Indefinite and Definite Articles in English

Indefinite and Definite Articles in English
English has two types of articles: the indefinite article, and the definite article. The
indefinite article is a / an, and the definite article is the. We use these articles (or no
article) before nouns, and the article we choose depends on the type of noun (singular /
plural / countable / uncountable) and the pronunciation of the noun.
For more information,
The indefinite article

We use a / an before singular countable nouns, when we mention them for the first
time.
I live in a small town.
Take an umbrella when you go out – it’s raining.
We also use the indefinite article to talk about our jobs.
She’s a teacher.
She’s an architect.
Pronunciation rule
When the noun begins with a consonant sound, the indefinite article is “a”.
a teacher
a bag
a school
When the noun begins with a vowel sound, the indefinite article is “an”. You can
pronounce it as /an/ or you can pronounce the /a/ sound as /uh/.
an apple
an engineer
Be careful: some words that start with the letter “e” or “u” are pronounced /ju/, so you
need “an” before:
a Euro
a European country
a university
With some words that start with “h”, the “h” is silent, so you need “an” before:
an hour
an honest person
an honour
But
a hotel
a hot day
Grammar rules
1. Singular, countable nouns must have an article. This can be the indefinite article, the
definite article, or another determiner (possessive, demonstrative etc).
2. Uncountable nouns cannot have an indefinite article.

“Information” (not “an information”), “money” (not “a money”) etc.
The definite article

We can use “the” before all nouns: singular or plural countable, and uncountable.
We use “the” when we talk about something for the second time, or when we talk about
unique or specific things.
1. Talking about something for the second time
“I live in a small town. The town is near a large city.”

2. Talking about specific things
“I like getting presents.” (general)

“The presents I received for my birthday were fantastic.” (Specific presents – the
presents for my birthday.)
3. Talking about unique things
Some things in the world are unique, and we use “the”:
The sun
The earth
The moon
“Can you see the moon tonight?”
“The sun is millions of miles away from the earth.”
“I like looking at the stars.”
Countries
We use “the” when the country is plural.
“The People’s Republic of China” (more than one people)

“The Philippines” (more than one island)
“The United Kingdom” (more than one country)
“The United States of America” (more than one state)
For other countries, we don’t use an article.
France, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Canada, etc.
Zero article
We have no article with plural countable nouns when we talk about general things.
“Cats are beautiful animals.” (cats in general)
“Sri Lanka people are often polite.” (British people in general)
We have no article with uncountable nouns when we talk about them in general.
“Tea is good for you.” (all tea in general)
“Petrol is expensive.” (all petrol in general)
But when we talk about specific examples, we use “the”.
Cats are beautiful animals. The cats who live next door are Siamese. (only the cats
next door – not all cats.)
English people are often polite. The English people I know are very reserved. (only
the English people I know – not all English people.)
Tea is good for you. The tea I drink is high-quality.
Petrol is expensive. The petrol in Italy costs more than the petrol in Germany.
Common errors
1. You only need one article or determiner before a noun.
“My sister” (correct) “The my sister” (incorrect)
“My friend” (correct) “A my friend” (incorrect)
You don’t need an article if you already have an adjective.
Green tea is good for you. (correct)
The green tea is good for you. (incorrect)
2. You can’t put an indefinite article before an uncountable noun
“I’d like some information please.” (correct)
“I’d like an information please.” (incorrect)
If you want to say “one” (i.e. one advice) you can say “a piece of”.
“I’d like a piece of advice.” (correct)
“I’d like some advice.” (correct)
“I’d like one advice.” (incorrect)
Remember: you can use the definite article before uncountable nouns to talk about
something for the second time, or a specific thing.
“I’d like some information. The information I need is about bus tickets.” (talking about
information for the second time)
“The information they gave me was very useful.” (specific information)
For more information on how to use articles, including information on articles with
sports, musical instruments, illnesses, rivers, mountains and seas;

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Indefinite and Definite Articles in English

The indefinite article

2. Uncountable nouns cannot have an indefinite article.

The definite article

1. Talking about something for the second time

“I live in a small town. The town is near a large city.”

“I like getting presents.” (general)

Some things in the world are unique, and we use “the”:

“The People’s Republic of China” (more than one people)

For other countries, we don’t use an article.

France, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Canada, etc.

“Cats are beautiful animals.” (cats in general)

“Sri Lanka people are often polite.” (British people in general)

“Tea is good for you.” (all tea in general)

“Petrol is expensive.” (all petrol in general)

But when we talk about specific examples, we use “the”.

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