Lesson 2.

11
Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Expression written in exponential form can be converted to logarithmic form and vice versa.
Illustration:
Exponential Form to Logarithmic Form.
53 = 125 → log 5 125 = 3
490.5 = 7 → log 49 7 = 0.9

Logarithmic Form to Exponential Form.

log 2 8 = 3 → 23 = 8
log 3 81 = 4 → 34 = 81

Hence y = log b x can be written as b y = x and y = log e x can be written as ey = x.

Natural logarithms are to the base e. In x is used for natural logarithms.
log e x = lnx

A. The derivative of the Natural Logarithmic Function

d 1
If y = lnx, then lnx =
dx x
Proof:
y = lnx
ey = x
d y d
e = (x)
dx dx
dy
ey =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx ey
Hence.
 d 1
lnx =
dx x

If u is a differentiable function of x, then according to the chain rule:

d d du
lnu = lnu •
dx du dx
d 1 du
lnu = =
dx u dx

Derivative of Logarithmic Functions other than the natural logarithms

d 1
(log b x) =
dx xlnb
Proof:
y = log b x
by = x
d y d
b = (x)
dx dx
d y
but b = b y lnb
dx
dy
b y lnb =1
dx
dy 1
= y
dx b lnb
but b y = x
dy 1
=
dx xlnb
d 1
(log b x ) =
dx xlnb

d 1 du
If u is a differentiable function of x then, dx (log b u) = ulnb x dx

Example 1: Find the derivative of y = ln(5x).

SOLUTION:
d l du
use ln𝑢 = •
dx u dx
 y = ln(5x)
dy 1 d
= (5x)
dx 5x dx
5 1
= or
5x x

Example 2: Find the derivative of y = (2x 3 + 5

SOLUTION:
y = ln(3x 3 + 5)
dy 1 dy
= 3 • (2x 3 + 5)
dx 2x + 5 dx
1
= 3
• (6x 2 )
2𝑥 + 5
6𝑥 2
=
2𝑥 3 + 5

Example 3: Find the derivative of y = ln(sin(x))

SOLUTION:
y = ln(sin(x))
dy 1 d
= • (sin(x))
dx sin(𝑥) dx
1
= • cos(x)
sin(𝑥)
= cot(x)

Example 4: Find the derivative of y = [ln(sin(x))] (cos(x))

SOLUTION:
d 1 du
A. (lnu) = •
dx u dx
B. The product rule for derivatives
y = [ln(sin(x))] (cos(x))
dy 1
= ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)) (− sin(x)) + cos(𝑥) • • cos(x)
dx sin(x)
1
= sin(x) lnsin(x) + cos2 (x) •
sin(𝑥)
 = sin(𝑥) lnsin(x) + cos2 (x) csc(x)
Example 5: Find the derivative of y = log 2 (6x + 5)
SOLUTION :
d 1 du
Use (log b u) = •
dx ulnb dx
y = log 2 (6x + 5)
dy 1
= • (6)
dx (6x + 5) ln(2)
1
= • (6)
(6x + 5) ln(2)
6
=
(6x + 5) ln(2)
6
=
6xln2 + 5ln2

THE DERIVATIVES OF THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
A. The derivative of arcsine x.
arcsine or arcsin is the inverse of the sine function.arcsin x is written as sin−1 𝑥.

𝑑 1
(sin−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
−1
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓: 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑(𝑥)
sin𝑦 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦
But by the Pythagorean Identity
(sin y=x)
sin2 𝑦 + cos 2 𝑦 = 1
𝑥 2 + cos 2 𝑦 = 1
cos2 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2
cos y = √1 − x 2
 𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(sin−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
If u is a differentiable function of x,then 𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 𝑢) = .
√1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Example: Find the derivative of y=(𝑥 2 − 2)

Solution:𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 2
= • (𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (𝑥 2 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥

1
= (2𝑥)
√1 − (𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 4)
2𝑥
=
√−𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 − 3

B. The Derivative of arcosine x.

arcosine or ARCO’s is the inverse of the cosine function.arcos x is written as cos −1 𝑥.
𝑑 1
=−
𝑑𝑥(cos −1 𝑥) √ 1 − 𝑥2
Proof:
𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥
cos 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
cos = (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− sin 𝑦 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=−
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦

But by the Pythagorean Identity

(cos y=x)
sin2 𝑦 + cos 2 𝑦 = 1
sin2 + 𝑥 2 = 1
sin2 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2
sin2 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
=−
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
 Example: Find the derivative of y = cos −1 (3 x 2 )
𝑦 = cos−1 (3 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 1 d
=− • (3x 2 )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (3x 2 )2 dx
−1
= (6x)
√1 − (9x 4 )
−6𝑥
=
1 − 9x 4

C. The Derivative of arctangent x

Arctangent or arctan is the inverse of the tangent arctanx is written as tan−1 x.
d 1
(tan−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2
Proof:
y = tan−1 x
tany = x
d d
tany = (x)
dx dx
dy
sec 2 y =1
dx
dy 1
=−
dx sec 2 y
Bit by the Pythagorean Identity
1 + tan2 y = sec 2 y
1 + x 2 = sec 2 y (tany = x)
dy 1
=
dx 1 + x 2
d 1
(tan−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2
If u is a differentiable function of x, then
 d 1 du
(tan−1 u) = 2
•
dx 1 + u dx

Example: Find the derivative of y = tan−1 (6𝑥)

SOLUTION:
dy 1 dy
= 1+(6x)2 dx (6x)
dx

6 6
= or
1 + 36x 2 36x 2 + 1

D. The derivative of arccosecant

arccosecant or arccsc is the inverse of the cosecant function. Arccsc is written as csc −1 𝑥.
𝑑 1
(csc −1 𝑥) = ,𝑥 > 1
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|(𝑥 2 − 1)
Proof:
𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥
csc 𝑦=𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
csc 𝑦= (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− csc 𝑦 cot 𝑢 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑦 cot 𝑦
Use the Pythagorean Identity,
1 + cot 2 𝑦 = csc 2 𝑦
cot 2 𝑦 = csc 2 y−1

𝑐𝑜𝑡 = √csc 2 𝑦−1

csc 2 𝑦 = 1 + cot 2 𝑦

csc 𝑦 = √1 + cot 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
=− (𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝)
𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑦 cot 𝑦
 −1
=
[(√1 + cot 2 𝑦) , (√csc 2 𝑦 − 1) ]

−1
=
[(√1 + csc 2 𝑦 − 1) , (√csc 2 𝑦 − 1) ]

−1
=
[(√1 + 𝑥 2 − 1), (√𝑥 2 − 1) ]
−1
=
[(√𝑥 2 )(√𝑥 2 − 1)]
𝑑 1
(csc −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1
Where |x| >1
If u is a differentiable function of x,
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(csc −1 𝑢) = − .
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
Example. Find the derivative of y=csc −1 (2𝑥)
Solution: 𝑦 = csc −1 (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑
= • (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥√(2𝑥)2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
= (2)
2𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 1
−2
=
2𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 1
1
=−
𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 1

E. The Derivative of arcsecantx

Arcsecant or arcsec is the inverse of the secant function. arcsecx is written as sec −1 x.
d 1
(sec −1 x) =
dx |1|√x 2 − 1
Proof:
y = sec −1 x
secy = x
 d d
(secy) = (x)
dx dx
dy
secy tany =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx secy tany

Use the Pythagorean Identity.

1 + tan2 y = sec 2 y
A. sec 2 y = 1 + tan2 y

secy = √1 + tan2

B. tan2 y = sec 2 y − 1

tany = √sec 2 y − 1
dy 1
= (see previous step)
dx secy tany
1
=
(√1 + tan2 y)(√sec 2 y − 1)
1
= 2
(√1 + sec 2 − 1) (√x − 1)

1
=
(√1 + x 2 − 1)(√x 2 − 1)
1
=
(√x 2 )(√x 2 − 1)
d 1
(sec −1 x) =
dx |1|√x 2 − 1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then
d 1 du
(sec −1 u) =
dx |u|√u2 − 1 dx

Example: Find the derivative of y = sec −1 (4 − 2x)

SOLUTION:
 y = sec −1 (4 − 2𝑥)
dy 1 d
= 2
(4 − 2x)
dx (4 − 2x)(√4 − 2x) (−1) dx

1
= (−2)
(4 − 2x)(√4x 2 − 16x + 16 − 1)
2
=
(4 − 2x)(4x 2 − 16x + 15)
2
=
2(2x)(√4x 2 − 16x + 15)
1 1
= or −
(2 − x)(√4x 2 − 16x + 15) (2 − x)(√4x 2 − 16x + 15)

F. The Derivative of arccotangentx

arccotangent or arccot is the inverse of the cotangent function. arccotanx is written as cot −1 x.
d 1
(cot −1 x) = −
dx 1 + x2
Proof:
y = cot −1 x
coty = x
d d
coty = (x)
dx dx
dy
−csc 2 y =1
dx
dy 1
=−
dx csc 2 y
Use the Pythagorean Identity.
1 + cot 2 y = csc 2 y
dy 1
=−
dx 1 + cot 2 y
d 1
(cot −1 x) = (coty = x)
dx 1 + x2
d 1 du
If u is a differentiable function of x, then dx (cot −1 u) = − 1+u2 dx
Example: Find the derivative of y = cot −1 (4 − 3x 2 )
SOLUTION:
y = cot −1 (4 − 3x 2 )
dy 1 d
=− 2 2
• (4 − 3x 2 )
dx 1 + (4 − 3x ) dx
1
=− • (−6x)
1 + (16 − 24x 2 + 9x 2 )
6x
=
1 + 16 − 24x 2 + 9x 4
6x
=
9x 4 − 24x 2 + 17
 REPORT IN
BASIC CALCULUS
(Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric
Function)

Submitted by:
Jhanine M. Mahilum
Vella Mae R. Magno