Op-Amp Circuits: Part 4

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Half-wave rectifier

Vo

Ideal slope = 1

Vi half-wave Vo Vi
rectifier
 Half-wave rectifier

Vo 1

Ideal slope = 1
Vo
Vi half-wave Vo Vi 0
rectifier

Vi
-1
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T
 Half-wave rectifier

Vo 1

Ideal slope = 1
Vo
Vi half-wave Vo Vi 0
rectifier

Vi
-1
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T

Vo

Vi Vo
slope = 1

Vi
Von
 Half-wave rectifier

Vo 1

Ideal slope = 1
Vo
Vi half-wave Vo Vi 0
rectifier

Vi
-1
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T

Vo 1
Von
Vi Vo
slope = 1 Vi
Vo
Vi 0
Von

-1
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T
 Half-wave rectifier

Vo 1

Ideal slope = 1
Vo
Vi half-wave Vo Vi 0
rectifier

Vi
-1
0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T

Vo 1
Von
Vi Vo
slope = 1 Vi
Vo
Vi 0
Von

→ need an improved circuit -1

0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi D
R
Half-wave precision rectifier

iD
Vo i− Vo
D Vo1
Vi Vi Von
R iR
R

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the
buffer we have seen earlier.
Half-wave precision rectifier

iD
Vo i− Vo
D Vo1
Vi Vi Von
R iR
R

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the
buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i− ≈ 0, iR = iD .
Vo1 Vo + 0.7 V
V+ − V− = = ≈ 0 V → Vo = V− ≈ V+ = Vi .
AV AV
Half-wave precision rectifier

iD
Vo i− Vo
D Vo1
Vi Vi Von
R iR
R

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the
buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i− ≈ 0, iR = iD .
Vo1 Vo + 0.7 V
V+ − V− = = ≈ 0 V → Vo = V− ≈ V+ = Vi .
AV AV
This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the forward direction),
i.e., iR > 0 → Vo = iR R > 0, and therefore Vi = Vo > 0 V .
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo

iD
Vo i− Vo
D Vo1
Vi Vi Von slope=1
R iR
R

Vi

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the
buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i− ≈ 0, iR = iD .
Vo1 Vo + 0.7 V
V+ − V− = = ≈ 0 V → Vo = V− ≈ V+ = Vi .
AV AV
This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the forward direction),
i.e., iR > 0 → Vo = iR R > 0, and therefore Vi = Vo > 0 V .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo

iD
Vo i− Vo
D Vo1
Vi Vi Von slope=1
R iR
R

Vi

Consider two cases:

(i) D is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like (except for the diode drop) the
buffer we have seen earlier.
Since the input current i− ≈ 0, iR = iD .
Vo1 Vo + 0.7 V
V+ − V− = = ≈ 0 V → Vo = V− ≈ V+ = Vi .
AV AV
This situation arises only if iD > 0 (since the diode can only conduct in the forward direction),
i.e., iR > 0 → Vo = iR R > 0, and therefore Vi = Vo > 0 V .
Note: Von does not appear in the graph.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Vi D
R
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo Vo
D
Vo1
Vi Vi
R R

(ii) D is not conducting → Vo = 0 V .

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo Vo
D
Vo1
Vi Vi
R R

(ii) D is not conducting → Vo = 0 V .

What about Vo1 ?
Since the op-amp is now in the open-loop configuration, a very small Vi is enough
to drive it to saturation.
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo Vo
D
Vo1
Vi Vi
R R

(ii) D is not conducting → Vo = 0 V .

What about Vo1 ?
Since the op-amp is now in the open-loop configuration, a very small Vi is enough
to drive it to saturation.
Note that Case (ii) occurs when Vi < 0 V (we have already looked at Vi > 0).
Since V+ − V− = Vi − 0 = Vi is negative, Vo1 is driven to −Vsat .
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo

Vo Vo
D
Vo1
Vi Vi
R R
Vo = 0

Vi

(ii) D is not conducting → Vo = 0 V .

What about Vo1 ?
Since the op-amp is now in the open-loop configuration, a very small Vi is enough
to drive it to saturation.
Note that Case (ii) occurs when Vi < 0 V (we have already looked at Vi > 0).
Since V+ − V− = Vi − 0 = Vi is negative, Vo1 is driven to −Vsat .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Super
diode D on
D D off
Vo Vi Vo
Vo1 Vo = Vi
Vi
R R iR
Vo = 0
Super diode
Vi

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Super
diode D on
D D off
Vo Vi Vo
Vo1 Vo = Vi
Vi
R R iR
Vo = 0
Super diode
Vi

* The circuit is called “super diode” (an ideal diode with Von = 0 V).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Super
diode D on
D D off
Vo Vi Vo
Vo1 Vo = Vi
Vi
R R iR
Vo = 0
Super diode
Vi

* The circuit is called “super diode” (an ideal diode with Von = 0 V).
* When D conducts, the op-amp operates in the linear region, and we have V+ ≈ V− .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Super
diode D on
D D off
Vo Vi Vo
Vo1 Vo = Vi
Vi
R R iR
Vo = 0
Super diode
Vi

* The circuit is called “super diode” (an ideal diode with Von = 0 V).
* When D conducts, the op-amp operates in the linear region, and we have V+ ≈ V− .
* When D is off, the op-amp operates in the saturation region, V− = 0, V+ = Vi , and Vo1 = −Vsat .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo
Super
diode D on
D D off
Vo Vi Vo
Vo1 Vo = Vi
Vi
R R iR
Vo = 0
Super diode
Vi

* The circuit is called “super diode” (an ideal diode with Von = 0 V).
* When D conducts, the op-amp operates in the linear region, and we have V+ ≈ V− .
* When D is off, the op-amp operates in the saturation region, V− = 0, V+ = Vi , and Vo1 = −Vsat .
* Where does iR come from?

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 1.5
A=1
M = 0.3

m (t)
fc = 200 kHz 0
fm = 10 kHz

Application: AM demodulation −1.5

1.5

c (t)
0

−1.5
1.5
y (t)

−1.5
0 25 50 75 100
time (µsec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 1.5
A=1
M = 0.3

m (t)
fc = 200 kHz 0
fm = 10 kHz

Application: AM demodulation −1.5

1.5
Carrier wave:
c(t) = A sin(2πfc t)

c (t)
0

−1.5
1.5
y (t)

−1.5
0 25 50 75 100
time (µsec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 1.5
A=1
M = 0.3

m (t)
fc = 200 kHz 0
fm = 10 kHz

Application: AM demodulation −1.5

1.5
Carrier wave:
c(t) = A sin(2πfc t)

c (t)
Signal (e.g., audio): 0
m(t) = M sin(2πfm t + φ)

−1.5
1.5
y (t)

−1.5
0 25 50 75 100
time (µsec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 1.5
A=1
M = 0.3

m (t)
fc = 200 kHz 0
fm = 10 kHz

Application: AM demodulation −1.5

1.5
Carrier wave:
c(t) = A sin(2πfc t)

c (t)
Signal (e.g., audio): 0
m(t) = M sin(2πfm t + φ)
AM wave:
−1.5
y (t) = [1 + m(t)] c(t) 1.5
(Assume M < 1) y (t)

−1.5
0 25 50 75 100
time (µsec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 1.5
A=1
M = 0.3

m (t)
fc = 200 kHz 0
fm = 10 kHz

Application: AM demodulation −1.5

1.5
Carrier wave:
c(t) = A sin(2πfc t)

c (t)
Signal (e.g., audio): 0
m(t) = M sin(2πfm t + φ)
AM wave:
−1.5
y (t) = [1 + m(t)] c(t) 1.5
(Assume M < 1)
e.g., Vividh Bharati:
y (t)

fc = 1188 kHz, 0

fm ' 10 kHz (audio).

−1.5
0 25 50 75 100
time (µsec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Vi
V1
Super
diode
Vi V1
filter
AM Vo
0
input

−0.15
0 1 2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t (ms) t (ms)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Vi
V1
Super
diode
Vi V1
filter
AM Vo
0
input

−0.15
0 1 2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t (ms) t (ms)

* charging through super diode, discharging through resistor

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Vi
V1
Super
diode
Vi V1
filter
AM Vo
0
input

−0.15
0 1 2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t (ms) t (ms)

* charging through super diode, discharging through resistor

* The time constant (RC ) needs to be carefully selected.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

AM demodulation using a peak detector

0.15
Vi
V1
Super
diode
Vi V1
filter
AM Vo
0
input

−0.15
0 1 2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t (ms) t (ms)

* charging through super diode, discharging through resistor

* The time constant (RC ) needs to be carefully selected.
SEQUEL file: super diode.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Clipping and clamping

R C
Vi D Vi D
Vo Vo
VR VR
RL RL

R C
Vi D Vi D
Vo Vo
VR VR
RL RL

* What is the function provided by each circuit?

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Clipping and clamping

R C
Vi D Vi D
Vo Vo
VR VR
RL RL

R C
Vi D Vi D
Vo Vo
VR VR
RL RL

* What is the function provided by each circuit?

* Verify with simulation (and in the lab).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD = + .
RL R
 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD = + .
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, VR + > → Vi < VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD = + .
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, VR + > → Vi < VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
RL
For Vi > Vi1 , D does not conduct → Vo = Vi .
R + RL
 Vo
R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD VR RL
RL Slope =
R + RL
Vi1 Vi

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD = + .
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, VR + > → Vi < VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
RL
For Vi > Vi1 , D does not conduct → Vo = Vi .
R + RL

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Vo
R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD VR RL
RL Slope =
R + RL
Vi1 Vi

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD = + .
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, VR + > → Vi < VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
RL
For Vi > Vi1 , D does not conduct → Vo = Vi .
R + RL
If RL  R, Vi1 = R, and slope = 1 for Vi > Vi1 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD + + = 0.
RL R
 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD + + = 0.
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, −VR + + > 0 → Vi > VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
 R
Vi D
Vo
VR iD
RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD + + = 0.
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, −VR + + > 0 → Vi > VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
RL
For Vi < Vi1 , D does not conduct → Vo = Vi .
R + RL
 Vo
R
Vi D VR
Vo
VR iD
RL RL Vi1 Vi
Slope =
R + RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD + + = 0.
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, −VR + + > 0 → Vi > VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
RL
For Vi < Vi1 , D does not conduct → Vo = Vi .
R + RL

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Vo
R
Vi D VR
Vo
VR iD
RL RL Vi1 Vi
Slope =
R + RL

When D conducts, feedback path is closed → V− ≈ V+ = VR → Vo = VR .

VR VR − Vi
KCL: iD + + = 0.
RL R
1 1 R + RL
   
Vi
Since iD > 0, −VR + + > 0 → Vi > VR ≡ Vi1 .
RL R R RL
RL
For Vi < Vi1 , D does not conduct → Vo = Vi .
R + RL
If RL  R, Vi1 = R, and slope = 1 for Vi < Vi1 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = VR − Vm sin ωt.
→ VCmax = VR − (−Vm ) = VR + Vm .
 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = VR − Vm sin ωt.
→ VCmax = VR − (−Vm ) = VR + Vm .
In steady state, VC remains equal to VCmax → Vo (t) = Vi (t) + VCmax = Vm sin ωt + VR + Vm .
 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = VR − Vm sin ωt.
→ VCmax = VR − (−Vm ) = VR + Vm .
In steady state, VC remains equal to VCmax → Vo (t) = Vi (t) + VCmax = Vm sin ωt + VR + Vm .

Note: Von of the diode does not appear in the expression for Vo (t).
 8
6 Vo

C 4
Vi D 2
VC Vo
iD 0 VR
VR RL Vi
-2
-4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (msec)

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = VR − Vm sin ωt.
→ VCmax = VR − (−Vm ) = VR + Vm .
In steady state, VC remains equal to VCmax → Vo (t) = Vi (t) + VCmax = Vm sin ωt + VR + Vm .

Note: Von of the diode does not appear in the expression for Vo (t).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = Vm sin ωt − VR .
→ VCmax = Vm − VR .
 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = Vm sin ωt − VR .
→ VCmax = Vm − VR .
In steady state, VC remains equal to VCmax → Vo (t) = Vi (t) − VCmax = Vm sin ωt + VR − Vm .
 C
Vi D
VC Vo
iD
VR RL

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = Vm sin ωt − VR .
→ VCmax = Vm − VR .
In steady state, VC remains equal to VCmax → Vo (t) = Vi (t) − VCmax = Vm sin ωt + VR − Vm .

Note: Von of the diode does not appear in the expression for Vo (t).
 4

2 Vi
C VR
Vi D 0
VC Vo
-2
iD
VR RL
-4 Vo
-6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (msec)

Time constant for the discharging process is RL C .

Assume RL C  T → VC can only increase (in one cycle).
When D conducts, V− ≈ VR , and VC (t) = Vm sin ωt − VR .
→ VCmax = Vm − VR .
In steady state, VC remains equal to VCmax → Vo (t) = Vi (t) − VCmax = Vm sin ωt + VR − Vm .

Note: Von of the diode does not appear in the expression for Vo (t).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Half-wave precision rectifier
0.6
Vo
0.4 Vo
D on
D off
0.2
D
Vo Vo = Vi
Vo1 0
Vi
R Vo = 0 −0.2
Super diode Vi Vi
−0.4

−0.6
2
0
Vi
−2
−4
Vo1
−6
−8

−10
−12
−14
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 Half-wave precision rectifier
0.6
Vo
0.4 Vo
D on
D off
0.2
D
Vo Vo = Vi
Vo1 0
Vi
R Vo = 0 −0.2
Super diode Vi Vi
−0.4

−0.6
* When Vi > 0, the op-amp operates in the 2
linear region, and Vo1 = Vo + Von . 0
Vi
−2
−4
Vo1
−6
−8

−10
−12
−14
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 Half-wave precision rectifier
0.6
Vo
0.4 Vo
D on
D off
0.2
D
Vo Vo = Vi
Vo1 0
Vi
R Vo = 0 −0.2
Super diode Vi Vi
−0.4

−0.6
* When Vi > 0, the op-amp operates in the 2
linear region, and Vo1 = Vo + Von . 0
* When Vi < 0, the op-amp operates in the Vi
−2
open-loop configuration, leading to
−4
saturation, and Vo1 = −Vsat . Vo1
−6
−8

−10
−12
−14
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 Half-wave precision rectifier
0.6
Vo
0.4 Vo
D on
D off
0.2
D
Vo Vo = Vi
Vo1 0
Vi
R Vo = 0 −0.2
Super diode Vi Vi
−0.4

−0.6
* When Vi > 0, the op-amp operates in the 2
linear region, and Vo1 = Vo + Von . 0
* When Vi < 0, the op-amp operates in the Vi
−2
open-loop configuration, leading to
−4
saturation, and Vo1 = −Vsat . Vo1
−6
* The Vi < 0 to Vi > 0 transition requires the
op-amp to come out of saturation. This is a −8
relatively slow process and is limited by the −10
op-amp slew rate.
−12
−14
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
 Half-wave precision rectifier
0.6
Vo
0.4 Vo
D on
D off
0.2
D
Vo Vo = Vi
Vo1 0
Vi
R Vo = 0 −0.2
Super diode Vi Vi
−0.4

−0.6
* When Vi > 0, the op-amp operates in the 2
linear region, and Vo1 = Vo + Von . 0
* When Vi < 0, the op-amp operates in the Vi
−2
open-loop configuration, leading to
−4
saturation, and Vo1 = −Vsat . Vo1
−6
* The Vi < 0 to Vi > 0 transition requires the
op-amp to come out of saturation. This is a −8
relatively slow process and is limited by the −10
op-amp slew rate.
−12
SEQUEL file: ee101 super diode 1.sqproj −14
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo

D on
D off
D
Vo Vo = Vi
Vo1
Vi R Vo = 0
Super diode Vi

* The time taken by the op-amp to come out of

saturation can be neglected at low signal frequencies.
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo 0.6
f = 50 Hz
D on Vo
D off
D
Vo Vo = Vi 0
Vo1
Vi R Vi
Vo = 0
Super diode Vi −0.6
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)

* The time taken by the op-amp to come out of

saturation can be neglected at low signal frequencies.
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo 0.6
f = 50 Hz
D on Vo
D off
D
Vo Vo = Vi 0
Vo1
Vi R Vi
Vo = 0
Super diode Vi −0.6
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)

* The time taken by the op-amp to come out of

saturation can be neglected at low signal frequencies.
* At high signal frequencies, it leads to distortion in the
output waveform.
Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo 0.6
f = 50 Hz
D on Vo
D off
D
Vo Vo = Vi 0
Vo1
Vi R Vi
Vo = 0
Super diode Vi −0.6
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)

0.6
* The time taken by the op-amp to come out of f = 1 kHz
saturation can be neglected at low signal frequencies. Vo
* At high signal frequencies, it leads to distortion in the
output waveform. 0

Vi

−0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Half-wave precision rectifier

Vo 0.6
f = 50 Hz
D on Vo
D off
D
Vo Vo = Vi 0
Vo1
Vi R Vi
Vo = 0
Super diode Vi −0.6
0 10 20 30 40
time (msec)

0.6
* The time taken by the op-amp to come out of f = 1 kHz
saturation can be neglected at low signal frequencies. Vo
* At high signal frequencies, it leads to distortion in the
output waveform. 0
* Hook up the circuit in the lab, and check it out!
Vi

−0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (msec)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1

Vi iD2
R1
Vo
Vo1 D2
R iR
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1

Vi iD2
R1
Vo
Vo1 D2
R iR

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1

Vi iD2
R1
Vo
Vo1 D2
R iR

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
→ iR2 = 0, Vo = V− = 0 V .
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1 D1

Vi iD2 Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2
R iR R

Vi > 0

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
→ iR2 = 0, Vo = V− = 0 V .
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1 D1

Vi iD2 Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2
R iR R

Vi > 0

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
→ iR2 = 0, Vo = V− = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive ⇒ Vi > 0 V .
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1 D1

Vi iD2 Vi
R1 R1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2
R iR R

Vi > 0

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
→ iR2 = 0, Vo = V− = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive ⇒ Vi > 0 V .
(ii) D1 is off; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2 R2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1 D1 D1

Vi iD2 Vi Vi
R1 R1 R1
Vo Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2
R iR R R

Vi > 0 Vi < 0

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
→ iR2 = 0, Vo = V− = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive ⇒ Vi > 0 V .
(ii) D1 is off; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .
In this case, D2 conducts and closes the feedback loop through R2 .
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier

iR2 R2 R2 R2

iD1

iR1 D1 D1 D1

Vi iD2 Vi Vi
R1 R1 R1
Vo Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2 Vo1 D2
R iR R R

Vi > 0 Vi < 0

(i) D1 conducts: V− = V+ = 0 V , Vo1 = −VD1 ≈ −0.7 V .

D2 cannot conduct (show that, if it did, KCL is not satisfied at Vo ).
→ iR2 = 0, Vo = V− = 0 V .
iR1 = iD1 which can only be positive ⇒ Vi > 0 V .
(ii) D1 is off; this will happen when Vi < 0 V .
In this case, D2 conducts and closes the feedback loop through R2 .
0 − Vi
 
R2
Vo = V− + iR2 R2 = 0 + R2 = − Vi .
R1 R1

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Improved half-wave precision rectifier
1 k R2

D1

Vi 1k R
1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi
R R1

Vi > 0

1 k R2 Vo = 0

Vi
D1

Vi 1k R
1
Vo
Vo1 D2
R

Vi < 0
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier
1 k R2

D1 2

Vi 1k R
1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi 1
R R1
Vi Vo
Vi > 0
0
1 k R2 Vo = 0

Vi
D1 −1
0 1 2
Vi 1k R
1
Vo t (ms)
Vo1 D2
R

Vi < 0
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier
1 k R2

D1 2

Vi 1k R Vo1
1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi 1
R R1
Vi Vo
Vi > 0
0
1 k R2 Vo = 0

Vi
D1 −1
0 1 2
Vi 1k R
1
Vo t (ms)
Vo1 D2
R

Vi < 0
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier
1 k R2

D1 2

Vi 1k R Vo1
1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi 1
R R1
Vi Vo
Vi > 0
0
1 k R2 Vo = 0

Vi
D1 −1
0 1 2
Vi 1k R
1
Vo t (ms)
Vo1 D2
R

Vi < 0

* Note that the op-amp does not enter saturation since a feedback path is available for
Vi > 0 V and Vi < 0 V .
 Improved half-wave precision rectifier
1 k R2

D1 2

Vi 1k R Vo1
1
Vo Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi 1
R R1
Vi Vo
Vi > 0
0
1 k R2 Vo = 0

Vi
D1 −1
0 1 2
Vi 1k R
1
Vo t (ms)
Vo1 D2
R

Vi < 0

* Note that the op-amp does not enter saturation since a feedback path is available for
Vi > 0 V and Vi < 0 V .
SEQUEL file: precision half wave.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2 Vo

Vo = 0
D1

Vi Vi
R1
Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi
R R1

The diodes are now reversed.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2 Vo

Vo = 0
D1

Vi Vi
R1
Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi
R R1

The diodes are now reversed.

By considering two cases: (i) D1 on, (ii) D1 off, the Vo versus Vi relationship shown
in the figure is obtained (show this).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Improved half-wave precision rectifier

R2 Vo

Vo = 0
D1

Vi Vi
R1
Vo
Vo1 D2 R2
− Vi
R R1

The diodes are now reversed.

By considering two cases: (i) D1 on, (ii) D1 off, the Vo versus Vi relationship shown
in the figure is obtained (show this).
SEQUEL file: precision half wave 2.sqproj

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Full-wave precision rectifier VB

Vi

x (−1)
VB
Vo
Vi Half−wave Vo1 VA
rectifier x (−2) Vo
(inverting)
Vo1 VA Vi

Vi Vi
Full-wave precision rectifier VB

Vi

x (−1)
VB
Vo
Vi Half−wave Vo1 VA
rectifier x (−2) Vo
(inverting)
Vo1 VA Vi

Vi Vi

R
R1 R

D1

Vi R/2 Vo
R1
D2 Vo1

inverting half−wave rectifier inverting summer

(SEQUEL file: precision full wave.sqproj)

Full-wave precision rectifier VB
2
Vi
1
x (−1)
VB
Vo
0
Vi Half−wave Vo1 VA
rectifier x (−2) Vo
(inverting)
Vo1 VA Vi −1
Vi
Vi Vi Vo
−2
0 1 2
t (ms)

R
R1 R

D1

Vi R/2 Vo
R1
D2 Vo1

inverting half−wave rectifier inverting summer

(SEQUEL file: precision full wave.sqproj)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
0V V
A

D R
R′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V
A
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R
R′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V
A
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R
R′

−V0

V R0 R
When D is off, i = , and VA is (by superposition), VA = V − V0 .
R0 R + R0 R + R0
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V
A
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R
R′

−V0

V R0 R
When D is off, i = , and VA is (by superposition), VA = V − V0 .
R0 R + R0 R + R0
R
For D to turn on, VA = Von ≈ 0.7 V → V ≡ Vbreak = 0 (V0 + Von ) + Von .
R
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V
A
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R
R′ i R0
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on
−V0

V R0 R
When D is off, i = , and VA is (by superposition), VA = V − V0 .
R0 R + R0 R + R0
R
For D to turn on, VA = Von ≈ 0.7 V → V ≡ Vbreak = 0 (V0 + Von ) + Von .
R
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V
A
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R
R′ i R0
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on
−V0

V R0 R
When D is off, i = , and VA is (by superposition), VA = V − V0 .
R0 R + R0 R + R0
R
For D to turn on, VA = Von ≈ 0.7 V → V ≡ Vbreak = 0 (V0 + Von ) + Von .
R
V − Von −V0 − Von 1 1
 
V
When D is on, i = + + 0
=V + + (constant)
R0 R R R0 R
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V
A
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R
R′ i R0
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on
−V0

V R0 R
When D is off, i = , and VA is (by superposition), VA = V − V0 .
R0 R + R0 R + R0
R
For D to turn on, VA = Von ≈ 0.7 V → V ≡ Vbreak = 0 (V0 + Von ) + Von .
R
V − Von −V0 − Von 1 1
 
V
When D is on, i = + + 0
=V + + (constant)
R0 R R R0 R
i.e., V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .
Wave shaping with diodes
i R0
0V V V
A
slope = R0
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R slope = R0 k R
i R0 Vbreak
R′
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on i
−V0

V R0 R
When D is off, i = , and VA is (by superposition), VA = V − V0 .
R0 R + R0 R + R0
R
For D to turn on, VA = Von ≈ 0.7 V → V ≡ Vbreak = 0 (V0 + Von ) + Von .
R
V − Von −V0 − Von 1 1
 
V
When D is on, i = + + 0
=V + + (constant)
R0 R R R0 R
i.e., V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
0V V V
A
slope = R0
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R slope = R0 k R
i R0 Vbreak
R′
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on i
−V0

R
(a) Vbreak = (V0 + Von ) + Von . (b) When D is on, V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .
R0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
0V V V
A
slope = R0
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R slope = R0 k R
i R0 Vbreak
R′
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on i
−V0

R
(a) Vbreak = (V0 + Von ) + Von . (b) When D is on, V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .
R0
* Vbreak depends on the ratio R/R 0 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
0V V V
A
slope = R0
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R slope = R0 k R
i R0 Vbreak
R′
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on i
−V0

R
(a) Vbreak = (V0 + Von ) + Von . (b) When D is on, V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .
R0
* Vbreak depends on the ratio R/R 0 .
* The slope R0 k R depends on the resistance values.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
0V V V
A
slope = R0
R
i R0 R′
0V V D off
A −V0
D R slope = R0 k R
i R0 Vbreak
R′
0V V
−V0 A

Von R
R′
D on i
−V0

R
(a) Vbreak = (V0 + Von ) + Von . (b) When D is on, V = (R0 k R) i + (constant) .
R0
* Vbreak depends on the ratio R/R 0 .
* The slope R0 k R depends on the resistance values.
* Given the break point and the two slopes, the resistance values can be easily determined.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
0V V
Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
i
0V V
Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B

D2B R2B
R2B′
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B

D2B R2B
R2B′
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

V0 V

R1A′
D1A R1A

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B

D2B R2B
R2B′
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

V0 V

R1A′
D1A R1A

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B

D2B R2B
R2B′
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

V0 V

R2A′
R1A′
D2A R2A

D1A R1A

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B

D2B R2B
R2B′
R1B′

−V0
Wave shaping with diodes

V0 V

R2A′
R1A′
D2A R2A

D1A R1A

i R0
i
0V R1B V
D1B

D2B R2B
R2B′
R1B′

−V0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Wave shaping with diodes
Vo
Ra = 5 k V0
R0 = 20 k

R2A′
R1A′
R1A = R1B = 15 k
R2A = R2B = 5 k D2A R2A i
R1A′ = R1B′ = 60 k
D1A R1A
R2A′ = R2B′ = 10 k
V0 = 15 V i R0

D1B R1B

D2B R2B
R1B′

R2B′

−V0

Vi Ra ∼ 0V
Vo
RL
 Wave shaping with diodes
Vo
Ra = 5 k V0
R0 = 20 k

R2A′
R1A′
R1A = R1B = 15 k
R2A = R2B = 5 k D2A R2A i
R1A′ = R1B′ = 60 k
D1A R1A
R2A′ = R2B′ = 10 k
V0 = 15 V i R0

D1B R1B

D2B R2B
R1B′

R2B′

−V0

Vi Ra ∼ 0V
Vo
RL

Since Vi = −Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (−Ra ) factor.
 Wave shaping with diodes
Vo
Ra = 5 k V0
R0 = 20 k

R2A′
R1A′
R1A = R1B = 15 k
R2A = R2B = 5 k D2A R2A i
R1A′ = R1B′ = 60 k
D1A R1A
R2A′ = R2B′ = 10 k
V0 = 15 V i R0

D1B R1B
10
D2B R2B

5
R1B′

R2B′

Vo (V)
−V0
0
i

Vi Ra ∼ 0V
−5
Vo
RL
−10
−5 0 5
Vi (V)

Since Vi = −Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (−Ra ) factor.
 Wave shaping with diodes
Vo
Ra = 5 k V0
R0 = 20 k

R2A′
R1A′
R1A = R1B = 15 k
R2A = R2B = 5 k D2A R2A i
R1A′ = R1B′ = 60 k
D1A R1A
R2A′ = R2B′ = 10 k
V0 = 15 V i R0

D1B R1B
10 10
D2B R2B
Vo

5
Vi
R1B′

R2B′

Vo (V)
−V0 0
0
i

Vi Ra ∼ 0V
−5
Vo
RL
−10 −10
−5 0 5 0 2 4 6 8
Vi (V) time (msec)

Since Vi = −Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (−Ra ) factor.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Wave shaping with diodes
Vo
Ra = 5 k V0
R0 = 20 k

R2A′
R1A′
R1A = R1B = 15 k
R2A = R2B = 5 k D2A R2A i
R1A′ = R1B′ = 60 k
D1A R1A
R2A′ = R2B′ = 10 k
V0 = 15 V i R0

D1B R1B
10 10
D2B R2B
Vo

5
Vi
R1B′

R2B′

Vo (V)
−V0 0
0
i

Vi Ra ∼ 0V
−5
Vo
RL
−10 −10
−5 0 5 0 2 4 6 8
Vi (V) time (msec)

Since Vi = −Ra i, the Vo versus Vi plot is similar to the V versus i plot, except for the (−Ra ) factor.
SEQUEL file: ee101 wave shaper.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Wave shaping with diodes: spectrum
10 5

Vi

0
−10
Wave shaping with diodes: spectrum
10 5

Vi

0
−10
10 10

Vo

0
−10
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10
time (msec) N
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay