DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS

Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

COURSE GUIDE

SUBJECT : THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

COURSE NO. : GEMC 101, Rizal
INSTRUCTOR/PROFESSOR : JHYSSA JOYCE R. MAGBANUA
CONTACT DETAIL : 09289119890
Jhyssajramos7@gmail.com

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

A. Course Description

As mandated by Republic Act 142, this course covers the life and works of the country’s
national hero, Jose Rizal. Among the topics covered are Rizal’s biography and his writings,
particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, some of his essays, and various
correspondences.

B. Course Objectives

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

1. Discuss Jose Rizal’s life within the context of 19th century Philippines
2. Analyze Rizal’s various works, particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
3. Organize Rizal’s ideas into various themes
4. Demonstrate a critical reading of primary sources
5. Interpret the values that can be derived from studying Rizal’s life and works
6. Display an appreciation for education and love of country

C. Primary References

 Alejandro, R. and Medina, B. (1972). Buhay at diwa ni Rizal. Manila: National Book Store
 Alip, E. (1961). Jose Rizal: His place in world affairs and other essays. Manila: Alip Publishing
Company
 Bernard, M. (1986). Rizal and Spain: An essay in biographical context. Manila: National Book
Store
 Cabauatan, W. (2016). Rizal: A Holistic Approach. Manila: Mindshapers Company, Inc.

D. Supplementary References

 Ancheta, Celedonio (1977). Jose Rizal’s life and his complete works. Manila: National Book
Store
 Capino, D. (1971). Jose Rizal’s character, teachings, and examples. Quezon City: Manlapaz
Publishing Company

E. Course Requirements:

Quizzes, Term Paper/s, Recitation, Attendance, Report, Educational Tour, Midterm and Final
Examinations

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

COURSE MODULE

MODULE 1: Chapter 7 Paris to Berlin (1885 – 1887)

Lesson 1. Chapter 7 Paris to Berlin (1885 – 1887)

Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology.
He chose this branch because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye ailment.  

IN GAY PARIS (1885-86)

After studying at the Central University of Madrid, Rizal, who was then 24 yrs old, went to
Paris to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.

Major Point of Discussion in this lesson:

MAXIMO VIOLA – a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan
SEÑOR EUSEBIO COROMINAS – editor of La Publicidad
DON MIGUEL MORAYTA – owner of La Publicidad and a statesman

Rizal gave Editor Corominas (an article on the Carolines Question)

NOVEMBER 1885 – Rizal was living in Paris. He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a
leading French ophthalmologist.
JUAN LUNA – great master of the brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in Luna’s paintings.
“The Death of Cleopatra” – where Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest
“The Blood Compact” – Rizal posed as Sikatuna

Lesson 2: RIZAL AS MUSICIAN

Rizal had no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted. He studied music only
because many of his schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons. He told Enrique Lete that he
“learned the solfeggio, piano, and voice culture in one month and a half”. He is also a flutist.

 Some of his compositions are:

- Alin Mang Lahi (Any Race) – a pariotic song which asserts that any race aspires for
freedom
- La Deportacion (Deportation) – a sad danza, composed in Dapitan

IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG 
 FEBRUARY 3, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old
university and romantics surroundings.
 He became popular among the Germans because they found out that he was a good chess
player.
 He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker,
distinguished German ophthalmologist.

“TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG”

APRIL 22, 1886 – Rizal wrote a fine poem entitled “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of
Heidelberg) because he was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the Neckar River, which is
the light blue flower called “forget-me-not”.

WITH PASTOR ULLMER AT WILHELMSFELD

Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld where he stayed at the place of
a Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer. The pastor has a wife and two children named Etta and Fritz.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Lesson 4: FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT

JULY 31, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter to Professor FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT who is the
Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria.
- Blumentritt is an Austrian ethnologist and he has an interest in the Philippine language.
- Rizal sent Aritmetica (Arithmetic) book to Blumentritt which was published in 2
languages - Spanish and Tagalog – by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868.The
author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez.

- Blumentritt became the best friend of Rizal.

FIFTH CENTENARY OF HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY

The famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration on August 6, 1886
where Rizal had witnessed the said celebration.
 
IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN
AUGUST 14, 1886 – Rizal arrived in Leipzig
 He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on history and psychology.
 He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a famoushistorian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, German
anthropologist.
 Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was the cheapest in Europe, so he stayed
for 2 months and a half.
 On October 29, he went to Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, the Director of the
Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.

RIZAL WELCOMED IN BERLIN’S SCIENTIFIC CIRCLES

 Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race
prejudice.

 Some scientists Rizal met are:

o DR. FEODOR JAGOR – German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the
Philippines
o DR. RUDOLF VIRCHOW – famous German anthropologist
o DR. W. JOEST – German geographer
o DR. KARL ERNEST SCHWEIGGER – famous German ophthalmologist

Lesson 5: RIZAL’S LIFE IN BERLIN

 
Five reasons why Rizal stayed in Berlin:
 To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
 To further his studies of science and languages
 To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation
 To associate with famous German scientists and scholars
 To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere

Rizal worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Scweigger, and at night, he attended lectures in the
University of Berlin. He also took private lessons in French under Madame Lucie Cerdole.

RIZAL ON GERMAN WOMEN

Rizal sent a letter to his sister, Trinidad, dated on March 11, 1886. In his letter, Rizal expressed
his high regard and admiration for German womanhood. Rizal said that German woman is serious,
diligent, educated and friendly.
 
GERMAN CUSTOMS

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

- Some of the German customs Rizal admired:

 On Yuletide season, people will select a pine tree from the bushes and adorned it
with lanterns, papers, lights, dolls, candies, fruits, etc.
 Self-introduction to strangers in a social gathering.

RIZAL’S DARKEST WINTER

 
 The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter.
 He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke.
 He could not pay his landlord and he was eating only one meal a day.
 His clothes were old and threadbare.
 His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment.
 This is one of the most memorable days in the life of Rizal.

Activity
Timeline
 Summarize the events of Rizal from Paris to Berlin in a linear timeline. Be creative. Make
sure to add the important details like place, date, what he experienced there, and the
people he met. You may use any medium.
 CRITERIA:
o Accuracy of Information – 50
o Creativity - 35
o Neatness and Legibility - 15
o TOTAL - 100 pts.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module

Module 2: Chapter 8

Lesson 1: Noli Me Tangere

February 21,1887- the first novel Noli Me Tangere was finished
IDEA OF WRITING ON PHILIPPINES:
 The reading of Harriet Beecher Stowes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”- which portrays the brutalities
of American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro, Slaves,
inspired Dr. Jose Rizal to prepare a novel on the Philippines
 Rizal was a student in the Central University of Madrid
 Rizal proposed is writing of a novel about the Philippines during the reunion of Filipinos in
the house of the Paternos in Madrid on January 2,1884

His proposal was unanimously approved by:

 Pedro
 Maximo
 Antonio
 They were Paternos
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Evaristo Aguirre
 Julio Llorente
 Valentin Ventura
 Eduardo De Lete

The end of 1884-Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and he finished one half of it
1885
 He went to Paris for completing his studies in the Universidad Central De Madrid
 He continued writing the novel, finishing the one half of the second half.
GERMANY 1886
 During the dark days
 While his spirit was at its lowest ebb, he almost threw the manuscript into the fire
 The novel was almost finished
 He was desperately desponded because he saw no hope of having it to published for he was
utterly penniless
FERNANDO CANON- friend of Rizal
MID DECEMBER-
a telegram from Barcelona arrived
THE TELEGRAM
 Sent by Dr. Maximo Viola, informing Rizal of his coming visit to Berlin
 The message revived the author’s Hope
Dr. Maximo Viola
 A scion of a rich family of San Miguel Bulacan
 Would surely lend him the money for the publication of the novel
 The man had saved “Noli”
 Viola was a Godsend
 Viola came to Berlin to invite Rizal to join him in a tour of Europe
 When he learned of Rizal’s predicament, he kindly agreed to postpone the tour and instead,
advanced some money so that the novel could be printed
1887
 First edition of Noli Me Tangere was printed in Berlin
 P300.oo cost of printing (advance by Viola) for 2000 copies

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

MARCH 29,1887
 Rizal gave the Galley Proofs of the Noli
 A significant date for it was the date when the Noli Me Tangere came off the press
NOLI ME TANGERE - a latin phrase which means “Touch me not”, from the bible

MARCH 1887
Rizal writing to Felix R. Hidalgo in french
“Noli Me Tangere” words taken from the gospel of St.Luke
Rizal made a mistake. It should be the gospel of St. John, on the first Easter Sunday St. John
(chapter 20:13-17)

ST. MARY MAGDALENE - visited the Holy Sepulchre, and to her our Lord Jesus, just arisen from the
dead

The author’s dedication. Rizal dedicated the Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines “to my country” his
dedication runs as follows:

Recorded in the history of human sufferings is a cancer so malignant a character that the least
touch irritates it and awakens in it the sharpest pains. Thus, how many times, when in the midst of
modern civilization i have wished to call thee before me, now to accompany me in memories

 Now to compare thee with other countries, hath thy dear image presented itself showing a
social cancer like a to that other!
 Desiring thy welfare which our own, an seeking the best treatments, i will do with thee
what the ancient did with their seek exposing them on the steps of the temple so that
everyone who came to invoke the divinity might ofer them a remedy.
 And to this end, I will strive to reproduce thy condition faithfully, without discrimination, I
will raise a part of the veil that covers the evil, sacrificing to truth everything, even vanity
itself. Since, as thy son i am conscious that I also suffer from thy defects and weaknesses.

NOLI ME TANGERE
 Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue
 It begins the reception given by Captain Tiago (Santiago De Los Santos) at his house in Calle
Anloague (Now Juan Luna Street) on the last day of October
CRISOSTOMO IBARRA
 A young and rich Filipino who had just turn after 7 years of study in Europe
 The reception or dinner was given in honor of Crisostomo
 Was only son of Don Rafael Ibarra
DON RAFAEL IBARRA
 Friend of CapitanTiago and fiance of beautiful Maria Clara supposed daugther of Capitan
Tiago
GUEST DURING RECEPTION
1. Padre Damaso - a Franciscan Friar who had been priest of San Diego (Calamba), Ibarra’s
native town for 20 years
2. 2. Padre Sibyla - a young dominican parish priest of Binondo
3. 3. Senor Guevara - an elderly and kind lieutenant of the GuardiaCivil
DON TIBURCIO de ESPADANA - a bogus Spanish Physician, lame, and henpeckead husband of Dona
Victorina and several ladies.
PADRE DAMASO - was in a bad mood because he got a bony neck and hard wing of the chicken
Tinola. He tried to discredit Ibarra’s remarks.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

=AFTER DINNER=
Ibarra
 Left captain Tiago’s house to return to his hotel.
 On the way, the kind lieutenant Guevarra told him the sad story of his father’s death in San
Diego.
 Don Rafael – his father, was a rich and brave man.
 He defended a helpless boy from the brutality of an illiterate Spanish tax collector, pushing
the latter and accidentally killing him.
 He was thrown in prison, where he died unhappily.
 He was buried in consecrated ground but his enemies, accusing him of being a heretic, had
his body removed from the cemetery.
 On hearing his father’s sad story, Ibarra thanked the kind Spanish lieutenant and vowed to
find out the truth about his father’s death.

THE FOLLOWING MORNING

 Ibarra, visited Maria Clara, his childhood sweetheart
 Maria Clara teasingly said that he had forgotten her because the girls in Germany were
beautiful, then Ibarra replied that he had never forgotten her.
 After the romantic reunion with Maria Clara, Ibarra went to San Diego to visit his father’s
grave. It was All Saint’s Day at the cemetery, the gravedigger told Ibarra that the corpse of
Don Rafael was removed by order of the parish priest to be buried in the Chinese cemetery.
 But the corpse was heavy, and it was a dark rainy night so that he simply threw the corpse
into the lake.
 Ibarra was angered by the grave-diggers story. He left the cemetery.
 On the way, he met Padre Salvi Franciscan parish priest of San Diego.
 In a flash, Ibarra pounced on the priest, demanding redness for desecrating his father’s
mortal remains.
PADRE SALVI- told him that he had nothing to do with it, for he was not the parish priest at the
time of Don Rafael’s death.
 It was Padre Damaso, his predecessor, who was responsible for it. Convinced of Padre Salvi’s
innosence, Ibarra went away.
 In his town, Ibarra met several interesting people, such as the wise old man Tasio the Sage,
whose ideas were too advanced for his times so that the people, who could not understand
him, called him “Tasio the Lunatic”.
 The progressive teacher, who complied to Ibarra that the children were losing interest in
thier studies because of lack of a proper schoolhouse and discouraging attitude of the parish
priest toward teaching of Spanish and the use of modern method of PEDAGOGY.
 The spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to wishes of the Spanish priest:
1. Don Filipo Lino - the teniente mayor and leader of the liberal function in the town.
2. Don Melchor - the captain of the cuadrilleros (town police).
Former Gobernadorcillo who were prominent citizens:
1. Don Basilio
2. Don Valentin
 Most tragic story in the novel is the tale of Sisa, who was formerly a rich girl but became
poor because when she married a gambler.
SISA- became crazy because she lost her two boys.
BASILIIO AND CRISPIN - only joys of her wretched life. These boys were sacristans(sextons) in the
church, working for a small wage to support their poor mother.
CRISPIN - the younger of the two brothers, was accused by the brutal sacristan mayor (chief
tortured) in the convent and died.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

BASILIO - with his brother’s dying cries ringing in his ears, escaped.
 when the two boys did not return home, Sisa looked for them everywhere and in her great
sorrow, she became mad.
 Capitan Tiago’s cousin who took care of Maria Clara, after her mother’s death arrived in San
Diego.
 Ibarra and his friends gave picnic, were Maria Clara and her four friends.
 The Merry Sinang
 The Grave Victoria
 The Beautiful Iday
 The Thoughtful Neneng
AUNT ISABEL - chaperon of Maria Clara
CAPITANA TIKA - mother of Sinang
ADENG - foster-sister of Maria Clara
ALBINO - the ex-theological student who was in love with Sinang and Ibarra and his Friends.
ELIAS - one of boatmen was a strong silent, pleasant youth.
 An accident of the picnic was the saving of Elias life by Ibarra.
ELIAS - bravely grappled with the crocodile, which was caught in the fish corral, but crocodile
struggled furiously so that Elias could not subdue it.
 Ibarra jumped into the water and killed the crocodile, thereby saving Elias.
 Another accident, which preceded the above-mentioned neat-tragic culture incident, was
the rendering of a beautiful song by Maria Clara who had a sweet voice. Upon the insistent
request of her friends, she played the sharp and sang.

The Song of Maria Clara

“Sweet are the hours in one’s native land,
Where all is dear the sunbeams bless;
Life-giving breezes sweep he strand.

And death is softened by Love’s cares

“Warm kisses play on mother Lip’s,
On her fond, tender breast awakening;
When round her neck the soft arm slips.
And bright eyes smile, all love partaking
“Sweet is death for one’s native land,
Where all is dear the sunbeams bless:

AFTER MARIA CLARA’S SONG AND THE CROCODILE INCIDENT, THEY WENT A SHORE THEY MADE
MERRY IN THE COOL, WOODED MEADOWS.
 Padre Salvi
 Capitan Basilio (former gobernadorcillo and Sinang’s father)
 Alferez (lieutenant of guardia civil)
 Town officials were present
THE MEAL OVER
 Ibarra and Capitan Basilio played chess.
 Maria Clara and friends played the “Wheel of Chance” (game based on a fortune telling
book).
AFTER A SEARGENT AND FOUR SOLDIERS OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL SUDDENLY ARRIVED, LOOKING
FOR ELIAS, WHO HAS HUNTED FOR
1. Assaulting Padre Damaso
2. Throwing the Alferez into the mud hole.
 Fortunately, Elias has disappeared and the Guardia civil went away empty handed. During
the picnic also, Ibarra received a telegram from the Spanish authorities notifying him of the
approval of his donation of a schoolhouse for the children of San Diego.

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

 The next day Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult him on his pet project about the
schoolhouse. He saw the old man’s writings were written in heiroglyphics.
 Tasio explained to him that he wrote hieroglyphics because he was writing for the future
generations who would understand them and say: NOT ALL WERE ASLEEP IN THE NIGHT OF
OUR ANCESTORS.

NOR JUAN - an architect continued the construction of the schoolhouse.

 San Diego was preparing for its annual fiesta, in Honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala
who’s feast day is the 11the of November.
 On the eve of the fiesta, hundreds of visitors arrived from nearby towns, and there was
laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting and moro-moro.
 The music was furnished by:
1. 5 brass bands (including the famous Pagsanjan Band owned by escribano Miguel
Guevarra.)
2. 3 orchestras

 In the morning of the fiesta there was a high mass in the church; officiated by Padre Salvi.
 Padre Damaso gave the long sermon, in which he expatiated on the evils of the times that
were caused by certain men who having tested same education.
 After Padre Damaso’s sermon, the mass was continued by Padre Salvi. Elias quietly moved
Ibarra, who was kneeling and praying my Maria Clara’s side, and warned him to be careful
during the ceremony of the lying of the cornerstone of the schoolhouse because there is a
plot to kill him.
 Elias- suspected that the yellowish man built the derrick, was a paid stooge, Ibarra’s
enemies.
 True to his suspicion, later in the day when Ibarra in the presence of a big crowd, went
down into trench to cement the cornerstone, the derrick collapse.
 Elias quick as a flash pushed him aside, saving his life. the yellowish man was the one
crushed to death by the shattered derrick.
 At the dinner that night. The arrogant Padre Damaso, speaking in the presence of many
guest, insulted the memory of Ibarra’s father. Ibarra jumped from his seat, knocked down
the fat friar with his first and then seized with sharp knife. He would kill the friar, were it
not for the timely intervention of Maria Clara.
 Ibarra’s attack on Padre Damaso produced 2 results:
1. His engagement to Maria Clara was broken.
2. He was excommunicated.

=THE FIESTA OVER=

MARIA CLARA - became ill; treated by the quack physician, “Tiborcio de Espadana”.
DOCTORA DONA VICTORINA de LAS REYES De ESPADANA
 Wife of Tiburcio de Espadana
 A vain, frustrated native woman
 A frequent visitor on Capitan Tiago’s house
 Had halucinations of being superior Castilica.
 She looked down on her own people as inferior being.
 She added another “de” to her husband to become more spanish.
DON ALFONSO LINARES DE ESPADANA
 cousin of Don Tiburcio de Espadana
 Godson of Padre Damaso’s brother in law.
A touch of comedy in the novel was the fight bet.
1. Dona Consolacion - the vulgar mistress of the Spanish alferez

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

2. Dona Victorina - flamboyantly dresses wife of a henpecked Spanish quack doctor.

STORY OF ELIAS
 Tale of pathos and tragedy
 He related it to Ibarra
 Some 60 years ago his grandfather
 His grandfather who was a young bookkeeper in a Spanish commercial firm in Manila.
 Was wrongly accused of burning the firm’s warehouse.
 Was a plogged in public and was left in the street, crippled and almost dead.
 His wife
 Who was pregnant
 Begged for alms
 Become a prostitute in order to support his sick husband and son.
 After giving birth to her second and the death of her husband, she fled with her two sons to
the mountain.
YEARS LATER
 FIRST BOY
• Became a dreaded tulisan named Balat.
• He terrorized the provinces.
• His head was cut off and was hung from the tree branch in the forest.
 YOUNG BROTHER
 Who was by nature kind-hearted
 Fled and became a trusted laborer in the house of a rich man in Tayabas.
 He fell in love with the Master daughter.
 Unfortunate lover (Elias Father)
 Was sent to jail while the girl gave birth to twins a boy (Elias) and a girl.
 Elias
 Educated in the Jesuit College in Manila
 His sister
 studied in La Concordia College
 They lived happily until one day, over money matters; distant relatives exposed their shame
full birth. They were disgraced. An old male servant whom they used to abuse, was forced to
testify in court and the truth came out that he was their real father.
 Elias and his sister left Tayabas to hide their shame in another place. One day his sister
disappeared. Elias roamed from place to place looking for her. He heard later that a girl
answering to his sister’s description, was found on the beach of San Diego.
 Elias, learning of Ibarra’s arrest, burned all papers that might incriminate his friends and set
Ibarra’s house on fire. Then he went to prison and helped Ibarra escape. He and Ibarra
jumped into a BANCA loaded with ZACATE (grass). Ibarra stopped to Capitan Tiago to say
goodbye to Maria Clara.
 After bidding Maria Clara farewell, Ibarra returned to the Banca. He and Elias paddled up
the Pasig river toward Laguna de Bay. A police boat with the Guardia civil on board. Elias
told Ibarra to hide under zacate.
 Elias jumped into the water and swam swiftly toward the shore. He diverted the attention of
the soldiers on his person giving Ibarra a chance to escape.
 Elias seriously wounded, reached he shore and went into the forest. He met a boy Basilio,
weeping over his mother’s body. He told Basilio to make a pyre on which their bodies were
to be burned to ashes.
 It was Christmas eve and the moon gleamed softly in the sky. Basilio prepared the funeral
pyre. Elias looked toward the east and murmured, “I die without seeing the dawn brighten
over my native land. You who have it to see, welcome it and forget not those who have
fallen during the night.”
 The novel was an epilogue which recounts what happened to the other characters.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

 Maria Clara -entered the Santa Clara nunnery

 Padre Salvi - left parish San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery.
 Padre Damaso - transferred to remote province but he was found dead in his bedroom.
 Capitan Tiago - became an opium addict and a human wreck.
 Dona Victorina - still henpecking poor Don Tiburcio; wearing eye glass because weakening
eyesight.
 Linares - died of dysentery; buried in Paco cemetery.
 Alferez - was promoted Major. He returned to Spain, leaving his shabby mistress Dona
Consolacion.

 THE NOVEL ENDS WITH MARIA CLARA, UNHAPPY IN STA CLARA NUNNERY. FOREVER LOST IN
THE WORLD.

 True story of Philippine conditions during the last decades of Spanish rule.
 Places, character and situation really exist.

THE CHARACTERS
 MARIA CLARA- was Leonor Rivera
 IBARRA and ELIAS- represented Rizal himself
 TASIO the SAGE- was his elder brother (Paciano).
 PADRE SALVI- identified by Rizalist as Padre Antonio Piernavieja.
 CAPITAN TIAGO- was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicholas.
 DONA VICTORINA- was Dona Agustina Medel
 BASILIO and CRISPIN- were Crisostomo brother of Hogonoy.
 PADRE DAMASO- was typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal, who was
arrogant, supercilious and Anti-Filipino.

RIZAL FRIENDS PRAISE THE NOLI

 Friends of Rizal hailed the novel, praising it in glowing colors. Rizal anticipated the vitriolic
attacks of his enemies, who were sore to be told the truth of the evil ways.
 In Rizal own words. The government and the friars will probably attacking on the work,
refusing the statement, but the trust in the God of Truth and in the people who have
actually seen our sufferings.

COPIES OF NOLI WERE SENT BY RIZAL TO...

 Blumentritt
 Regidor
 Hidalgo
 Mariano Ponce
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Aguirre

MORE COPIES WERE CRATED AND SENT TO...

 BARCELONA
 MADRID
 HONGKONG

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Activity
Noli Me Tangere: Reimagined
 If you were Rizal, how would you end the novel? Imagine an alternative ending to Noli Me
Tangere and rewrite Rizal’s final chapter as your own. You may use the Tagalog or English
language in writing. Make sure to follow the previous chapter’s events to build up your
ideas. Give your unique chapter a fitting title. Put effort into writing.
 Format:
o Times New Roman, 12
o 1.5 spacing, Justified
 CRITERIA:
o Creativity - 40
o Flow of Ideas - 40
o Grammar and Spelling - 20
o TOTAL - 100 pts.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Quiz
Noli Me Tangere

I. Identification. Identify what is being described or asked.

1. Noli Me Tangere contains how many chapters?

2. The latin phrase “Touch Me Not” comes from the _______.
3. He is a bogus Spanish physician who is married to Dona Victorina.
4. He was being hunted down by the guardia civil for assaulting Padre Damaso and throwing
Alferez into a mudhole.
5. She was the vulgar mistress of Alferez.
6. Ibarra saved Elias from a ________.
7. Ibarra’s childhood sweetheart.
8. A high mass was held on the morning of the fiesta of San Diego. It was officiated by who?
9. Ibarra visited old Tasyo to consult him about his school-building project and saw his
writings written in what?
10. Maria Clara was admitted to a nunnery called ______.

II. Enumeration
1. 3 Guests at the reception to honor Ibarra
-
-
-
2. Maria Clara’s 4 friends present at the picnic with Ibarra
-
-
-
-
3. More copies of the novel were sent to three countries:
-
-
-

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

III. Matching Type. Match the characters to their corresponding representations in real life.
___1. Kapitan Tiyago a. Leonor Rivera
___2. Maria Clara b. Leonor Valenzuela
___3. Ibarra and Elias c. Kapitan Hilario Sunico
___4. Pilosopong Tasyo d. Domineering friars
___5. Padre Damasa e. Jose Rizal
f. Paciano
g. Kapitan San Nicholas

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module

Module 3: Chapter 9

“ELIAS & SALOME”

Missing Chapter of Noli

 Few people know that there is a missing chapter in the printed Noli Me Tangere, this
chapter was included in the original manuscript, written in Rizal’s own handwriting
However, it was crossed out in blue pencil so that it was deleted from the printed novel.

WHY DID RIZAL DELETE THE CHAPTER?

 It should be recalled that Rizal was in dire financial situation in Berlin during the days when
he was putting the finishing touches to the Noli.
 He knew that the cost of printing is in proportion with the number of pages of the
manuscript.
 Accordingly, he rewrote several chapters making them more compact so that he could
economize on the number of pages.
 He deleted one whole chapter without destroying the story of the novel and this chapter was
“Elias and Salome”
 ECONOMIC was the only reason why this particular chapter was deleted.
 Elias was adversely affected. It seems that Rizal considered Ibarra a more important
character although Elias was nobler.
 He even killed Elias in the novel and let Ibarra live. Later, he repented having killed Elias.
 He wrote “I’m sorry I have killed Elias instead of Crisostomo Ibarra.”
 But when Rizal wrote Noli his health was very bad and he never believe that he could write
the continuation and talk about revolution.
 He had preserved the life of Elias a nobler character, a patriot, unselfish and self-sacrificing,
the necessary qualities for a man to lead a revolution.
 Crisostomo Ibarra was an egoist who decided to provoke a rebellion only when he was
injured through his property, his person, his love, and all that he held sacred. Success
cannot be expected for the enterprise of a man like that.

SYNOPSIS OF THE MISSING CHAPTER

In a nipa hut by the placid lake, Salome a winsome girl in her early teens sat on the bamboo
batalan sewing a camesa of bright colors. She was waiting for Elias to arrive. She was beautiful
“like the flowerets that grow wild not attracting attention at first glance but whose beauty is
revealed when we examined them carefully”. When she heard footsteps, she laid aside her sewing,
went to the bamboo stair way.

Salome noticed her lover was sad and Pensive. She tried to console him; asking about the girls at
the picnic which the Guardia Civil soldiers disturbed looking for him. Elias told her that there were
many beautiful girls among whom was Maria Clara, the sweetheart of a rich young man who just
came from Europe.

Afterwards, the young man rose preparing to leave, speaking in a soft voice, he said “Good-bye,
Salome, The sun is setting and it won’t appear good for the people to know that night over took me
here”.

Salome was crying, for soon she would leave this house where she grew up. She explained, “It is
not right for me to live alone. I’ll go live with my relatives in Mindoro. Soon I’ll be able to pay the
debt my mother left me when she died...to give up this house in which one was born and has

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

grown up is something more than giving up one’s being. A typhoon will come, a freshet and
everything will go to the lake.”

Elias remained silent for a moment, then he held her hands, and asked her: “Have you heard
anyone speak ill of you? Have I sometimes worried you? Not that either? Then you are tired with my
friendship & want to drive me away.” Salome answered, “No, don’t talk like that. I am not tired of
your friendship. God knows that I am satisfied with my lot. I only desire health that I may work. I
don’t envy the rich, the wealthy, but...”
“But what?”

“Nothing. I don’t envy them as long as I have your friendship.”

Then they have conversation. Then Elias said to Salome “Forget me, Forget a love so mad & futile.
Perhaps you’ll meet there one who is not like me”

“Elias, exclaimed the girl reproachfully.”

“You have misunderstood me; I speak to you as I would speak to my sister if she were alive; in my
words there is not a single complaint against you. Take my advice, go home to your relatives. Here
you have no one, but me, & the day when I fall into the hands with my pursuers, you will be left
alone for the rest of your life. Improve your youth & beauty to get a good husband, such as you
deserve for you don’t know what it is to live among men.”

Salome was thinking that Elias go with her. Elias then narrated what happened earlier at the picnic
that morning; how he was saved by Ibarra from the jaws of a crocodile. To show his gratitude, he
vowed to repay the good deed done by Ibarra to the extend with sacrificing his life. He explained
that anywhere he would go, even to Mindoro, the past would still be discovered, sooner or later.

“Well then”, Salome said, looking at him tenderly. “At least when I’m gone, live here, stay in the
house. It will make you remember me; and I will not think in that distant land that the hurricane
had carried my hunt to the lake. When my thoughts turn to these shores. The memory of you and
of my house will appear to me together. Sleep where I have slept & dream it will be as though I
were beside you.”

“Oh!” exclaimed Elias, waving his hand in desperation, “Woman, you’ll make me forget.”

After disengaging himself from her tender embrace, he left with a heavy heart, following the
shadows of somber tree in the twilight. She followed her with her gazed, listening sadly to the
fading footsteps in the gathering darkness.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module

Module 4: Chapter 10
RIZAL’S TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA

 After the Noli was printed in Berlin, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe.
Rizal received Paciano’s remittance of P1,000. He paid Dr. Maximo Viola P200 for Rizal loaned so
that the Noli could be printed. Having paid his debt, and with enough funds in his pocket, Rizal
accompanied by Viola, was ready to see Europe before returning home to Calamba.

They visited (in order):

 Potsdam, a city near Berlin, which Frederick the Great made famous.
 Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany.
 Teschen (now Decin, Czechoslovakia)
 Leitmeritz (Litomerice), Bohemia, where Rizal met Blumentritt for the first time.
Blumentritt is an old Austrian professor. Rosa, his wife, Dolores, Conrad and Fritz,
Blumentritt’s children.
 Prague, where they visited:
* the tomb of Copernicus (the famous astronomer)
* the museum of natural history
* the bacteriological laboratories
* the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno (the Catholic saint) was imprisoned
* and the bridge where the saint was hurled into the river
 Brunn, according to Viola, nothing happened in this city.
 Vienna (capital of Austria-Hungary), known as the “Queen of Danube”, famous in songs and
stories
 Danubian Voyage (Danube river cruise)
 Lintz  Salzburg
 Munich, they stopped here for a short time for the famous Munich beer, best in Germany
 Nuremberg, one of the oldest cities in Germany
 Ulm, the cathedral of this city was the largest and tallest in Germany
 Stuttgart  Baden  Rheinfall, they saw the waterfall, the most beautiful waterfall in
Europe
 Scaffhausen, Switzerland  Bassel  Bern  Lausanne  Lemon Lake
 Geneva, the Swiss city, one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. The languages spoken by
the people of Geneva are French, German, and Italian.

 June 13 – Viola returned to Barcelona, Rizal continued the tour to Italy

 Turin  Milan  Venice  Florence

 Rome, the City of Caesars
 The Vatican, the City of the Popes, the capital of Christendom

 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, “I am tired as a dog, but I will sleep as a god.”

 After a week of wonderful tour in Rome, he prepared to return to the Philippines.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Activity
Travel Journal
 Write about your travel experiences, may it be around the country or around the world.
Include the dates, places, the people you were with, the different landmarks of the place,
facts about the place, and your personal experience there. Tell us what made it so special
for you. You can use the Tagalog or English language.
 One place = One entry. Maximum of 5 entries.
 Handwritten or typed, Short bond paper. You may include photos if you want to.
 CRITERIA
o Content - 50
o Grammar and Spelling - 25
o Neatness - 25
o TOTAL - 100 pts.

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 5: Chapter 11
BACK TO CALAMBA, 1887-88

“I shall return,
but I shall find myself isolated;
because those who smiled at me
before will reserve their rejoicings
for another happier being.
And in the meantime
I run after a
vain idea, perhaps a false illusion.”

-Jose Rizal

Rizal was a true Filipino. All the alluring beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful
memories of his sojourn in alien lands could not make him forget of home nor turn his back to his
own nationality. True that he studied abroad, acquired the lore and languages of foreign nations,
and enjoyed the friendship of many great men of the Western world; but he remained at heart a
true Filipino with an unquenchable love for the Philippines and an unshakeable determination to
die in the land of his birth.

Thus, after five years of memorable sojourn in Europe, he returned to the Philippines in August
1887. he practiced medicine in Calamba. He operated successfully on his mother’s eyes and lived a
quiet life of a country doctor. Unfortunately, his enemies, who resented Noli, persecuted him,
even menacing his life.

THE DECISION TO RETURN HOME

 After the publication of the Noli Me Tangere, Rizal was warned not to return home by:
o Paciano (his brother)
o Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law)
o Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio)
o Other Friends
 Reasons why he was determined to return to the Philippines:
o to operate on his mother’s eyes
o to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants
o to find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards in the Philippines; and
o to find out why Leonor Rivera had remained silent.
 Delightful Trip and Arrival to Manila: Rizal left Rome by train for Marseilles, a French port.
On July 3, 1887, he boarded the steamer Djemnah. There were about fifty passengers,
including 4 English, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, and many Frenchmen. On August 6 th,
he arrived in Manila. He found it the same as when he left it five years ago.
 Happy Homecoming: On August 8th, the two days after his arrival in Manila, he reached
Calamba. His family welcomed him affectionately, with plentiful tears of joy. Paciano did
not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from enemy assault. Rizal,
who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany. He was able to
earn $900 as a physician and opened a gymnasium for young folks.
 Storm over the “Noli”: Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terero to come
to Malacañang. Rizal visited Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura.
Father Faura ventured an opinion that “everything in it was the truth,” but added: “You may

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

lose your head for it”. Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguard of Rizal belonged to a
noble family.
 The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (a Dominican), sent a copy of the Noli to Father
Rector Gregorio Echavarria of the University of Santo Tomas for examination by a committee
of the faculty. There were no mass imprisonment or mass execution of Filipinos. He refused
to be intimidated by the friars who clamored for positive repressive measures against people
caught reading the novel and vindictive action against its author because of Gov. Gen.
Terero.
 DEFENDERS OF NOLI
o Marcelo H. Del Pilar- editor of La Solidaridad, he published a pamphlet entitled
“Caiigat Cayo”
o Caiigat Cayo- it means “Be slippery as an Eel”
o Father Francisco Sanchez- Rizal’s beloved Jesuit professor
o Don Segismundo Moret- a former President of the Council of Minister, he read and like
the book very much.
o Rev. Vicente Garcia- a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila
Cathedral and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas A.
Kempis.
o Father Garcia- writing under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang, he wrote a
defense of the Noli which was published in Singapore as an appendix to a pamphlet
dated on July 18, 1888.
 RIZAL AND ANDRADE
o Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade- a Spanish bodyguard, he was assigned as a bodyguard of
Rizal by Governor-General Terrero. Between Lt. Andrade and Rizal, a beautiful
friendship bloomed.
o Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble - Governor-General Terrero, influenced by certain facts in
Noli Me Tangere, ordered a government investigation of the friars estates to remedy
whatever iniquities might have been presents in connection with land taxes and with
tenant relations.
 A poem for Lipa: Before Rizal left Calamba in 1888 his friend from Lipa requested him to
write a poem in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city), by virtue of the
Becerra Law of 1888. He wrote a poem this was the Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor). He
finished it and sent to Lipa before his departure from Calamba.

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 6: Chapter 12
HONGKONG, MACAU & JAPAN
1888

 Rizal leaving the Philippines for the Second Time

o Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his country for the second
time in 1888. He was 27 years old, a practicing physician, and a recognized man of
letters.
o After six months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left via the steamer Zapiro bound
for Hong Kong.
 Amoy – the first stop over of the ship
o Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons:
 He was not feeling well
 It was raining hard
 He heard that the city is dirty.
 Hong Kong
o A British colony
o Rizal stayed in Victoria Hotel.
o He met:
 Jose Maria Basa
 Balbino Mauricio
 Manuel Yriarte (son of the alcalde mayor in Calamba)
o According to Rizal, in his letter to Blumentritt, it was a small, but very clean city.
Many Portuguese, Hindus, English, Chinese and Jews. There are some Filipinos exiled
in Marianas Islands since 1872, they were former financiers and rich but now poor,
gentle and timid.
 Rizal’s Visit to Macau
o A Portuguese colony near Hong Kong.
o Rizal together with Basa boarded a ferry named Kiu-Kiang going to Macau.
o Jose Sainz de Varanda – among one of the passengers
o Don Juan Francisco Lecaros – a Filipino gentleman who is married to a Portuguese
lady.
o Rizal and Basa stayed in his house for two days while they were in Macau.
 During Rizal’s two-week vacation in Hong Kong, he studied Chinese life, language, drama
and customs and found out the following which he wrote in his diary:
o The celebration of the Chinese New Year was quite very noisy due to the continuous
explosion of firecrackers on the streets.
o The lauriat party, wherein the guests were served a variety of dishes, shows
lavishness and hospitality among the Chinese.
o The Dominican Order, the richest religious order in Hong Kong, had millions of dollars
deposited in various banks earning very high interests.
o The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and Muslims were well maintained.
 DEPARTURE FROM HONGKONG
o February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong
o Oceanic – an American steamer, his destination was Japan

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 7: Chapter 13
RIZAL IN JAPAN

JAPAN: The land of cherry blossoms

 Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an American steamer on his way to Japan.
 He arrived in Yokohama, Japan and stayed for one day in Grand Hotel.
Rizal in Tokyo
 After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo and stayed in Tokyo Hotel for five
days.
 Tokyo Hotel- where Rizal stayed from March 2-7 in Japan
 Rizal’s letter to Blumentritt.
o Tokyo is more extensive than Paris.
o The walls are built in cyclopean manner.
o The streets are large and wide

JUDO – Japanese art of self defense

KABUKI – Japanese drama play

Juan Perez Caballero – secretary of the Spanish legation visited him in the hotel inviting him to
stay in the Spanish legation. Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted the offer for
the following reasons:

REASONS WHY HE ACCEPTED CABALLERO’S PROPOSAL

 He could economize his living expenses
 He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities.
 He and Caballero became good friends.

 In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know how to speak Niponggo (Japanese
Language)
 He was mistaken as a Europeanized Japanese because he looks like a Japanese and yet
speaks in different tongue.
 Rizal’s Impression of Japan
o The scenic beauty of the country
o The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people.
o The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women.
o There were few thieves in Japan.
o Beggars are rarely seen in the city streets.

Rickshaw – a popular mode of transportation in Japan that consist of a man-pulled cart, which he
did not like.

RIZAL AND OSEI-SAN

 A samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had never experienced true love.
 Usui – San, her father; a store owner
 A woman of beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence.
 Spoke French and English

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

 When Rizal first introduced himself to her, he took of his hat as a sign of respect (A German
custom)
 O-Sei-San – was more than Rizal’s girlfriend for she was his guide, interpreter, and tutor.
 She improved his knowledge of the Japanese language.
 She eases the pain left by Leonor Rivera.
 They were both theater addicts.
 They attended some kabuki plays such as:
o Sendaihagi
o Manjiro Nakahama
o Chushingura
 Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was tempted to leave the Philippines and
settle down in Japan.
 He was offered a job in the Spanish Legation. Paciano wrote to him reminding him of his
duty and why he left the Philippines in the first place.
 Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer in Yokohama bound for United States.
 It ended the 45 days of his unforgettable stay in Japan and his relationship with O-Sei-San.
 O-Sei-San after Rizal’s departure
o Alfred Charlton – became the husband of O-Sei-San in 1897, one year after Rizal was
executed.
o He was a British teacher of chemistry in Peers’ School in Tokyo.
o They had a daughter named Yuriko, who married a son of a Japanese senator
o Seiko-Usui died in 1947 at age 80 and was buried beside her husband.

SAYONARA JAPAN
 April 13, 1888 – Rizal left Japan boarded in Belgic, an English steamer bound for United
States
 Tetcho Suehiro – a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, champion of human rights, who was
forced by the government to leave Japan.
 He met a semi-Filipino family – Mr. Reinaldo Turner and his wife Emma Jackson, their
children and maid from Pangasinan.

TETCHO SUEHIRO
• Became a member of the Japanese Imperial Diet (Parliament)
• Wrote to novels:
– Nankai-no-Daiharan (Storm Over the South Sea) – 1891 resembling Noli Me Tangere
– O-unabara (The Big Ocean) – 1894 – resembling El Filibusterismo
– Died in 1896 at age 49 due to heart attack.

Advocates of Freedom
– Rizal
– Tetcho Suehiro

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 8: Chapter 14
RIZAL IN AMERICA

Via the steamer Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco, USA on April 28, 1888. 2 agencies that
certified Belgic is free from cholera epidemic: The America consul of Japan and The British
government of Hongkong.
 Cholera – raging epidemic in the Far East according to the Americans; All passengers are
quarantined for safety and Rizal was surprised because there is no outbreak of the disease in
the Far East, thus he joined other passengers in protest.
 643 Chinese coolies boarded the ship. The coolies from China were displacing white laborers
in railroad construction camp.
 But Rizal was questioning how come 700 bolts of silk were unloaded without fumigation.
 After a week Rizal together with other first-class passengers were permitted to land. But the
Japanese and the Chinese and passengers belonging to the second and thirds class remained
aboard.
 Rizal stayed in Palace Hotel (then a first-class hotel) in San Francisco
 He stayed there for two days
 Grover Cleveland was the president when Rizal visited the United States
 Leland Stanford – the founder and benefactor of the Stanford University was then a senator
representing California.
Rizal toured the United States
 George Washington – one of the great men of New York who visited his memorial. The 1 st
president of the United States.
 Oakland – first stop via ferryboat
 Via train
– Sacramento – where he ate his supper 75cents and slept at his couch.
– Reno, Nevada – where he had his breakfast
– Utah – where he saw Mormons, thickly populated
– Colorado – a lot of snow and pine trees
– New York – which he considers a big city
– Nebraska – Omaha City, as big as San Francisco
– Missouri River – twice as big as Pasig River
– Chicago – a lot of Indians in cigar stores
– Albany – where he saw the Hudson River
– New York – which he considers a big city
– Where he stayed for three days
– He left the United States for Liverpool, London on board the City of Rome, the second
largest ship in the world.
– Great Eastern – largest ship in the world during his time.

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NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

– – which he considers a big city

Rizal’s impression of America (Good)

 Material progress of the country as shown in its cities, farms, and industries
 The drive and energy of the Americans
 The natural beauty of the land
 The high standard of living
 The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
Rizal’s impression of America (Bad)
 Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot marry an American and vice versa.
 The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and
Negroes.
 The valuing of money over human life
 Lack of racial equality
America for Rizal
 The land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites.
 Rizal said this to Jose Alejandrino, an engineering student form Belgium

Activity
Reflection
 If you had the opportunity to move to America now and spend the rest of your life there,
would you take it? Why?

Fortifying Character
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 9: Chapter 15
LIFE AND WORKS IN LONDON, 1888-89
Stay in London
• Lived in London May 1888 to March 1889
• 3 reasons why he stayed there:
1) To improve his knowledge of the English Language
2) To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas
3) London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny
• Filipiniana studies
• Completing annotating Morga’s books
• Wrote many articles in La Solidaridad
• Penned Young Women of Malolos
• Had romance with Gertrude Beckett
Trip Across the Atlantic
• Made friends in his Atlantic voyage
• Amazed some American and European passengers
• Had a chat with newspaper men but became disappointed
• Arrived on Liverpool May 24, 1888
• “Liverpool is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The
entrance is magnificent and the custom house is quite good.”
Life in London
• Went to London May 25, 1888
• Stayed as a guest at Dr. Regidor’s home
• Became a boarder at the Beckett’s by the end of May
• Was called “Pearl of Man” by Dr. Reinhold Rost
• Played Cricket and Boxing with Dr. Rost’s sons.

Good and Bad News from Home

Bad News
• Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the “Anti-friar Petition of 1888”
• Persecution of Calamba tenants
• Furious attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by
Desengaños (Wenseslao E. Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in Spanish newspapers
• Rizal’s brother-in-law, Manuel Hidalgo was exiled in Bohol
• Laureano Viado, his friend was arrested and jailed because copies of Noli were found
in his house
Good News
• Rev. Vicente Garcias’ defended Noli against the attacks of the friars.

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NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

• Content of the letter

We young Filipinos are trying to make over a nation and must not halt in our onward march,
but from time to time turn our gaze upon our elders. We shall wish to read in their countenance’s
approval of our actions. We are anxious to learn of the Philippines’ past which we need to
understand in order to plan intelligently for the future. We want to know all that our ancestors
knew, and then add our own studies to theirs. Thus, we shall progress the faster because we can go
on from where they left off.

Annotating Morga’s books

• Spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum reading Morga’s books and old
stories of the Philippines
• Wrote a letter to Blumentritt on Sept. 17, 1888
• Mariano Ponce urged him to edit a newspaper but refused

Short Visit to Paris and Spain

• September 1888, he visited Paris for a week
• Entertained in a gay French Metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife
• He returned to London
• December 11, 1888, he went to Spain
• Met Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce

Christmas in London
• Rizal returned to London on Dec. 24, 1888 and spent his Christmas and new year ‘s day with
the Becketts.
• He sent a gift to Blumentritt and Dr. Carlos Czepelak
• Received a gift from Mrs. Beckett

Rizal becomes leader of Filipinos in Europe

• Chosen to be honorary president
• Wrote a letter of thanks addressed to the members of Asociacion La Solidaridad on Jan. 28,
1889
• Letter content
• When defeated never surrender
• Great deal of integrity and much good will

Rizal and the La Solidaridad paper

• Graciano Lopez founded La Solidaridad on Feb.15,1889 at Barcelona
• Marcelo H. del Pilar about their newspaper
• Rizal congratulated Lopez Jaena and the associates and wrote articles

First Article in La Solidaridad

• Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino Farmers)
• Published Mar. 25, 1889
• Depicted the deplorable conditions in the Philippines which cause the backwardness
of the country.

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Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

The Filipino farmers have to struggle not only against petty tyrants and robbers. Against the
first, defense indeed was permitted; against the latter not always…
After the floods, locusts, fires, bad harvests, and the like the farmer capitalist has to deal
with constable who takes away from his laborer s for personal service, some public works repair of
roads, bridges and others; with the civil guards who arrests them for various reasons sometimes for
not carrying with them their personal cedulas (certificates) for not saluting properly, for being
suspicious persons, or for no reason whatsoever and they manacle them to clean the barracks and
thus compel the capitalist to live on better terms with the chief and, if not, they take away his
carabaos, oxen, in spite of many protests.
At times it is not the constable or the civil guard who opposes so indirectly the minister of
colonies. An official of the court or the provincial government, dissatisfied with the farmer,
urgently summons this or that laborer, if not two or three. The unfortunate man undertakes a trip
of two or three days, uneasy and distrustful, spends his savings, arrives, presents himself, waits,
returns the next day and waits, finally to be asked a frown and the look of a judge, abstruse and
unknown things. He is lucky if he comes out free from questioning, for not infrequently after it, he
is sent to jail from which he comes out later as stupid as before.

Writings in London
• La Vision del Fray Rodriguez (The vision of Fray Rodriguez)
• Published at Barcelona
• Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
• M.H. del Pilar
• Praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they
could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest
of Malolos.
1. A Filipino mother should teach her children love of God, fatherland, and
mankind
2. Filipino mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother
3. Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor
4. Filipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial
virtues.
5. Faith is not merely reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but
rather it is living the real Christian way, with good morals and good manners.
Writings in London
• Specimens of Tagalog Folklore
• Two Eastern Fables
• Requested by: Dr. Rost

Romance with Gertrude Beckett

• Gertrude Beckett
• “Gettie”
• Buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes, and rosy cheeks
• Eldest of the three sisters
• Fell in love with Rizal
• helped him in his painting and sculpture
 Rizal finished 4 sculptures

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NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

• Promotheus Bound
• The Triumph of Death over Life
• The Triumph of Science over Death
• Composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters

Adios London
 On March 19, 1889, he left London
Course Module
Module 10: Chapter 16
IN GAY PARIS, 1889-90

After his trip to London, he moves to PARIS. Timely there is an International Exposition being
held at Paris.

Rizal’s roommates
1. Captain Justo Trinidad – former gobernadorcillo & a refugee from Spanish tyranny.
2. Jose Albert – young student from Manila.

In his spare hours, he used to dine at the house of the De Taveras:

1. DR. TRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERA – physician by vocation and philologist by avocation.
2. DR. FELIX PARDO DE TAVERA – also a physician by vocation and an artist & sculptor by
avocation.
3. PAZ PARDO DE TAVERA – wife of Juan Luna.
4. DON JOAQUIN PARDO DE TAVERA – an exile of 1872 who escape from Marianas & lived in
France.

MR. EDWARD BOUSTED – was born in the Philippines, the son of a rich French businessman of
Singapore, and had married a daughter of prominent Genato family of Manila.
o Two attractive daughters:
1. Nellie – a fencer
2. Adelina – quiet, dignified & refined

He carried his artistic hobbies and made two statues:

1. The Beggar
2. The Maid with a Baker – sent to Blumentrit together with an artistic wallet (PETACA) made
of Philippine vine.

TWO CLUBS FOUNDED BY RIZAL

1. Kidlat Club - special club form in order to organize Filipinos in the French country
- Members: Antonio, Juan Luna and Lauro Dimagiba
2. Indios Bravos

TWO SATIRICAL WORK OF RIZAL

1. La Vision de Fray Rodriquez
2. Por Telepono
TWO MAGNIFICENT PROJECT OF RIZAL IN PARIS

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Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

1. International Association of Filipinologist

2. Modern Filipino College in Hongkong

International Association of Filipinologist – it is an association that aims to study the Philippines

from the scientific and historical point of view.

OFFICERS OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FILIPINOLOGIST

President: Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian)
Vice President: Mr. Edmund Plauehul (French)
Counselor: Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-German)
Counselor: Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (Filipino-Spanish)
Secretary: Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)

Modern Filipino in Hongkong – it is a college that aims to train and educate men of good family
and financial means in according with the demands of modern times and circumstances.
Mr. Cunanan – who promised Rizal to help him raise money as initial capital for the college.
P40,000.00 – amount needed as capital for the college.

Por Telepono – another satirical work of Rizal that is a reply to Fr. Salvador Font, who master mind
the banning of his Noli. It was published in booklet form in Barcelona, 1889.
– It describes in comical vein a telephone conversation between Father Salvador Font and a
friar in the San Agustin Convent in Manila.
Dimasalang – pen name used by Rizal in writing Por Telepono.

Adelina Boustead – another romance of Rizal in Paris.

Antonio Luna – a dashing man of violent passions who is madly in love with Nelly (Adelina’s sister)
Mir Deas – Spanish newspaperman who was writing articles against Filipinos.

Reasons that Rizal marriage did not prosper:

1. Adelina was not sure who loved her because of his broken engagement.
2. Rizal refused to accept the condition that he will become a protestant like her.
3. Adelina’s mother opposed the match because Rizal was not rich enough to support a family
in style.

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DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 11: Chapter 17
IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, 1890

January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, capital of Belgium.

Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave Paris:

1. The cost of living in Paris was very high because of the Universal Exposition, and
2. The gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his
second novel El Filibusterismo.

Marcelo H. del Pilar & Valentin Ventura – friend of Rizal. They thought that Rizal left London
because he was running away from a girl. Rizal left Paris because his money was dwindling. After
Ventura knew his reason, he invited Rizal to stay in Paris without paying a rent. But Rizal did not
accept the offer given by Ventura because he had a high sense of dignity and would not accept the
charity from any man.

Life in Brussels
 Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels.
 They live in a modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by to
Jacoby sisters.
 When Albert left the city, he was replaced by Jose Alejandrino, an engineering student.
 He was busy writing his second novel and wrote articles for the La Solidaridad.
 As a physician, he spent time in the medical clinic.
 For his recreation, he had gymnastics at the gymnasium and target practice and fencing at
the armory.
 Rizal was also frugal.

Rizal articles in La Solidaridad

Among his splendid articles which appreared in La Solidaridad from 1889 to 890 were the
following:
1. “La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All) issue of May 31, 1889. This is the first article of
Rizal written for La Solidaridad.
2. “Verdades Nuevas” (New Truth) July 31, 1889.
3. “Una Profanacion” (a Profanation) July 31, 1889. A biting attack against the friars for
refusing to bury Mariano Herbosa in the Catholic cemetery because he was a brother-in-law
of Rizal.
4. “Diferencias” (Differences” September 15, 1889.
5. “Filipinas dentro de Cien Años” (The Philippines A Century Hence) published serially on
September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 1, 1890. It contains a prophecy
that someday the Filipinos will rise in revolution against Spain and win their independence,
but later the Philippines shall come under the rule of the United States.
6. “Ingratitudes” (Ingratitudes) January 15, 1890. A reply to Governor-General Weyler who,
while visiting Laguna Province in company with the Dominicans, said that the people “should
not let themselves be deceived by the vain promises of ungrateful sons.”
7. “Sin Nombre” (Without Name) February 28, 1890.

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Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

8. “Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala” (On the New Orthography of the Tagalog
Language) April 15, 1890. In this article, Rizal advocates the use of a new spelling in
Tagalog.
9. “Cosas de Filipinas” (Things about the Philippines) April 30, 1890.
10.“Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos” (On the Indolence of Filipinos) July 15 – September 15,
1890. This is a brilliant essay in defense of Filipino indolence.

Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling

 According to Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura, Filipinos in Spain were destroying the good
name of their nation by gambling too much.
 Rizal wrote a letter to Marcelo H. del Pilar and reminded the Filipinos in Madrid that they
did not go to Europe to gamble, but to work for their Fatherland’s freedom.
 The Filipino gamblers in Madrid were so angry at Rizal’s moralizing; they even called him
“Papa” (Pope) instead “Pepe.”

Bad News from Home

 The Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse.
 The management of the Dominican Hancienda continually raised the land rents until such
time that Rizal’s father together with the other tenants refused to pay their rents.
 The Dominican order filed a suit in court to dispossess the Rizal of their lands in Calamba.
 The tenants and the Rizal family were persecuted and ejected from their lands.
 Paciano, Antonio Lopez and Silvestre Ubaldo were deported to Mindoro.
 Manuel T. Hihaldo was banished for a second time to Bohol.

Presentation of Death
In his moment of despair Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels when he was
restless because he was always thinking of his unhappy family in Calamba. Although he was not
superstitious, he feared that he would not live long. He was afraid to die, but he wanted to finish
his second novel before he went to his grave.

Preparation to go Home
In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family, Rizal decided to go home. He could
not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in distant Philippines
were in despair.
Hearing that Graciano Lopez Jaena was planning to go to Cuba, he wrote to Ponce on July 9,
1890, opposing Graciano’s plan of action. He said that Graciano should not go to Cuba because of
the yellow fever; instead he “ought to go to the Philippines to allow him to be killed in defense of
his ideals.

On to Madrid Instead of Home

Rizal did not heed the dire warnings of his friends. No threat of danger could change his
plan.
Something, however, happened that suddenly made him change his mind. It was a letter
from Paciano which related that they lost the case against the Dominican in Manila, but they
appealed it to the Supreme Court in Spain, hence a lawyer was needed to handle it in Madrid. Rizal
wrote a letter to M. H. del Pilar on June 29, 1890 retaining the latter’s services as a lawyer.

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NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

“To My Muse” (1890)

 It was against a background of mental anguish in Brussels, during those sad days when he
was worried by family disasters, that he wrote his pathetic poem, A Mi…
 This poem lacks the exquisiteness of To the Flowers of Heidelberg and is less polished than
To the Filipino Youth, but it is passionate in feeling.

Two things brought some measure to cheer him

1. The summertime festival of Belgium, which was celebrated in carnival style – with colorful
costumes, fantastic floats, and many days of merriment.
2. His romance with Suzanne Jacoby, the petite nice of his landladies.

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 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Course Module
Module 12: Chapter 18
MISFORTUNES IN MADRID, 1890-91

This chapter consists of adversities encountered by Rizal when he was in Madrid. On August
1890 when he arrived in the place to seek justice for his family and Calamba tenants. As he was
there, he almost fought two duels – one with Antonio Luna and the other was Wenceslao Retana.
Not only that, but also the infidelity of Leonor Rivera broke his heart. Many were the sad moments
he experienced not just those facts given above, but still he survived.

FAILURE TO GET JUSTICE FOR HIS FAMILY

When Rizal arrived in Madrid, he implored help from Asociacion Hispano-Filipina and other
liberal Spanish newspapers to secure those Calamba tenants and his family.
 Marcelo H. del Pilar – lawyer
 Dr. Dominador Gomez – secretary of Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
 Senor Fabie – Minister of Colonies
Q1. What is the Spanish colonial policy stated in the Madrid newspaper EI Resumen?
 “To cover the ears, open the purse and fold the arms”

MORE TERRIBLE NEWS

1. From Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law) – ejectment order by the Dominicans against
Francisco Rizal and other Calamba tenants.
2. From Saturnina – deportation of Paciano Rizal, Antonino Lopez, Silvestre Ubaldo, Mateo
Elejorde, Dandoy to Mindoro; and
3. From Saturnina – their parents were forcibly ejected from their home and were living in
Narcisa’s house.
 Becerra and Maura – honeyed words of sympathy and nothing else.
 Blumentritt – urged Rizal to Queen Regent Maria Cristina (minority of Alfonso XII)

RIZAL’S EULOGY TO PANGANIBAN

 Jose Ma. Panganiban
- co-worker in the Propaganda Movement
- Died in Barcelona in the age of 27
- August 19, 1890
 Feliciano Gonzales Timbang
Rizal wrote a great eulogy expressing how great was Jose Ma. Panganiban and how unfortunate
Philippines were that he died.

ABORTED DUEL WITH ANTONIO LUNA

A social reunion was held, and wines were usually served. When Antonio Luna became drunk,
he uttered unpalatable remarks against Nellie Boustead for he was bitter that time. The reason was
he failed in winning the heart of the latter and he blamed Rizal.
Rizal heard it and because Rizal does not want women to be disgraced, he challenged Luna
to a fight.
 Jose Rizal – better pistol shot
 Antonio Luna – superior as a swordsman

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Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

But, when Luna became sober, he realized how foolish he did. Immediately, he apologized
to Rizal and the latter forgave making them good friend again.

RIZAL CHALLENGES RETANA TO DUEL

Rizal was not a hot-tempered nor he was quarrelsome in nature, but if his parents and
family were attack, he never falters nor stammers to fight just to save them.
 Wenceslao Retana
- talented Spanish scholar
- press agent of the friars in Spain
- Rizal’s bitter enemy in pen
He wrote an article in La Epoca which was an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid. The article
declares that Rizal’s family and friends were ejected from Calamba because they did not pay their
rents.
Rizal, after hearing the insult was enraged and challenged Retana to a duel for only Retana’s
blood can be accepted as an apology because of what he had done to Rizal’s family.
Retana who know that he had no chance of winning, published a retraction and an apology in
the same newspaper.
From that incident, Retana’s pen became silent. Eventually, he developed a great
admiration for Rizal and made the first book-length biography of the greatest Filipino hero.

Infidelity of Leonor Rivera

 Autumn of 1890: Rizal attended a play at Teatro Apolo in Madrid. It was there
where he lost his gold watch chain with a locket containing the picture of Leonor Rivera, his
beloved sweetheart.
 December 1890: Rizal received a letter from Leonor, announcing her coming
marriage to an Englishman and asking his forgiveness. That letter was a great blow to him.
 It took several weeks for Rizal to confide to his best friend, Blumentritt about
the letter.
 In his reply to Rizal, dated February 15, 1891, he consoled him. In a part of the
letter he stated: “…for I know your heart is pained; but you are one of the heroes who
conquer pain from a wound inflicted by a woman, because they follow higher ends. You
have a courageous heart, and you are in love with a nobler woman, the Motherland.”
 Three months later, Blumentritt sent another comforting letter saying: “…If
she was able to renounce a Rizal, she did not possess the nobility of your spirit.”

Rizal – Del Pilar Rivalry

 Closing days of 1890: There arose unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and M.H. del Pilar for
supremacy Rizal was then the undisputed leader of the Filipinos in Europe.
 Del Pilar was a fearless lawyer-journalist known for his vigorous editorials in La Solidaridad,
which he came to own.
 Del Pilar has purchased this from Pablo Rianzares, its first proprietor, and replaced Graciano
Lopez Jaena as its editor.
 Rizal tried to imbue his compatriots with his own idealism. This was to gain prestige for the
Propaganda Movement and to win the respect of the Spanish people.
 His idealism: Possess high standards of morality, dignity, and spirit of sacrifice.

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NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

 This was not shared by frivolous countrymen who were more interested with wine, women,
and cards.
 Consequently, Rizal’s leadership declined.
 Some of his former admirers turned against him because they resented his interference with
their private lives. They became supporters of Del Pilar.
 The editorial policy of La Solidaridad under Del Pilar enhanced the cleavage between Rizal
and Del Pilar.
 Rizal and his close friends objected to the editorial policy because it was contrary to Rizal’s
political views.
 January 1, 1891: the Filipinos in Madrid met to patch up their differences and to intensify
the campaign for reform.
 They decided to have an election to name the Responsable who was to direct the affairs and
determine the editorial policy.
 Del Pilar opposed this as it was a private enterprise, though he was willing to publish articles
that would express the aspirations and demands of the Filipino people.
 Through Del Pilar’s opposition, the proposition to place La Solidaridad under the control of
the Responsable was abandoned.
 The meeting proceeded to the business of electing the Responsable.
 It was agreed that the Responsable should be elected by a two-thirds vote of the Filipino
community.

Rizal Abdicates His Leadership

 First week of February 1891: The election took place.
 There were two hostile camps: the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas.
 Passion ran high, inflaming animosity and disunity in the ranks of the compatriots.
 On the first day of voting, Rizal was winning, but he could not obtain the required 2/3rds
vote to be proclaimed as the Responsable. The same thing happened the second day.
 The situation was becoming explosive and critical.
 On the third day, Mariano Ponce appealed to his countrymen to vote for Rizal. Some
Pilaristas, evidently, heeded his plea.
 The voting that day resulted in Rizal’s victory. He became the Responsable.
 Rizal graciously declined the coveted position; he did not relish being a leader of a divided
people.
 He didn’t want to be the cause of disunity and bitterness among his countrymen.

Adios, Madrid
 Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his compatriots for electing him as Responsable.
 He then boarded a train leaving for Biarritz.
 City of Madrid: a place where he was happy during his first sojourn (1882-85), but unhappy
on his second visit (1890-91).
 This was the last time he saw Madrid
 Rizal’s agonizing heart bade goodbye to the metropolis, of which he had written years ago:
“Madrid is one of the gayest cities of the world which combines the spirit of Europe and the
East, which has adopted the orderliness, the convenience, the bon ton of civilized Europe without
disdaining, without repelling, the brilliant colors, the ardent passions, the primitive customs of

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NORTH LA UNION CAMPUS
Bacnotan, La Union
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

the African tribes, of the chivalrous Arabs whose traces are still recognizable everywhere, in the
look, feelings and prejudices of the people and even in their laws.”

Project
To Rizal
 As we all know, Rizal was a great writer. Many of his poems were deep and full of passion,
one of which he even wrote for us, the youth of our country. It’s your turn to write to the
Pambansang Bayani.
 Compose and dedicate a poem for Rizal and the Philippines today. Be creative with the
designs of your poem but make it appropriate.
 CRITERIA
o Content - 45
o Creativity - 35
o Neatness - 20
o TOTAL - 100 pts.

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