Permeabilty: Soil Mechanics - Ii

SOIL MECHANICS - II
PERMEABILTY
Lecture No.16
Muhammad Usman Arshid
Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
1
For vertical flow, the flow rate q through area A of each layer is the same.
Hence the head drop across a series of layers can be given.
For vertical flow, the flow rate q through area A of each layer is the same.
through area A of each layer is the same. Hence the head drop across a
series of layers can be given.
For horizontal flow, the head drop Δh over the same flow path length Δs
will be same for each layer So i1 = i2 = i3 etc.
Seepage Terminology
Stream line is simply the path of a water molecule.
From upstream to downstream, total head steadily
decreases along the stream line.
hL
datum
concrete dam
TH = hL TH = 0
soil
impervious strata
Seepage Terminology
Equipotential line is a contour of constant total
head.
hL
datum
concrete dam
TH = hL TH = 0
TH=0.8 hL
soil
impervious strata
Flownet
A network of selected stream lines and equipotential
lines.
concrete dam
curvilinear
square
90º
soil
impervious strata
Quantity of Seepage (Q)
# of flow channels
Nf
Q  khL ….per unit length normal to the plane
Nd
# of equipotential drops
head loss from upstream to

downstream
hL
concrete
dam
impervious strata
Piping in Granular Soils
At the downstream, near the dam,
h
the exit hydraulic gradient iexit 
l
hL
datum
concrete
dam l
h = total head drop
soil
impervious strata
Piping in Granular Soils
If iexit exceeds the critical hydraulic gradient (ic), firstly
the soil grains at exit get washed away.
This phenomenon progresses towards the upstream, forming a free

passage of water (“pipe”).
hL
datum
concrete
dam
no soil; all water
soil
impervious strata
11
12
SEEPAGE CONTROL IN EARTH DAMS
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DESIGN OF FILTERS
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Filters
Used for:
 facilitating drainage
 preventing fines from being washed

away
Used in: Filter Materials:
 earth dams  granular soils
 retaining walls  geotextiless
36
SIVA
SOIL MECHANICS - II
DESIGN OF FILTERS
Muhammad Usman Arshid
Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
37
Copyright©2001
Granular Filter Design

Two major criteria: granular filter
(a) Retention Criteria
- to prevent washing out of fines
 Filter grains must not be too coarse

(b) Permeability Criteria
- to facilitate drainage and thus avoid build-up

of pore pressures
 Filter grains must not be too fine

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SIVA
DESIGN OF FILTERS
For the proper selection of the filter material, two conditions should be kept in mind:
1. The size of the voids in the filter material should be small enough to hold the
larger particles of the protected material in place.
2. The filter material should have a high permeability to prevent building of large
seepage forces and hydrostatic pressure in the filter. Based on the experimental
investigation of protective filters, Bertram (1940) provided the following criteria to
satisfy the above condition:
DESIGN OF FILTERS
(1)
(2)
The proper use of equation 1 and 2 to determine the grain-size

distribution of soils used as filters is shown in Figure. Consider the
soil used for the construction of the earth dam shown in Figure. Let
the grain-size distribution of this soil be given by curve a.
DESIGN OF FILTERS
The same principle can be adopted for determination of the size limits for
the rock layer to protect the filter material from being washed away.
The U. S. Army (1971) requires the following conditions for the design of
filters.
1. For avoiding the movement of the particles of the protected soil:
2. For avoiding buildup of large seepage force in the filter
3. The filter material should not have grain sizes greater than 3 in
(76.2 mm). (This is to avoid segregation of particles in the filter.)
4. To avoid internal movement of fines in the filter, it should have no
more than 5% passing a No. 200 sieve.
5. When perforated pipes are used for collecting seepage water,

filters are also used around the pipes to protect the fine-grained soil
from being washed into the pipes. To avoid the movement of the
filter material into the drain-pipe perforations, the following additional
conditions should be met:
DESIGN OF FILTERS
Based on this analysis, researchers recommended that when the soil to
be protected is of a granular nature, the stable filter design criteria may be
given by the following equations:
Cedegren (1960) constructed several flow nets, to study the condition of

seepage into sloping filters placed at the downstream side of earth dams.
Based on this work, he developed the chart given in Figure which allows us
to determine the minimum thickness of filter material, , required on the
downstream side of an earth dam. (Note that in
Figure, is the coefficient of permeability of the filter material, and is the
coefficient of permeability of the soil of the earth dam.)
DESIGN OF FILTERS
Thickness of filter material on the downstream side of an earth dam. [After H. R.
Cedergren,
Seepage Requirement of Filters and Pervious Bases, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div.,
ASCE, vol. 86, no. SM5 (part I), 1960.
Drainage Provisions in Retaining Walls
weep hole
geosynthetics
granular soil
drain pipe

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SOIL MECHANICS - II

Muhammad Usman Arshid

Department of Civil Engineering

head loss from upstream to

the soil grains at exit get washed away.

This phenomenon progresses towards the upstream, forming a free

 preventing fines from being washed

 retaining walls  geotextiless

Muhammad Usman Arshid

Department of Civil Engineering

Granular Filter Design

(a) Retention Criteria

- to prevent washing out of fines

 Filter grains must not be too coarse

- to facilitate drainage and thus avoid build-up

 Filter grains must not be too fine

The proper use of equation 1 and 2 to determine the grain-size

5. When perforated pipes are used for collecting seepage water,

Cedegren (1960) constructed several flow nets, to study the condition of

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