Surveying Fundamentals Lab PDF

AL ALBAYT UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

YAZEED M. ALHARAHSHEH-1800704142
Surveying Fundamentals
Surveying Fundamentals lab

1
Experiment title PAGE
1) SLOPE 3
2) LEVELING 4
-SETTING UP LEVEL INSTRUMENT 6
-READING THE STUFF 7

-TAKE THE (UPPER, MIDDLE AND LOWER)
READING 8
-FINDING THE ELEVATION OF A POINT 8

3) CROSS SECTION 10
4) THEODOLITE 12
2
SLOPE
In this experiment we will learn how to find the slope, vertical distance, horizontal distance
and the vertical angle.
Slope : the shortest distance between vertical and horizontal.

Vertical distance (V.D) :
Horizontal distance (H.D) :
Vertical angle (#)
First of all the instrument that we need in this experiment
- TAPE : to measurement the distances.
STEPS
1. Use the tape to find the (V.D)&(H.D) .
2. Drow a Right-triangle .
3. Using base of the Pythagorean find the slope.
4. Using trigonometric rules find the vertical angle (#).
*The vertical and horizontal distance can be calculated if the slope and vertical angle is
known.
EXAMPLE
If the slope equal to (1.41421356237) and vertical angle equal to 45 degree, so find the
(V.D) & (H.D) ?
(H.D)/slope=sin45 *so (H.D)= 1
(V.D)/slope=cos45 *so (V.D)= 2
3
LEVELING

● Leveling is a general term used in land surveying that applies to vertical

measurements, Vertical measurements are made and referenced to datum,
as elevations.The reference datum might be an arbitrary elevation chosen
for convenience or a very precise value determined after lengthy studies.For
example, the standard reference datum used throughout California is mean
sea level, based on the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD 1929).
● Three methods used to measure differences in

elevation:
•Direct vertical measurement .
•Trigonometric leveling.
•Differential leveling.
In this lap we used the first method, this surveying method is used to
determine the difference in elevation between two or more points, It
is commonly used to establish the elevation of a benchmark
referenced to an existing benchmark. It is also useful for comparing
the elevation of several points or objects.
Before learning how to set up the instrument there is definitions that

we had learned in the lap:
• A benchmark is physical structure with a known or assumed

elevation.
4
• Backsight (BS) – Always the first reading from a new instrument
station.
• Foresight (FS) – Always the last reading from the current instrument
station.
• Intermediate Foresight (IS) – An intermediate foresight is a rod

reading on a point that will not be used as a turning point or
benchmark.
The parts of the level instrument :
5

-SETTING UP LEVEL INSTRUMENT-

In the lap we do these steps:
1. Extend legs.
2. Firmly press the two tripod feet on the down hill side into the ground using
your own foot on the tripod's foot plate, (This will tilt the head).
3. Move the third leg so that the head looks level and the instrument.
4. telescope will be at a comfortable height when this leg is firmly pushed into
the ground .
6
5. Put the instrument in the top of the tripod.
6. Attach the Instrument.
7. center the bubble.

-READING THE STUFF-

● Lock in the eye piece, you must see the stuff and three fine lines.
● If you do not see the fine lines, there is screw with the eye piece turn it until you can
see them.
● If you can not see the stuff clearly, turn the object screw until you can see it.

7
-TAKE THE(UPPER, MIDDLE AND
LOWER)READING-
Just like the picture
EXAMPLE
What is the lower, middle and the upper in this picture?
upper=30.3 lower=29.59 middle=29.95
-FINDING THE ELEVATION OF A

POINT-
• The initial backsight (BS) is taken to a point of known
elevation.
• The backsight reading is added to the elevation of the known
point to compute the height of the instrument (HI).
• The level may be moved to a temporary point called a turning
point (TP).
• The elevation of a point is the height of the instrument (HI)
minus the foresight (FS).

8
EXAMPLE
9
CROSS SECTION
Cross sections are lines of levels or short profiles made perpendicular to the
centerline of the project.Cross sections are usually taken at regular intervals and at
sudden changes in the center-line profile.
The cross sections must extend a sufficient distance on each side of the center line
to provide a view of the surrounding terrain.
Rod readings should be taken at equal intervals on both sides of the center line and
at significant changes in the terrain.
CROSS SECTION FIELD NOTES
Field notes for a cross section should include:
an elevation or difference in elevation from the center line
horizontal distance from the center line.

10
THEODOLITE
● A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between
designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes.
● Theodolite is generally classified according to the method used to read
circles.
( opto - electronic) (optical micrometer)
PART OF THEODOLITE
11
How Does a Theodolite Work?
A theodolite works by combining optical plummets (or plumb bobs), a

spirit (bubble level), and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal
angles in surveying. An optical plummet ensures the theodolite is placed
as close to exactly vertical above the survey point. The internal spirit
level makes sure the device is level to to the horizon. The graduated
circles, one vertical and one horizontal, allow the user to actually survey
for angles.
How to Use a Theodolite?

1. Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a
surveyor’s nail or a stake. This point is the basis for measuring
angles and distances.
2. Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the
instrument (the theodolite) to be eye-level. The centered hole of
the mounting plate should be over the nail or stake.
3. Drive the tripod legs into the ground using the brackets on the
sides of each leg.
4. Mount the theodolite by placing it atop the tripod, and screw it in
place with the mounting knob.
5. Measure the height between the ground and the instrument. This
will be used a reference to other stations.
6. Level the theodolite by adjusting the tripod legs and using the
bulls-eye level. You can make slight tunings with the leveling
knobs to get it just right.
7. Adjust the small sight (the vertical plummet) found on the bottom of
the theodolite. The vertical plummet allows you to do ensure the
instrument remains over the nail or stake. Adjust the plummet
using the knobs on the bottom.
8. Aim the crosshairs in the main scope at the point to be measured.
Use the locking knobs on the side of the theodolite to keep it aimed
on the point. Record the horizontal and vertical angles using the
viewing scope found on the theodolite’s side.

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