I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS

1. Physical Quantity 1. Physical Quantity

2. Scalar A) A physical quantity is a quantity that can be
3. Vector measured i.e. a physical quantity is properly
defined, has proper units, and its value can be
4. Geometrical representation of a Vector measured by an instrument.
5. Types of Vectors B) Examples of physical quantites are Length, Mass,
Time, Force, Etc.,
6. Representation of angle between two vectors
C) Physical quantities are mainly classified into two types.
7. Addition of Vectors (Geometrical Method) a) Scalars and b) Vectors
8. Triangle law of addition of vectors 2. Scalar
A) Scalar quantities are those which have only
9. Laws of Vector Addition mangitude.
10. Parallelogram Law of Vectors B) Examples of Scalars are Length, time, volume,
density, temperature, mass, work, energy, electric
11. Triangle law of vectors charge, electric current, potential ,resistance, capacity,
etc.....
12. Polygon Law of Vectors C) To describe a scalar quantity we require
i. The specific unit of that quantity
13. Equilibriant
ii. The number of times that unit is contained in
that quantity
14. Lami's Theorem
3. Vector
15. Tangent law
A) Physical quantities having both magnitude and
16 Subtraction of Vectors direction and that obeys laws of vector addition are
17. Laws of Vector subtraction called vectors thus a physical quantity is called a
18. Application of Vector Substraction Vector if in addition to magnitude it has a specified
19. Component of a Vector direction, obeys the law of parallelogram of addition
   
20. Resolution of a Vector into rectangular and its addition is commutative i.e. A  B = B  A
Components then and then only it is said to be a vector. If any of
the above conditions is not satisfied the physical
21. Direction cosines quantity cannot be a vector.
22. Position Vector B) If a physical quantity is a vector it has a direction, but
the converse may or may not be true, i.e. if a physical
23. Displacement vector
quantity has a direction, it may or may not a be vec-
24. Condition for collision tor. e.g. time, pressure, surface tension or current etc.
have directions but are not vectors. The magnitude of
25. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar 
a vector ( A ) is the absolute value of a vector and
26. Application of multiplication of a vector by a 
indicated by | A | or A.
scalar
C. Examples of Vectors are displacement, velocity,
27. Scalar Product (or) DOT Product acceleration, force, momentum, angular momentum
,moment of force, torque, magnetic moment, magnetic
28. Component of b along a and perpendicular induction field, Intensity of electric field, etc
of a D. To describe a vector quantity we require.
i) The specific unit of that quantity.
29. Application of DOT Product
ii) The number of times that unit is contained in
30. Vector Product (or) Cross Product that quantity.
31. Application of Cross Product iii) The orientation of that quantity.
Note:-
32. Application of Cross Product in Electricity and
Magnetism 1. Electric Current has both magnitude and direction. It
is not a Vector because it does not obey laws of vector

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 I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS
addition. vector having the same magnitude as that of a but
2. Velocity of light (c) is not considered as a Vector. exactly in opposite direction is called negative of a.
4. Geometrical representation of Vector : It is denoted as - a . Negative of a vector is also
A) A vector is graphically represented by an "arrow" in called reversed vector.
such a way, that its length represents the magni-
tude and the direction of the arrow gives the a
direction associated with the vector.

Head
a
Tail
viii) Like vectors (or) parallel vectors : Two or more
A a B
vectors (representing same physical quantity) are
called like vectors if they are parallel to each other,
Thus AB = a is a vector. Its magnitude a = a. however their magnitudes may be different. Angle
B) A is called Origin of the vector (or) initial point of between like vectors is 0 0.
the vector (or) tail of the vector
C) B is called head of the vector (or) terminal point of 
the vector (or) terminus of the vector A
5. Types of Vectors :
a) Real or polar vectors: Vectors with inherent  
direction, such as displacement, force, linear
B C
momentum, velocity, acceleration etc., are called
real vectors. The direction of real vectors is inde- ix) Unlike vectors (or) anti parallel vectors : Two
pendent of coordinate system. vectors (representing same physical quantity) are
b) Pseudo or axial vectors: Vectors whose direction called unlike vectors if they act in opposite direction
is fixed by arbitrary rules (such as right hand screw however their magitudes can be different. Angle
rule) are called axial vectors. Examples of axial between unlike vectors is 180 0.
vectors are angular velocity, torque, angular
momentum etc., When a right handed coordinate 
system is changed to a left handed coordinate A
system, a pseudo vector is reversed in direction.
c) Unit vector : 
i) A vector whose modulus is one (unity) is called a B
Unit vector.
ii) Unit vectors are used as indicators of direction. x) Equal vectors : Two or more vectors (representing
r same physical quantity) are called equal if their
iii) If r is a vector, then  rˆ is a unit vector in the magnitudes and directions are same.Angle between
r
equal vectors is 0 0.
direction of r .
iv) A unit vector has no dimensions and no units. 
A
v) Unit vector along the positive xaxes is î 
B
Unit vector along the positive yaxes is ˆj 
C

Unit vector along the positive z axes is k̂

xi) Co-initial vectors : The vectors having same initial
vi) î  ĵ  k̂ = 1. point are called co-initial vectors.


 B 
A C

O

E


D
vi) Null vector: A vector having zero magnitude and
no specific direction [ i.e., any direction] is called a
Null vector. A null vector is also called Zero vector. xii) Collinear vectors : Two or more vectors are said to
vii) Proper vector : A vector which is not null is called be collinear when they act along the same line
a proper vector however their magnitudes may be different.
vii) Negative of a Vector: If a is any vector, then a

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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS
xiii) Coplanar vectors : A number of vectors are said to
be coplanar if they are in the same plane or parallel C
to the same plane. However their magnitudes may
be different.
xiv) Fixed vector : Fixed vector is also called localised A
vector. Fixed vector is that vector whose tail is fixed. B

Ex: Position vector A=B =C

Transition of a vector
xv) Free vector : Free vector is that vector whose initial parallel to itself
point or tail is not fixed. Free vector is also called non
localised vector
ii) If a vector is rotated through an angle other than mul-
Ex: Velocity vector
tiple of 2  (or 360º) it changes (see Figure).
xvi) Coterminus vectors : Vectors which have same
terminal point are called coterminus vectors B
6. Representation of angle between two A

vectors :
A) The angle between two vectors is represented by the
smaller of the two angles between the vectors when A B
they are placed tail to tail by displacing either of the Rotation of a vector
vectors parallel to it self.
  iii) If the frame of reference is translated or rotated the
Ex: The angle between A and B is correctly represented vector does not change though its components may
in the following figures. change. In other words the magnitude of the vector
 remains unaltered
 B
B (or)  B
B
 
 


or
 A

ct
A A
S'
ve
Fig.(ii) B A
Fig.(i)
  O'
B) If the angle between A and B is  , then the angle
  O S
between A and KB is also  . Where ‘K’ is a
moving frame
positive constant.
 7. Addition of Vectors (Geometrical Method)
 KB
B 1. To add two vectors geometrically represent the vec-
  tors by arrow head lines using the same suitable
  scale, with their proper directions in the choosen co-
A A
  ordinate system.
C) If the angle between
 A and B is  , then the
 2. Join the initial point of the second vector with the final
point of the first vector by moving parallel to itself.
angle between A and  KB is (180 –  ) . Where
K is a positive constant.  3. Now, draw an arrow from the initial point of the first
B vector to the final point of the second vector. This ar-
  row represents the resultant of the two vectors.
B   8. Triangle law of addition of vectors :
 KB A 
 180 0
First join the initial point of Q with the final point of
A 
P and then, to find the resultant of these two, draw a

D) Angle between collinear vectors is always zero or vector R from the initial point of P to the final point
1800C  
  of Q . This single vector R is the resultant of vec-
Q Q  
tors P and Q .
 or   
  00 P   180 0 P Q R

Note:- Q
i. If a vector is displaced parallel to itself it does not  
change i.e., its magnitude & direction remains unal- P P
tered   
R represents the resultant of P and Q
   both in
magnitude and direction. So, R  P  Q.
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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS

9. Laws of Vector Addition : Magnitude of resultant :

a) Vector addition obeys commutative law. The line OA is extended upto point N. Draw a
perpendicular from point C on to the extended line
Addition of two vectors is independent of the order
  as shown in fig.
of the vectors in which they are added. If P and Q From the parallelogram OACB.
   
are two vectors then P  Q  Q  P
BOA = CAN =  (corresponding angles are equal)
b) Vector addition obeys associative law.
OA = P,
While adding more than two vectors, the resultant is
OB = AC = Q (opposite sides of a parallelogram are
independent of the order in which they are added. equal)
  
If P,Q and R are three vectors, then OC = R
     
 
PQ R P QR .   Consider the CNA
c) Vector addition obeys distributive law. AN = AC cos  = Q cos  ........(1)
If k, k1, k2 are scalars then
   CN = AC sin  = Q sin  ...................(2)
   
 
k P  Q  k P  k Q and P  k1  k 2   k1 P  k 2 P AC2 = AN2 + NC2 ...................(3)

d) Existence of additive identity :- For any vector Consider triangle ONC

OC2 = ON2 + NC2
a + 0 = 0 a = a
(OC)2 = (OA+AN)2 + (NC)2
e) Existence of additive inverse :- For a given vector a R2 = (OA)2 + 2(OA)(AN) + (AN)2 +(NC)2
there exists a vector  a such that
R2 = P2 + 2 PQ cos  +  QCos2   QSin2
   
a   a   a  a  0 . The vector  a is called
R 2  P 2  2PQCos  Q 2
additive inverse of a .

Note : Vector addition is possible only between vectors of R= P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  ........ (4)
same kind. 
The magnitude of the resultant
 R depends on the
10. Parallelogram Law of Vectors :
magnitudes of the vectors P and Q and also on the
Statement : If two vectors are drawn from a point so
as to represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram angle between them.
both in magnitude and the direction, the diagonal of Direction of resultant :
the parallelogram drawn from the same point repre-
B C
sents the resultant of the two vectors both in magni-
tude and direction.  
Q R
B C


Q

R
  
 N
O P A
 


N 
O A If the line of action of the vector P is taken as
P

  R
Let the two vectors P and Q , inclined at angle  be
reference line, the resultant makes an angle

acting on a particle at the same time. Let the vectors
with it. This angle indicates the direction of R.
Then from right angled triangle ONC,
be represented in magnitude and direction by two ad-
 
jacent sides OA and OB of parallelogram OACB, CN CN Q sin 
tan    .....(5)
drawn from a point O. ON OA  AN P  Qcos

According to parallelogram law of vectors, their
 Note: If  is the angle between the resultant R and the
resultant vector R will be represented by the diagonal
   P sin  
OC of the parallelogram. vector Q, then   tan 1  ,
 Q  P cos  

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Special Cases: Q (1 ) Q
From eq(5), tan  =
P  Q (0 )
=
P
a) If the magnitude of P > Q then   . i.e., the result-
ant is closer to the vector of larger magnitude.
 Q 
or  = tan–1  
b) When angle between two vectors increases, the mag-  P 
nitude of their resultant decreases. f) If the resultant of two vectors is perpendicular to any
c) When two vectors are in the same direction(parallel). one of the vectors, then
  i) The angle between the two vectors is greater than
P Q
900
ii) The resultant vector is perpendicular to the vector
   having smaller magnitude.
R  P Q 
Q sin 
we know tan  
then  = 0 0, cos 00 = 1 and sin 00 =0 P  Q cos 
Q sin 
from eq.(4), R = P 2  Q 2  2PQ(1) tan 90 0 
P  Q cos 
= (P  Q)2 = (P + Q)
P + Q cos  = 0

P
Q 0
from eq.(5), tan  = = 0 or  = 0 0. P 
P  Q(1) cos  = and
 
R
Q Q
Thus for two vectors acting in the same direction, the
R= Q2  P2 ,  
magnitude of the resultant vector is equal to the sum
of the magnitudes oftwo vectors and acts along the
P R P P
 sin   ,cos   , tan   .
direction of P and Q. Q Q R
 
d) When two vectors are acting in opposite directions The angle between P and Q is   90 0  
(antiparallel).

P
R max P  Q P R max  R min
g)  and  .
R min P  Q Q R max  R min
 h) If magnitudes of P and Q are equal and the angle
Q
  
R  P  Q
between them is  then their resultant is

R  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos 
then  = 1800, cos 180 0 = –1 and sin 180 0 = 0.
R P 2  P 2  2P 2 cos  [P=Q]
From eq. (4), R= P  Q  2PQ(1)
2 2

R 2P 2  2P 2 cos  ,
= (P  Q) 2
= (P–Q) or (Q–P)
R 2 P 2  1  c os  
Q0
From eq. (4), tan  = = 0
P  Q(1) R

2P 2  2 cos 2
 
 ,  R  2P cos
or  = 00 or 1800.  2  2
Thus for two vectors acting in opposite directions, the and the resultant makes an angle ‘  ’ with P is
magnitude of the resultant vector is equal to the
Q sin  P s in 
difference of the magnitudes of the two vectors and  tan   
its direction is along the vector of larger magnitude. P  Q cos  P  P cos 
e) When two vectors are perpendicular to each other, P sin  s in 
tan   
 = 900, sin 900 = 1 P 1  cos  

 2 cos2  / 2
R
and cos 90 0 = 0 Q
 
From eq(4),  2 sin
cos

P  tan   2 2 
 tan
R= P 2  Q 2  2PQ(0) = P2  Q2 2 cos 2  / 2 2

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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS

  R B 1
sin  = = =
 tan   tan ,   B 2B 2
2 2   = 30º  angle between A and B is 150º.
i) If   600 , then R = 3P and   30 0
Example :- 04
0 If the sum of two unit vectors is also a unit vector.
ii) If   90 , 0
then R = 2P and   45
Find the magnitude of their difference?
iii) If   1200 , then R = P and   60 0 Sol. Let  and B̂ are the given unit vectors and R̂ is
iv) The unit vector parallel to the resultant of two vectors
  their resultant then
  PQ
P & Q is n̂    .
| R̂ | = | Â + B̂ |
PQ
1= ( Â )2  (B̂)2  2 | Â || B̂ | cos 
Note : We can add a vector to another vector of same kind
but we can’t add a vector quanity to a scalar quantity. 1
Example :- 01 1 = 1 + 1 + 2 cos   cos  = –
2
Find the resultant of two forces each having magni-
 
tude F0, and angle between them is . |A – B| = ( Â )2  (B̂)2  2 | Â || B̂ | cos 
2 2 2 2
Sol. FRe sul tan t = F0 + F0 + 2 F0 cos  1
= 1  1  2  1 1(  ) = 3
= 2 F02 ( 1 + cos ) 2
Example :- 05

2
= 2 F02 (1 + 2 cos – 1) The resultant of A and B is R . If B is
2
doubled, R is doubled when B is reversed, R

= 2 F02 × 2 cos2 is again doubled. Find A : B : R.
2
Sol:- Let  be the angle between A and B

Fresultant = 2F0 cos R2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos  ------------------ (1)
2
Example :- 02 when B is doubled, R is doubled
    4R2 = A2 + (2B)2 + 4AB cos  --------------- (2)
Two non zero vectors A and B are such that | A
     When B is reversed R is doubled
+ B | = | A – B |. Find angle betwen A and B ?
     4R2 = A2 + B2  2AB cos  ----------------- (3)
Sol. | A + B | = | A – B |
3R 2
 A2 + B2 + 2AB cos  = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos  Subtract (3) from (1) AB Cos =  -------- (4)
4

 4AB cos  = 0  cos  = 0   = 5R 2
2 Add (1) and (3) A 2 + B2 = -------------- (5)
2
Example :- 03
  Add (2) and (4) A 2 + 4B2 = 7R2 --------------- (6)
The resultant of two velocity vectors A and B is Solving (5) and (6) we have
 
perpendicular to A . Magnitude of Resultant R is 3
 B=
2
R
equal to half magnitude of B . Find the angle between
  A=R
A and B ?
   A:B:R= 2: 3: 2
Sol. Since R is perpendicular to A . Figure shows the
  
three vectors A , B and R . Example :- 06
. The resultant of two forces P and Q acting at an
angle is (2m + 1) P 2  Q 2 . When they act at
an angle (90  ), the resultant is
(2m  1) P 2  Q 2 . Find Tan .
Sol:-
   2m  1 P 2 Q 2  2
2
2
angle between A and B is p –     = P + Q + 2PQ cos  ------------- (1)

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2 triangle, taken in opposite order.

 2m 1 P2 Q2  2 2
   = P + Q + 2PQ cos (90  ) ------- (2)
B
2 2 2 2 2
(2m + 1) (P + Q )1 (P + Q ) = 2PQ cos  ---------- (3)   
2 2 2 2 2 R   
(2m  1) (P + Q )  1 (P + Q ) = 2PQ sin  ------- (4) Q
  R  PQ
Divide (4) with (3)  
2 O 
P A N
 P 2  Q 2   (2 m  1) 2  12  
2 = Tan  Magnitude of resultant R:
 P 2  Q 2   (2 m  1) 2  12 
m 1 R  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos 
 Tan  = m 1
 Qsin 
Example :- 07 Direction of resultant R : Tan  P  Qcos  .
Forces X, Y and Z have magnitudes 10 N, 
5 3 1  Statement of triangle law when three forces keep a
particle in equilibrium :
N and 
5 3 1  N. The forces Y and Z act in the When three forces acting at a point can keep a particle
same direction as shown in the diagram. The resultant in equilibrium the three forces can be represented as
of X and Y and the resultant of X and Z have the the sides of a triangle taken in order both in magnitude
same magnitude. Find °, the angle between and direction.
X and Y. Q
F1
F1 F2
F3
O P
F3
F2
R
  
Suppose three forece F1 , F2 , F3
are simultaneously
acting at point O and the point is in equilibrium. Then
Sol. Given the resultant of x and y is equal to the resultant the three forces can be represented as three sides of
of x and z a triangle. The triangle PQR is constructed by drawing
 X2 + Y2 + 2XYcos = X2 + Z2 + 2XZcos parallel lines to the directions in which the forces are
Y2 + 2XYcos = Z2 + 2XZcos applied. The magnitudes of the forces and the

[5  3  1 ] + 2×10×[ 5 3  1 ]
2 cos  = corresponding sides of the triangle have equal ratio

[ 5 3  1 ] + 2×10× 5 3  1 cos
2
F1 F F
i.e.,  2  3 .
 3 PQ PR QR
cos =
2
12. Polygon Law of Vectors
So,  = 150° Statement : If a number of vectors are represented
by the sides of a polygon both in magnitude and di-
11. Triangle law of vectors rection taken in order, their resultant is represented
by the closing side of the polygon taken in reverse or-
"If two vectors are represented in magnitude and
der in magnitude and direction .
direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in one
 D
order, their resultant vector is represented in F4

magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle F3
E
taken in reverse order".
  C
Let the two vectors P and Q , inclined at an angle 
FR 
F2
 be acting on a particle at the same time. Let they

be represented in magnitude and direction by two A F1 B
  (or)
sides OA and AB
of triangle OAB, taken in the If a number of coplanar forces are acting simulta-
same order shown in fig. neously at a point and keep the particle in equilib-
rium, these forces can be represented as the sides of
Then, according to triangle law of vector addition, the
  a closed polygon taken in order both in magnitude
resultant R is represented by the third side OB of and direction.

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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS
 D
F4

F3
E  
F2 F3
C
 


F5
F2 

A 
B F1 
   
F1

 F1  F 2  F 3  F 4  F5  0
Note:- APPLICATIONS OF POLYGON LAW
If 'n' equal forces act on a body such that each force F1 F F
 2  3
2 sin  sin  sin 
makes an angle with the previous one and the
n 15. Tangent law :
polygon is closed, then the resultant is zero.
A) A body is suspended by a string from a rigid support.It
If each force of magnitude 'F' makes an angle  is in equilibrium under the action of two forces.
with previous one, then i) Tension in the string
a) the resultant is zero, if the number of forces is ii) Weight of the body.
2 B) It is pulled aside by applying a horizontal force F. so
 that the string makes an angle θ with the vertical.
b) the resultant is 'F', if the number of forces are
2
1 .
  T90 + 
13. Equilibriant : 180  F
A vector having same magnitude and opposite in
direction to that of the resultant of a number of vectors
is called the equilibriant. (or)
mg
Negative vector of the resultant of a number of vectors
 C) The body is in equilibrium under the action of three
is called the equilibriant (E). coplanar forces.
   i) Horizontal force F
If F1 , F2 & F3 are the three forces acting on a body,
    ii) Weight mg
FR  F1  F2  F3
then their resultant force is iii) Tension in the string T
D) Applying lami’s theorem we have
     

 E   FR , E   F1  F2  F3 .  F

mg

T
sin 180    sin  90    sin  90 
Note :
i) Single force cannot keep the particle in equilibrium.
F mg T
ii) Minimum number of equal forces required to keep the  
sin  cos  1
particle in equilibrium is two.
iii) Minimum number of unequal coplanar forces required F = mg tan .
to keep the particle in equilibrium is three. T = mg sec .
iv) Minimum number of equal or unequal non coplanar T = F cosec 
forces required to keep the particle in equilibrium is If the length of the string is l and the body is pulled
four.
by a horizontal distance x. Then
14. Lami's Theorem :

"If three coplanar forces acting at a point keeps it in l
equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the l 2  x2
sine of the angle between the other two forces"
If F1 , F2 , F3 are the magnitudes of three forces and x
 
, ,  are the angle
 between forces F2 and F3 ,
   mgx
F 3 and F1 and F1 and F2 respectively, as shown
wn F = mg tan  =

in fig. Then according to lami’s theorem

l 2  x2
mgl
T = mg sec  =
l  x2
2

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Fl      
T = F cosec  = Note : If P  Q then P  Q  2P sin   .
x  2

Example :- 08  S  2P sin
2 
In the given figure the tesion in the string OB is 30N. 
Find the weight ‘W’ and the tension in the string OA. Note : When two vectors P and Q have same magnitude

A
and  is the angle between them

300 Resultant Difference

 2P cos  / 2 2P sin  / 2
O B
00 2P 0
W

Sol: Let T1 and T2 be the tensions in the strings OA and 600 3P P

OB respectively
900 2P 2P
A
1200 P 3P
T1
300
900
1800 0 2P
O
1500 900 T2 B
17. Laws of Vector subtraction :
W a) the vector subtraction does not follow commutative
According to lami’s theorem law i.e.
       
T1 T2 W P  Q  Q  P, But PQ  QP
  (T2 = 30N)
sin 90 0 sin150 0 sin120 0 b) the vector subtraction does not follow associative law
     
on sloving w  30 3 N and T1= 60N ie. P   Q  R    P  Q  R
18. Application of Vectors Substraction :
16 Subtraction of Vectors :
i) Change in velocity v  u and acceleration
The process of subtracting one vector from another
calculations.
is equivalent to adding vectorially the negative of the
vector to be subtracted.
  ii) Change in momentum p f  pi , impulse and force
Let P and Q be the two vectors as shown in figure.
  calculations.

  Q
P
We want to find the difference . Let a vector
 iii) Relative velocity of A with respect to B is v A  vB .
 Q be added to the vector P by the laws of  vector
  
addition. Their resultant gives the value of P  Q .   Application : If vi is initial velocity of a particle and
its final velocity. Then change in its velocity is given
vf is

  
by v  v f  v i .
 
 Q  v  v 2i  v 2f  2v i v f cos 
Q
O
 P
A

Q 180    Where '  ' is the angle between initial and final
  
 S  PQ
P velocities.
B C Application : When a particle is performing uniform circular
motion with a constant speed v, the magnitude of
 
The magnitude of PQ is change in velocity when it describes an angle  at

S  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos (1800  )  
the centre is  V  2 v sin   .
 2

S= P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  and

Q sin (180 0 -  ) Q sin 

tan   0
 .
P  Q cos (180   ) P  Q cos 
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3. The component of a vector cannot have a magni-
tude more than the magnitude of the vector itself.
V 4. The component of a vector in a direction  to
O itself is always zero. Ex. The vertical component of
 a horizontal vector is zero. Similarly, the horizontal
 component of a vertical vector is zero.
V 5. For a vector to be zero, every component must
individually be zero.
6. The sum of the components of a set of vectors in
Example :- 09 any direction = component of their resultant in the
same direction. [This is very useful in adding three
A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of 5m/ or more vectors.]
s. In 10s the velocity changes to 5 m/s northwards.
Find the average acceleration in this time 20. Resolution of a Vector into rectangular
  
 v vf  v i Components :
Sol. a av  
t t Resolution of a vector is the process of obtaining the
  component vectors which when combined, according
v v f  5m / s
5 2m / s N to laws of vector addition, produce the given vector.

W E Y
j
450 Q R

vi  5 m / s 
vi  5m / s S 
y r
 5j  5i 5 2 1
a av    m/s2
10 10 2  X
O x P i
north – west direction.

Example :- 10 Consider a vector r in the xy plane and it makes an
 
Two vectors A and B have precisely
 equal magni-
angle  with x axis as shown in figure. i and j are

tudes. For the magnitude of A  B to be larger than
  unit vectors along X-axis and Y-axis respectivley.
the magnitude of A  B by a factor n, what must be
From the point R, draw RP and RQ perpendicular to
the angle between them ? X-axis and Y-axis respectively. From the
    parallelogram law of vector addition, it follows that
Sol. A  B  n A  B   
  OR  OP  OQ ............ (1)
2A cos  n2A sin (A = B)
2 2 If OP = x and OQ = y, then
 
 1   1  1
 tan  ,  tan 1   ,   2 tan 1   OP  xi OQ  yj
and
2 n 2  n  n

 
From equation (1) r  xi  y j ....... (2)
19. Component of a Vector :
The component of a vector in a given direction is  
the 'effective value' of the vector in that direction. In the above equation xi and y j are called the x-
The component of a vector of magnitude "r" in a 
component and the y-component of the vector r , and
direction inclined at an angle " " with the direction
x and y are called magnitudes of the two component
of the vector is r cos  . vectors.
from the triangle OPR.

r cos  
OP x
  x  r cos  ......... (3)
 OR r
r cos and sin  
PR y
  y  r sin  ......(4)
OR r
NOTE:
1. The component of a vector can be treated as a y
scalar or as a vector. When it is treated as a scalar  from (3) and (4) tan   ............. (5)
x
it is called 'scalar component'. Similarly when it is
treated as a vector it is called 'vector component'. The equation (3) and (4) gives the magnitudes of the
2. Scalars cannot be resolved into components. rectangular component vectors in terms of the
magnitude of the given vector and its inclination with
X-axis.
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 
 from equation (2), r   r cos   ˆi   r sin   ˆj on the value of . A vector A
can be specified in a
from right angled triangle OPR plane by two ways:
a) its magnitude A and the direction q it makes with the
2 2 x-axis; or
OR  OP 2  PR2 or r x y .... (6)

The equation (6) gives the magnitude of the vector in b) its components A x and Ay. A = A 2x  A 2y ,
terms of its rectangular components.
Note:
Ay
 = tan-1
1. Method involving resolution of vectors into Ax
components to find the resultant of the vectors is
known as analytical method. Note :If A = Ax  Ay = 0 and if A = A y  Ax = 0 i.e.
components of a vector perpendicular to itself is
2. The components of a vector are independent of each
always zero.
other and can be handled separately.
Resolution in three dimensions :
3. Theoretically, a given vector can be made the diagonal 
of infinite number of parallelograms. Thus there can A vector A in components along
be infinite number of ways to divide a vector into x-, y- and z-axis can be written as :
components.      
Resolution in two Dimension : OP = OB + BP = OC + CB + BP
       
Consider a vector A that lies in xy plane as shown  A = AZ + Ax + Ay = Ax + Ay + AZ
in figure, 
   
  A = A x i  A y j  A zk
A = A1 + A2
A= A 2x  A 2y  A 2z

 
A1 = A x î , A 2 = A y ĵ

 A = A x î + A y ĵ 21. Direction Cosines :

The quantities A x and A y are called x- and y- If A makes angles , with coordinate axis then
 Ax = A cos, Ay = A cos  , Az = A cos 
components of the vector A.
where cos , cos  and cos  are termed as Direction
Ax is itself not a vector but A x î is a vector and so is 
Cosines of a given vector A.
A y ĵ . cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
Sin2  + sin2  + sin2  = 2
The direction cosines are also denoted with ,m,n.
 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Example :- 11
A mass of 2 kg lies on an inclined plane as shown in
figure. Resolve its weight along and perpendicular to
the plane. (Assume g = 10 m/s 2)

Ax = A cos  and Ay = A sin 

Its clear from above equation that a component of a
vector can be positive, negative or zero depending

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Sol. Component along the plane = 20 sin 30 = 10 N Example :- 14
component perpendicular to the plane
A vector a has components 2p and 1 with respect
to a rectangular cartesian system. The system is
rotated through a certain angle about the origin in
counterclock wise sense. If with respect the new
system, a has components (P + 1) and 1, find the
value of P.
Sol:- a = 2 piˆ  ˆj

b = ( p  1) iˆ  ˆj
= 20 cos 30 = 10 3 N
When a coordinate system is rotated, magnitude of
vector remains unaltered, though its components
Example :- 12 change
  
A = î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ , when a vector B is added to A ,  a  b
we get a unit vector along x-axis. Find the value of
 4 p2  1   p  1
2
1
B ? Also find its magnitude
  4p2 + 1 = p2 + 2p + 2
Sol. A + B = î
  3p2  2p  1 = 0
B = î – A = î – ( î + 2 ĵ – 3 k̂ ) = – 2 ĵ + 3 k̂
1
 P = 1 (or) P = 
| B | = (2)3  (3)2 = 13 3

Example :- 13 Example :- 15
   A vector iˆ  xjˆ  3kˆ is rotated through an angle 
Vector A , B and C have magnitude 5, 5 2 and 5
   and doubled in magnitude, then it becomes
respectively, direction of A , B and C are towards
4iˆ   4 x  2  ˆj  2kˆ . Find values of x
east, North-East and North respectively. If î and ĵ
are unit vectors along East and North respectively.
Sol: A  iˆ  xjˆ  3kˆ
  
Express the sum A + B + C in terms of î , ĵ . Also B  4iˆ  (4 x  2) ˆj  2kˆ
Find magnitude and direction of the resultant.
 B 2 A
Sol. A = 5 î
 2
C = 5 ĵ 42   4 x  2   22  2 12  x 2  32
 solving this equation we have x = 2 (or) x = 2/3
B = 5 2 cos 45 î + 5 2 sin 45 ĵ
22. Position Vector
North Position vector of any point, with respect to an arbi-
trarily chosen origin, is defined as the vector which
B
connects the origin and the point and is directed to-
C wards the point.

East p  x, y , z 
Y
A 
r P

= 5 î + 5 ĵ
   O X
A + B + C = 5 î + 5 î + 5 ĵ + 5 ĵ = 10 î + 10 ĵ
   Z
| A + B + C | = (10 )2  (10 )2 = 10 2
Position vector of a point helps in locating the position
10 of the point. Its magnitude gives the distance between
tan  = =1   = 45º from East origin and the point. Consider a point ‘P’ having co-
10
ordinates (x,y,z) as shown in figure. If ‘O’ is the origin,

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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS
 
then OP is called the position vector velocities and v 2 . At initial moment (t=0) their
v1
   
(r), r  xi  yj  zk position vectors are r1 and r2 .
  2 2 2 If particles then collide at the point ‘P’ after time ‘t’
Magnitude of r is, r  x  y  z
sec.

The unit vector along r is given by From the diagram
     
r xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ r  r1  s1  r2  s2
r̂   
r x2  y2  z2
y
 
23. Displacement vector : s2  v 2 t
1 P

Y
A  x1 , y1 , z1 
r2   
s1  v 1 t
r
 
r1 s
2
B x ,y ,z
 2 2 2 
r1
 O x
r2
O X
    
 r  r1  v1t  r2  v2 t
         
If r1 is initial position vector of the particle and r2 is  r1  r2   v2  v1  t (or) r1  r2  v 2  v1 t ... (1)
 
final position vector of the particle then the displace- r r
   t   1 2
ment of the particle is given by s  r2  r1 . v2  v1

s   x 2  x1  ˆi   y 2  y1  ˆj   z 2  z1  kˆ substitute ‘t’ in equation ........(1)
The magnitude of the displacement vector is  
      r1  r2 
S  AB   x 2  x 1  2   y 2  y 1  2   z 2  z1  2 r1  r2   v 2  v1     
 v 2  v1 
   
r1  r2 v2  v1
Example :- 16     
A particle P is moving with a constant speed of 6m/s
r1  r2 v2  v1
25. Multiplication of a Vector by a scalar :
in a direction 2 î  ĵ  2k̂ . When t = 0, P is at a point
If m is a scalar and a is a vector, then, m a is a
whose position vector is 3 î  4 ĵ  7k̂ . Find the
vector. Its magnitude is m times that of a , its
position vector of the particle P after 4 seconds.

 2 î  ĵ  2k̂
direction is same as that of a , if m is positive and
Sol. V =6 opposite to that of a , if m is negative. If m is zero m
3
   a is a null vector.
r  r0  vt = 3 î  4 ĵ  7k̂ + 4 × 2 ( 2 î  ĵ  2k̂ )
 a ma
 r  19 î  4 ĵ  23 k̂ m is +ve
m is -ve
a ma
Example :- 17
The position vectors of two balls are given by 26. Application of Multiplication of a Vector
 by a Scalar :
r1  2( m)i  7( m) j
i) Linear momentum p = m v

r2   2(m)i  4(m) j
ii) Force F = ma
What will be the distance between the two balls?

 iii) Force experienced by a charge in an electric field
Sol. D = | r2  r1 |
F = qE
  iv) Force experienced by a magnetic pole in a mag-
= |  4i  3 j | = (4) 2  (3) 2 = 25 = 5 m
netic field F = mB
24. Condition for collision :
v) Angular momentum L = Iω
Consider two particles, 1 and 2 move with constant
vi) Impulse I = tF
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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS

vii) Displacement s = tv h) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when

cos  = max = 1, i.e.,  = 0º, i.e., vectors are parallel
viii) τ = Iα
Torque  
 ( A . B )max = AB
27. Scalar Product (or) DOT Product i) If the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes
then the vectors are perpendicular.
j) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as
self dot product and is given by
    
( A )2 = A .A = AA cos = A2  A= A. A
k) In case of unit vector n̂ ,
a) The scalar product or dot product of any two vectors n̂ . n̂ = 1 x 1 x cos 0º = 1
      ˆj . ˆj
A and B , denoted as A . B (read A dot B ) is  n̂ . n̂ = î . î = = k̂ . k̂ =1
defined as the product of their magnitude with cosine
  l) In case of orthogonal unit vectors î , ˆj and k̂ ;
of angle between them. Thus, A .B = AB cos 
{here  is the angle between the vectors} î . ˆj = ˆj . k̂ = k̂ . î = 0
b) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between  
the vectors is acute (i.e. < 90º) and negative if angle m) A . B = ( î Ax + ˆj Ay + k̂ Az) . ( î Bx + ˆj By + k̂ Bz)
between them is obtuse (i.e. 90º <   180º) = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
c) If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their
dot product is zero. 28. Component of b along a and perpen-
    dicular to a :
d) It is commutative, i.e., A . B = B . A
      
e) It is distributive, i.e. A . ( B + C ) = A . B + A . C i) Let a and b the vectors represented by OA
 
f) As by definition A . B = AB cos . The angle be- and OB
 
A. B B
tween the vectors  = cos-1   b
 AB 
 
g) A .B = A (B cos ) = B (A cos ) a M A

Geometrically, B cos  is the projection of B onto ii) Let  be the angle between a and b .
  
A  is the projection of A iii) Draw BM perpendicular to OA.
and A cos onto B as
  iv) O M  O M aˆ  ( O B cos  ) aˆ  | b | cos  aˆ
shown. So A .B is the product of the magnitude of
  
A and the component of B along A and vice  a.b 
versa.
OM | b |   aˆ
 | a || b | 

OM 
 a.b  a
| a |2
OB  OM  MB
 
  A.B   MB  OB  OM
Component of B along A = B cos = = Â . B
A
 
 
A.B  MB  b 
 a.b  a
Component of A along B = A cos = = A . B̂ | a |2
B

Thus the component of along =

 a.b 
a
b a
| a |2
The component of b perpendicular to a =

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   
( a1  a2 ).(2 a1  a2 ) is
b
 a.b  a Sol. a1 = a2 = 1 and
| a |2 2

29. Application of DOT Product :

a12 +a22 + 2a1a2cos    3  3 or

1 + 1 + 2 cos  = 3 or cos  = 1/2

i) Work W = F s    
Now (a1  a 2 ).(2a1  a 2 )  2a12  a 22  a1a 2 cos 
ii) Instantaneous power P = F v
1 1
= 2 1 
iii) Potential energy U = m  g. h  2 2

iv) Magnetic flux = B. A Example :- 22

   
v) Scalar projection of a in the direction of If a and b are two unit vectors such that a  2 b and
 
a b 5 a  4 b are perpendicular to each other, then the angle
b = a cos  = ab cos /b =  
b between a and b is
Example :- 18    
 Sol. (a  2b).(5a  4b)  0
If the Vectors P = a î + a ĵ + 3 k̂ and
  5a 2  4ab cos   10ab cos   8b2  0
Q = a î – 2 ĵ – k̂ are perpendicular to each other. = 5 – 4 cos  + 10 cos  – 8 = 0 [a = b = 1]
Find the value of a ? = – 3 + 6 cos  = 0
 
Sol. If vectors P and Q are perpendicular cos  = 1/2,  = 600
 
P · Q =0 Example :- 23
 (a î + a ĵ + 3 k̂ ) . (a î – 2 ĵ – k̂ ) = 0 Two balls are moving on the same smooth horizontal
plane . Their velocity components along one edge of
 a2 – 2a – 3 = 0
the square plane are 10 3 & 20 m/s . Their velocity
 a2 – 3a + a – 3 = 0 components along a perpendicular edge are 30 & 20
 a(a – 3) + 1(a – 3) = 0  a = –1, 3 m/s. Find the angle between their directions of motion.
Example :- 19 Sol. v A  10 3 î  30 ĵ
Find the component of 3 î + 4 ĵ along î + ĵ ?
v B  20 î  20 ĵ
 
  A B
Sol. Component of A along B is given by hence v A .v B 3 1
B cos  =
v A vB = 2 2
required component
  = 15º.
(3 î  4 ĵ )  ( î  ĵ ) 7
= = Example :- 24
2 2
Example :- 20 Find the projection of the vector a  4 iˆ  3 ˆj  2 kˆ
 on the axis making equal acute angles with the
Find angle between A = 3 î + 4 ĵ and coordinate axes
 cos = cos  = cos 
B = 12 î + 5 ĵ ?
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
 
A B (3 î  4 ĵ )  (12 î  5 ĵ ) 1
Sol. We have cos  = = cos  = cos  = cos  =
AB 3 2  4 2 12 2  5 2 3
The unit vector ( b ) along the vector making equal
36  20 56 56
cos  = =  = cos–1 angles with the coordinate axes is
5  13 65 65
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
b i j k
Example :- 21 3 3 3
  Projection of a on b = a. b
If a1 and a2 are two non collinear unit vectors and if
 
a1  a2  3, then the value of

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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS
 
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ b) Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector
= (4i  3j + 2k) .  i j k   
 3 3 3  product written as A  B is a vector C defined by
   
4 3 2 C  A  B = AB sin  n
=    3  
3 3 3 
The direction of A  B , i.e., C is perpendicular to
 
Example :- 25 the plane containing vectors A and B and in the
  sense of advance of a right handed screw rotated from
Two different vectors a and b of same magnitude  
A (first vector) to B (second vector) through the
are lying in x-y plane. Their projection on vector smaller angle between them. Thus, if a right handed
 screw whose axis is perpendicular to the plane formed
î + ĵ is equal. Vector a is 3 î + 4 ĵ then find vector    
 by A and B is rotated from A to B through the
b. smaller angle between them, then the direction of ad-
 
a . ( î  ĵ ) b . ( î  ĵ ) vancement of the screw gives the direction of A  B ,
Sol. = Let b  x î  yĵ

2 2 i.e., C .

(3 î  4 ĵ )( î  ĵ ) ( x î  yĵ ) . ( î  ĵ ) A× B A× B
=
2 2
x+y=7
 
and | a |  | b |  x2 + y2 = 32 + 42 = 25
solving the above equations we have
y = 3 and x = 4

 b  4 î  3 ĵ

Example :- 26 A  B A  B
Three vectors of equal magnitude A are inclined at
an angle of 60º with each other. Find the magnitude (A) (B)
of the resultant
    c) Right Hand Screw Rule :
Sol. R  A BC  
Place the vector A and B tail (this defines a plane).
      Now place stretched fingers and thumb of right hand
R  ( A  B  C).( A  B  C)  
perpendicular to the plane of A and B such that the
      
= A 2  B 2  C 2  2A.B  2B.C  2A.C fingers are along the vector A . If the fingers are now

2 closed through smaller angle so as to go towards B ,
6A   
= 3A 2  = 6A 2 = A 6 the thumb gives the direction of A  B , i.e., C [See
2
figure (B)]
30. Vector Product (or) Cross Product : d) Vector product of two vectors is always a vector per-
a) The vector product or cross product of two vectors is pendicular to the plane containing the two vectors,
defined as a vector having a magnitude equal to the  
i.e., orthogonal to both the vector A and B , though
product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine
 
of angle between them, and direction perpendicular the vectors A and B may or not be orthogonal.
to the plane containing the two vectors in accordance e) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e.,
with right hand screw rule.*    
   A B  B A
C  A B    
A B  – B  A
f) Here it is worthy to note that
C =A× B C =A× B    
| A  B | = | B  A | = AB sin 
n n
A×B
B B

A B B A
 A

B×A
A
(A) (B) (A) (B)

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   
i.e., in case of vectors A  B and B  A magnitudes Example :- 27
are equal but directions opposite. The angle between  
    0
A is East wards and B is downwards. Find the di-
A  B and B  A is 180 . i.e.,  raidan  
g) The vector product is distributive when the order of rection of A × B ?
the vectors is strictly maintained, i.e.,  
       Sol. Applying right hand thumb rule we find that A × B is
A  (B  C] = A  B  A  C along North.
h) As by definition of vector product of two vectors, Example :- 28
    
A  B = AB sin n Two vectors A and B are inclined to each other at
 
so | A  B | = AB sin  an anlge . Find a unit vector which is perpendicular
   
1
| A B | to both A and B
i.e., = sin      
 | A | | B |  Sol. A × B = AB sin  n̂
i) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum  
when sin = max = 1, i.e,,  = 90º A B 
n̂ = here n̂ is perpendicular to both A
    AB sin 
[ A  B]max  AB n 
i.e., vector product is maximum if the vectors are or- and B .
thogonal. Example :- 29
j) The vector product of two non–zero vectors will be 
 
minimum when |sin | = minimum = 0,i.e.,  = 0º Find A × B if A = î – 2 ĵ + 4 k̂ and
or 180º and 
  B = 2 î – ĵ + 2 k̂ .
[ A  B]min  0
i.e., if the vector product of two non–zero vectors van- ˆj
ishes, the vectors are collinear. î k̂
k) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by   1 2 4
Sol. A ×B = = î (– 4 – (–4)) – ĵ (2 – 12) +
itself vanishes, i.e., is a null vector 3 1 2
   
i.e. A  A = AA sin 0º n  0
 k̂ (–1–(–6))
l) In case of unit vector n from point (7)
  
nn  0 = 10 ĵ + 5 k̂
      
so that i  i  j  j  k k  0 31. Application of Cross Product :
 1) Relation between angular velocity and linear
m) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, i , j, k in accor- velocity. Suppose a rigid body is rotating with an
dance with right hand screw rule : angular velocity  . With respect to a point on its
axis as origin, let r be the position vector of a point
j j on the body. Then, the linear velocity of the point
v is given by the relation v    r
2) Relation between force, torque and position vector.
k i Suppose a force is acting on a rigid body. Let
i F
r be the position vector of a point on the line of
action of the force with respect to the origin (O).
k
Then the torque due to the force about the origin is
(A) (B)
given by the cross product   r  F
        
i  j  k , j k  i and k i  j 3) Relation between linear momentum and angular
And as cross product is not commutative, momentum. Let p be the linear momentum of a
        
j  i  k , k  j   i and i k   j particle and r the position vector of a point on the
n) In terms of components linear momentum vector with respect to an origin
   (O). Then the angular momentum of the particle
i j k
  about the origin is given by L  r  p
A B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz 32. Application of Cross Product in Electric-
ity and Magnetism :
meaning thereby
    i) F = q (v×B)
A  B  i ( Ay Bz  Az B y )  j ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )
 ii) F = i (  ×B)
 k ( Ax B y  Ay Bx )

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I-YEAR JEE (ADVANCED) PHYSICS VECTORS
 
iii) = M×B) compute ( r  F) and state what physical quantity it
represents ?
33. Geometrical Applications of Cross  
Product : Sol. As F  ( 4 î  10 ĵ  0 k̂ ) and r  ( 5 î  3 ĵ  0 k̂ )

If a and b are any two vectors, the area of the î ĵ k̂ î ĵ k̂

 = x y z = 5 3 0
parallelogram formed by a and b as adjacent r F
Fx Fy Fz 4  10 0
sides is given by
A a b  
i.e., r  F  k̂(50  12)  62k̂ N - m
 
The given physical quantity r  F represents torque
The area of the triangle formed by a and b as
 
adjacent sides is given by (i.e., moment of force) if F represents force and r is
1 the position vector.
A a b Example :- 32
2
A particle of mass m is moving with velocity 'v' parallel
If d1 and d2 are two digonals of a parallelogram to x axis along line y = b. Its angular momentum w . r
then area of the parallelogram is given by to origin after time (t) will be
Sol: Shortest distance between line of momentum and
1 origin is 'b'.
A d  d2
2 1
mv
Example :- 30 (0,b)
If a particle of mass m is moving with constant veloc-
ity v parallel to x-axis in x-y plane as shown in figure,
calculate its angular momentum w.r.t., origin at any
time t. (0,0)
Hence angular momentum of the particle with respet
y 
ˆ .
to origin is L  mvb( k)

m v
Example :- 33
      
If A = ( i  j ) and B = ( i  j + 5 k ). Find angle
 
b r between A and B .

x   
  i j k
   Sol. A  B = 2 1 0
Sol. We know that Angular momentum L  r  p in terms
of components becomes  1 1 5  
= i (5 + 0) – j (10 – 0) + k (–2 –1)
î ĵ k̂   
    = 5 i – 10 j – 3 k
L x y z AB 
 2 2
px py pz |AB| 52   10   3

sin = 
AB 2 2  1 1  1  25
As motion is in x–y plane (i.e., z = 0 and p z = 0)
 134 134
L  k̂( xp y  yp x ) .................(1)  sin  = , \  = sin–1 .
5 27 135
Here x = vt ; y = b ; p x = mv and py = 0
 Example :- 34
so L  k̂( vt  0  bmv ) = – mvb k̂ ..................(2)
Note : From this question, it is clear that : If a rigid body is rotating about an axis passing through
1) If motion is in x-y plane angular momentum is always the point 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and parallel to iˆ  2 ˆj  2 kˆ with
directed along z-aixs (Eqn.1), i.e., an angular velocity of 3rad/sec. Find the velocity of
angular momentum is always perpendicular to the
the point of the rigid body whose position vector is
plane of motion.
2) If motion is parallel to x-axis with constant velocity, 2 iˆ  3 ˆj  4 kˆ
angular momentum w.r.t. origin is independent Sol. Unit vector in the direction of
of time and is constant [as according to Eqn.2, its
iˆ  2 Jˆ  2 kˆ 1 ˆ
magnitude mvb and direction (along iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ is nˆ  
 i  2 Jˆ  2 kˆ 
negative z-axis) both are constant]. 9 3
Example :- 31 Angular velocity of rigid body
Considering two vectors,  1
  3  iˆ  2 ˆj  2 kˆ  ,   iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ


F  ( 4 î  10 ĵ ) newton

and r  ( 5 î  3 ĵ )m  3
 

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