Common Elements: Football Is A Family of

Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal.
Unqualified, the
word football normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly
called football include association football (known as soccer in some countries); gridiron football (specifically American
football or Canadian football); Australian rules football; rugby football (either rugby league or rugby union); and Gaelic football.[1]
[2]
These various forms of football are known as football codes.
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games played in many different parts of the world.[3][4]
[5]
Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the 19th
century.[6][7] The expansion of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the
directly controlled Empire.[8] By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for
example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.[9] In 1888, The
Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the 20th century,
several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.[10]
Common elements
The action of kicking in (top to bottom, left to right) association, gridiron, Australian and rugby football
The various codes of football share certain common elements and can be grouped into two main classes of football: carrying codes
like American football, Canadian football, rugby union and rugby league, where the ball is moved about the field while being held in
the hands or thrown, and kicking codes such as Association football and Gaelic football, where the ball is moved primarily with the
feet, and where handling is strictly limited.[11]
Common rules among the sports include:[12]
 Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or more per team) are
also popular.
 A clearly defined area in which to play the game.
 Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line.
 Goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
 The goal or line being defended by the opposing team.
 Players using only their body to move the ball.
In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking.[11] In most codes, there are rules
restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the
goalposts.
Etymology
Ancient games
See also: Episkyros and Cuju
A painting depicting Emperor Taizu of Song playing cuju (i.e. Chinese football) with his prime minister Zhao Pu (趙普) and other ministers, by the Yuan
dynasty artist Qian Xuan (1235–1305)
The Chinese competitive game cuju (蹴鞠), as stated by FIFA, is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence
and appears in a military manual dated to the second and third centuries BC.[14] It existed during the Han dynasty and possibly
the Qin dynasty, in the second and third centuries BC.[15] The Japanese version of cuju is kemari (蹴鞠), and was developed during
the Asuka period.[16] This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD.
In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie
uppie).
An ancient Roman tombstone of a boy with a Harpastum ball from Tilurium (modern Sinj, Croatia)
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The
Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (Episkyros)[17][18] or
"φαινίνδα" (phaininda),[19] which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by the Christian
theologian Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215 AD). These games appear to have resembled rugby football.[20][21][22][23][24] The Roman
politician Cicero (106–43 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a
barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis.[25][26] Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football
by FIFA.[27]
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many different
parts of the world. For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis, went ashore to
play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland.[28] There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice,
called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through
each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia recorded a game played by
Native Americans, called Pahsaheman.[citation needed] On the Australian continent several tribes of indigenous people played kicking and
catching games with stuffed balls which have been generalised by historians as Marn Grook (Djab Wurrung for "game ball"). The
earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1878 book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in which a man
called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1841 in Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the
game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players
leap into the air in order to catch it." Some historians have theorised that Marn Grook was one of the origins of Australian rules
football.
Medieval and early modern Europe

Further information: Medieval football
The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. An
early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum, which describes "a party of boys ...
playing at ball".[29] References to a ball game played in northern France known as La Soule or Choule, in which the ball was
propelled by hands, feet, and sticks,[30] date from the 12th century.[31]
An illustration of so-called "mob football"
The early forms of football played in England, sometimes referred to as "mob football", would be played in towns or between
neighbouring villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams who would clash en masse,[32] struggling to move
an item, such as inflated animal's bladder [33] to particular geographical points, such as their opponents' church, with play taking place
in the open space between neighbouring parishes.[34] The game was played primarily during significant religious festivals, such as
Shrovetide, Christmas, or Easter,[33] and Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns (see
below).
The first detailed description of what was almost certainly football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174–1183.
He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday:

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Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal.

Medieval and early modern Europe

An illustration of so-called "mob football"

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