MAT T ER IN OUR SURROUNDING 1

CHAPTER

  Classification of matter
CONTENTS On the basis of physical states, all the matter
 Matter
can be classified into three groups.
1. Solids 2. liquids 3. Gases
 Change of state of matter
  Properties of solids
 Effect of temperature change
 Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume
 Effect of pressure change
 Solids cannot be compressed much.
 Latent Heat
 Solids have high densities. They are heavy
 Sublimation
 Solids do not fill their container completely.
 Evaporation  Solids do not flow.
 Diffusion Ex. Ice, wood, coal, stone, iron, brick

 Properties of liquid
 Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no
 Matter fixed shape. Liquids take the shape of the
vessel in which they are placed.
 Anything which occupies space and has mass
is called matter.  Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed
 Food, water, air, clothes, table, chair, plants much.
and trees.
 Liquids have moderate to high densities.
 Indian philosophers said that all the matter They are usually less dense than solids.
living or non-living, was made up of five
basic elements air, earth, fire, sky and water  Liquids do not fill their container completely.
On the basis of its physical properties and on  Liquids generally flow easily.
the basis of its chemical properties.
Ex. Water, milk, fruit juice, ink, groundnut oil,
On the basis of chemical properties the matter kerosene etc.
is classified as elements, compounds and
mixtures.  Properties of gases
 Everything around us is made of tiny pieces (1) Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed
or particles. The particles make up matter are volume. Gases acquire the shape and volume
atoms or molecules. of the vessel in which they are kept.
 Characteristics of particles of matter: (2) Gases can be compressed easily.
 The particles of matter are very, very small (3) Gases have very low densities. They are very.
 The particles of matter have spaces between very light.
them (4) Gases fill their container completely.
  The particles of matter are constantly moving
(5) Gases flow easily.
 The particles of matter attract each other
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Ex. Air, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

 Comparison of characteristic properties

of solids, liquids and gases

Property Solids Liquids Gases

1 Shape Definite Take the shape of the Take the shape of the
container, but do not container by occupying whole
necessarily occupy all of it. of the space available to
them.
2 Volume Definite Definite Take the volume of the
container.
3 Compressibility Almost nil Almost nil Very large
4 Fluidity or Rigidity Rigid Fluid Fluid
5 Density Large Large Very small
6 Diffusion Generally do not diffuse Diffuse slowly Diffuse rapidly
7 Free surfaces Any number of free Only one free surface No free surface.
surfaces

 Change of state of matter

 A substance may exist in any of the three Ice is a solid state and may be melted to form
states of matter (i.e. solid, liquid or gas) water (Liquid) which on further heating
depending upon the conditions of temperature changes into steam (gas). These changes can
and pressure. also be reversed on
By changing the conditions of temperature cooling.
and pressure, a substance can be made to
exist as solid, liquid or a gas. Heat Heat
Ice Water Steam
A solid on heating usually changes into a Cool Cool
liquid which on further heating changes into (Solid) (Liquid) (gas)
gas. Similarly, a gas on cooling condenses
into a liquid which on further cooling changes  Effect of temperature change
into a solid.
By increasing the temperature (by heating), a
Gas solid can be converted into liquid state; and
the liquid can be converted into gaseous state
(or vapour state). And by decreasing the
temperature (by cooling), a gas can be
converted into liquid state; and a liquid can be
Melting converted into solid state.
SOLID LIQUID
Freezing  Solid to liquid change : Melting
The most familiar and common example is  Defination : The process in which a solid
water. It exists in all the three states: substance changes into a liquid on heating,
(a) Solid : ice is called melting (or fusion).

(b) Liquid : water and  Melting point : The temperature at which a

solid substance melts and changes into a
(c) Gas : water vapour.
 liquid at atmospheric pressure, is called will be the force of attraction between its
melting point of the substance. particles.
 Ice is a solid. In solids, the particles are tightly When a liquid is heated, the heat energy
packed together. When we heat a solid, its makes its particles move even faster. At the
particles become more energetic and kinetic boiling point the particles of a liquid have
energy of the particles increases. Due to the sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the
increase in kinetic energy, the particles start forces of attraction holding them together and
vibrating more strongly with greater speed. separate into individual particles. And the
The energy supplied by heat overcomes the liquid boils to form a gas.
intermolecular forces of attraction between the
 Gas to liquid change : Condensation
particles. As a result, the particles leave their
mean position and break away from each The process of changing a gas to a liquid by
other. When this happens, the solid melts and cooling, is called condensation. Condensation
a liquid is formed. is the reverse of boiling.
Ex. Melting point of ice = 0ºC  Liquid to solid change : Freezing
Melting point of wax = 63ºC The process of changing a liquid into a solid
by cooling, is called freezing. Freezing means
Melting point of iron = 1535ºC
solidification. Freezing is the reverse of
The melting point of a solid is a measure of melting. So, the freezing point of a liquid is
the force of attraction between its particles. the same as the melting point of its solid
Higher the melting point of a solid substance, form.
greater will be the force of attraction between
Ex. Melting point of ice = 0ºC
its particles.
Freezing poing of water = 0ºC
 Liquid to gas change : Boiling (or
vaporisation)  Effect of change of pressure
 Defination : The process in which a liquid  The three states of matter differ in the
substance changes into a gas rapidly on intermolecular forces and intermolecular
heating, is called boiling. distances between the constituent particles.
Boiling point : The temperature at which a Gases are compressible because on applying
liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at pressure, the space between the gaseous
atmospheric pressure, is called boiling point particles decreases. Therefore, gases can be
of the liquid. compressed readily.
When we apply pressure and reduce
 In a liquid most of the particles are close
temperature the gases can be converted into
together. When we supply heat energy to the
liquids i.e., gases will be liquefied.
liquid, the particles of water start vibrating
The process of conversion of a gas into a
even faster. Some of the particles become so
liquid by increasing pressure or decreasing
energetic that they can overcome the attractive
temperature is called liquefication.
forces of the particles around them. Therefore,
they become free to move and escape from the A substance may exist in any of the three
liquid. When this happens, the liquid different states of matter depending upon the
evaporates i.e., starts changing into gas. conditions of temperature and pressure.
Ex. Boiling point of water = 100ºC (1) If the melting point of a substance is above
the room temperature at the atmospheric
Boiling point of alcohol = 78ºC pressure, it is said to be a solid.
Boiling point of mercury = 357ºC (2) If the boiling point of a substance is above
The boiling point of a liquid is a measure of room temperature under atmospheric
the force of attraction between its particles. pressure, it is classified as liquid.
Higher the boiling point of a liquid, greater
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 (3) If the boiling point of the substance is below Heating
the room temperature at the atmospheric Solid Vapour (or Gas)
Cooling
pressure, it is called a gas.
 The solid substance which undergoes
 Latent heat sublimation is said to ‘sublime’. the solid
obtained by cooling the vapours of the solid is
 Defination : The heat energy which has to
called a ‘sublimate’.
be supplied to change the state of a substance
is called its latent heat. Ex. When solid ammonium chloride is heated, it
directly changes into ammonium chloride
 Latent heat does not raise the temperature but
vapour. And when hot Ammonium chloride
latent heat has always to be supplied to
change the state of a substance. The word vapour is cooled, it directly changes into solid
‘latent’ means ‘hidden’ ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride,
Iodine, Camphor, Naphthalene and
 Every substance has some forces of attraction Anthracene.
between its particles which hold them
together. Now, if a substance has to change  Evaporation
its state, then it is necessary to break these
forces of attraction between its particles. The  Defination : The process of change of a
latent heat does not increase the kinetic liquid into vapour at any temperature below
energy of the particles of the substance, the
its boiling point is called evaporation.
temperature of a substance does not rise
during the change of state.  Factors affecting evaporation : –
 Latent heat is of two types  Temperature : Rate of evaporation increase
with increase in temperature. This is because
 Latent heat of fusion : The heat required to with the increase in temperature more number
convert a solid into the liquid state is called
of particles get enough kinetic energy to go
latent heat of fusion. In other words ‘The
latent heat of fusion of a solid is the quantity into the vapour state.
of heat in joules required to convert 1 Ex. Drying of clothes take place rapidly in
kilogram of the solid to liquid, with out any summer than in winter
change in temperature.
 Surface Area : The rate of evaporation
Ex. The latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 × 105 J/kg increases on increasing the surface area of the
liquid
Latent heat of vaporisation : The heat
required to convert a liquid into the vapour Ex. If the same liquid is kept in a test tube and in
state is called latent heat of vaporisation. a china dish, then the liquid kept in the china
dish will evaporate more rapidly : Because
 The other words ‘The latent heat of
more of its surface area is exposed to air.
vaporisation of a liquid is the quantity of heat
in joules required to convert 1 kilogram of the  Humidity : Humidity is the amount of water
liquid to vapour or gas, without any change in vapour present in air. Air around us cannot
temperature. hold more than a definite quantity of water
Ex. Latent heat of vaporisation of water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount
of water in air is already large i.e., humidity is
= 22.5 × 105 J/kg more, the rate of evaporation decreases. Thus,
the rate of evaporation increases with
 Sublimation
decrease in humidity in the atmosphere.
 Defination : The changing of a solid directly Ex. Drying of clothes on a humid day.
into vapours on heating, and of vapours into  Wind speed : The rate of evaporation also
solid on cooling, is known as sublimation. increases with increase in speed of the wind.
 Sublimation can be represented as: This is because with increase in speed of
wind, the particles of water vapour move
 away with wind resulting decrease in the The rate of diffustion in liquids is much faster
amount of vapour in the atmosphere. than that in solids because the patricles in a
Ex. Clothes dry faster on a windy day. liquid move much more freely, and have
greater spaces between them as compared to
 Diffusion particles in the solids.

 Defination : The spreading out and mixing

 Diffusion in solids
of a substance with another substance due to
the motion of its particles is called diffusion. Diffusion in solids in a very, very slow
 Diffusion is a property of matter which is
process.
based on the motion of its particles.
Diffusion is fastest in gases because the Ex. If we write something on a blackboard and
particles in gases move very rapidly. The leave it uncleaned for a considerable period
diffusion is slowest in solids because the of time we will find that it becomes quite
particles in solids do not move much. difficult to clean the blackboard afterwards.
The rate of diffusion increases on increasing
This is due to the fact that some of the a
the temperature of the diffusing substance. particles of chalk have diffused into the
This is because when the temperature of a surface of blackboard.
substance is increased by heating, its particles Ex. If two metal blocks are bound together
gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly tightly and kept undisturbed for a few years,
and this increase in the speed of the particles then the particles of one metal are found to
of a substance increases the rate of diffusion. have diffused into the other metal.
 Diffusion in gases
Diffusion in gases is very fast. This is
because the particles in gases move very
quickly in all directions.
Ex. When we light an incense stick (agarbatti) in
a corner of our room, its fragrance spreads in
the whole room very quickly. The fragrance
of burning incense stick spreads all around
due to the diffusion of its smoke into the air.
Ex. When someone opens a bottle of perfume in
one corner of a room, its smell spreads in the
whole room quickly. The smell of perfume
spreads due to the diffusion of perfume
vapours into air.
 Diffusion in liquids
Diffusion in liquids is slower than that in
gases. This is because the particles in liquids
move slower as compared to the particles in
gases.
Ex. The spreading of purple colour of potassium
permanganate into water, on its own, is due to
the diffusion of potassium permanaganate
particles into water
Ex. The spreading of blue colour of copper
sulphate into water, on its own, is due to the
diffusion of copper sulphate particles into
water.

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 EXERCISE- 1
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.14 If the fish is being fried in a neighbouring
home, we can smell it sitting in our own
Q.1 Name the three states of water.
home. Name the process which brings this
Q.2 Which state of matter has neither definite smell to us
shape nor volume?
Q.15 The boiling point of water is 100ºC. Express
Q.3 Name the physical state of matter this in SI units (Kelvin scale).
(A) Which can be easily compressed
Q.16 The kelvin temperature is 270 K. What is the
(B) Which is most rigid
corresponding Celsius scale temperature?
(C) Which can flow but cannot fill the vessel
completely. Q.17 What is the common name of solid carbon
Q.4 Name two substance which can sublime? dioxide?

Q.5 Convert the following temperature to Celsius Q.18 What is the chemical name of dry ice?
scale:
(1) 323 K (2) 600 K B. Short Answer Type Questions
Q.6 Two liquids A and B have boiling points 350 (About 30–40 words)
k and 375 k respectively. Which of the two
Q.19 How does perspiration or sweating help keep
has greater intermolecular forces of attraction.
our body cool on a hot day?
Q.7 Name the process for the following changes:
Q.20 If the back of your hand is moistened with
(1) Liquid  Solid
alcohol, you will find that it rapidly becomes
(2) Solid  Gas dry. Why is it that while it is drying, your
(3) Gas   Liquid hand feels cool?

Q.8 Which will have more density : ice or steam? Q.21 How does the water kept in an earthen pot
(matka) become cold during summer?
Q.9 In which physical state water exists at
(1) 100ºC (2) 0ºC Q.22 What type of clothes should we wear in
summer? Why?
Q.10 Will increase of surface area increase or Q.23 What do you understand by the term ‘latent
decrease rate of evaporation? heat’? What are the two types of latent heat?
Q.11 What is the general name of fluid forms of Q.24 What is meant by saying that the latent heat
matter? of vaporisation of water is 22.5 × 105 J/kg?

Q.12 Give two reasons for saying that wood is a Q.25 Define ‘melting point’ of a substance? What
solid. is the melting point of ice?

Q.26 Define ‘boiling point’ of a substance? What is

Q.13 Which diffuses faster : a liquid or a gas?
the boiling point of water?
Q.27 What is sublimation? Name two substances (4) Energy of molecules.
which undergo sublimation
Q.29 How do solids, liquids and gases differ in
Q.28 Compare the three states of matter in terms of shape and volume?
(1) Compressibility
(2) Density

EXERCISE- 2
A. Long Answer Type Questions Q.9 The smell of perfume gradually spreads
(More than 60–70 words) across a room due to...............
Q.1 Explain the following :
Q.10 Liquid and..............states are known as fluid
(1) Gases exert pressure
states.
(2) Evaporation causes cooling
(3) Solids can be converted to liquids Q.11 The temperature 273ºC on kelvin scale is
equal to...............
(4) Gases diffuse rapidly
Q.12 The boiling point of water on kelvin scale
Q.2 When a crystal of potassium permanganate is
is..............
placed in a beaker, its purple colour spreads
throughout of water. What does this Q.13 The amount of heat required to convert 1 kg
observation tell us about the nature of of solid into liquid at its melting point is
potassium permanganate and water? called..............
Q.3 When a gas jar containing air is inverted over Q.14 Liquid water at 100ºC has..............energy
a gas jar containing bromine vapour, the red than steam at 100ºC.
brown bromine vapour diffuse into air.
Explain how bromine vapour diffuse into air. Q.15 The temperature at which a liquid changes
into gas/vapour is called...............
Q.4 When sugar is dissolved in water, there is no
increase in the volume. Which characteristic Q.16 Change of state direct from solid to gas
of matter is illustrated by this observation? without changing in liquid state is
called...............
Q.5 A piece of chalk can be broken into small
particles by hammering but a piece of iron Q.17 Intermolecular space in solids is..............than
cannot be broken into small particles by that in liquids.
hammering. Which characteristic of the
particles of matter is illustrated by these Q.18 Boiling point of water is ..............K and
observations? melting point of ice is..............K.

Q.6 Why does a gas fill a vessel completely? Q.19 Change of liquid state to solid state is
called...............
Q.7 Why do gases have neither a fixed shape nor
a fixed volume? Q.20 ..............have definite volume but not definite
shape.

B. Fill in the Blanks Q.21 Among solid, liquid and gaseous

states,..............state is most rigid.
Q.8 Solid, liquid and gas are called the
three..............of matter.
Q.22 Change of vapour state to liquid state is
called...............

Q.23 Solids are...............

Q.24 Gases have..............rate of diffusion than

solids.

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1
Very Short Type Answer
1. Ice (solid), water (liquid), steam (gas) 2. gaseous state
3. (A) gas (B) solid (C) liquid 4. Camphor, ammonium chloride
5. 50ºC, 327ºC 6. B
7. (1) solidification (2) Sublimation (3) Condensation 8. Ice
9. (1) Vapour (2) Ice 10. Increase
11. Liquid 12. Wood has fixed shape and fixed volume
13. Gas 14. Diffusion
15. 373 K 16. – 3ºC
17. Dry ice 18. Solid carbondioxide

EXERCISE-2
Fill in the blanks
8. States 9. Diffusion 10. Gaseous 11. 546 K
12. 373 K 13. Latent heat of fusion 14. Less 15. Boiling point
16. Sublimation 17. Less 18. 373 K,273 K 19. Solidification
20. Liquids 21. Solid 22. Condensation 23. Rigid
24. Larger