMo g§ajU H$aUo
AgVmo. hdm_mZmÀ`m {dnarV pñWVr_wio {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Aemdoir hdm_mZ nrH$ {d_m CVa{dbm OmVmo.
`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo H$S>YmÝò, V¥UYmÝò, Vob{~`m BË`mXr AÝZYmÝò d \$io, \w$bo, nmbo^mÁ`m {nH$m§Mm g_mdoe
Amho. {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m àXoemVrb, {ZpíMV Ho$bobr nrHo$ KoUmao gd© eoVH$ar `m {d_m àH$mamMm \$m`Xm Kody
eH$VmV. H$O© KoUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Mm `m {d_m àH$mamV AgVmo. na§Vw H$O© Z KoVboë`m eoVH$è`m§Zm hdm_mZ
{då`mMm bm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r eoVrÀ`m aoH$m°S>©Mr H$mJXnÌo gmXa H$amdr bmJVmV. h§Jm_r H¥$fr H$m`m©gmR>r {dÎmr`
g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z nrH$ H$O© KoUmao gd© eoVH$ar `m_Üò Amdí`H$nUo gm_mdyZ KoVbo OmVmV. hr `moOZm H$O© Z KoUmè`m
eoVH$è`m§Zm EopÀN>H$ AgVo.
nrH$ {d_m `moOZoV gm_mdyZ KoVbo OmUmao YmoHo$ : (Perils Covered) :-
nrH$ {d_m `moOZo A§VJ©V {dnarV hdm_mZ KQ>Zm§_wio {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Aem ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) nmD$g - nmdgmMm Cn`moJ {nH$mÀ`m Mm§Jë`m CËnmXZmgmR>r hmoVmo. na§Vw Anwam nmD$g nS>ë`mg {nH$m§Zm
bmJUmao nmUr nwaogo Z {_imë`mZo {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Anwè`m nmdgmMm {dnarV n[aUm_ nrH$ CËnmXZmda
hmoVmo. VgoM A{Vd¥ï>r, {~Ja h§Jm_r nmD$g, H$moaS>o {Xdg, A{V nmdgmMo {Xdg `m_wiohr {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.
2) hdm_mZmVrb X_Q>nUm (AmÐ©Vm)- hdm_mZmV gmnoj X_Q>nUm AmÐ©Vm (Relative Humidity)
Agë`mg gd©gmYmaU hdm_mZmnojm {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. Aem hdm_mZmMm eoVr joÌmda {dnarV n[aUm_
hmodyZ Am[W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Aemdoir hdm_mZ {d_m Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
3) Vmn_mZ- (Temperature) - {nH$m§Zm `mo½` gy`© àH$memMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Vrd« Vmn_mZ qH$dm
AJXr Aën Vmn_mZmV {nH$mMr `mo½` dmT> hmoV Zmhr Aemdoir {nH$mMo CËnmXZ KQ>Vo. {nH$ {d_m `mo½` R>aVmo.
4) dmXi - hdm_mZmVrb dmXi hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho dmXim_wio,A{V Vrd« doJdmZ dmè`m_wio {nH$m§Mo
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. dmXimMmhr hdm_mZ {då`mV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
5) Jmam nS>Uo (Hailstrom)
hdm_mZmVrb A{VW§S>nUm_wio Jmam§Mm nmD$g nS>Vmo Aemdoir {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Voìhm Jmam nS>Uo
`mMmhr g_mdoe `m {d_m àH$mamV hmoVmo.
141
darb gd© àH$mam§Mo g§`moJrH$aU Agbo Varhr hdm_mZ {d_m g_m{dð>nUo CV{dbm OmVmo. darb {d{dY
YmoŠ`m§Mm hdm_mZ {d_m CVa{dbm OmVmo `m_Üò àg§JmZwgma H$_r - A{YH$nUm {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo.
^maVr` eoVrda hdm_mZmMm _moR>m n[aUm_ hmoVmo ^maVr` Z¡g{J©H$ hdm_mZ ho \$ŠV A§XmO H$aÊ`mgmR>r
A`mo½`M Zìho Va {dÜd§gH$marhr Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr {d{dY nmVirda {nH$m§da n[aUm_ H$aVmV. Z¡g{J©H$
AmnÎmrnmgyZ {nH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ ânmB©gmR> H§$nÝ`m hdm_mZ {d_m CVa{dVmV. ^maVmV H¥$frjoÌ ho à^mdr CËnmXZm§Mo
joÌ Amho. ^maVmV gw_mao 64 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$ CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r eoVrda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. eoVr hr hdm_mZmda Adb§~yZ
Amho. h§Jm_r eoVr nmdgm{edm` qH$dm A{Vd¥ï>rZo ZwH$gmZmMr hmoVr. `mMm n[aUm_ XoemÀ`m EHy$U CËnmXZ ñWyb
amï´>r` CËnmXZ d EHy$U AW©ì`dñWoda hmoVmo. eoVr hr gd©ñdr {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio hdm_mZ {d_m
Amdí`H$ Amho.
eoV CËnÞ {d_m - (Farm Income Insurance)
eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞmda CËnmXZ Am{U qH$_V YmoŠ`m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§À`m AmYw{ZH$
{nH$ {~-{~`mUm§Vrb Jw§VdUyH$, CËnmXZ V§Ì eoVrVrb ^m§S>db {Z{_©Vr BË`mXr ~m§~rda {dnarV n{aUm_ hmoVmo.
eoVr hr _mÝgyZda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo eoVr CËnmXZ d eoV_mb qH$_VrV A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. CËnmXZ d
qH$_V ho XmoZ KQ>H$ eoVr CËnÞ {d_m A§VJ©V g_m{dîQ> AmhoV. `m {då`mMo à_wI C{Ôï> ho eoVH$è`m§Zm CËnmXZ d
{dnUZ YmoŠ`m§nmgyZ g§ajU XoUo Amho. `m `moOZoMo Üò` CËnmXZ gmVË`, {nH$m§Mo d CnOrdrHo$À`m gmYZmMo
g§ajU {nH$m§À`m ~hþ{dYVoV dmT>, `m_wio {nH$m§À`m {Z`m©V Ñï>rH$moZmV ñnYm©Ë_H$ dmT> hmoB©b.
eoVr CËnÞ {d_m `moOZm hr àm_w»`mZo OmJ{VH$ ~mOmamVrb qH$_VrVrb KgaUr {damoYmV bKy d gr_m§V
eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xbmgm XoUmar A{YH$ à^mdr {d_m `moOZm Amho. hr `moOZm joÌ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda AmY[aV AgyZ `m_Üò
AÞYmÝ`, Vob{~`m, \$io, \w$bo, nmbo^mÁ` BË`mXr {nH$m§Mo g_mdoeZ Amho. eoV CËnÞ {d_m `moOZm gZ 2003
_Üò bmJy Ho$br `mMm à_wI hooVy hm eoVH$è`m§Zr {nH$mMo Ano{jV Yabobo CËnÞ d àË`j {_imbobo CËnÞ
`m_Yrb \$aH$mMo CËnÞmMr Ë`m§Zr h_r XoUo hmo`. {Oëhm nmVirdarb qH$_VtMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ano{jV CËnÞmMo
_moO_mn Ho$bo OmVo. Ano{jV CËnÞmVrb KQ> hr CËnmXZmVrb KQ>r_wio qH$dm qH$_VrVrb CÀMmdMoZ_wio
Pmë`mg `m {d_m `moOZo_YyZ g§ajU {_iVo. `m `moOZo_YyZ \$ŠV Z¡g{J©H$ YmoHo$ Am{U AmnÎmr_wio CËnmXZmV
hmoUmè`m KQ>rMm {d_m ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {Xbr OmVo BVa H$maUm§Zr eoVr AH$m`©j_ amhrë`mg ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {_iV
Zmhr. goQ>obmB©Q> AmYm[aV CËnmXH$Vm {Z`§ÌU nÕVrZwgma A§XmOrV CËnmXZ Am{U qH$_VrMr AmH$S>odmar {dMmamV
KoVbr OmVo, `m_wio AMyH$ A§XmO V`ma hmoVmV. `m `moOZoV XoemVrb {dnUZ EH$ÌrV {dMmamV KoVbr OmVmV.
_mo~mB©b gma»`m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo dmñVd AmH$S>odmar {_iVo. `m_wio AmH$S>odmarMr {dídmg{Z`Vm
{Z_m©U hmodyZ e§H$m {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. _mVr n[ajU H$mS>©, IVm§Mo dmOdrH$aU, nmÊ`mMm dmna BË`mXrMo _yë`_mnZ
H$ê$Z àbmo^Zo {Xbr OmVmV. `m `moOZo_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm àoaUm {_iVo H$s gd©_mÝ` eoVr ~mOmamV Amnbm eoV_mb
{dH«$s Ho$bm nm{hOo. VgoM H¥$fr qH$_V nÕVrV nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U O~m~Xmar {Z_m©U hmoVo. bKy Am{U {g_m§V
eoVH$è`m§Zm Ano{jV qH$_V d dmñVdmVrb qH$_V `m_Yrb _moR>r Xar ^ê$Z {Xbr OmVo. `m `moOZo_wio eoVr
AZwXmZmVrb JiVr Wm§~dyZ AZwXmZ eoVH$è`m§n`©V nmohM{dbo OmVo.
hr `moOZm nm`bQ> AmYmamda gZ 2003-04 _Üò a~r h§Jm_mV XoemVrb 12 amÁ`m§Vrb 18 {ZdS>H$
{Oëøm§_Üò Vm§Xyi d Jhÿ {nH$m§gmR>r am~{dbr. `m h§Jm_mV 1.8 bmI eoVH$è`m§À`m 1.9 bmI hoŠQ>g© joÌmda
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eoVr CËnÞ {d_m `moOZm am~{dbr hmoVr. EHy$U aŠH$_ 14.1 H$moQ>r ê$nò {d_m hßË`m_YyZ {_imbo hmoVo. Am{U
2.39 H$moQ>r ê$n`m§Mm {d_m CVa{dbm hmoVm, Ë`mn¡H$s ê$nò 1.5 H$moQ>rMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Úmdr bmJbr. hr
`moOZm AmUIr 4 amÁ`m§À`m {ZdS>H$ {Oëøm§_Üò gZ 2004 À`m Iarn h§Jm_mV bmJy Ho$br. `m `moOZoMr à_wI
d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1. nyduMo CËnmXZ Am{U {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_VrMm dna H$ê$Z CËnÞmMo {ZYm©aU H$aUo.
2. ZwH$gmZ ânmB© nmVirMr {ZpíMVr Am{U hám hm YmoŠ`mda AmYm[aV H$aUo.
3. ZwH$gmZ ânmB© aH$_oMo _yë`_mnZ àË`j CËnÞmda. CËnmXZmbm ~mOmamV {H$Vr qH$_V {_imbr Ë`mda
AmYm[aV h_r CËnÞ {Xbo OmVo.
ney {d_m (Livestock Insurance) :-
ney {d_m hr H|$Ð emgZ nwañH¥$V `moOZm nm`bQ> AmYmamda 10 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV gZ 2005-
06 Am{U 2006-07 gmbr bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 2007- 08 gmbr 11 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV 100
{ZdS>H$ {OëømV ney {d_m `moOZm gwê$ hmoVr. hr `moOZm XoemV {Z`_rV VËdmda gZ 2008-09 gmbr Z{dZ
100 {ZdS>H$ {OëømV am~{dbr. `m {d_m `moOZo A§VJ©V gH§$arV d CÀM n¡Xmg OZmdao, åh¡er `m§Mm {d_m
~mOmamVrb _hÎm_ Mmby qH$_Vrg CVa{dbm d Ë`mMr h_r XoÊ`mV Ambr. `m {d_m hßË`mV 50% g~{gS>r
XoÊ`mV Ambr hm g~{gS>r Mm gd© IM© H|$Ð emgZmZo CMbbm Amho. `m `moOZoÀ`m VrZ dfm©À`m H$mimV neyYZ
_mbH$mg g~{gS>rMm \$m`Xm OmñVrV OmñV XmoZ OZmdam§n`©V {_iVmo. XoemVrb Jmodm dJiVm gd© amÁ`mV amÁ`
new {dH$mg _§S>im_m\©$V am~{dÊ`mV Ambr. hr `moOZm nm`bQ> VËdmda 100 {OëømV bmJy H$ê$Z Xoer OZmdao
dZJm` (Yak) d BVa n«OmVtZm g_m{dð> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. new {d_m `moOZoMr à_wI XmoZ C{Ôï>o hmoVr. neynmbZ
qH$dm eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m OZmdam§À`m _¥Ë`yÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XodyZ Am{W©H$ g§ajU XoUo Am{U Xwgao
C{Ôï> åhUOo neyYZ d Ë`m§À`mnmgyZMr CËnmXZo `m_Üò JwUmË_H$ gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r ney {d_m `moOZm bmoH$m§_Üò
bmoH${à` H$aUo.
ney {d_m `moOZm A§_b~OmdUrMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
ney {d_m `moOZm A§_b~OmdUrMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo nwTrb à_mUo AmhoV.
1) ney YZ joÌ ho ^maVr` àm_w»`mZo J«m_rU AW© ì`dñWoVrb _hÎdmMo joÌ Amho. Jar~, ^y{_hrZ bmoH$m§Zm
Ë`mM~amo~a bhmZ eoVH$ar {nH$ ZwH$gmZrÀ`m H$mimV ImÌrMm CËnÞmMm nwaH$ _mJ© åhUyZ ney ì`dgm`
AË`§V _hÎdmMm Amho.
2) ney joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r amoJ {Z`§ÌU Am{U OZmdam§À`m JwUÎmoV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmdbo CMbUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
3) OZmdam§À`m ZwH$gmZrnmgyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm ânmB© XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
4) ney {d_mgmR>r H|$ÐemgZ nwañH¥$V `moOZm nm`bQ> AmYmamda 10 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV bmJy H$aÊ`mV
Ambr.
5) gZ 2008 -09 nmgyZ {Z`_rVnUo {h `moOZm XoemVrb Z{dZ {ZdS>H$ 100 {Oëøm§_Üò AH$amì`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m AIoan`©V (2011-12) Mmby R>odÊ`mV Ambr. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbmdYrV ney
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{d_mMr JaO d _mJUr dmT>V hmoVr. gm_mÝ` {d_mMo 1972 n`ªV amï´>r`rH$aU hmoB©n`ªV ney {d_m~m~V àJVr
ZìhVr. gZ 1982 Z§Va neyYZ {d_m àJVrMr AmH$S>odmar CnbãY Amho. ney {d_m_Üò OZmdao, eoir, _|T>r,
KmoS>o, Sw>H$a, C§Q>, ggm, ~XH$ AmXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ney {d_m àm_w»`mZo KmoS>o, OZmdao Jm`, ~¡b, åh¡g,
eoir, _|T>rMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. OZmdam§Mm _¥Ë`y,AnKmV amoJ BË`mXrÀ`mdoir {d_m ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {Xbr OmVo.
OZmdam§Mm JQ> {d_m `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Á`m {R>H$mUr XyY S>oAar qH$dm ghH$mar XyY S>oAar A§VJ©V
25 qH$dm 25 nojm A{YH$ OZmdam§Mm {d_m CVa{dë`mg 10 % gdbV {Xbr OmVo. Šbo_Mr aŠH$_ H$_r
Agë`mg {à{_`__Üò OmXmMr 10% gdbV {Xbr OmVo. na§Vw EImÚm {d{eï> H$mbmdYrV 25 % nojm
A{YH$ gyQ> {_iUma Zmhr. Am¡nMm[aH$ {d_m à{H«$òV 100 OZmdam§Mm {d_m CVa{dë`mg JQ> {d_m åhQ>bo OmVo.
EH$ÌrV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZm (Package Insurance)
EH${ÌV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZm(UPIS) Mo _w»` Üò` eoVrg§~YrV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {dÎmr` g§ajU AÞ
gwa{jVVm {nH$ {d{dYVm eoVH$è`m§Zm \$ŠV {dÎmr` YmoŠ`m§Zm g§ajUM Zìho Va Ë`mnbrH$S>o H¥$frjoÌ d¥Õr d
ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm dmT>{dUo hr à_wI Üò` `m g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoMr AmhoV. EH$ÌrV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZm gZ 2016
À`m Iarn h§Jm_mnmgyZ nm`bQ> VËdmda {ZdS>H$ 45 {OëømV bmJy Ho$br. hr `moOZm EH$ dfm©H$arVm AgVo,
Xadfu ZwVZrH$aU H$amdo bmJVo. H$O©Xma eoVH$ar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm_m\©$V g_m{dð> Ho$bo OmVmV Va {~Ja
H$O©Xma eoVH$ar ~±H$m qH$dm {d_m _Ü`ñWmH$Sy>Z g_m{dð> Ho$bo OmVmV.
g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço -
EH${ÌV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1. hr `moOZm H¥$fr, ghH$ma Am{U eoVH$ar H$ë`mU _m\©$V OZab BÝgyaÝg H§$nZrÀ`m _XVrZo am~{dbr
OmVo. `mMm ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm BË`mXrer gm_§Oñ` H$ama AgVmo.
2. `m `moOZoV 7 {d^mJ AmhoV. {nH$ {d_m H$m`Xo{ea ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. na§Vw BVa H$moUVohr 2 {d^mJ
pñdH$maUo {nH$ {d_m g~grS>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho.
3. {nH$ {d_mÀ`m ~m~VrV {à_r`_Mm {hñgm 1.5 % Vo 5% AgyZ {nH$mÀ`m ImÌrda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
àË`j {à{_`_ Am{U eoVH$è`m§Zr {Xbobm {à{_`_ `m_Yrb \$aH$mMr aŠH$_ gaH$maH$Sy>Z {Xbr OmVo. {nH$
{d_m joÌ Ñ{ï>H$moZmda AmYm[aV AgyZ BVa {d^mJ d¡`{º$H$ AmYmamda AmhoV.
4. {à_r`_Mo Xa ho {d_mMo EH$ÌrVnUm Xe©{dUmao AgVmV.
5. {à_r`_ Xa Am{U {d_m aŠH$_ ho YmoŠ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma ~XbUmao AgVmV.
6. {à_r`_ Xa ho godmH$a _wŠV AgyZ H$amnmgyZ gyQ> {_iVo.
g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoVrb {d^mJ-
g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoVrb 7 {d^mJ nwT>rbà_mUo
1) {nH$ {d_m - àYmZ_§Ìr \$bg {d_m `moOZm(PMFBY) Am{U hdm_mZ AmYmarV {nH$ {d_m
`moOZm(WBCIS) `mn¡H$s amÁ`mZo EH$ `moOZm {ZdS>Uo.
2) B_maV d gm_J«r {d_m (AmJ Am{U BVa YmoHo$)
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3) d¡`{ŠVH$ AnKmV {d_m - `mMo gm_mdoeZ àYmZ_§Ìr gwajm {d_m `moOZoZwgma Amho.
4) H¥$fr n§ngoQ> {d_m - `m `moOZoV 10 hm°g© nm°da n`©VÀ`m {S>Pob d {dÚwV n§nmMm eoVrgmR>r dmna hmoV
Agë`mg g_mdoeZ {_iVo.
5) H¥$fr Q>´>°ŠQ>a {d_m - _mZm§H$sV _moQ>ma YmoaUmZwgma AQ>r, VaVwXr à_mUo H¥$fr Q´>°ŠQ>a {d_m CVa{dbm OmVoo.
6) {dÚmWu gwajm {d_m - `m `moOZoA§VJ©V AnKmVr _¥Ë`y qH$dm An§JËdmMm {dÚmWu {d_m AgVmo. AmB©-
dS>rbm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Šbo_Mr aŠH$_ {dÚmWu àm¡T> hmoB©n`ªV Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mda _wXV R>od ñdénmV R>odbr OmVo.
7) Am`w{d©_m - àYmZ_§Ìr OrdZ Á`moVr {d_m `moOZoZwgma (PMJJBY) Am`w{d©_m CVa{dbm OmVmo.
EH${ÌV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoMr (UPIS) H$m`m©Ë_H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
EH${ÌV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoMo H$m`m©Ë_H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo nwT>rbn«_mUo AmhoV.
1) nydu eoVH$è`mH$S>o EH$ÌrV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZoVrb 7 n¡H$s H$mhr {d^mJ AgVrb Va `m `moOZoVrb
{d^mJm§_YyZ gyQ> {_iVo. {d_m `moOZo{df`r g{dñVa Ë`m§À`m \$m°_© qH$dm AOm©_Üò {Xbobo AgVo.
2) eoVH$è`m§Zm {d_m g§~§Yr g{dñVa _m{hVr Agbobm àñVmd qH$dm KmofUmnÌ ^ê$Z ghr H$ê$Z Úmdo bmJVo.
Ago KmofUmnÌ ghr H$ê$Z {à_r`_gh ~±H$ qH$dm {dÎmr`/{d_m H§$nZrH$S>o Úmd`mMo AgVo Vo KmofUmnÌ pñdH$mê$Z
nmohM nmdVr XoVmV. àñVmd AO© hm H$O©Xma Am{U {~Ja H$O©Xma eoVH$è`m§gmR>r H$m`Xo{ea[aË`m ~§YZH$maH$
AgVmo.
3) eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z àñVmd AO© pñdH$maë`mZ§Va ~±H$ Ë`m AOm©g {d{eï> g§X^© H«$_m§H$ XoVo. ~±H$ AOm©Mr
nmohM eoVH$è`m§Zm XoVo
4) {Xbobo àñVmd AOm©g EImXm ~Xb H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr ZgVo. Omon`ªV {d_m H§$nZr {bIrV ñdê$nmV
nadmZJr XoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV AOm©V ~Xb H$aVm òV Zmhr.
5) n«YmZ_§Ìr {nH$ {d_m `moOZm dJiVm ~±H$ H$ama AgUmè`m {d_m H$§nZrer ì`dhma Mmby R>odbo Oa
ApñVËdmVrb H$ama H§$nZr "EH${ÌV g§Hw$b {d_m `moOZm (UPIS) À`m AQ>r d eVuer gh_V Zgob ({d^mJ 2
Vo 7) Va {nH$ {d_m A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmar H§$nZr BVa {d^mJm§gmR>r {d_m ì`dñWm H$aob.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {bhm.
1. ...... amoOr amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm(NAIS) gwê$ Ho$br.
A) 1999- 2000 ~) 2009-10 H$)2005- 06 S>) 1995-96
2. ........ Zo ney{d_m H$m`©H«$_ am~{dbm.
A) LIC ~) GIC H$) BIC S>) SBI
3) {nH$ {då`mVrb g_m{dï> YmoHo$ ...... AmhoV.
A) nmD$g ~) Vmn_mZ H$) XwîH$mi S>) darb gd©
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4) ney{d_m hßË`mV ..... g~{gS>r {Xbr OmVo.
A) 25% ~) 50% H$) 75% S>) 90%
5) ney {d_m `moOZm ...... n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV bmJy Ho$br.
A) nmMì`m ~) Xhmì`m H$) Zdì`m S) ~mamì`m>
1. H$moUË`m {d_m `moOZoEodOr amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br ?
2. amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm H$moUË`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda AmYm[aV Amho.
3. {nH$ {då`mMo XmoZ \$m`Xo gm§Jm.
4. hdm_mZ {nH${då`mMm _w»` hoVy H$m`?
5. eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞmda H$moUË`m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm n«^md nS>Vmo.
4.2.4 ì`dhma Am{U Cn`moOZ … eoV ì`dñWmnZ ì`yhaMZm KQ>H$ Aä`mg
1) Vw_À`m JmdmVrb eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVoMo ñdê$n bjmV ¿`m.
2) Vw_À`m eoVrV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m YmoŠ`m§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.
3) Vw_À`m JmdmV amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZoMm bm^ KoVbm Agë`mg Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$am.
4) Vw_À`m {OëømVrb XwîH$mimMo dU©Z H$am.
5) Vw_À`m JmdmVrb {nH$ {d_m ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mm Ahdmb {bhm.
6) Vw_À`m JmdmVrb \$m_© CËnÞ {då`mMm Aä`mg H$am.
7) Vw_À`m OdiÀ`m ney{d_m KoVboë`m eoVH$è`m§Zm ôQ> Úm.
8) Vw_À`m ^mJmVrb n°Ho$O {då`mVrc g_m{dð> eoVH$è`m§Mm Aä`mg H$am.
4.3 gmam§e
H¥$fr joÌm_Üò hdm_mZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamVrb {^ÞVo_yio CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$VoV A{Z[íMVVm {Z_m©U
hmodyZ qH$_V d CËnÞ A{ZpíMV amhVo. `mMm n[aUm_ H¥$fr joÌ d eoVH$è`m§À`m _ZpñWVrda _moR>çm à_mUmV
hmoVmo. eoVH$è`m§Zm hdm_mZ nO©Ý`, CËnmXZ qH$_V, H$O© nwadR>m, {dnUZ BË`mXr~m~V A{ZpíMVVobm gm_moao
Omdo bmJVo. `m~m~V amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm, {nH$ {d_m, eoV CËnÞ {d_m, neyYZ {d_m VgoM n°Ho$O {d_m
BË`mXr_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm Am{U
YmoHo$ H$_r H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
H¥$fr joÌmVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r {nH$m§Mo {d{dYrH$aU, {nH$ {d_m ñnYm© Q>miUo, emgZmMm
hñVjon, nwaH$ CÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm, qH$_VrMm A§XmO, H$ama nÕVr, bd{MH$Vm, amoIVm, Zm{dÝ`Vm BË`mXr
~m~rMm dmna H$amdm.
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eoVr_Üò hdm_mZ, CËnmXH$Vm, {H$§_Vr emgH$s` YmoaUo, OmJ{VH$ ~mOma, Am{U BVa KQ>H$mVrb
A{ZpíMVVm§_wio CËnÞ KQy>Z YmoHo$ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo {d{dY n`m©`m§n¡H$s {H$_mZ YmoŠ`m§À`m
d A{YH$ {dÎmr` \$m`ÚmMm n`m©` {ZdS>Uo hmo`. eoVrVrb à_wI YmoŠ`mMo àH$ma hdm_mZ YmoH$m, XwîH$mi,
CËnmXZ YmoH$m, qH$_V YmoH$m, {dÎmr` YmoH$m d {dnUZ YmoHo$ hmoV.
eoVrVrb YmoŠ`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY _mJ© AmhoV. eoVrVrb YmoŠ`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ `§ÌUm AmhoV. AZm¡nMm[aH$ `§ÌUoV A{YH$ YmoŠ`mMr {nHo$ Q>miUo, {nH$m§_Üò
{d{dYVoMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Va Am¡nMm[aH$ `§ÌUoV H¥$fr {d_m {H$_mZ AmYma {H$§_V nÕVr d dm`Xo ~mOmamMm
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.2.1
A) (1) - H$ (2) - ~ (3) - S> (4) - H$ (S>) -~
(~) 1) ^maVr` eoVr Z¡F$Ë` _mÝgyZda Adb§~yZ Amho.
2) eoVr_mb qH$_VrV h§Jm_r nwadR`m_yio CÀMmdMoZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
3) eoVrVrb qH$_Vrda à^md nmS>Uma KQ>H$ hdm_mZm_wio CËnmXZmVrb hmoUmar CÀMmdMoZ hm Amho.
4) V§Ì d¡km{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm åhUOo {d{eï> V§ÌmÀ`m CËnmXZ JwUH$mVrb ~Xbm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar
n[apñWVr hmo`.
5) eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r {nH$m§Mo {d{dYrH$aU, {nH$ {d_m, emgZmMm hñVjon ho
Cnm` AmhoV.
4.2.2
(A) 1) -S>, 2) -H$ 3) -S> 4)- S> 5) -~
~)
1) YmoH$m ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo {d{dY n`m©`m§n¡H$s {H$_mZ YmoŠ`mMm Am{U A{YH$ {dÎmr` \$m`ÚmMm
YmoH$m {ZdS>Uo hmo`.
2) CËnmXZ YmoH$m åhUOo Ano{jV CËnmXZmVrb n[adV©ZerbVm
3) dmXi, XwîH$mi, qH$_V YmoH$m ho eoVrVrb YmoHo$ AmhoV.
4) AënH$mbrZ CËnmXZ Am{U Cn^moJ bdMrH$Vm H$_r AgUo ho eoV_mb qH$_VrVrb ApñWaVoMo H$maU
Amho.
5) qH$_V YmoH$m {dnUZmer g§~§YrV Amho.
$4.2.3
A) (1) -A (2) -~ (3) - S> (4) - ~ (S>) - ~
147
~)
1) EH$mpË_H$ {nH$ {d_m `moOZoEodOr amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm bmJy Ho$br.
2) amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZm joÌ Ñï>rH$moZmda AmYm[aV Amho.
3) CËnmXZ g§ajU d CËnÝZmV pñWaVm AmhoV, {nH$ ho {då`mMo \$m`Xo.
4) hdm_mZm_wio {nH$m§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoUo hm hdm_mZ {nH$ {då`mMm _w»` hoVy AgVmo.
5) qH$_V Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞmda nS>Vmo.
4.4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX - (Glossary)
* A{Z{íMVVm - Á`m KQ>ZoMo KS>Uo qH$dm Z KS>Uo {ZpíMV ZgVo Aem KQ>Zog A{ZpíMVVm åhUVmV.
* bdMrH$Vm - (Flexibility) ñdV§Ì MbmV hmoUmè`m ~Xbm_wio namdb§{~V MbmV Omo ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`m
~XbmÀ`m à_mUmg bdMrH$Vm qH$dm Zå`Vm åhUVmV.
* H§$nZr - {d{eï> CÚmoJ qH$dm ì`mnma H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo EH$Ì Amboë`m ì`º$s¨À`m g_yhmg H§$nZr
åhUVmV. Aem H§$nÝ`mZm XoemVrb H§$nZr H$m`ÚmImbr Zm|XUr H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
* amoIVm - qOXJrMo amoIVoV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mMr eº$s åhUOo amoIVm qH$dm VabVm hmo`.
* hám - (Installment) Oo XoUo qH$dm òUo EH$mM a¸$_oZo {Xbo qH$dm KoVbo OmV Zmhr Va {d{eï> H$mimV
g_mZ a¸$_oZr {Xbo OmVo Ë`mg hßVm åhUVmV.
4.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) XrKmoÎmar àíZ
1) eoVrVrb A{ZpíMVVoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
2) eoVrVrb YmoŠ`mMo {d{dY àH$ma gm§Jm.
3) amï´>r` H¥$fr {d_m `moOZoMr g{dñVa _m{hVr {bhm.
4) n°Ho$O {d_m{df`r g{dñVa {bhm.
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) hdm_mZ {d_m
2) {nH$ {d_m
3) qH$_V A{ZpíMVVm
4) V§Ìd¡km{ZH$ A{ZpíMVVm
5) hdm_mZ {d_m
6) \$m_© CËnÞ {d_m
7) ney {d_m
8) n°Ho$O {d_m
148
* Jian Warg & Abdur Rehman (2016) Risk Management in Agriculture, Theories &
Methods, Science Publishing Group, New York-USA.
* Lekhi R, K & Singh, Josindar (2013), Agricultural Economics, Kalyani Pablisher,

New Delhi.
* Bhende, M. J. (2005), Agricultural Insurance in India, Problems and Prospects,

NABARD, Occasional Paper 44.,
* GoI (2007) Report of the working Group on Risk Management in Agriculture for the
Eleventh Five Year Plan, GoI New Delhi.
* Ramesh, T. V. (2006) Rural Initiative Macro Insurance - Livestok Insurance in Rural

India.
* http : / indiabudget.nic.in
* Sarah A. Drollette, (2009) Managing Financial Risk in Agriculture, Dept. of Applied

Economics, Utah State University, (extension.usu.edu.)
* Julie Dana and Christopher L. Gilbert (2008), Managing Agricultural Price Risk in
Developing Countries, Discussion Paper No. 19 ITALIA
* Udo Broll, Peter Welzel and Kit Pong Wong (2013), Price Risk and Risk Manage-
ment in Agriculture, Techniche Universitat, Dresden (www.ce.vizja.pl) Vol. 7, Issue,
2 p.p. 17-20
* Barry, P. J. (1984), Risk Management in Agriculture, Iowa State University, Press,

Ames, Iowa.
* GOI (2010) : Risk & Risk Management Strategies in Agriculture, An Overview of the
evidence REAS, READ.
* GOI (2007-12) : Report of The Working Group on 'Risk Management in Agriculture"

for 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, New Delhi.
***
149

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H I

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

* qH$_V cdMrH$VoMo àH$ma -

(d) EH$mnojm A{YH$ cdMrH$ _mJUr :-

2) Vm§{ÌH$ÑîQ>çm J{V_mZ eoVr d Aën ^m§S>db V§ÌkmZ

hm {gÜXm§V àm. h`m_r d àm. ê$ÎmmZ `m§Zr 1971 _Ü`o _m§S>bm.

2. Agricultural Development an International perspective (1985)

4. Anatomy of a Peasant Economy - A Rice Village in the Philippines (1978)

5. Development Economics : From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations (2005)

2. Agricultural Development An International Prespective (with Yujiro Hayami) 1985

3. Induced Innovation : Technology, Institutions and Development (1978)

4. Aid and Develoment (1989)

5. Why Food Aid? (1993)

6. Techhology, Growth and Development an Induced Innovation Prespective (2001)

nwT>rc ~m~tMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c;

pñWa KQ>H$ ~XcVm KQ>H$ EHy$U gamgar gr_m§V CËnmXZ

dmT>Vo \$b KQ>Vo \$b CUo \$b

H$ EHy$U CËnmXZ (TP)

a gamgar CËnmXZ (AP)

Jhÿ CËnmXZ Xe©H$ aofm

A n n1 g|{Ð` IVm§Mo à_mU j

ghmæ`mZo KQ>H$-KQ>H$ g§~§Y A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm `oB©c.

AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.5

l{_H$m§ M r g_IM© aofm

AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2.8 {dñVmanW

` AmH¥$Vr 2.13 : n`m©ßV CËnmXZ g§`moJ

2.2.1. `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`o nwÝhm {chm :

* H$m°a-doZ à_o`mÀ`m doJdoJù`m pñWVr :-

à{VHw$Qw>§~ l_ {Xdg naVmdm = ( H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ l_mnmgyZMo CËnÞ

= ( CËnmXZ - AmXmZ KQ>H$m§darb IM©

daH$S> ewëH$mMo à_mU =

^m§S>dbmMo à{VZJ ñWyb CËnÞ =

H¥$fr H$m`©j_Vm _mnZm_Yb BVa H$mhr {ZX}eH$ nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVmV.

* hoŠQ>g©_Ü`o eoVrMo EHy$U joÌ

dmnacocr ^m§S>dcr gr_m§V naVdm (én`mV)

aŠH$_ ì`dgm` gr_m§V naVdm

n{hcm _mÌm 10,000 Hw$Hw$Q>nmcZ 21,000

* l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm :- (Efficiency of Labour)

* l_mMr H$m`©j_Vm gwYmaÊ`mMo Cnm` :-

2) Lekhi R. K. & Joginder Sing (2013), Agricultural Economics An Indian Perspective,

3) Sadhu A. N. & Sing Amarjit, Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics (1996)

5) Bilgram S. A.R. (1996) Agricultural Economics, Himalaya Publishing House,

* Lekhi R, K & Singh, Josindar (2013), Agricultural Economics, Kalyani Pablisher,

* Bhende, M. J. (2005), Agricultural Insurance in India, Problems and Prospects,

* Ramesh, T. V. (2006) Rural Initiative Macro Insurance - Livestok Insurance in Rural

* Sarah A. Drollette, (2009) Managing Financial Risk in Agriculture, Dept. of Applied

* Barry, P. J. (1984), Risk Management in Agriculture, Iowa State University, Press,

* GOI (2007-12) : Report of The Working Group on 'Risk Management in Agriculture"

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