Pateros Catholic School: Senior High School Department SY 2020-2021

PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Senior High School Department

F. Imson St., San Pedro, Pateros, Metro Manila
SY 2020-2021
General Biology – 01
ACTIVITY TASK SHEET No. 4
Learning Competencies:
1.1. characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
1.2. describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
Name of Student: Carlos, Patricia Mariz A. Grade and Section: 12 – St. Agatha of Sicily
A. Cell Division:
Mitosis
One of the basic characteristics of all living things is its ability to reproduce. Reproduction can
occur in two ways: sexual reproduction which requires gametes and asexual reproduction which does
not require gametes. But both of these types of reproduction need one the process of cell division. Cell
division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. To understand
the mechanics of cell division, it is a must to know first the steps of cell cycle which is large cycle in
which cell division is a part of.
1. Log on to the internet and visit the following website:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5vAO_f2LDQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXLSTd_dlKg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXVoTj06zwg
Genyolm.com – study the handout attached in your account about mitosis
2. Answer the following:
a. Give two importance of cell division.

i. Through cell division, our bodies have the ability to grow and develop. For example, once a
person gets his skin cut or damaged, our cells most likely go through cell division so that it can
produce new cells in order to heal the wound. In short, this helps us to repair damaged tissues
from our body.
ii. Cell division is one of the main reasons why species are able to reproduce. If it weren’t for
this process, life on Earth would be extinct. Since it involves replication of genetic information, it
ensures the survival of a race. To be more specific, cell division is also an essential life process
in order for various species to survive in different environments and habitats.
3. Discuss the events during interphase.
a. G1 phase
– It is also known as the “growth phase” or “first gap phase”. Since it is the longest phase in the cell
cycle, this is where extra organelles, such as ribosomes and proteins are produced. This where the cell
accumulates its needed energy for the next phases.
b. G1 checkpoint
– Takes place at the end of the G1 phase. This is where the cell undergoes checking whether the size
of the cell is big enough and contains proper amount of proteins and organelles that will be used for
the S phase. If the cell fails to meet the requirements, the cell will not go through the S phase.
c. S Phase
– This is where the cell synthesizes the copy of the genetic material (DNA) in its nucleus. Along with
this, duplication of centrosomes also occurs in this phase. The centrosomes are the ones responsible
for the separation of DNA during M phase.
d. S checkpoint
– Happens during the synthesis phase. This is where the it is checked whether the DNA has been
replicated correctly. Also, this where the cell is checked for damages.
e. G2 Phase
– At this point, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins but at the same time, the cell
also restores and replenishes energy necessary for mitosis. Some cell organelles are duplicated in this
phase. Microtubules are produced. (Responsible for pulling chromatids apart)
f. M checkpoint
- Occurs during the M phase. This is where the spindles are checked (determines whether the sister
chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle fibers. If the process of mitosis is complete, the cell
divide, and the cycle repeats.
B. Draw and explain the stages of mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and
Telophase).
Meiosis
A. Explain the following critical points in prophase I:
b. Synapsis – The process of homologous chromosomes coming together in order to form a tetrad.
c. Chiasma – Also known as the site of crossing over and is the point of attachment of sister
chromatids.
d. Crossing over – Takes place after synapsis. Crossing over of sister chromatids lock homologues
together. This happens between non-sister chromatids. In this process, homologues exchange
genetic/chromosomal material, this then causes genetic recombination.
e. Tetrad – defined as two chromosomes or four chromatids (can be sister and non-sister
chromatids)
B. What are the three characteristics of a homologous chromosome?
a. Must have the same size or same length.
b. Must have the same positions of centromere.
c. Must have same type of genes or genetic material in the same loci or region of the chromosomes.
1. A. Draw and explain each stage of meiosis.

B. What are the chromosomal anomalies/mutation that might occur during cell division?
Describe each chromosomal mutation.
Different Types of Mutations:
1. Duplication – A segment or part of the chromosome is repeated. (may alter the function of the resulting
protein)
2. Deletion – Removal of a chromosomal segment. (can be deleterious or not)
3. Insertion - Changes the number of DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA.
4. Translocation – Rearrangement of the segments between non-homologous chromosomes.
5. Substitution – Replacement of one base or sequence with another.
6. Inversion – Occurs when a segment of DNA detaches from a chromosome and reattaches itself in
reversed order.
Chromosomal Anomalies:
1. Cri du chat – Also known as cat cry syndrome because it results to having a high-pitched cry that sounds
like a cat. It is caused by the partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5.
Characteristics: Mental retardation, delayed development, distinctive facial features, small head size
(microcephaly), widely-spaced eyes (hypertelorism), low birth weight and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in
infancy.
2. Down Syndrome – Also known as trisomy 21 (47 chromosomes) and it is caused by extra replication of
chromosome 21.
Characteristics: Low muscle tone, small stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease across
the center of the palm.
3. Klinefelter’s Syndrome – also known as XXY syndrome and is caused by one extra X chromosome.
Characteristics: Small, firm testes, a small penis, sparse pubic, armpit and facial hair, enlarged breasts (called
gynecomastia), tall stature, and abnormal body proportions (long legs, short trunk).
4. Turner’s Syndrome – Caused by the absence one of the x (sex chromosomes) in females.
Characteristics: Causes variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the
ovaries to develop and heart defects.
5. Jacobsen’s syndrome – Also known as the 11q terminal deletion disorder. It is caused by the absence of
a genetic material from chromosome 11
Characteristics: Most affected people have delayed development of motor skills and speech; cognitive
impairment; and learning difficulties. Behavioral features have been reported and may include compulsive
behavior; a short attention span; and distractibility.
6. Edward’s Syndrome – Also known as trisomy 18. It is caused by a presence of an extra copy of
chromosome 18.
Characteristics: Kidney malformations, structural heart defects at birth (i.e., ventricular septal defect, atrial
septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus), intestines protruding outside the body (omphalocele), esophageal
atresia, intellectual disability.

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1.2. describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6

1. Log on to the internet and visit the following website:

2. Answer the following:

a. Give two importance of cell division.

A. Explain the following critical points in prophase I:

B. What are the three characteristics of a homologous chromosome?

a. Must have the same size or same length.

b. Must have the same positions of centromere.

1. A. Draw and explain each stage of meiosis.

Different Types of Mutations:

2. Deletion – Removal of a chromosomal segment. (can be deleterious or not)

4. Translocation – Rearrangement of the segments between non-homologous chromosomes.

5. Substitution – Replacement of one base or sequence with another.

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