Protection and Grid Connection Integrated Into One Device: SACE Emax 2

Product note
SACE Emax 2
Protection and grid connection integrated into one device
islanding functions (ROCOF –Rate of Change of Frequency-

Among the trip units for the innovative being among them).
Emax 2 circuit breaker developed by Ekip G works by acquiring signals from both the line and the load
ABB, one can be of interest to anyone side. By using its own current and voltage sensors, the Emax 2
solution minimizes the need for acquisition and cabling of external
protecting the thriving segment of the devices. In fact, current and voltage sensors are internal and con-
distribution and management of energy nected to the measuring module of the trip unit, called Ekip
Measuring.
resources.
Currently, the most popular solution for generator protection
Ekip G is the name of a new kind of includes using a circuit breaker in conjunction with external relays.
Emax 2 with Ekip G incorporates some 21 dedicated functions
protection trip unit for low voltage into the breaker itself, in addition to its standard distribution func-
breakers. tions, to eliminate the need for extra equipment and the expense
and complications that can come with them.
For the first time, a trip unit offers several functions dedicated Furthermore, using the most advanced version of the Ekip G relay
to the protection of a generation set and its interconnection (the Hi-Touch), it is possible to have two thresholds for every volt-
with the grid in order to respond to the types of protections age and frequency protection in order to meet the widest range of
suggested in international standards such as; IEC 60034-1, interconnection requirements around the world. A quick overview
IEEE C37.102 or IEEE 242. of specific generator protections is listed here.
Any time a low voltage synchronous generator is involved (typically

for applications around and over 1 MVA: mini-hydro installation,
medium size cogeneration, generation from biomasses, diesel
generation) Ekip G can provide a complete set of dedicated pro-
tection functions.
Any time any source of distributed energy is connected to the
grid, Ekip G can provide a simple and effective set of anti-
Function Description ANSI Code ABB Code

Synchrocheck Control of the conditions for paralleling 25 SC
Active overpower protection Protection for maximum active power supplied 32OF OP
Reactive overpower protection Protection for maximum reactive power supplied 32OF OQ
Reverse active power protection Protection for active power consumption 32R RP
Directional overcurrent protection Protection for directional current 67 D
Active underpower protection Protection against minimum active power supplied 32LF UP
Loss of field or reverse reactive power protection Protection against an energizing anomaly, check of reactive power 40/32R RQ
supplied
Overload Protection Current protection against temperature rise 49 L
Instantaneous overcurrent protection Instantaneous protection against overcurrent between phases 50 I
Time-delayed overcurrent protection Time-delayed protection against overcurrent between phases 50TD 51 S
Earth fault protection Time-delayed protection against earth overcurrent 50NTD 51N ; G ; Gext ;
50GTD 51G ;
Differential ground fault protection Protection against internal earth fault on generator winding 87N Rc
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection Protection against short circuit between threshold phases 51V S(V)
depending on voltage
Residual overvoltage protection Protection detecting loss of insulation in the machine 59N RV
Undervoltage Protection Protection against voltage drop 27 UV
Overvoltage protection Protection against voltage increase 59 OV
Current unbalance protection Protection against unbalance of phase currents 46 IU
Voltage unbalance protection Protection against voltage unbalance and detection of rotation 47 VU
direction of phases
Rate of change of frequency protection Protection against rapid frequency changes 81R Rocof
Overfrequency protection Protection against frequency increase 81H OF
Underfrequency protection Protection against frequency reduction 81L UF
SACE Emax 2
Protection and grid connection integrated into one device
An example of application: a mini-hydro generation plant
1 Weir
2 Setting tank
3 Canal
4 Penstock
1 2
5 Turbine
3 6 Generator
7 Control panel
9 8 Tailrace
4
9 Transmission
6
7
8
Small hydro plants may be connected to national electrical In medium-voltage connection to the public utility network,
distribution networks as a source of (renewable) energy. the natural goal of a SACE Emax 2 with an Ekip G protection
In some countries (where the cost per kWh is high) there is trip unit is to protect the single low-voltage generator.
an interesting economic convenience to realize new–or, often,
The protections most commonly used for this are those de-
revamp old power hydro plants.
fined by the following ANSI codes:
Consider that mini hydro installations are common in Europe
(Italy, Norway, Austria etc.) and in the USA. In some other 40 (loss of excitation);
countries, where the centralized generation capacity is not 27 (minimum voltage);
large enough to meet the necessities, small hydro plants 59 (maximum voltage);
are often the only solution for electrification of remote areas.
50 (maximum instantaneous current);
Examples of this type of installation can easily be found both
51 (maximum time-delayed current);
in Asia (Nepal, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bhutan, etc.) and in Africa
(Zambia, South Africa, etc.). 81H (maximum frequency);
81L (minimum frequency);
For a typical 1 MVA installation, the point of coupling with the 49 (overload);
national grid will be very likely in medium voltage. 32R (active power consumption-reverse).
For this reason, we can consider a generic diagram like this:
MV network
MV MV MV
LV LV LV
G
LV
2 SACE Emax 2: protection and grid connection integrated into one device | ABB
Some of the current off-the-shelf low voltage breakers may ABB’s suggestion for settings of this protection (and all the
offer up to eight out of these nine protection functions: but other generator protection functions) can be found in the
only Ekip G can offer integrated protection against the loss of White Paper named “Generators protection: Ekip G trip unit
excitation. for SACE Emax 2”.
The loss of excitation in a synchronous generator mainly
arises from faults in the energizing unit or in the field circuit.
A further application: interconnection with the grid
Consequently, the electromotive force in the generator is disa-
Islanding refers to the condition in which a distributed energy
bled and there is a reduction in the reactive power supplied.
resource continues to power a location even though the grid
The machine then operates as an asynchronous generator,
is no longer present. Islanding can be dangerous, so distribut-
consuming reactive power from the network.
ed generators must be equipped with anti-islanding features.
The new operating condition, with the circulation of reactive

power supplied by the network, increases the temperature in Generally speaking, boundary conditions are put on voltage
the rotor circuit. In addition to the phenomenon that involve and frequency. Often, a more sensitive anti-islanding function
the machine, voltage is reduced significantly, with consequent is required as well: the rate of change of frequency
loss of system stability. (ROCOF – ANSI code 81R). This protection enables both
positive and negative frequency changes to be detected
rapidly and with greater sensitivity, thus ensuring a protection
The protection for this phenomenon works by acquiring the that is faster than what is possible with traditional minimum or
total active and reactive power values. If the working point is maximum frequency functions.
below the set protection line and this condition persists for a Typical settings (different form country to country) range be-
time greater than the set trip delay time, the protection trips tween 0.2 Hz/s and 1 Hz/s. Ekip G Hi-Touch contains built in
to open the breaker or generate an alarm signal. ROCOF protection.
Power Protection RQ - ANSI 40
P
Function 40
TRIP
ABB | SACE Emax 2: protection and grid connection integrated into one device 3
For more information please contact:
1SDC200035L0202 - 04/2014 - 4.000

ABB SACE
A division of ABB S.p.A.
L.V. Breakers
Via Baioni, 35
24123 Bergamo - Italy
Tel.: +39 035 395 111
Fax: +39 035 395306-433
www.abb.com

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Product note

islanding functions (ROCOF –Rate of Change of Frequency-

Any time a low voltage synchronous generator is involved (typically

Function Description ANSI Code ABB Code

An example of application: a mini-hydro generation plant

The new operating condition, with the circulation of reactive

Power Protection RQ - ANSI 40

1SDC200035L0202 - 04/2014 - 4.000

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