Special Garments

In the modern world, to perform risky work it is necessary to wear special

garments.In the specially risky environment. Because, it is the responsibility of
employer to protect their employeesfrom any harmful effect during work at any
risky environment. For example, a person working in a chemical plant may be
affected by the chemicals that is handling everyday. To protect that person from
the effect of chemicals he/she protected by using chemical resistant clothing. The
garmrnts, used for protection of human body or life during working ay any risky
environment,is called protective clothing of specials garments.

Some special garments:

1. Heat and flame resistance clothing.

2. Protective clothing for radiant heat.

3. Fire fighter clothing.

4. Armed force clothing.

5. Protective clothing for space shuttle.

6. Clothing for coal miners.

7. Chemical resistance clothing.

8. Racing clothing.

9. Driving clothing.

10. Swimming clothing.

Heat and flame resistance clothing:

The people working in the steel mill,moulding factory,welding factory,glass item

manufacturing factory etc have to face enough heat and flame everyday. Hence,
their life risk is higher. To save their body and life from the risk of flame and heat,
it is necessary to provide them flame and heat resistant work wear. Human body
and skin is heat sensitive, if human skin is subjected to 45C. he/she feels burning
effect and at 72C, burning occurs in the skin and blister is formed in the skin.

The diffenence between core and shell Temperature :

No Core temp. Shell temp.

1. The temparature of interior The temparature of the skin/tissues
Body is called core temp. immediately under the skin line called
shell temperature.
2. Remain almost constant, it varies Rise/ fall with the temperatur e of
with in 1F surrounding.
3. Generally more than shell Generally less than core temp.
Temperature .

 Types of fibers are suitable for making heat and flame resistance cloth as per
merits:

● Zirpro wool

●Zirpro wool/glass fiber

● Aramide fiber

● Fire resistance cotton (FR cotton).

The loss of heat through clothing by radiation method.

Heat radiation means infrared radiation or microwave radiation. All the materials
take part in radiation. Heat loss by radiation method can be expressed by the
following theory:

Ec= e &T4

Where,

E= amount of heat energy loss

T= Temperature °k

&= constant

e= Emissivity of body

The value of ‘e’ depends on the surface of the body and due to variation of color of
the same body.

The mechanism of reduceing and increasing body tempetature :

A. Heat production within the body:

1. Melabolism: Oxidation of food material, produce learge amount of heat
in the body.
2. Physical Activity : The skelital muscles preduces about half of the body
heat during exercise, walkin g, running, and other form of physical
activity.
3. Metabolic activity of lever reart pruduct heat.
4. Action of some thyroxine, Epircphrise , enxyme also produce heat.
5. Peristallic activity of entastine during disession also produce heat.
 B. Heat gain fron environments:

1. Direct from sun and heated subsiarees.

2. Consumtion of hot food and drinks.

Mechanism of heat loss from human body:

1. Radiation : 60% of total body heat lost by by radiation.

2. Conductio: 18% of heat lost when surrourding air temparature is very low.
3. Convection: By cold air contact with skin.
4. Evaporation: About 22% heat is lost by in this way throuhg lunge and skin
by sersible perspiration and swelling. Moisture relase from human body>
200ml/hr at rest of condition .
600ml/hr at moderate activity.
1200ml/hr at heavy activity.
5. Heat loss through faces and flutes
6. Heat loss througe linire.

Thermogenesis: The process of heat production by the body is called

Thermogenesis.

Thermolysis : The process of heat loss from the body is called

thermolysis.

What is waterproof breathable fabric??

The term breathable means the fabric is actively ventilated. Breathable fabric
passively allows water vapour to diffuse through them but prevent. The penetration
of liquid water. Production of water vapour by skin is essential for maintenance of
body temperature. It this vapour cannot escape to the surrounding atmosphere the
clothing become uncomfortable. In extreme case hypothermic can result. The
ability of fabric of fabric to allow water vapour to penetrate is known as
breathability or water vapour permeability. Waterproof breathable fabrics prevent
the penetration of liquid water from outside to inside but permit the penetration of
water vapour from inside the clothing to the outside atmosphere.
Desired Properties of Water proof breathable clothing

– Effectiveness of clothing against wind chill factor

– Durability: tear tensile and peel strength; fles and abrasion resistance

– Launder ability

– Strength of coating

– Good wash ability / dry clean ability

– Resistance to insect repellents

– Good hydrostatic resistance

Densely woven fabric??

In 1940 effective waterproof breathable fabric was developed for military purpose
& is known as ventile. The finest type of long staple cotton so there are very small
spaces between the fibres. The yarn is woven using an Oxford weave , this gives
minimum crimp in weft & fibres become parallel to the surface of the fabric. When
cotton fabric is wetted by water, fibres swell transversely reducing the size of the
pores in the fabric & require very high pressure to cause penetration.

Densely woven fabric can also be made from synthetic monofilament yarns. The
water penetration resistance of the fabric is improved by application of silicon or
fluorocarbon finish.

Membranes:

Membranes are extremely thin films made from polymeric materials and have
very high resistance to liquid water, penetration but allows the passage of water
vapour. Typical membranes are 10mm thick. They are types

1. Micro porous

2.Hydrophilic/non poromeric
Micro porous: Best known micro porous membranes developed of introduce in
1976 by W Gore Tex. This is a film of expanded PTFE, polymer and contains 1.4
billion tiny holes per square cm. these holes are much smaller than smallest
raindrops (2-3 micro meter) but much larger than water vapour molecules. Micro
porous membranes have hydrophilic polyurethane to reduce the effect of
contamination.

Hydrophilic: Hydrophilic membranes are very thin of chemically modified

polyester or polyurethane containing no holes. The polyester or polyurethane
polymer is modified by incorporating up to 40% by weight of poly ethylene oxide.
The amorphous region of poly ethylene oxide act like intermolecular pored
allowing water vapour molecule to pass through but preventing the penetration of
liquid water.

Methods of incorporation:

1. Bundes Mann rain tester:

Fig. Bundes mann rain tester

The Parts of test of water proof ability:

1.Water 2. Filler and dionizer

3.Reservoir 4.Jets

5.Simulated rain 6. Specimen

This apparatus and procedure was developed in 1935. Water is feed through a lilter
and deionizer to an upper reservoir. This reservoir has a large number of jets of
defined size in its base. The pressure of water in the reservoir causes water to flow
out through the jets. Drop of simulated rain. Specimen of fabric are placed over
four inclined cup ad sealed at the edge. The cup contains rotating wipers. Any
water penetrating the fabric collects in the cup and volume measured. The
percentage of water retained by the fabric is also determined on mass basis.

2.Wool industries Research Association shower tester (WIRA):

 Fig. WIRA Shower Tester

The main parts of WIRA shower tester:

1.Funnel 2. glass tube

3.Reservoir 4.Simeleted rain

5.Ribbed glass 6.Ribbed glass

7.Breaker 8.Specimin

9.PTFE perforued base 10. Filter

A standard volume of water is placed in a funnel which acts as reservoir. The

water flows slowly out of the funnel into a transparent reservoir with a perforated
base made PTFE. A filter paper is placed on top of the perforated base to slow
down the flow of water. When water produces separated drops which fall onto the
fabric specimen are placed under penetrated the fabric runs down into a 10cm3
measuring cylinder. From this test three results may be determined

I. Percentage absorption on a mass basis

II. The total volume of water that penetrated the fabric
III. Time taken for the 1st 10cm3 to penetrate

3.The credit rain simulation tester:

Fig. Credit rain simulation tester

The main parts of Credit rain simulation tester:

1.Reservoir 2.Simulated rain 3. Drospliter 4.Random size droplets

5.Speciman

when water proof is made into garments the seams can become the weak link
unless properly constructed. The credit rain simulation was designed to test the
effectiveness of seams. It consists of a small water reservoir the base of which
contains jets, which allows the water to flow out slowly forming drops of
simulated rain. The drops hit a drop splitter which breaks the drop into random
sized droplets. The seamed fabric specimen is placed over a smi cylindrical printed
circular board. The water is made electrically conductive by dissolving s small
amount of mineral salt. Any water penetrating the seam completes an electrical
circuit this gives time to penetration and position of penetration.

3.American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists rain test (AATCC):

Fig. The AATC rain tester

The main parts of AATC rain tester:

1.Water supply 2.Pressure control 3. Nozzle 4. Specimen 5. Blotting

paper 6. Drain

A column of water maintained at a constant height in a vertical glass tube is used

to supply pressurized water to a horizontal spray nozzle containing a specified
number of holes of specified size. The fabric specimen is placed vertically in front
of this nozzle backed by slightly smaller piece of blotting paper. This specimen
assembly is exposed to the spray for 5 min. mass of blotting paper is an indication
of penetration of water through the fabric. From this test three results may be
determined.

1.the maximum pressure at which no penetration occurs

2.the change in penetration with increasing pressure

3.the minimum pressure required to cause penetration

Submitted By
Name ID
Md. yeasin arafat omi 2017000400014
Khorshed alam 2017000400023
Tanjidul Islam 2017000400019
Anisha Alamgir Mila 2017000400013