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Derivatives of Functions

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9 views

Derivatives of Functions

Uploaded by

ian006q
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

dy
1. If y = sin x, = cos x .
dx
dy
2. If y = cos x, = − sin x .
dx
dy
3. If y = tan x, = sec 2 x .
dx
dy
4. If y = cos ecx, = − cos ecx cot x .
dx
dy
5. If y = cot x, = − cos ec 2 x .
dx
6. If y = sec x, y = sec x tan x .

( )
If y = sin g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) so that y = sin u , we apply the chain rule i.e.

= cos ( g ( x ) )  = cos ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) . The same applies to the


dy dy du du du
=  = cos u 
dx du dx dx dx
functions.

Examples

(a) Find the derivatives of


sin x
(i) y= (ii) y = cos 7 x
1 + cos x
Solution

cos x (1 + cos x ) − ( − sin x ) sin x


(i ) y' = ( by quotient rule )
(1 + cos x )
2

cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x


=
(1 + cos x )
2

cos x + 1
= ( since cos 2
x + sin 2 x = 1)
(1 + cos x )
2

1
= .
1 + cos x
dy dy du
(ii)Let u = 7 x so that y = cos u. By the chain rule =  .
dx du dx
dy du dy dy du
= − sin u and = 7 implying that =  = − sin u  7 = −7 sin u = −7 sin 7 x.
du dx dx du dx


(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to y = sec x − 2 cos x at x = .
3
1
Solution
dy
= sec x tan x + 2sin x.
dx
 dy     3
Gradient at x = i.e. = sec tan + 2sin = 2 3 + 2   = 3 3 .
3 dx  3 3 3
x=
3
 2 
  1 
At x = , y = sec − 2 cos
= 2 − 2  = 1.
3 3 3 2
y −1  
Therefore, = 3 3  y = 3 3  x −  + 1.
  3
x−
3
Exercise

tan x − 2 x cos x
(a) y = (b) y = x −4 sin x tan x (c) y = (d) y = .
sec x cos x + sin x 2 + sin x

DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

The function y = e x is called an exponential function where e = 2.718281828459 is called a natural


dy
= e x . If y = e where u = g ( x ) then by the chain rule
u
exponent and
dx
dy dy du u du
= =e . = e ( ) g ' ( x).
g x
.
dx du dx dx
Examples

Differentiate

e4 x
(a) f ( x ) = e3x (b) y = e−10 x (c) y = e (d) y = (e) cos ( x − y ) = xe x (f) y = x3 esin 5x .
3
x

1+ e 4x

Solution

dy du dy dy du
(a) Let u = 3x  y = eu . Thus = eu and = 3 . Hence = = e .3 = 3e3 x .
u
.
du dx dx du dx
dy du
(b) Let u = −10 x  y = eu . Thus = eu and = −10 . Hence
du dx
dy dy du
= = e ( −10 ) = 10e −10 x .
u
.
dx du dx
1 1
dy
(c) y = e . Let u = x  y = eu . Thus
x3 3
= eu and . Hence
du
dy dy du  1 − 23  1 − 23 x 13 1
= =e  x  = x e = 3 2 e x.
u
3
.
dx du dx 3  3 3 x

2
dy 4e (1 + e ) − ( 4e ) e
4x 4x 4x 4x
4e4 x + 4e8 x − 4e8 x 4e4 x
(d) = = = .
(1 + e4 x ) (1 + e4 x ) (1 + e4 x )
2 2 2
dx
(e)
 dy 
− sin ( x − y ) 1 −  = xe x + e x
 dx 
dy
− sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x − y ) = xe x + e x
dx
dy
sin ( x − y ) = xe x + e x + sin ( x − y )
dx
dy xe + e + sin ( x − y )
x x

= .
dx sin ( x − y )

Exercise

dy
Find of
dx

(a) y = e (b) y = x 2 ecos 4 x (c) y = e x +e


5 x
x

DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Logarithmic functions

Given y = f ( x ) = a x , ( a  0 ) , the function is increasing for a  1 and decreasing for 0  x  1.

y = a x is in index notation or form while log a y = x is the equivalent logarithmic notation.

Laws of logarithms

(a) log a ( xy ) = log a x + l og a y.


x
(b) log a   = log a x − l og a y .
 y
(c) log a x k = k log a x
(d) log a a = 1.

Natural logarithm

log e x = ln x (where e = 2.7182818285... is a natural exponent) is called natural logarithm of x.

Examples (Application of laws)

(a) Give the index notation of


(i) log 4 64 = 3 (ii) log 2 0.0625 = −4.

Solution

(i) 43 = 64 (ii) 2−4 = 0.0625


(b) Solve for x given that

3
(i) ln x + ln ( x − 1) = 1 (ii) ln x 2 = 2ln 4 − 4ln 2.

Solution

1  1 + 4e
(i) ln x + ln ( x − 1) = ln e  ln  x ( x − 1)  = ln e  x 2 − x − e = 0  x = .
2
 42  42
(ii) ln x = 2 ln 4 − 4 ln 2  ln x = ln 4 − ln 2  ln x = ln  4   x = 4  x = 1.
2 2 2 4 2
2

2  2

Derivatives

Let y = ln x .Then y = loge x  e y = x in index form.

dy
Differentiate e y = x implicitly to get e y =1.
dx
dy dy 1 1
ey =1 = = . Therefore,
dx dx e y x

dy d ( ln x ) 1
= = .
dx dx x

( )
If y = ln f ( x ) , let u = f ( x )  y = ln u thus, by the chain rule,

dy dy du 1 du 1 du
= . = . = . .
dx du dx u dx g ( x ) dx

Examples

Differentiate

 x2 + 1 
(a) y = ln ( kx ) (
(b) y = ln x + 2 5
) (c) y = ln x
3 2
(d) y = ln  
 x +3
3

(e) x ln y = sin x ln x (f) y = log10 x (


(g) y = log 3 x 2 + 4 ) (h) y = 5tan x

2
x 3 x3 − 2
(i) y = sin x cos x (j) y =
( 4 x + 5)
6

Solution

dy 1 du dy dy du
(a) Let u = kx . Then y = ln u thus
= and = k . By chain rule, = .
du u dx dx du dx
dy dy du 1 1 1 dy d ( ln kx ) 1
 = . = .k = .k = . Hence = = where k is a constant.
dx du dx u ax x dx du x

4
dy 1 du
(b) u = x5 + 2  y = ln u. Thus
= and = 5 x 4 . By chain rule,
du u dx
4
dy dy du 1 4 5x
= . = .5 x = 5 .
dx du dx u x +2
1 1

(
(c) y = 3 ln x 2 = ln x 2 ) 3. Now, let u = ln x 2 and t = x 2 . Then y = u 3 and u = ln t .
dy dy du dt
By chain rule, = . . .
dx du dt dx
2
dy 1 − 3 du 1 dt
= u , = and = 2 x implying that
du 3 dt t dx
dy dy du dt  1 − 3   1  1 −  1 
2 2
. . =  u    ( 2 x ) =  ( ln x 2 ) 3   2  ( 2 x ) =
2
= .
dx du dt dx  3  t  3  x  3x 3
( ln x )
2 2

 x2 + 1 
(d) y = ln 
 x +3
3
(
 = ln x + 1 − ln
2
) ( )
x3 + 3 . Therefore,

(
1 3
x + 3) 2 .3 x 2

dy 2x 2x 3x 2
= 2 −2 = 2 −
dx x + 1 x3 + 3 x + 1 2 x3 + 3. x 3 + 3
2x 3x 2
= 2 − .
x + 1 2 ( x 3 + 3)
(e) Differentiate implicitly to have
x dy sin x
ln y + = cos x ln x +
y dx x
dy y  sin x 
=  cos x ln x + − ln y  .
dx x  x 
(f) In this case, it is easier to first get the natural logarithm before differentiating as follows;
We first get the index notation i.e. x = a y and obtain the natural logs on both sides to have
ln x = y ln a .
Differentiate ln x = y ln a implicitly while noting that ln a is a constant to get
1 dy dy 1
= ln a  = .
x dx dx x ln a
(
(g) Find the natural logarithm of the index notation of y = log 3 x 2 + 4 i.e. )
ln(3 y ) = ln ( x 2 + 4 )  y ln 3 = ln ( x 2 + 4 ) . Differentiate this implicitly while noting that ln 3 is
a constant to have
dy 2x dy 2x
ln 3 = 2  = .
dx x + 4 dx ln 3 ( x 2 + 4 )

5
(h) Obtain the natural logarithm on both sides to get ln y = tan x ln 5 . Differentiate this implicitly
1 dy dy
to have = ln 5sec2 x  = y ln 5sec 2 x . But y = 5tan x implying that
y dx dx
dy
= 5tan x ln 5sec 2 x .
dx
(i) The natural log of y = sin x cos x is ln y = cos x ln ( sin x ) . By differentiating implicitly we have
1 dy cos 2 x
= − sin x ln ( sin x ) +
y dx sin x
dy  cos 2 x − sin 2 x ln ( sin x ) 
= y 
dx  sin x
 
But y = sin x cos x
implying that
dy  cos 2 x − sin 2 x ln ( sin x ) 
= sin x cos x  
dx  sin x
 
= sin x cos x −1 ( cos 2 x − sin 2 x ln ( sin x ) ) .
dy
dx
(j) Take the natural log of both sides to have
 2
 
(  )
ln y = ln  x 3  + ln x 3 − 2 − ln ( 4 x + 5 ) 
6

ln y = ln x + ln ( x 3 − 2 ) − 6 ln ( 4 x + 5 ) .
2 1
3 2
Differentiate implicitly to have

ln x + ln ( x 3 − 2 ) − 6 ln ( 4 x + 5 )
2 1
ln y =
3 2
1 dy 2 3x 2 24
= + −
y dx 3x 2 ( x − 2 ) 4 x + 5
3

dy  2 3x 2 24 
= y + − 
dx  3x 2 ( x3 − 2 ) 4 x + 5 
 
2 2
dy x 3 x3 − 2  2 3x 2 24  x 3 x3 − 2
=  + −  since y = .
dx ( 4 x + 5 )6  3 x 2 ( x 3 − 2 ) 4 x + 5  ( 4 x + 5 )
6
 
Exercise

Differentiate

(3x − 7) 4 x3 − x 2
(
(a) y = ln x 2 + 3 x + 11 ) (b) y x = xsin x (c) x 2 + 1 = y cos x (d) y = 4
+1
.
ex
DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Hyperbolic functions

6
( a ) y = sinh x = (
1 x
2
e − e− x )

( b ) y = cosh x = ( e x + e− x )
1
2
sinh x e x − e − x
( c ) y = tanh x = =
cosh x e x + e − x
1 2
( d ) y = cos ecx = = x
sinh x e − e − x
1 2
( e ) y = sec x = = x
cosh x e + e − x
cosh x e x + e − x
( )
f y = =
sinh x e x − e − x
Hyperbolic identities

( a ) sinh ( − x ) =
2
( )
e − e −( − x ) = ( e − x − e x ) = − sinh x
1 −x 1
2
1
2
( )
( b ) cosh ( − x ) = e− x + e−( − x ) = ( e − x + e x ) = cosh x
1
2
sinh ( − x ) − sinh x
( c ) tanh ( − x ) = = = − tanh x
cosh ( − x ) cosh x
( d ) cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
( e )1 − tanh 2 x = sech 2 x obtained by dividing (d) by cosh 2 x .
( f ) coth 2 x − 1 = cos ech2 x obtained by dividing (d) by sinh 2 x .

Derivatives

(a) If y = sinh x =
2
(
1 x
e − e− x ) , = ( e + e − x ) = cosh x .
dy 1 x
dx 2

( )
In general, if y = sinh g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) then y = sinh u . By the chain rule

dy dy du
=  .
dx du dx
dy du
= cosh u and = g ' ( x ) implying that
du dx
= cosh ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) .
dy dy du du
=  = cosh u.
dx du dx dx

(b) If y = cosh x =
2
(
1 x
e + e− x ) ,
dy
dx
== ( e x − e − x ) = sinh x .
1
2

7
( )
In general, if y = cosh g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) then y = cosh u . By the chain rule

dy dy du
=  .
dx du dx

= sinh ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) .
dy du dy dy du du
= sinh u and = g ' ( x ) implying that =  = sinh u.
du dx dx du dx dx
sinh x
(c) If y = tanh x = , the by quotient rule
cosh x

d ( sinh x ) d ( cosh x )
cosh x − sinh x
dy dx dx
=
dx cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x
=
cosh 2 x
1
= since cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
cosh 2 x

= sech 2 x .

( )
In general, y = tanh g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) then y = tanh u . By the chain rule

= sech 2 ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) .
dy dy du du
=  = sech 2 u.
dx du dx dx
1
(d) If y = sech x = , the by quotient rule
cosh x

d (1) d ( cosh x )
dy
cosh x − (1)
= dx 2
dx
dx cosh x
− sinh x
=
cosh 2 x
− sinh x 1
= .
cosh x cosh x
= − tanh x.sech x

( )
In general, y = sech g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) then y = sech u . By the chain rule

= − tanh ( g ( x ) ) sech ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) .


dy dy du du
=  = − tanh u sech u.
dx du dx dx
1
(e) If y = co sech x = , the by quotient rule
sinh x

8
d (1) d ( sinh x )
dy
sinh x − (1)
= dx 2
dx
dx sinh x
− cosh x
=
sinh 2 x
− cosh x 1
= .
sinh x sinh x
= − coth x.co sech x

( )
In general, y = co sech g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) then y = co sech u . By the chain rule

= − − coth ( g ( x ) ) cos ech ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) .


dy dy du du
=  = − coth u cos echu.
dx du dx dx
1 cosh x
(f) If y = coth x = = , the by quotient rule
tanh x sinh x

d ( cosh x ) d ( sinh x )
dy
sinh x − ( cosh x )
= dx dx
dx sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x − cosh 2 x
=
sinh 2 x
− ( cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x )
=
sinh 2 x
1
=− since cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
sinh 2 x

= −co sech 2 x .

( )
In general, y = coth g ( x ) where u = g ( x ) then y = coth u . By the chain rule

= − − cos ech 2 ( g ( x ) ) .g ' ( x ) .


dy dy du du
=  = − cos ech 2 u.
dx du dx dx

Examples

(a) Differentiate (i) y = x ln ( sech 4 x ) (ii) y = e x sinh x.

9
Solution

dy d ( x ) d ( ln ( sech 4 x ) )
(i ) = ( ln ( sech 4 x ) ) + x = ln ( sech 4 x ) +
x
( − sech 4 x tan 4 x ( 4 ) )
dx dx dx ( sech 4 x )
= ln ( sech 4 x ) −
x
(sech 4 x tan 4 x ( 4 ) )
( sech 4 x )
= ln ( sech 4 x ) − 4 x tan 4 x.

dy d ( e ) d ( sinh x )
x

( ii ) = ( sinh x ) + e x = e x sinh x + e x cosh x = e x ( sinh x + cosh x ) .


dx dx dx

10

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